/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/23/file15.html NN ----------------------------------------- : AMNESTY NN INTERNATIONAL NP HOME NP LIBRARY NN WORLD NN WIDE JJ SITES NNS Search NP Document NN library NN Recent JJ documents NNS Documents NNS by IN region NN Documents NNS by IN theme NN Annual NP reports VVZ The DT Wire NP Receive VV updates NNS by IN e NN mail NN Order NN AI VVZ publications NNS Search NP by RB AI VVP INDEX NN View NN this DT page NN in IN E NN mail NN this DT page NN Printer NN friendly JJ PDF NP LIBRARY NN AFRICA NP CENTRAL JJ AFRICA NP BURUNDIAI NP Index NP . SENT ACT VV 30 CD 022 CD 2004 CD 1 CD December NP 2004 CD Tracking NN Lethal JJ Tools NP Marking NP and CC Tracing VVG Arms NP and CC Ammunition NN . SENT a DT central JJ piece NN of IN the DT arms NNS control VVP puzzle VV A DT global JJ system NN for IN tracking VVG illicit JJ arms NNS and CC ammunition NN is VBZ central JJ to TO improving VVG accountability NN in IN the DT international JJ arms NNS trade NN and CC preventing VVG arms NNS getting VVG into IN the DT wrong JJ hands NNS . SENT The DT United NP Nations NPS negotiations NNS to TO establish VV international JJ Marking NP and CC Tracing VVG controls NNS present JJ states NNS with IN an DT historic JJ opportunity NN to TO take VV a DT tough JJ stance NN against IN the DT worldwide JJ proliferation NN of IN illicit JJ arms NNS and CC the DT use NN of IN arms NNS for IN violations NNS of IN human JJ rights NNS and CC international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN and CC to TO make VV real JJ progress NN . SENT This DT will MD be VB the DT first JJ major JJ international JJ agreement NN to TO come VV out RP of IN the DT UN NP Programme NN of IN Action NP on IN the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS and CC represents VVZ an DT acid JJ test NN of IN its PP$ credibility NN . SENT People NNS in IN communities NNS suffering VVG from IN conflict NN and CC armed JJ violence NN in IN all DT parts NNS of IN the DT world NN depend VVP upon IN the DT successful JJ outcome NN of IN these DT negotiations NNS . SENT In IN addition NN to TO a DT marking VVG and CC tracing VVG treaty NN , , states NNS should MD also RB negotiate VV and CC agree VV complementary JJ global JJ instruments NNS to TO prevent VV arms NNS proliferation NN an DT international JJ Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP see VVP Appendix NN 1 CD and CC a DT treaty NN to TO control VV arms NNS brokers NNS and CC transporters NNS . SENT Summary NN Millions NNS of IN men NNS , , women NNS , , and CC children NNS live VVP in IN constant JJ fear NN of IN violence NN committed VVN with IN arms NNS . SENT The DT continuing VVG proliferation NN and CC misuse NN of IN arms NNS in IN violation NN of IN international JJ and CC national JJ law NN takes VVZ a DT massive JJ toll NN in IN lost JJ lives NNS , , lost VVD livelihoods NNS , , and CC lost VVD opportunities NNS to TO escape VV poverty NN and CC oppression NN . SENT There EX are VBP no RB easy JJ or CC quick JJ fix NN solutions NNS to TO ending VVG the DT human JJ tragedy NN associated VVN with IN the DT misuse NN of IN all DT conventional JJ weapons NNS , , and CC particularly RB small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT A DT comprehensive JJ approach NN based VVN on IN international JJ standards NNS is VBZ needed JJ which WDT enhances VVZ accountability NN and CC transparency NN on IN legal JJ arms NNS transfers NNS , , effectively RB combats VVZ the DT illicit JJ arms NNS trade NN , , and CC limits VVZ the DT demand NN for IN arms NNS . SENT Under IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Programme NN of IN Action NP on IN the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS , , negotiations NNS have VHP started VVN to TO agree VV a DT common JJ approach NN to TO marking VVG and CC tracing VVG small JJ arms NNS , , light JJ weapons NNS and CC ammunition NN , , and CC an DT open JJ ended VVN working NN group NN has VHZ been VBN established VVN for IN this DT purpose NN 1 CD . SENT The DT United NP Nations NPS Programme NN of IN Action NP to TO Prevent VV , , Combat VV and CC Eradicate VV the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS , , in IN All PDT Its PP$ Aspects NNS The DT Programme NN of IN Action NP was VBD adopted VVN at IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Conference NP on IN the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS in IN All PDT Its PP$ Aspects NNS held VVN in IN July NP 2001 CD . SENT This DT Programme NN of IN Action NP includes VVZ a DT number NN of IN measures NNS at IN the DT national JJ , , regional JJ , , and CC global JJ levels NNS , , in IN the DT areas NNS of IN legislation NN , , destruction NN of IN weapons NNS that WDT were VBD confiscated VVN , , seized VVN , , or CC collected VVD , , as RB well RB as IN international JJ cooperation NN and CC assistance NN to TO strengthen VV the DT ability NN of IN States NPS to TO identify VV and CC trace VV illicit JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT The DT United NP Nations NPS General NP Assembly NP , , in IN its PP$ resolution NN 56 CD 24 CD V NN , , welcomed VVD the DT adoption NN of IN the DT Programme NN of IN Action NP and CC reiterated VVD Member NP States NPS support NN for IN action NN to TO curb VV the DT illicit JJ flow NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT For IN a DT summary NN of IN the DT Programme NN of IN Action NP see VVP Appendix NN 2 CD . SENT The DT purpose NN of IN marking VVG is VBZ to TO establish VV strict JJ state NN control NN of IN arms NNS transfers NNS to TO prevent VV illicit JJ trafficking NN and CC and CC unlawful JJ use NN of IN arms NNS . SENT Agreed VVD tracing VVG procedures NNS would MD enable VV officials NNS to TO systematically RB track VV illicit JJ arms NNS from IN their PP$ point NN of IN production NN and CC discover VV point NN at IN which WDT point NN they PP may MD have VH been VBN diverted VVN or CC used VVN in IN violation NN of IN national JJ and CC or CC international JJ law NN , , and CC whether IN they PP were VBD purchased VVN legally RB or CC not RB . SENT Effective JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG will NN make VV it PP possible JJ for IN states NNS to TO control VV arms NNS more RBR closely RB and CC for IN the DT international JJ community NN to TO hold VV governments NNS , , manufacturers NNS , , brokers NNS and CC transporters NNS accountable JJ for IN illicit JJ arms NNS transfers NNS or CC failure NN to TO prevent VV diversions NNS . SENT In IN addition NN , , effective JJ marking VVG of IN all DT small JJ arms NNS can MD , , for IN example NN , , enable VV police NN authorities NNS to TO strictly RB control VV the DT issuance NN of IN weaponry NN and CC ammunition NN to TO officers NNS and CC to TO guard VV stocks NNS . SENT Tracing NN can MD also RB play VV a DT crucial JJ role NN in IN criminal JJ investigations NNS and CC in IN establishing VVG the DT evidence NN and CC proof NN required VVN for IN convictions NNS of IN those DT possessing VVG , , using VVG , , transferring VVG , , or CC brokering VVG weapons NNS or CC munitions VVZ in IN violation NN of IN the DT law NN . SENT Marking VVG and CC tracing VVG systems NNS can MD thereby RB have VH a DT preventative JJ role NN , , in IN helping VVG to TO deter VV people NNS from IN misusing VVG arms NNS or CC diverting VVG arms NNS to TO illicit JJ destinations NNS . SENT This DT report NN details NNS essential JJ measures NNS that IN governments NNS , , with IN the DT help NN of IN the DT UN NP , , should MD adopt VV if IN they PP are VBP to TO seize VV the DT opportunities NNS offered VVN by IN the DT current JJ UN NP negotiations NNS on IN an DT international JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN . SENT In IN particular JJ , , they PP must MD adopt VV a DT legally RB binding JJ treaty NN rather RB than IN a DT voluntary JJ instrument NN that IN governments NNS can MD ignore VV . SENT This DT treaty NN should MD include VV . SENT high JJ common JJ standards NNS for IN the DT adequate JJ marking VVG of IN all DT small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT detailed JJ international JJ standards NNS for IN record NN keeping VVG on IN arms NNS transfers NNS . SENT provisions NNS for IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG ammunition NN . SENT ways NNS of IN strengthening VVG the DT operational JJ capacities NNS of IN governments NNS to TO implement VV the DT treaty NN s PP measures VVZ . SENT provisions NNS which WDT make VVP it PP fully RB consistent JJ with IN states NNS existing VVG responsibilities NNS under IN international JJ law NN . SENT mechanisms NNS for IN future JJ review NN and CC improvement NN of IN the DT agreed VVN instrument NN . SENT A DT legally RB binding JJ UN NP marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN for IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS is VBZ only RB one CD part NN of IN what WP is VBZ required VVN to TO establish VV accountability NN in IN the DT international JJ arms NNS trade NN and CC prevent VV arms NNS getting VVG into IN the DT wrong JJ hands NNS . SENT A DT comprehensive JJ solution NN requires VVZ a DT clear JJ international JJ legal JJ framework NN which WDT fully RB reflects VVZ the DT existing JJ obligations NNS of IN states NNS , , including VVG an DT Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP to TO control VV export NN and CC import NN decisions NNS see VVP Appendix NN 1 CD and CC a DT new JJ convention NN to TO control VV arms NNS brokering VVG and CC transporting VVG . SENT Without IN these DT complementary JJ measures NNS , , the DT human JJ suffering NN associated VVN with IN arms NNS proliferation NN and CC misuse NN will MD continue VV unabated JJ . SENT Tracking VVG arms NNS and CC human JJ rights NNS Small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS are VBP among IN the DT favourite JJ tools NNS of IN human JJ rights NNS violators NNS and CC abusers NNS throughout IN the DT world NN . SENT They PP are VBP used VVN to TO kill VV and CC injure VV indiscriminately RB , , to TO torture VV and CC rape NN , , to TO intimidate VV political JJ opponents NNS and CC to TO otherwise RB deny VV people NNS their PP$ basic JJ rights NNS . SENT Human JJ rights NNS are VBP enshrined VVN in IN the DT Universal NP Declaration NP of IN Human NP Rights NPS and CC codified VVN in IN a DT long JJ series NN of IN binding VVG international JJ and CC regional JJ human JJ rights NNS treaties NNS , , in IN national JJ laws NNS and CC in IN other JJ standards NNS . SENT 2 LS Prominent JJ among IN these DT rights NNS are VBP those DT often RB violated VVD using VVG small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS the DT rights NNS to TO life NN , , liberty NN , , security NN of IN person NN , , freedom NN from IN torture NN and CC ill JJ treatment NN and CC freedom NN of IN expression NN and CC peaceful JJ assembly NN . SENT Another DT strand NN of IN the DT international JJ legal JJ system NN , , international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN , , protects VVZ the DT basic JJ right NN of IN both DT combatants NNS and CC non JJ combatants NNS in IN war NN , , by IN prohibiting VVG , , for IN instance NN , , the DT use NN of IN weapons NNS causing VVG unnecessary JJ suffering NN , , attacks NNS targeting VVG civilians NNS , , torture VV and CC ill JJ treatment NN of IN prisoners NNS of IN war NN and CC civilian JJ detainees NNS , , and CC wanton JJ destruction NN of IN property NN . SENT When WRB these DT laws NNS are VBP broken JJ , , small JJ arms NNS are VBP often RB the DT means NNS . SENT Human JJ rights NNS violations NNS and CC violations NNS of IN international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN must MD be VB prevented VVN . SENT If IN prevention NN fails VVZ , , they PP must MD be VB brought VVN to TO an DT end NN . SENT Where WRB violations NNS have VHP been VBN committed VVN , , perpetrators NNS must MD be VB brought VVN to TO justice NN , , whether IN within IN states NNS or CC in IN front NN of IN international JJ courts NNS such JJ as IN the DT International NP Criminal NP Court NP . SENT This DT is VBZ necessary JJ to TO ensure VV that DT lessons NNS are VBP learned VVN , , that DT survivors NNS are VBP granted VVN reparation NN and CC that DT prevention NN is VBZ more RBR efficient JJ in IN the DT future NN . SENT An DT international JJ treaty NN on IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG small JJ arms NNS , , light JJ weapons NNS and CC ammunition NN , , alongside IN an DT Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP and CC a DT treaty NN on IN arms NNS brokering NN can MD both CC help VV prevent VV violations NNS of IN human JJ rights NNS and CC international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN and CC help VV bringing VVG perpetrators NNS to TO justice NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Background NN The DT international JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG of IN certain JJ goods NNS is VBZ a DT well RB established VVN practice NN . SENT For IN example NN , , global JJ mechanisms NNS exist VVP that RB trace VV food NN or CC feed NN made VVN from IN genetically RB modified VVN organisms NNS GMOs NP . SENT GMOs NNS or CC products NNS made VVD from IN them PP can MD be VB tracked VVN throughout IN their PP$ production NN and CC distribution NN chains NNS to TO facilitate VV quality NN control NN and CC allow VV , , if IN necessary JJ , , for IN their PP$ quick JJ withdrawal NN from IN the DT market NN . SENT 3 CD Similarly RB , , a DT global JJ mechanism NN tracks VVZ suitcases NNS with IN standardized JJ marking VVG codes NNS around IN the DT world NN s PP airports NNS . SENT Managed VVN by IN computer NN systems NNS reading VVG the DT codes NNS on IN the DT luggage NN tags NNS , , a DT misplaced VVN or CC diverted VVN piece NN of IN luggage NN can MD be VB traced VVN , , usually RB within IN hours NNS . SENT If IN such JJ tracing VVG of IN international JJ goods NNS is VBZ thus RB perfectly RB possible JJ , , it PP must MD also RB be VB applied VVN to TO the DT deadly JJ trade NN in IN weapons NNS . SENT Tracking VVG arms NNS and CC ammunition NN There EX are VBP some DT references NNS to TO marking VVG and CC tracing VVG arms NNS and CC ammunition NN in IN a DT few JJ existing JJ international JJ agreements NNS such JJ as RB . SENT the DT Nairobi NP protocol NN for IN the DT prevention NN , , control NN and CC reduction NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS in IN the DT Great NP Lakes NPS Region NN and CC the DT Horn NP of IN Africa NP . SENT the DT Protocol NP on IN the DT control NN of IN firearms NNS , , ammunition NN and CC other JJ related JJ materials NNS in IN the DT Southern JJ African JJ development NN community NN . SENT the DT Organization NP of IN American NP States NPS Convention NP Against IN the DT Illicit JJ Manufacturing NP of IN and CC Trafficking NN in IN Firearms NNS , , Ammunition NN , , Explosives NNS , , and CC Other JJ Related NP Materials NPS 1997 NP . SENT the DT Organization NP for IN Security NP and CC Co NP operation NN in IN Europe NP Document NN on IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS 2000 CD . SENT the DT Protocol NP against IN the DT Illicit JJ Manufacturing NP of IN , , and CC Trafficking NN in IN Firearms NNS , , their PP$ Parts NNS and CC Components NPS and CC Ammunition NN , , supplementing VVG the DT United NP Nations NPS Convention NP against IN Transnational JJ Organized JJ Crime NP 2001 CD . SENT the DT Protocol NP on IN the DT Control NP of IN Firearms NNS , , Ammunition NN and CC Other JJ Related JJ Materials NNS in IN the DT Southern NP African NP Development NP Community NP 2001 CD . SENT the DT Nairobi NP Protocol NP for IN the DT Prevention NN , , Control NP and CC Reduction NP of IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS in IN the DT Great NP Lakes NPS Region NN and CC the DT Horn NP of IN Africa NP 2004 CD . SENT For IN summary NN further JJR information NN on IN these DT see VVP Appendix NN 3 CD . SENT Yet CC there EX are VBP no DT global JJ mechanisms NNS for IN the DT reliable JJ tracking NN of IN weapons NNS and CC ammunition NN from IN their PP$ production NN and CC subsequently RB through IN their PP$ various JJ transfers NNS from IN one CD party NN to TO the DT next JJ . SENT In IN particular JJ , , arms NNS recovered VVD from IN armed JJ conflicts NNS or CC crimes NNS can MD rarely RB be VB traced VVN to TO the DT specific JJ point NN at IN which WDT they PP were VBD diverted VVN into IN the DT illicit JJ trade NN or CC used VVN unlawfully RB . SENT This DT significantly RB constrains VVZ any DT possibility NN at IN present JJ to TO identify VV and CC hold VV accountable JJ those DT governments NNS or CC people NNS who WP have VHP authorized VVN or CC failed VVN to TO prevent VV , , transferred VVN , , brokered VVD , , or CC used VVN arms NNS in IN violation NN of IN national JJ and CC or CC international JJ law NN . SENT Thus RB , , those DT responsible JJ can MD largely RB act VV with IN impunity NN and CC face VV little JJ or CC no DT deterrent NN to TO continuing VVG their PP$ activities NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , investigations NNS of IN arms NNS embargo NN violations NNS are VBP often RB unable JJ to TO provide VV the DT critical JJ proof NN necessary JJ to TO convince VV governments NNS of IN the DT clear JJ culpability NN of IN specific JJ actors NNS in IN the DT arms NNS trade NN and CC to TO provide VV evidence NN necessary JJ for IN the DT prosecution NN and CC conviction NN in IN national JJ or CC international JJ courts NNS of IN arms NNS traffickers NNS and CC war NN criminals NNS whether IN part NN of IN state NN sanctioned VVN law NN enforcement NN forces NNS , , governments NNS or CC armed JJ groups NNS . SENT According VVG to TO Johan NP Peleman NP , , an DT internationally RB recognized VVN investigator NN of IN illicit JJ arms NNS flows VVZ for IN the DT United NP Nations NPS and CC the DT International NP Criminal NP Court NP . SENT tracing VVG a DT 20 CD year NN old JJ Kalashnikov NP back NN to TO whoever WP delivered VVD it PP , , is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ . SENT 4 LS This DT is VBZ illustrated VVN by IN a DT current JJ case NN in IN which WDT illicit JJ ammunition NN cartridges NNS were VBD recovered VVN in IN Burundi NP after IN an DT atrocious JJ violation NN of IN international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN see VVP box NN 1 CD . SENT Tracing VVG ammunition NN used VVN in IN the DT Gatumba NP massacre NN in IN Burundi NP On IN 13 CD August NP 2004 CD armed JJ combatants NNS attacked VVN Gatumba NP transit NN camp NN close JJ to TO the DT border NN with IN the DT Democratic NP Republic NP of IN the DT Congo NP . SENT The DT Gatumba NP transit NN camp NN sheltered VVN civilian JJ Congolese JJ refugees NNS , , mainly RB of IN the DT ethnic JJ Banyamulenge NN , , and CC Burundian JJ returnees NNS . SENT When WRB the DT combatants NNS reached VVD the DT camp NN , , they PP reportedly RB opened VVD fire NN on IN the DT two CD rows NNS of IN tents NNS sheltering VVG Banyamulenge NP refugees NNS and CC gunned VVN down RP those DT trying VVG to TO flee VV . SENT Many RB reportedly RB sang VVD religious JJ songs NNS and CC played VVD noisy JJ instruments NNS . SENT The DT combatants NNS then RB systematically RB targeted VVN individual JJ tents NNS , , shooting VVG occupants NNS and CC setting VVG fire NN to TO tents NNS . SENT About IN an DT hour NN and CC a DT half NN after IN their PP$ arrival NN , , the DT combatants NNS carried VVD away RB loot VV such JJ as IN money NN and CC radios NNS . SENT They PP left VVD in IN their PP$ wake NN more RBR than IN 150 CD refugees NNS dead JJ or CC dying VVG and CC more JJR than IN 100 CD wounded VVN . SENT 5 CD Sources NNS of IN the DT tools NNS of IN violence NN The DT Gatumba NP massacre NN of IN unarmed JJ civilians NNS amounts NNS to TO a DT crime NN against IN humanity NN . SENT The DT arms NNS and CC ammunition NN deployed VVN to TO carry VV out RP the DT massacre NN were VBD used VVN in IN clear JJ violation NN of IN national JJ and CC international JJ law NN . SENT So RB where WRB did VVD the DT perpetrators NNS acquire VV their PP$ tools NNS of IN violence NN . SENT And CC who WP provided VVD the DT arms NNS and CC ammunition NN used VVN in IN the DT massacre NN . SENT States NNS , , manufacturers NNS and CC traders NNS must MD not RB transfer VV weapons NNS when WRB they PP know VVP or CC suspect VVP that IN they PP are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB used VVN in IN violation NN of IN international JJ law NN . SENT Identifying VVG these DT sources NNS would MD also RB help VV to TO deny VV the DT perpetrators NNS further JJR access NN to TO weapons NNS through IN the DT same JJ channels NNS . SENT Tragically RB , , the DT reality NN is VBZ that IN the DT current JJ practice NN in IN marking VVG and CC tracing NN does VVZ not RB allow VV us PP to TO find VV out RP where WRB these DT arms NNS and CC ammunition NN were VBD acquired VVN , , and CC therefore RB justice NN cannot NN be VB done VVN . SENT Were VBD these DT arms NNS acquired VVN through IN raids NNS on IN military JJ stockpiles NNS , , capture VV on IN the DT battlefield NN , , supply NN from IN other JJ armed JJ groups NNS , , purchase NN through IN international JJ brokers NNS , , or CC supply NN from IN a DT government NN either CC with IN political JJ support NN or CC for IN personal JJ gain NN . SENT Bullets NNS used VVN in IN the DT Gatumba NP massacre NN Several JJ cartridges NNS were VBD recovered VVN at IN the DT scene NN of IN the DT massacre NN . SENT Following VVG the DT usual JJ practice NN for IN ammunition NN for IN military JJ small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS , , the DT cartridges NNS are VBP stamped VVN with IN codes NNS identifying VVG their PP$ manufacturer NN and CC or CC country NN of IN manufacture NN as RB well RB as IN their PP$ year NN of IN production NN . SENT Identifying VVG the DT supply NN chain NN The DT markings NNS on IN the DT cartridges NNS show VVP that IN one CD was VBD manufactured VVN in IN Bulgaria NP in IN 1995 CD by IN Arsenal NN , , Kazanlak NP . SENT two CD in IN the DT People NNS s PP Republic NP of IN China NP in IN 1998 CD by IN unknown JJ Chinese JJ manufacturers NNS 6 CD and CC one CD in IN Yugoslavia NP in IN 1999 CD by IN Prvi NP Partizan NN in IN Uzice NP , , Serbia NP 7 CD . SENT But CC without IN high JJ common JJ international JJ standards NNS for IN tracing VVG weapons NNS transfers NNS , , identifying VVG the DT legal JJ point NN of IN manufacture NN is VBZ of IN little RB further JJR use NN for IN tracking VVG the DT chain NN of IN transfers NNS of IN these DT cartridges NNS . SENT Without IN markings NNS giving VVG the DT cartridges NNS a DT unique JJ lot NN number NN , , not RB even RB the DT manufacturers NNS will MD be VB able JJ to TO identify VV the DT original JJ recipients NNS of IN the DT lots NNS of IN ammunition NN from IN which WDT these DT cartridges NNS came VVD . SENT Data NNS on IN Chinese JJ exports NNS of IN small JJ arms NNS ammunition NN suggests VVZ that IN , , in IN 1998 CD , , China NP transferred VVD ammunition NN to TO the DT Democratic NP Republic NP of IN the DT Congo NP , , Ethiopia NP , , Nigeria NP , , Rwanda NP , , South NP Africa NP , , Tanzania NP and CC Uganda NP , , among IN others NNS 8 CD . SENT Without IN any DT further JJR markings NNS on IN the DT cartridges NNS and CC adequate JJ registration NN of IN their PP$ initial JJ transfers NNS , , the DT Chinese JJ authorities NNS will MD not RB be VB able JJ to TO identify VV whether IN the DT recovered VVN cartridges NNS were VBD part NN of IN any DT of IN these DT transfers NNS in IN 1998 CD or CC later JJR years NNS , , nor CC their PP$ initial JJ recipient NN . SENT If IN there EX was VBD a DT unique JJ identifying VVG code NN on IN each DT lot NN of IN cartridges NNS , , and CC also RB if IN manufacturers NNS registered VVD the DT initial JJ transfers NNS of IN each DT lot NN , , the DT initial JJ recipient NN could MD be VB identified VVN . SENT An DT effective JJ trace NN would MD still RB require VV that IN the DT subsequent JJ recipients NNS , , who WP acquired VVD and CC re NN transferred VVD the DT ammunition NN lots NNS , , also RB kept VVD accurate JJ records NNS . SENT If IN adequate JJ standards NNS were VBD in IN place NN , , this DT would MD make VV it PP possible JJ to TO identify VV the DT arms NNS dealer NN , , broker NN or CC shipping NN agent NN , , who WP transferred VVD the DT original JJ ammunition NN lots NNS , , or CC parts NNS of IN them PP , , to TO the DT perpetrators NNS of IN the DT massacre NN . SENT This DT kind NN of IN tracing VVG is VBZ at IN present JJ largely RB impossible JJ . SENT If IN not RB even RB the DT supply NN chain NN of IN a DT weapon NN or CC ammunition NN lot NN can MD be VB identified VVN , , it PP will MD remain VV virtually RB impossible JJ to TO hold VV accountable JJ those DT who WP arrange VV illicit JJ arms NNS transfers NNS . SENT In IN the DT words NNS of IN a DT UN NP expert NN on IN tracing VVG illicit JJ weapon NN flows NNS . SENT There EX are VBP very RB , , very RB few JJ cases NNS of IN people NNS actually RB caught VVN in IN the DT act NN , , where WRB information NN obtained VVD by IN the DT United NP Nations NPS leads VVZ to TO people NNS being VBG questioned VVN and CC convicted VVN . SENT Very RB few JJ cases NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT UN NP negotiations NNS on IN a DT marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN In IN 2003 CD the DT United NP Nations NPS General NP Assembly NP launched VVD a DT process NN to TO negotiate VV an DT international JJ instrument NN to TO enable VV States NPS to TO identify VV and CC trace VV , , in IN a DT timely JJ and CC reliable JJ manner NN , , illicit JJ small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS 10 CD . SENT An DT open NN ended VVD working VVG group NN was VBD established VVN and CC it PP met VVD for IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN June NP 2004 CD to TO debate VV the DT scope NN and CC contents NNS of IN the DT instrument NN , , including VVG the DT question NN of IN whether IN it PP should MD take VV the DT form NN of IN a DT political JJ declaration NN or CC a DT more RBR robust JJ legally RB binding JJ treaty NN . SENT The DT group NN will MD meet VV again RB in IN January NP February NP 2005 CD and CC in IN June NP 2005 CD by IN which WDT time NN it PP aims VVZ to TO finalize VV the DT text NN . SENT The DT text NN is VBZ to TO be VB presented VVN and CC opened VVN for IN adoption NN in IN July NP 2005 CD at IN the DT second JJ Biennial JJ Meeting VVG of IN States NPS on IN the DT implementation NN of IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Programme NN of IN Action NP on IN the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS . SENT Need NN for IN high JJ common JJ standards NNS This DT instrument NN , , if IN comprehensive JJ , , binding JJ and CC properly RB implemented VVN , , could MD make VV a DT substantial JJ contribution NN to TO combating VVG the DT proliferation NN of IN arms NNS and CC their PP$ misuse NN . SENT It PP could MD significantly RB strengthen VV international JJ capacity NN to TO control VV transfers NNS of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS , , as RB well RB as IN to TO identify VV and CC hold VV accountable JJ those DT who WP transfer VV such JJ arms NNS in IN violation NN of IN national JJ and CC or CC international JJ law NN . SENT It PP could MD also RB greatly RB assist VV in IN the DT prosecution NN of IN those DT responsible JJ for IN genocide NN , , crimes NNS against IN humanity NN , , and CC war NN crimes NNS as RB well RB as IN those DT abusing VVG arms NNS in IN crime NN and CC domestic JJ violence NN . SENT This DT should MD have VH powerful JJ preventative JJ effects NNS . SENT Unfortunately RB , , only RB a DT few JJ governments NNS have VHP argued VVN for IN a DT viable JJ instrument NN that WDT goes VVZ further RBR than IN simply RB codifying VVG current JJ minimal JJ controls NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ crucial JJ that IN the DT instrument NN stipulates VVZ high JJ common JJ standards NNS that WDT are VBP based VVN on IN existing VVG best JJS practices NNS on IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS as RB well RB as IN ammunition NN . SENT Good JJ standards NNS of IN best JJS practice NN on IN marking VVG ammunition NN cartridges NNS and CC boxes NNS already RB exist VVP in IN Brazil NP and CC legally RB binding VVG standards NNS on IN national JJ record NN keeping VVG systems NNS for IN arms NNS transfers NNS and CC holdings NNS are VBP outlined VVN in IN the DT 2004 CD Nairobi NP Protocol NP for IN the DT Prevention NN , , Control NP and CC Reduction NP of IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS in IN the DT Great NP Lakes NPS Region NN and CC the DT Horn NP of IN Africa NP . SENT 11 CD What WP is VBZ needed VVN is VBZ for IN all DT governments NNS to TO follow VV the DT best JJS practices NNS outlined VVN in IN this DT report NN , , and CC for IN them PP to TO be VB adopted VVN in IN global JJ , , legally RB binding VVG standards NNS . SENT The DT UN NP must MD continue VV to TO encourage VV and CC facilitate VV the DT development NN and CC adoption NN of IN such JJ standards NNS . SENT Failing VVG this DT , , the DT tracing VVG of IN illicit JJ small JJ arms NNS , , light JJ weapons NNS and CC related JJ ammunition NN up RB to TO the DT point NN and CC actors NNS who WP diverted VVN or CC misused VVD them PP will MD remain VV largely RB impossible JJ . SENT Those DT responsible JJ for IN illegal JJ acts NNS with IN such JJ arms NNS will MD continue VV to TO act VV with IN impunity NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Essential JJ elements NNS for IN timely JJ and CC reliable JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG It PP is VBZ essential JJ that IN governments NNS and CC the DT UN NP adopt VV a DT pro JJ active JJ approach NN to TO marking VVG and CC tracing VVG illicit JJ small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT Effective JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG that IN allow VV for IN timely JJ identification NN of IN diversions NNS and CC enhances VVZ accountability NN in IN the DT arms NNS trade NN is VBZ central JJ for IN the DT prevention NN of IN arms NNS proliferation NN and CC misuse NN . SENT Governments NNS are VBP therefore RB urged VVN to TO negotiate VV a DT robust JJ legally RB binding JJ international JJ instrument NN that WDT includes VVZ , , among IN others NNS , , the DT following VVG essential JJ elements NNS . SENT Effective JJ marking VVG of IN arms NNS Investigators NNS and CC law NN enforcement NN officials NNS often RB face VVP obstacles NNS in IN accurately RB identifying VVG the DT manufacturer NN of IN an DT illicit JJ weapon NN . SENT Marks NNS may MD be VB missing VVG altogether RB , , misleading JJ , , or CC incomplete JJ . SENT For IN example NN , , marks NNS with IN information NN on IN the DT manufacturer NN and CC or CC country NN of IN manufacture NN are VBP of IN limited JJ use NN for IN tracing VVG purposes NNS in IN the DT absence NN of IN a DT further RBR unique JJ identifier NN or CC serial JJ number NN of IN that DT particular JJ weapon NN or CC cartridge NN . SENT Even RB then RB , , investigations NNS may MD have VH to TO struggle VV with IN attempted JJ removals NNS of IN markings NNS , , or CC false JJ markings NNS which WDT deliberately RB disguise VV the DT manufacturer NN , , and CC or CC country NN of IN manufacture NN . SENT Misleading JJ and CC false JJ markings NNS can MD occur VV particularly RB in IN the DT context NN of IN the DT licensed JJ production NN of IN the DT same JJ weapon NN or CC ammunition NN type NN in IN several JJ different JJ countries NNS . SENT Also RB of IN concern NN are VBP the DT practices NNS by IN some DT governments NNS to TO authorize VV transfers NNS of IN untraceable JJ arms NNS , , for IN example NN , , transfers VVZ of IN inadequately RB marked VVN weapons NNS from IN commercial JJ or CC military JJ stockpiles NNS . SENT Some DT national JJ armed JJ forces NNS specify VV that IN weapons NNS manufactured VVN for IN them PP be VB without IN marks NNS so IN they PP can MD apply VV their PP$ own JJ markings NNS later RBR . SENT Such JJ unmarked JJ weapons NNS can MD find VV their PP$ way NN into IN the DT illicit JJ sphere NN through IN diversions NNS during IN delivery NN and CC theft NN from IN stockpiles NNS . SENT Unmarked JJ or CC inadequately RB marked VVD arms NNS may MD intentionally RB be VB stocked VVN for IN transfer NN to TO political JJ allies NNS that IN a DT government NN wishes VVZ not RB to TO be VB seen VVN openly RB supporting VVG . SENT Marking VVG of IN newly RB manufactured VVN weapons NNS Governments NNS should MD therefore RB negotiate VV and CC adopt VV a DT treaty NN provision NN making VVG it PP obligatory JJ on IN states NNS parties NNS to TO mark VV every DT weapon NN and CC unit NN of IN ammunition NN at IN the DT point NN of IN manufacture NN with IN a DT unique JJ serial NN number NN , , manufacturer NN s PP mark VVP and CC or CC country NN code NN . SENT This DT information NN must MD be VB applied VVN on IN the DT arm NN s PP essential JJ or CC structural JJ components NNS , , and CC be VB clearly RB visible JJ and CC permanent JJ . SENT To TO facilitate VV correct JJ identification NN and CC recording NN of IN weapons NNS and CC munitions NN , , markings NNS should MD be VB in IN numeric JJ codes NNS rather RB than IN geometric JJ symbols NNS . SENT Increased JJ use NN must MD be VB made VVN of IN security NN markings NNS , , the DT destruction NN of IN which WDT would MD make VV the DT weapon NN or CC unit NN of IN ammunition NN inoperable JJ . SENT Following VVG best JJS practice NN , , additional JJ marks NNS should MD identify VV the DT year NN of IN manufacture NN , , and CC the DT year NN and CC country NN of IN import NN . SENT Marking VVG of IN already RB manufactured VVN arms NNS Thousands NNS of IN tons NNS of IN inadequately RB marked VVN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS and CC corresponding JJ ammunition NN , , currently RB exist VVP in IN military JJ , , official JJ , , dealers NNS and CC manufacturers NNS stockpiles NNS . SENT To TO prevent VV these DT being NN released VVN into IN the DT global JJ arms NNS bazaar NN , , the DT treaty NN must MD include VV an DT absolute JJ prohibition NN on IN cross NN border NN transfers NNS of IN inadequately RB marked VVN arms NNS and CC ammunition NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , the DT treaty NN should MD require VV states NNS parties NNS to TO apply VV appropriate JJ identifiers NNS and CC to TO register VV weapons NNS and CC munitions NN that WDT are VBP brought VVN out RP of IN stockpiles NNS into IN active JJ service NN or CC are VBP transferred VVN to TO the DT civilian JJ market NN or CC other JJ destinations NNS . SENT Basic JJ marks NNS on IN firearms NNS Marks NNS on IN the DT semi NN automatic JJ pistol NN shown VVN here RB identify VV the DT manufacturer NN HK NP Heckler NP Koch NP , , Germany NP , , the DT type NN of IN weapon NN M NP 8 CD model NN of IN the DT popular JJ P NN 7 CD handguns NNS series NN , , the DT country NN of IN manufacture NN the DT stylized VVN eagle NN represents VVZ Germany NP , , and CC the DT pistol NN s PP unique JJ serial JJ number NN 86912 CD . SENT The DT marks NNS further RBR contain VV a DT code NN identifying VVG the DT year NN of IN manufacture NN IE NP stands VVZ for IN 1984 CD . SENT The DT stylized VVN stag NN horn NN shows VVZ that IN the DT weapon NN was VBD produced VVN for IN export NN , , and CC Chantilly JJ VA NP identifies VVZ the DT marketing NN company NN in IN the DT USA NP which WDT distributed VVD the DT weapon NN for IN Heckler NP Koch NP in IN the DT USA NP . SENT Heckler NP Koch NP H NP K NP is VBZ obliged VVN under IN German JJ legislation NN to TO keep VV an DT arms NNS register VVP for IN all PDT the DT weapons NNS it PP produces VVZ and CC trades VVZ . SENT The DT register NN must MD identify VV serial JJ numbers NNS , , type NN , , quantity NN , , origins NNS and CC destination NN of IN weapons NNS . SENT Such JJ marking VVG and CC registration NN allows VVZ arms NNS manufacturers NNS to TO provide VV competent JJ authorities NNS with IN basic JJ information NN on IN the DT initial JJ sale NN of IN an DT individual JJ weapon NN . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN the DT above JJ pistol NN , , the DT register NN held VVN by IN H NP K NP in IN Germany NP identifies VVZ this DT weapon NN to TO have VH been VBN exported VVN on IN 3 CD October NP 1984 CD to TO Heckler NP Koch NP Inc NP . SENT , , Sterling NP , , Virginia NP , , USA NP . SENT 12 CD Registration NN of IN transfers NNS Marking NP arms NNS is VBZ an DT essential JJ pre NP requisite JJ of IN tracing VVG them PP , , but CC marking VVG is VBZ not RB sufficient JJ for IN tracing VVG purposes NNS on IN its PP$ own JJ . SENT This DT is VBZ especially RB the DT case NN for IN weapons NNS and CC munitions NN recovered VVN in IN armed JJ conflicts NNS that WDT may MD have VH been VBN circulating VVG on IN international JJ and CC regional JJ arms NNS markets NNS for IN many JJ years NNS or CC that WDT were VBD trafficked VVN via IN highly RB circuitous JJ routes NNS transiting VVG several JJ countries NNS . SENT Marks NNS are VBP required VVN to TO identify VV the DT point NN of IN manufacture NN of IN a DT weapon NN or CC unit NN of IN ammunition NN , , but CC it PP is VBZ the DT accurate JJ registration NN of IN all DT manufactured VVN and CC stockpiled VVN arms NNS and CC , , in IN particular JJ , , of IN their PP$ transfer NN and CC re NN transfer NN , , which WDT is VBZ necessary JJ to TO provide VV the DT information NN needed VVN for IN tracing VVG the DT supply NN chain NN of IN the DT items NNS in IN question NN . SENT At IN present NN for IN cross NN border NN transfers NNS of IN arms NNS , , there EX is VBZ often RB no DT such JJ registration NN and CC the DT documentation NN may MD not RB list VV the DT actors NNS involved VVN or CC the DT weapons NNS and CC munitions VVZ by IN their PP$ serial JJ numbers NNS . SENT If IN accurate JJ records NNS do VVP exist VV , , they PP are VBP usually RB fragmented VVN because IN some DT of IN the DT information NN is VBZ held VVN by IN manufacturers NNS or CC dealers NNS or CC exporters NNS while IN other JJ relevant JJ information NN is VBZ kept VVN by IN customs NNS and CC or CC other JJ authorities NNS . SENT Despite IN the DT increasingly RB cheap JJ and CC easy JJ availability NN of IN electronic JJ registration NN systems NNS for IN arms NNS transfers NNS , , many JJ national JJ systems NNS still RB rely VVP on IN paper NN based VVN documentation NN . SENT Information NN on IN different JJ documents NNS , , such JJ as IN payment NN invoices NNS and CC receipts NNS or CC cargo NN manifests NNS and CC waybills NNS , , is VBZ normally RB not RB cross VV referenced VVN . SENT All PDT these DT shortcomings NNS hinder VV the DT timely JJ and CC reliable JJ retrieval NN of IN information NN needed VVN for IN tracing VVG arms NNS and CC ammunition NN . SENT Violations NNS of IN UN NP arms NNS embargo NN on IN UNITA NP insufficient JJ tracing VVG evidence NN 13 CD On IN 15 CD September NP 1993 CD , , the DT UN NP Security NP Council NP imposed VVD a DT mandatory JJ arms NNS embargo NN on IN Uni NN o NN Nacional NP para NN a DT Independ NN ncia NN Total NP de NP Angola NP UNITA NP . SENT UNITA NP had VHD abducted VVN hundreds NNS of IN civilians NNS , , including VVG children NNS , , deliberately RB and CC arbitrarily RB killed VVD unarmed JJ civilians NNS , , and CC raped VVN women NNS . SENT Despite IN the DT embargo NN , , UNITA NP managed VVD to TO acquire VV arms NNS and CC military JJ equipment NN from IN several JJ countries NNS . SENT Between IN 1997 CD and CC 1998 CD , , arms NNS manufacturers NNS based VVN in IN Bulgaria NP exported VVD approximately RB US NP 14 CD m NN worth NN of IN arms NNS , , including VVG artillery NN and CC missiles NNS systems NNS , , infantry NN and CC ammunition NN 14 CD on IN the DT basis NN of IN forged VVN end NN user NN certificates NNS from IN Togo NP . SENT After IN a DT forensic JJ examination NN of IN the DT end NN user NN certificates NNS , , as RB well RB as IN a DT study NN of IN the DT routes NNS of IN the DT aircraft NN that WDT carried VVD the DT weapons NNS , , the DT UN NP Panel NN of IN Experts NNS on IN Violations NNS of IN Security NP Council NP Sanctions NNS reached VVD the DT conclusion NN that IN these DT arms NNS were VBD destined VVN to TO UNITA NP . SENT Some DT of IN the DT equipment NN captured VVN by IN Angolan JJ government NN forces VVZ 15 CD from IN UNITA NP also RB included VVD weapons NNS such JJ as IN the DT BM NP 21 CD multiple JJ rocket NN launcher NN , , BMP NP armoured VVD vehicles NNS and CC Uragan NP missiles NNS , , which WDT did VVD not RB feature VV in IN any DT of IN the DT exports NNS from IN Bulgaria NP or CC Romania NP . SENT According VVG to TO information NN provided VVD by IN the DT Angolan JJ Government NN and CC the DT serial JJ numbers NNS on IN the DT equipment NN , , it PP was VBD produced VVN in IN Ukraine NP , , the DT Russian NP Federation NP and CC China NP but CC the DT governments NNS of IN these DT countries NNS dispute VVP this DT . SENT The DT UN NP reported VVD that DT other JJ small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS found VVN in IN UNITA NP stocks NNS was VBD not RB marked VVN at IN all DT 16 CD . SENT The DT absence NN of IN markings NNS on IN a DT large JJ portion NN of IN the DT equipment NN seized VVD makes VVZ it PP difficult JJ to TO trace VV its PP$ origin NN . SENT The DT pursuit NN of IN cooperation NN with IN arms NNS producing VVG countries NNS is VBZ necessary JJ to TO determine VV the DT origin NN of IN equipment NN marked VVN with IN serial JJ numbers NNS . SENT 17 CD In IN all PDT the DT cases NNS , , the DT marking VVG of IN the DT weapons NNS and CC munitions NN , , and CC the DT records NNS of IN their PP$ transfer NN , , were VBD insufficient JJ for IN the DT UN NP Panel NN of IN Experts NNS to TO trace VV with IN certainty NN how WRB these DT weapons NNS arrived VVN in IN the DT hands NNS of IN the DT UNITA NP combatants NNS . SENT In IN such JJ circumstances NNS , , it PP is VBZ very RB difficult JJ to TO prosecute VV violators NNS of IN the DT UN NP arms NNS embargo NN and CC to TO hold VV arms NNS suppliers NNS and CC traffickers NNS accountable JJ for IN their PP$ part NN in IN fuelling VVG conflict NN and CC facilitating VVG human JJ rights NNS abuses NNS . SENT A DT global JJ system NN to TO track VV arms NNS transfers NNS To TO ensure VV effective JJ control NN based VVN on IN swift JJ and CC accurate JJ information NN , , a DT globally RB harmonized VVN system NN of IN electronic JJ registers NNS is VBZ required VVN . SENT Governments NNS should MD designate VV national JJ control NN agencies NNS to TO maintain VV centralized JJ electronic JJ registers NNS on IN all DT arms NNS produced VVN and CC transferred VVN under IN a DT state NN s PP jurisdiction NN and CC to TO carry VV out RP relevant JJ inspections NNS in IN relation NN to TO arms NNS shipments NNS and CC holdings NNS . SENT A DT globally RB harmonized VVN system NN based VVN on IN common JJ international JJ standards NNS is VBZ considered VVN by IN many JJ experts NNS to TO be VB the DT most RBS efficient JJ and CC cost VV effective JJ way NN to TO keep VV track NN of IN transfers NNS of IN weapons NNS and CC munitions NN . SENT This DT is VBZ suggested VVN in IN the DT Model NP Convention NP on IN Small NP Arms NP Tracing VVG drafted VVN by IN the DT Belgian JJ non JJ governmental JJ research NN centre NN GRIP NN . SENT 18 CD It PP is VBZ regrettable JJ that IN most JJS governments NNS are VBP not RB yet RB supporting VVG the DT creation NN of IN such PDT a DT globally RB harmonized VVN system NN . SENT In IN the DT current JJ UN NP negotiations NNS , , states NNS appear VVP to TO prefer VV the DT principle NN that IN standards NNS for IN record NN keeping VVG systems NNS are VBP a DT national JJ prerogative NN and CC need MD not RB be VB specified VVN in IN any DT further JJR detail NN . SENT This DT would MD perpetuate VV the DT diverse JJ and CC inadequate JJ record NN keeping VVG standards NNS and CC would MD leave VV a DT fundamental JJ flaw NN in IN the DT tracing VVG instrument NN . SENT Governments NNS should MD ensure VV that IN the DT marking VVG and CC tracing VVG treaty NN stipulates VVZ specific JJ and CC detailed JJ measures NNS on IN record NN keeping VVG systems NNS . SENT Tracing VVG illegal JJ weapons NNS in IN Brazil NP In IN the DT last JJ 10 CD years NNS , , over IN 265 CD , , 000 CD people NNS have VHP been VBN killed VVN by IN small JJ arms NNS in IN Brazil NP 19 CD , , many JJ as IN a DT result NN of IN urban JJ violence NN and CC the DT widespread JJ proliferation NN of IN handguns NNS and CC small JJ arms NNS . SENT Viva NP Rio NP , , a DT Brazilian JJ Non JJ Governmental JJ Organization NP , , helped VVD the DT Rio NP State NP police NNS to TO introduce VV a DT new JJ computer NN system NN in IN 2002 CD to TO log VV the DT type NN , , make VV and CC serial JJ numbers NNS of IN all PDT the DT weapons NNS confiscated VVN in IN police NN operations NNS . SENT Data NNS from IN this DT system NN identifies VVZ the DT countries NNS that WDT manufactured VVD the DT small JJ arms NNS . SENT The DT majority NN came VVD from IN Brazil NP , , but CC other JJ manufacturers NNS included VVD Argentina NP , , Austria NP , , Belgium NP , , China NP , , the DT Czech NP Republic NP , , France NP , , Germany NP , , Israel NP , , Italy NP , , Spain NP , , Switzerland NP and CC the DT USA NP . SENT The DT governments NNS of IN these DT countries NNS have VHP been VBN asked VVN to TO explain VV how WRB supposedly RB legally RB exported VVN small JJ arms NNS ended VVN up RP in IN the DT hands NNS of IN criminal JJ gangs NNS in IN Rio NP de NP Janeiro NP . SENT So RB far RB most JJS foreign JJ countries NNS have VHP not RB responded VVN formally RB though IN the DT Argentine JJ authorities NNS have VHP requested VVN a DT Federal NP hearing NN and CC other JJ countries NNS including VVG Germany NP have VHP cooperated VVN in IN tracing VVG efforts NNS . SENT Comprehensive JJ record NN keeping VVG Governments NNS should MD agree VV on IN a DT treaty NN that WDT would MD include VV high JJ standards NNS and CC impose VV a DT clear JJ obligation NN on IN state NN parties NNS to TO keep VV comprehensive JJ and CC accurate JJ records NNS on IN arms NNS manufactured VVN , , held VVN , , and CC transferred VVD into IN or CC from IN their PP$ jurisdiction NN . SENT This DT implies VVZ that IN each DT actor NN in IN the DT supply NN chain NN of IN weapons NNS and CC munitions NN must MD maintain VV accurate JJ information NN on IN where WRB an DT item NN came VVD from IN and CC where WRB it PP went VVD . SENT Governments NNS must MD also RB ensure VV that DT adequate JJ national JJ procedures NNS exist VV which WDT allow VV the DT competent JJ authorities NNS immediate JJ access NN to TO records NNS held VVN by IN manufacturers NNS , , dealers NNS and CC others NNS involved VVN in IN the DT trade NN of IN arms NNS and CC ammunition NN . SENT Following VVG best JJS practices NNS , , records NNS must MD identify VV the DT dates NNS of IN the DT transfer NN authorization NN , , countries NNS of IN export NN , , transit NN , , and CC import NN , , final JJ recipient NN , , and CC the DT description NN and CC quantity NN of IN the DT transferred VVN weapons NNS or CC munitions NN . SENT Records NNS must MD also RB allow VV for IN the DT identification NN by IN serial JJ number NN of IN the DT transferred VVN arms NNS , , and CC should MD enable VV investigators NNS and CC law NN enforcement NN agencies NNS to TO clearly RB identify VV the DT transfer NN agents NNS involved VVD dealers NNS , , brokers NNS and CC transport NN agents NNS . SENT Given VVN the DT long JJ life NN span NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS corresponding JJ ammunition NN , , the DT treaty NN must MD go VV further RBR than IN merely RB committing VVG to TO keep VV relevant JJ records NNS for IN a DT minimum NN of IN 10 CD years NNS for IN example NN , , the DT 11 CD countries NNS which WDT have VHP signed VVN the DT Nairobi NP Protocol NP are VBP currently RB considering VVG holding VVG all DT records NNS for IN 25 CD years NNS . SENT Organization NN of IN record NN keeping VVG systems NNS Governments NNS should MD negotiate VV and CC adopt VV a DT treaty NN detailing VVG measures NNS on IN the DT organization NN of IN record NN keeping VVG systems NNS nationally RB and CC promoting VVG best JJS practices NNS in IN this DT regard NN . SENT At IN a DT minimum NN , , the DT treaty NN must MD encourage VV the DT national JJ adoption NN of IN comprehensive JJ electronic JJ record NN keeping VVG systems NNS which WDT use VVP meaningful JJ categories NNS and CC cross VVP referencing VVG so IN the DT data NNS can MD be VB integrated JJ , , centralized JJ and CC efficiently RB used VVN for IN tracing VVG and CC preventing VVG abuse NN . SENT This DT should MD be VB complemented VVN with IN explicit JJ commitments NNS to TO establish VV and CC maintain VV complete JJ national JJ inventories NNS of IN weapons NNS and CC ammunition NN held VVN by IN security NN forces NNS and CC other JJ state NN bodies NNS , , and CC the DT registration NN of IN all DT civilian JJ owned VVN firearms NNS on IN a DT centralized JJ basis NN . SENT These DT measures NNS would MD reflect VV standards NNS adopted VVN in IN , , for IN example NN , , the DT Nairobi NP Protocol NP for IN the DT Prevention NN , , Control NP and CC Reduction NP of IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS in IN the DT Great NP Lakes NPS Region NN and CC the DT Horn NP of IN Africa NP , , which WDT will MD become VV legally RB binding VVG once RB ratified VVN by IN two CD thirds NNS of IN member NN states NNS . SENT Verification NN of IN records NNS Common JJ standards NNS are VBP also RB needed VVN for IN the DT verification NN of IN the DT accuracy NN of IN records NNS held VVN by IN manufacturers NNS , , dealers NNS and CC others NNS holding VVG and CC transferring VVG arms NNS . SENT The DT treaty NN must MD include VV high JJ minimum JJ standards NNS to TO ensure VV the DT accuracy NN of IN records NNS on IN arms NNS manufacture VVP , , holdings NNS and CC transfers NNS . SENT Inclusion NN of IN ammunition NN Ammunition NN and CC explosives NNS related VVN to TO small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS play VVP a DT key JJ role NN in IN the DT devastation NN associated VVN with IN arms NNS proliferation NN and CC misuse NN . SENT The DT availability NN of IN ammunition NN is VBZ crucial JJ to TO the DT outbreak NN and CC duration NN of IN armed JJ conflict NN and CC for IN acts NNS of IN criminal JJ gun NN violence NN . SENT Illicit JJ ammunition NN and CC weapons NNS tend VVP to TO be VB trafficked VVN through IN the DT same JJ routes NNS and CC by IN the DT same JJ people NNS . SENT Identifying VVG and CC tracing VVG illicit JJ ammunition NN flows NNS can MD therefore RB reinforce VV the DT identification NN and CC prevention NN of IN illicit JJ weapons NNS flows NNS . SENT While IN governments NNS from IN the DT African NP Union NP , , European NP Union NP and CC Organisation NP of IN American NP States NPS , , except IN the DT USA NP , , have VHP supported VVN the DT inclusion NN of IN high JJ common JJ standards NNS for IN the DT tracing VVG of IN ammunition NN during IN the DT negotiations NNS , , other JJ governments NNS make VVP the DT excuse NN that IN the DT tracing VVG of IN ammunition NN is VBZ impractical JJ or CC does VVZ not RB fall VV under IN the DT mandate NN of IN the DT working VVG group NN negotiating VVG the DT tracing VVG instrument NN . SENT However RB the DT UN NP Group NP of IN Governmental JJ Experts NNS on IN Tracing VVG Illicit JJ Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS reported VVD under IN Definitions NNS , , Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS that IN . SENT Ammunition NN and CC explosives NNS , , such JJ as IN cartridges NNS rounds NNS for IN small JJ arms NNS , , shells NNS and CC missiles NNS for IN light JJ weapons NNS , , anti JJ personnel NNS and CC anti JJ tank NN hand NN grenades NNS , , landmines NNS , , explosives NNS and CC mobile JJ containers NNS with IN missiles NNS or CC shells NNS for IN single JJ action NN anti NN aircraft NN and CC anti JJ tank NN systems NNS are VBP generally RB regarded VVN as IN a DT part NN of IN the DT problem NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT 20 CD Furthermore RB the DT scheme NN presented VVD below RB is VBZ eminently RB practicable JJ indeed RB , , it PP is VBZ already RB operating VVG in IN several JJ states NNS . SENT Marking VVG of IN cartridges NNS and CC shells NNS The DT global JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG treaty NN should MD have VH a DT provision NN that WDT requires VVZ all DT states NNS to TO mark VV shells NNS and CC cartridges NNS with IN codes NNS or CC marks NNS denoting VVG . SENT batch NN lot NN number NN . SENT manufacturer NN and CC country NN of IN manufacture NN where WRB necessary JJ . SENT year NN of IN manufacture NN . SENT and CC , , complying VVG with IN current JJ best JJS practice NN , , a DT code NN identifying VVG the DT original JJ recipient NN of IN the DT ammunition NN lot NN such JJ as IN a DT police NN or CC military JJ force NN . SENT Such JJ requirements NNS already RB exist VVP in IN several JJ countries NNS . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN ammunition NN being VBG used VVN contrary JJ to TO international JJ law NN , , this DT latter JJ marking VVG would MD allow VV the DT first JJ recipient NN to TO be VB identified VVN , , and CC thus RB assist VV in IN identifying VVG the DT supply NN chain NN to TO the DT perpetrator NN . SENT While IN each DT grenade NN , , missile NN and CC shell NN used VVN in IN a DT light JJ weapon NN should MD be VB individually RB marked VVN with IN its PP$ own JJ unique JJ code NN as RB described VVD above IN to TO ensure VV they PP are VBP fully RB traceable JJ , , it PP may MD be VB very RB expensive JJ to TO do VV this DT with IN each DT individual JJ bullet NN cartridge NN . SENT Governments NNS argue VVP that IN marking VVG each DT bullet NN would MD impose VV disproportionate JJ costs NNS on IN manufacturers NNS and CC those DT responsible JJ for IN maintaining VVG record NN keeping VVG systems NNS , , and CC thus RB be VB impossible JJ to TO implement VV . SENT A DT more RBR effective JJ solution NN for IN bullet NN cartridges NNS is VBZ to TO provide VV a DT unique JJ serial JJ number NN for IN packaging NN units NNS at IN the DT smallest JJS size NN possible JJ . SENT Adequately RB marked VVN ammunition NN and CC boxes NNS 21 CD Marks NNS on IN this DT cartridge NN identify VV the DT manufacturer NN HP NP Austrian NP manufacturer NN Hirtenberger NP Pat NP and CC year NN of IN manufacture NN 86 CD 1986 CD . SENT Marks NNS also RB identify VVP the DT cartridge NN s PP unique JJ lot NN number NN 1 CD , , its PP$ calibre NN 9 CD mm NNS x SYM 19 JJ a DT widely RB used VVN calibre NN for IN handguns NNS and CC a DT code NN allowing VVG the DT manufacturer NN to TO identify VV the DT original JJ recipient JJ RP NN a DT German JJ police NN unit NN . SENT The DT corresponding JJ packaging NN for IN this DT lot NN of IN cartridges NNS 86 CD 1 CD includes VVZ all PDT the DT same JJ information NN . SENT It PP also RB shows VVZ the DT number NN of IN cartridges NNS 50 CD . SENT 22 CD Weichkern NP means VVZ cartridges NNS with IN a DT soft JJ core NN . SENT Marking VVG and CC registration NN of IN ammunition NN boxes NNS The DT packaging NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapon NN ammunition NN varies VVZ depending VVG on IN the DT type NN . SENT For IN example NN , , hunting NN cartridges NNS for IN shotguns NNS might MD typically RB come VV in IN cardboard NN boxes NNS of IN 25 CD , , whereas IN bullets NNS for IN assault NN rifles NNS 7 CD . SENT 62 CD mm NP might MD come VV in IN boxes NNS of IN 50 CD . SENT Larger JJR size NN shells NNS for IN light JJ weapons NNS , , missiles NNS and CC grenades NNS would MD normally RB be VB delivered VVN in IN larger JJR boxes NNS . SENT The DT treaty NN should MD include VV provisions NNS regarding VVG the DT upper JJ limit NN for IN the DT smallest JJS packaging NN unit NN for IN each DT type NN of IN ammunition NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT not RB more JJR than IN 100 CD for IN such JJ bullets NNS . SENT To TO make VV effective JJ tracing VVG a DT real JJ possibility NN , , the DT treaty NN must MD include VV obligatory JJ markings NNS on IN every DT smallest JJS packaging NN unit NN of IN all DT ammunition NN cartridges NNS , , grenades NNS , , missiles NNS and CC shells NNS and CC include VVP a DT ban NN on IN any DT transfer NN of IN inadequately RB marked VVN ammunition NN boxes NNS . SENT The DT marking VVG should MD include VV . SENT an DT identifier NN which WDT is VBZ unique JJ to TO that DT particular JJ package NN of IN cartridges NNS . SENT the DT same JJ information NN as IN on IN the DT individual JJ cartridges NNS , , grenades NNS , , missiles NNS and CC shells NNS lot NN number NN , , manufacturer NN s NN code NN , , year NN of IN manufacture NN , , first JJ recipient NN . SENT year NN of IN packaging NN , , if IN different JJ from IN year NN of IN manufacture NN . SENT the DT exact JJ type NN of IN ammunition NN enclosed VVN . SENT Again RB , , relevant JJ standards NNS already RB exist VVP in IN several JJ countries NNS . SENT Brazil NP s PP legislation NN , , for IN example NN , , stipulates VVZ that IN all DT ammunition NN is VBZ placed VVN in IN packages NNS containing VVG a DT bar NN code NN engraved VVN on IN the DT box NN , , in IN order NN to TO enable VV the DT identification NN of IN the DT manufacturer NN and CC purchaser NN . SENT 23 CD All NP manufacturers NNS and CC suppliers NNS must MD be VB required VVN to TO keep VV accurate JJ and CC meaningful JJ records NNS of IN all DT ammunition NN that IN they PP transfer VV . SENT recipients NNS must MD be VB required VVN to TO maintain VV information NN on IN any DT further JJR re NN transfers NNS of IN the DT same JJ ammunition NN . SENT This DT is VBZ vital JJ because IN knowing VVG that DT recipients NNS may MD be VB held VVN accountable JJ for IN unauthorized JJ re NN transfers NNS of IN arms NNS and CC ammunition NN will MD act VV as IN a DT deterrent NN from IN violating VVG obligations NNS regarding VVG re IN transfers NNS . SENT Safeguarding VVG and CC inspecting VVG arms NNS holdings NNS and CC deliveries NNS The DT function NN of IN the DT marking VVG and CC tracing VVG treaty NN should MD not RB be VB limited VVN to TO only RB identifying VVG diversions NNS after IN an DT illicit JJ weapon NN is VBZ recovered VVN and CC traced VVN . SENT In IN order NN to TO effectively RB prevent VV illicit JJ arms NNS diversions NNS and CC unlawful JJ use NN of IN arms NNS , , governments NNS must MD also RB strengthen VV physical JJ security NN measures NNS for IN arms NNS transfers NNS and CC holdings NNS . SENT Significant JJ weaknesses NNS in IN verification NN mechanisms NNS over IN the DT legal JJ arms NNS trade NN include VVP . SENT the DT limited JJ operational JJ capacity NN of IN customs NNS and CC other JJ law NN enforcement NN officials NNS , , the DT lack NN of IN specialized JJ training NN and CC equipment NN , , insufficient JJ physical JJ inspection NN inadequate JJ checking NN of IN the DT accurate JJ registration NN of IN arms NNS transfers NNS , , holdings NNS , , and CC end NN use NN . SENT The DT lack NN of IN common JJ international JJ standards NNS for IN the DT safe JJ storage NN of IN arms NNS holdings NNS and CC arms NNS in IN transit NN continues VVZ to TO allow VV theft NN and CC the DT diversion NN of IN arms NNS during IN their PP$ transfer NN , , including VVG by IN original JJ recipients NNS . SENT Governments NNS should MD negotiate VV and CC adopt VV a DT treaty NN imposing VVG high JJ common JJ standards NNS for IN the DT operational JJ effectiveness NN of IN verification NN arrangements NNS to TO check VV the DT security NN of IN arms NNS in IN holdings NNS and CC stockpiles NNS , , and CC to TO verify VV the DT delivery NN of IN legitimate JJ arms NNS transfers NNS . SENT Promoting VVG legitimate JJ stockpile NN and CC delivery NN security NN In IN particular JJ , , states NNS need VVP to TO agree VV effective JJ measures NNS to TO ensure VV the DT security NN of IN arms NNS in IN stockpiles NNS and CC arms NNS being VBG transported VVN to TO avoid VV the DT theft NN or CC diversion NN of IN weapons NNS and CC ammunition NN . SENT Governments NNS must MD strengthen VV national JJ physical JJ verification NN at IN points NNS of IN storage NN , , loading VVG , , transfer VV , , and CC unloading VVG . SENT There EX must MD be VB regular JJ cross NN checking NN to TO verify VV that DT recorded VVN information NN on IN arms NNS corresponds VVZ to TO the DT actual JJ serial JJ numbers NNS , , types NNS and CC quantities NNS in IN the DT shipment NN or CC stockpile NN . SENT Governments NNS should MD provide VV practical JJ manuals NNS containing VVG the DT highest JJS standards NNS and CC best JJS practices NNS for IN the DT identification NN and CC tracing VVG of IN illicit JJ weapons NNS to TO the DT responsible JJ authorities NNS including VVG police NNS , , customs NNS , , border NN guards NNS , , the DT military NN and CC the DT judiciary NN . SENT Such JJ personnel NNS must MD also RB have VH adequate JJ training NN , , communication NN systems NNS and CC equipment NN for IN monitoring VVG and CC controlling VVG transfers NNS and CC stockpiles NNS of IN weapons NNS . SENT States NNS in IN a DT position NN to TO do VV so RB should MD offer VV technical JJ and CC financial JJ assistance NN for IN the DT establishment NN of IN adequate JJ marking VVG technologies NNS , , record JJ keeping VVG systems NNS , , secure JJ stockpile NN management NN , , training NN and CC verification NN tasks NNS . SENT If IN they PP do VVP not RB include VV provisions NNS for IN such JJ physical JJ verification NN and CC strengthened VVD operational JJ controls NNS in IN the DT authorized JJ arms NNS trade NN , , governments NNS will MD severely RB limit VV the DT potential NN of IN the DT global JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN to TO be VB used VVN to TO spot VV and CC prevent VV illicit JJ arms NNS transfers NNS and CC unlawful JJ uses NNS of IN arms NNS . SENT Strong JJ review NN mechanisms NNS It PP is VBZ of IN concern NN that IN many JJ governments NNS appear VVP reluctant JJ to TO adopt VV regular JJ review NN mechanisms NNS for IN the DT implementation NN of IN the DT marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN currently RB being VBG negotiated VVN in IN the DT UN NP . SENT Given VVN that IN there EX is VBZ very RB little JJ international JJ experience NN in IN cooperation NN among IN states NNS in IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG illicit JJ weapons NNS , , it PP is VBZ very RB likely JJ that IN , , with IN increased VVN experience NN , , amendments NNS or CC further JJR development NN and CC evolution NN of IN common JJ standards NNS will MD become VV both DT desirable JJ and CC feasible JJ . SENT Review NN of IN the DT instrument NN and CC its PP$ implementation NN The DT new JJ treaty NN should MD include VV a DT system NN for IN regular JJ mandatory JJ reporting NN by IN governments NNS on IN their PP$ implementation NN of IN the DT treaty NN . SENT A DT technical JJ experts NNS group NN on IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG arrangements NNS should MD be VB established VVN . SENT This DT experts NNS group NN should MD review VV the DT implementation NN of IN the DT instrument NN in IN the DT light NN of IN technological JJ developments NNS in IN weaponry NN and CC munitions NN , , marking VVG technologies NNS and CC record JJ keeping VVG systems NNS , , and CC in IN the DT light NN of IN growing VVG experience NN of IN the DT requirements NNS necessary JJ for IN effective JJ cooperation NN in IN tracing VVG illicit JJ arms NNS . SENT The DT group NN should MD further RBR have VHP the DT mandate NN to TO recommend VV measures NNS for IN the DT strengthening NN of IN the DT instrument NN and CC to TO draft VV guidelines NNS on IN issues NNS falling VVG under IN the DT scope NN of IN the DT treaty NN . SENT These DT guidelines NNS could MD take VV the DT form NN of IN , , for IN example NN , , specifying VVG in IN detail NN the DT best JJS practice NN that IN states NNS develop VVP on IN marking VVG , , record VV keeping VVG and CC cooperation NN in IN tracing VVG that WDT would MD complement VV the DT minimum JJ standards NNS agreed VVN in IN the DT UN NP marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN . SENT There EX should MD also RB be VB regular JJ review NN conferences NNS to TO close VV loopholes NNS and CC negotiate VV improvements NNS to TO the DT instrument NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Clear JJ legal JJ framework NN for IN arms NNS transfers VVZ A DT robust JJ , , efficient JJ , , globally RB consistent JJ system NN for IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG weapons NNS is VBZ an DT essential JJ part NN of IN the DT overall JJ strategy NN needed VVN to TO establish VV effective JJ international JJ arms NNS controls NNS and CC to TO improve VV accountability NN and CC transparency NN in IN the DT arms NNS trade NN . SENT However RB , , it PP is VBZ only RB one CD piece NN of IN the DT puzzle NN . SENT Controls NNS on IN the DT international JJ trade NN in IN arms NNS , , and CC controls NNS on IN arms NNS brokers NNS and CC transporters NNS , , are VBP also RB essential JJ . SENT Strengthening VVG and CC implementing VVG the DT UN NP Programme NN of IN Action NP on IN the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS is VBZ a DT unique JJ opportunity NN for IN governments NNS to TO move VV ahead RB with IN these DT measures NNS . SENT Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP Despite IN the DT suffering NN and CC poverty NN fuelled VVN by IN irresponsible JJ arms NNS sales NNS , , there EX is VBZ no DT comprehensive JJ conventional JJ arms NNS control VVP treaty NN on IN the DT international JJ trade NN . SENT The DT proliferation NN and CC misuse NN of IN arms NNS in IN so RB many JJ countries NNS across IN different JJ regions NNS is VBZ a DT global JJ problem NN and CC it PP can MD only RB be VB satisfactorily RB addressed VVN at IN international JJ level NN so RB that IN all DT states NNS abide VV by IN the DT same JJ standards NNS . SENT National JJ and CC regional JJ systems NNS to TO control VV conventional JJ arms NNS do VVP exist VV in IN some DT places NNS and CC are VBP important JJ , , but CC currently RB they PP are VBP not RB mutually RB consistent JJ , , containing VVG loopholes NNS and CC ambiguities NNS . SENT The DT UN NP Programme NN of IN Action NP requires VVZ states NNS to TO authorize VV exports NNS of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS in IN line NN with IN existing VVG responsibilities NNS of IN States NPS under IN relevant JJ international JJ law NN 24 CD . SENT What WP are VBP these DT existing JJ responsibilities NNS . SENT The DT proposed VVN Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP unifies VVZ and CC codifies VVZ the DT existing JJ responsibilities NNS of IN states NNS under IN relevant JJ principles NNS of IN international JJ law NN governing VVG conventional JJ arms NNS transfers NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT simple JJ clear JJ international JJ framework NN that WDT draws VVZ together RB and CC crystallizes VVZ states NNS current JJ obligations NNS under IN international JJ law NN . SENT This DT framework NN aims VVZ at IN a DT global JJ policy NN of IN depriving VVG governments NNS and CC armed JJ groups NNS who WP violate VVP and CC abuse VV human JJ rights NNS or CC commit VV war NN crimes NNS , , crimes NNS against IN humanity NN and CC genocide NN of IN one CD of IN the DT most RBS commonly RB used VVN tools NNS for IN doing VVG so IN conventional JJ weapons NNS and CC ammunition NN . SENT An DT increasing VVG number NN of IN governments NNS including VVG Costa NP Rica NP , , Finland NP , , Kenya NP , , Mali NP , , New NP Zealand NP , , and CC the DT United NP Kingdom NP as RB well RB as IN many JJ individuals NNS including VVG 20 CD Nobel NP Peace NN Laureates NNS and CC President NP Luiz NP In IN cio NP Lula NP da NP Silva NP of IN Brazil NP , , have VHP expressed VVN their PP$ clear JJ support NN for IN an DT international JJ Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP to TO control VV arms NNS transfers NNS based VVN on IN international JJ human JJ rights NNS standards NNS and CC humanitarian JJ law NN . SENT A DT growing VVG number NN of IN other JJ governments NNS have VHP recently RB expressed VVN their PP$ support NN privately RB , , and CC all DT are VBP urged VVN to TO join VV them PP and CC to TO express VV their PP$ support NN publicly RB . SENT Convention NN on IN Arms NP Brokering VVG and CC Transporting VVG Governments NNS should MD also RB negotiate VV and CC adopt VV at IN the DT earliest JJS opportunity NN an DT international JJ convention NN to TO control VV the DT activities NNS of IN arms NNS brokers NNS and CC transporters NNS and CC to TO suppress VV arms NNS brokering VVG and CC deliveries NNS to TO gross JJ human JJ rights NNS violators NNS in IN particular JJ . SENT Such PDT a DT convention NN should MD make VV the DT arrangement NN or CC facilitation NN of IN international JJ arms NNS deals NNS and CC deliveries NNS between IN third JJ parties NNS subject JJ to TO state NN authorization NN and CC require VV the DT registration NN of IN every DT private JJ person NN or CC entity NN wishing VVG to TO engage VV in IN brokering NN and CC transport NN services NNS . SENT This DT would MD provide VV the DT basis NN for IN prosecuting VVG an DT arms NNS broker NN or CC arms NNS transport NN agent NN for IN exporting VVG arms NNS without IN a DT government NN license NN . SENT Authorizations NNS for IN international JJ arms NNS brokering VVG or CC arms NNS transporting VVG activities NNS should MD only RB be VB granted VVN if IN not RB in IN conflict NN with IN the DT existing JJ responsibilities NNS of IN states NNS under IN international JJ law NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT the DT criteria NNS laid VVN out RP in IN the DT Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP for IN international JJ transfers NNS . SENT Complementary JJ measures NNS An DT international JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG treaty NN , , an DT Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP based VVN on IN international JJ law NN , , and CC a DT brokering VVG convention NN need VVP to TO be VB urgently RB established VVN to TO achieve VV accountability NN in IN the DT international JJ trade NN of IN conventional JJ arms NNS and CC especially RB to TO block VV the DT supply NN of IN arms NNS to TO those DT who WP use VVP them PP to TO violate VV international JJ human JJ rights NNS and CC humanitarian JJ law NN . SENT Comprehensive JJ marking VVG , , record VV keeping VVG and CC physical JJ verification NN systems NNS would MD be VB a DT significant JJ deterrent NN for IN unscrupulous JJ suppliers NNS or CC corrupt JJ officials NNS who WP allow VVP arms NNS to TO reach VV unauthorized JJ destinations NNS . SENT A DT successful JJ trace VV of IN recovered VVN illicit JJ weapons NNS or CC ammunition NN would MD identify VV the DT chain NN of IN transactions NNS and CC those DT involved VVN in IN the DT authorization NN , , arrangement NN , , and CC delivery NN of IN weapons NNS or CC ammunition NN to TO the DT perpetrators NNS of IN violations NNS of IN human JJ rights NNS and CC humanitarian JJ law NN . SENT Strong JJ transfer NN controls NNS , , as RB embodied VVN in IN the DT Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP , , would MD help VV ensure VV that WDT governments NNS do VVP not RB transfer VV arms NNS if IN the DT arms NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB used VVN in IN contravention NN of IN international JJ responsibilities NNS . SENT A DT government NN authorizing VVG such PDT a DT transfer NN should MD be VB held VVN accountable JJ for IN a DT breach NN of IN its PP$ international JJ obligations NNS . SENT Robust JJ international JJ controls NNS on IN arms NNS brokering VVG and CC arms NNS transporting NN would MD help VV ensure VV that IN individuals NNS and CC companies NNS involved VVN in IN such JJ activities NNS could MD not RB be VB used VVN as IN a DT channel NN to TO supply VV arms NNS illegally RB . SENT If IN an DT arms NNS broker NN or CC transport NN agent NN were VBD to TO transfer VV arms NNS without IN governmental JJ authorization NN , , they PP should MD be VB prosecuted VVN . SENT With IN these DT three CD complementary JJ instruments NNS in IN place NN , , government NN could MD seek VV international JJ cooperation NN to TO effectively RB investigate VV whether IN a DT suspected JJ illegal JJ arms NNS transfer NN could MD have VH been VBN prevented VVN and CC whether IN any DT officials NNS failed VVD to TO exercise VV due JJ diligence NN to TO prevent VV it PP . SENT Effective JJ international JJ mechanisms NNS for IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG illicit JJ arms NNS would MD reinforce VV the DT ability NN of IN states NNS to TO identify VV such JJ violations NNS of IN international JJ law NN on IN arms NNS transfers NNS and CC brokering NN , , as RB well RB as IN those DT responsible JJ . SENT 5 LS . SENT Conclusions NNS and CC recommendations NNS Current JJ international JJ standards NNS for IN the DT marking VVG , , record VV keeping VVG , , and CC cooperation NN between IN states NNS on IN tracing VVG of IN illicit JJ arms NNS and CC ammunition NN are VBP inadequate JJ and CC must MD be VB strengthened VVN by IN the DT adoption NN of IN a DT robust JJ international JJ treaty NN . SENT National JJ approaches NNS must MD be VB harmonized VVN on IN high JJ common JJ standards NNS and CC form VV an DT integral JJ part NN of IN broader JJR efforts NNS to TO combat VV the DT proliferation NN and CC misuse NN of IN weapons NNS . SENT An DT effective JJ international JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN that WDT is VBZ legally RB binding JJ could MD substantially RB contribute VV to TO combating VVG arms NNS proliferation NN and CC misuse NN . SENT It PP could MD greatly RB enhance VV the DT ability NN to TO control VV international JJ arms NNS transfers NNS and CC provide VV credible JJ proof NN of IN the DT involvement NN of IN specific JJ actors NNS in IN illicit JJ arms NNS diversion NN and CC the DT unlawful JJ use NN of IN arms NNS . SENT Such PDT a DT measure NN is VBZ important JJ to TO make VV it PP possible JJ to TO prosecute VV and CC convict VV illegal JJ arms NNS traffickers NNS and CC also RB perpetrators NNS of IN armed JJ crime NN , , human JJ rights NNS violations NNS , , war NN crimes NNS , , crimes NNS against IN humanity NN and CC genocide NN . SENT It PP could MD considerably RB help VV identify VV international JJ arms NNS brokers NNS and CC transporters NNS who WP violate VVP national JJ or CC international JJ law NN , , thus RB helping VVG to TO implement VV international JJ arms NNS embargoes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB of IN great JJ importance NN for IN involving VVG arms NNS producing VVG states NNS and CC companies NNS in IN cross NN checking NN dealers NNS , , agents NNS and CC customers NNS , , thereby RB enhancing VVG vigilance NN in IN approving VVG arms NNS sales NNS and CC enabling VVG follow VV up RP checks NNS to TO see VV whether IN exports NNS of IN weapons NNS or CC ammunition NN have VHP been VBN diverted VVN . SENT The DT marking VVG and CC tracing VVG of IN arms NNS can MD thereby RB greatly RB contribute VV to TO enhancing VVG accountability NN in IN the DT arms NNS trade NN and CC to TO create VV a DT deterrent NN to TO future JJ arms NNS traffickers NNS and CC arms NNS users NNS who WP seek VVP to TO circumvent VV the DT law NN . SENT Governments NNS should MD maximize VV the DT opportunities NNS presented VVN by IN the DT current JJ UN NP negotiations NNS of IN an DT international JJ tracing VVG instrument NN . SENT Essential JJ elements NNS for IN effective JJ marking VVG and CC tracing NN have VHP been VBN described VVN above RB . SENT They PP include VVP . SENT high JJ common JJ standards NNS for IN the DT adequate JJ marking VVG of IN arms NNS and CC detailed JJ measures NNS for IN record NN keeping VVG on IN production NN , , holding NN and CC transfers NNS . SENT inclusion NN of IN the DT full JJ range NN of IN munitions NN which WDT form VVP part NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS in IN the DT scope NN of IN the DT global JJ marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN and CC regular JJ reviews NNS of IN its PP$ implementation NN . SENT strengthening VVG operational JJ capacities NNS of IN arms NNS control VVP agencies NNS and CC physical JJ control NN standards NNS for IN transfers NNS and CC stocks NNS . SENT The DT negotiated VVD marking VVG and CC tracing VVG instrument NN should MD be VB legally RB binding JJ and CC complemented VVN with IN a DT clear JJ international JJ legal JJ framework NN for IN conventional JJ arms NNS transfers NNS and CC strict JJ control NN of IN arms NNS brokering VVG and CC international JJ shipping VVG activities NNS . SENT In IN short JJ , , governments NNS must MD work VV together RB to TO adopt VV a DT multi NNS faceted VVD approach NN which WDT embeds VVZ high JJ standards NNS on IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG arms NNS and CC ammunition NN in IN a DT broader JJR international JJ legal JJ framework NN to TO strictly RB control VV the DT arms NNS trade NN . SENT Failing VVG this DT , , little RB will MD change VV in IN the DT human JJ suffering NN linked VVN to TO arms NNS proliferation NN and CC misuse NN millions NNS of IN people NNS will MD continue VV to TO live VV in IN daily JJ fear NN of IN armed JJ violence NN . SENT Appendix NN 1 CD Summary NN of IN principles NNS of IN the DT proposed VVN Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP Inspired VVD by IN Nobel NP Peace NP Laureates NNS , , and CC drafted VVN by IN international JJ lawyers NNS , , the DT proposed VVN Arms NP Trade NP Treaty NP ATT NP also RB known VVN as IN the DT Framework NN Convention NN on IN International NP Arms NP Transfers NNS focuses VVZ on IN commitments NNS of IN states NNS in IN respect NN of IN the DT international JJ transfer NN of IN arms NNS . SENT It PP proceeds VVZ on IN the DT basis NN that IN important JJ related JJ issues NNS such JJ as IN brokering NN , , licensed JJ production NN , , and CC end NN use NN monitoring NN will MD be VB addressed VVN in IN subsequent JJ protocols NNS . SENT The DT basic JJ principle NN of IN the DT ATT NP , , set VVD out RP in IN Article NP 1 CD , , is VBZ that IN all DT international JJ arms NNS transfers NNS shall MD be VB authorized VVN by IN the DT appropriate JJ government NN authority NN in IN accordance NN with IN its PP$ national JJ law NN . SENT The DT national JJ law NN should MD contain VV the DT minimum JJ requirements NNS to TO be VB set VVN out RP in IN an DT annex NN to TO the DT ATT NP , , such JJ as IN that IN each DT application NN for IN an DT authorization NN should MD be VB reviewed VVN and CC licensed VVN individually RB . SENT The DT ATT NP Principles NNS are VBP to TO be VB applied VVN as IN a DT minimum NN and CC shall MD not RB prejudice VV the DT application NN of IN any DT more RBR stringent JJ national JJ , , regional JJ , , or CC international JJ rules NNS , , instruments NNS , , or CC requirements NNS . SENT Articles NNS 2 CD , , 3 CD , , and CC 4 CD of IN the DT ATT NP contain VVP the DT main JJ obligations NNS of IN governments NNS when WRB authorizing VVG arms NNS transfers NNS . SENT Article NN 2 CD codifies VVZ existing JJ limitations NNS under IN international JJ law NN on IN states NNS freedom NN to TO transfer VV and CC to TO authorize VV transfers NNS of IN arms NNS . SENT These DT limitations NNS include VVP . SENT those DT prohibitions NNS that WDT arise VVP out RP of IN the DT Charter NP of IN the DT United NP Nations NPS including VVG decisions NNS of IN the DT Security NP Council NP , , such JJ as IN arms NNS embargoes NNS . SENT any DT international JJ treaty NN to TO which WDT a DT State NN is VBZ already RB bound VVN , , including VVG embargoes NNS adopted VVN by IN other JJ international JJ and CC regional JJ bodies NNS established VVD pursuant JJ to TO a DT treaty NN such JJ as IN the DT European NP Union NP , , as RB well RB as IN other JJ agreements NNS containing VVG prohibitions NNS of IN arms NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT 1997 CD Anti JJ personnel NNS Mines NP Convention NP . SENT universally RB accepted VVN principles NNS of IN international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN including VVG the DT prohibition NN on IN the DT use NN of IN arms NNS that WDT are VBP incapable JJ of IN distinguishing VVG between IN combatants NNS and CC civilians NNS or CC are VBP of IN a DT nature NN to TO cause VV superfluous JJ injury NN or CC unnecessary JJ suffering NN . SENT The DT prohibition NN on IN transfers NNS follows VVZ from IN the DT appreciation NN that IN the DT transfer NN of IN such JJ arms NNS would MD be VB irreconcilable JJ with IN the DT per FW se FW prohibition NN under IN international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN of IN the DT use NN of IN such JJ arms NNS . SENT This DT prohibition NN would MD also RB cover VV arms NNS the DT use NN of IN which WDT is VBZ prohibited VVN by IN a DT specific JJ convention NN but CC where WRB the DT convention NN does VVZ not RB address VV the DT question NN of IN transfers NNS . SENT those DT arising VVG under IN or CC pursuant JJ to TO customary JJ international JJ law NN . SENT In IN some DT circumstances NNS , , arms NNS transfers NNS from IN one CD State NN to TO another DT or CC to TO persons NNS in IN the DT territory NN of IN another DT State NN without IN the DT latter JJ States NP consent NN will MD amount VV to TO a DT breach NN of IN existing VVG obligations NNS under IN customary JJ international JJ law NN relating VVG , , for IN example NN , , to TO the DT threat NN or CC use NN of IN force NN . SENT Transfers NNS to TO persons NNS other JJ than IN those DT exercising VVG governmental JJ authority NN may MD also RB amount VV to TO a DT breach NN of IN the DT principle NN of IN non JJ intervention NN in IN the DT internal JJ affairs NNS of IN the DT State NN . SENT Article NN 3 CD contains VVZ limitations NNS based VVN on IN the DT use NN or CC likely JJ use NN of IN the DT weapon NN . SENT This DT article NN encompasses VVZ the DT widely RB accepted VVN principle NN of IN international JJ law NN that IN a DT State NP will MD not RB participate VV in IN the DT internationally RB wrongful JJ acts NNS of IN another DT State NN , , as RB stated VVN in IN Article NP 16 CD of IN the DT UN NP International NP Law NP Commission NP s PP Articles NNS on IN Responsibility NN of IN States NPS for IN Internationally RB Wrongful JJ Acts NNS . SENT Therefore RB , , governments NNS have VHP a DT responsibility NN to TO ensure VV that IN the DT weapons NNS they PP transfer NN are VBP not RB used VVN illegally RB . SENT The DT transfer NN must MD not RB proceed VV if IN a DT State NP knows VVZ or CC ought MD to TO know VV that IN the DT arms NNS will MD be VB . SENT used VVN for IN breaches NNS of IN the DT UN NP Charter NP , , in IN particular JJ the DT prohibition NN on IN the DT threat NN or CC use NN of IN force NN in IN Article NP 2 CD 4 CD and CC related VVN principles NNS concerning VVG threats NNS to TO the DT peace NN , , breaches NNS of IN the DT peace NN , , and CC acts NNS of IN aggression NN in IN Article NP 39 CD of IN the DT Charter NP , , in IN General NP Assembly NP Declaration NP of IN Principles NNS of IN International NP Law NP of IN 1970 CD General NP Assembly NP Resolution NP 2625 CD XXV NP of IN 1970 CD and CC in IN other JJ standard NN setting VVG United NP Nations NPS resolutions NNS . SENT used VVN for IN serious JJ violations NNS of IN human JJ rights NNS , , including VVG violations NNS of IN the DT non JJ derogable JJ provisions NNS of IN key JJ international JJ conventions NNS such JJ as IN the DT 1966 CD International NP Covenant NP on IN Civil NP and CC Political NP Rights NPS , , the DT 1950 CD European JJ Convention NN for IN the DT Protection NP of IN Human NP Rights NPS and CC Fundamental JJ Freedoms NNS , , the DT 1969 CD American NP Convention NP on IN Human NP Rights NPS and CC the DT 1980 CD African NP Charter NP on IN Human NP and CC Peoples NP Rights NPS , , and CC widely RB accepted VVD multilateral JJ conventions NNS such JJ as IN the DT 1984 CD Convention NN against IN Torture NN and CC Other JJ Cruel JJ , , Inhuman JJ or CC Degrading JJ Treatment NP or CC Punishment NN . SENT used VVN for IN serious JJ violations NNS of IN international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN , , including VVG grave JJ breaches NNS of IN the DT 1949 CD Geneva NP Conventions NNS as RB well RB as IN violations NNS of IN fundamental JJ principles NNS of IN international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN contained VVN in IN other JJ standard NN setting VVG multilateral JJ agreements NNS and CC in IN customary JJ international JJ law NN . SENT used VVN in IN the DT commission NN of IN genocide NN or CC crimes NNS against IN humanity NN . SENT or CC diverted VVN and CC used VVN to TO commit VV any DT of IN the DT above JJ . SENT Article NN 4 CD does VVZ not RB contain VV prohibitions NNS on IN the DT authorization NN of IN arms NNS transfers NNS . SENT Rather RB , , it PP contains VVZ three CD other JJ factors NNS that IN governments NNS are VBP required VVN to TO consider VV before IN authorizing VVG an DT arms NNS transfer NN . SENT These DT factors NNS take VVP into IN account NN the DT possible JJ effect NN of IN the DT transfer NN of IN arms NNS . SENT Specifically RB , , governments NNS are VBP to TO consider VV whether IN the DT arms NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO . SENT be VB used VVN for IN or CC to TO facilitate VV the DT commission NN of IN violent JJ crimes NNS . SENT adversely RB affect VV regional JJ security NN and CC stability NN . SENT adversely RB affect VV sustainable JJ development NN . SENT or CC be VB diverted VVN and CC used VVN to TO commit VV any DT of IN the DT above JJ . SENT Where WRB such JJ circumstances NNS are VBP apparent JJ , , the DT Article NP establishes VVZ a DT presumption NN against IN authorization NN . SENT Article NN 5 CD of IN the DT ATT NP would MD require VV States NPS to TO establish VV authorization NN and CC licensing NN mechanisms NNS under IN their PP$ national JJ laws NNS to TO effectively RB implement VV the DT convention NN . SENT The DT legal JJ system NN of IN each DT State NP would MD therefore RB act VV as IN the DT primary JJ enforcement NN mechanism NN for IN the DT treaty NN . SENT An DT Annex NN still RB to TO be VB drafted VVN will MD develop VV minimum JJ standards NNS addressing VVG such JJ matters NNS as IN the DT need NN for IN a DT transaction NN by IN transaction NN licensing NN mechanism NN , , minimum JJ disclosure NN requirements NNS by IN applicants NNS for IN licences NNS , , mechanisms NNS for IN parliamentary JJ scrutiny NN , , etc FW . SENT Article NN 6 CD of IN the DT ATT NP would MD create VV an DT International NP Registry NN of IN International NP Arms NP Transfers NNS to TO which WDT contracting NN parties NNS would MD be VB required VVN to TO submit VV an DT annual JJ report NN on IN international JJ arms NNS transfers NNS . SENT Although IN the DT United NP Nations NPS has VHZ already RB established VVN a DT similar JJ Register NP of IN Conventional JJ Arms NP , , it PP does VVZ not RB include VV all DT types NNS of IN weapons NNS , , such JJ as IN small JJ arms NNS , , and CC is VBZ not RB tied VVN to TO the DT implementation NN of IN a DT set NN of IN normative JJ standards NNS . SENT Appendix NN 2 CD Summary NN of IN The DT United NP Nations NPS Programme NN of IN Action NP to TO Prevent VV , , Combat VV and CC Eradicate VV the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS , , in IN All PDT Its PP$ Aspects NNS http NN . SENT disarmament NN 2 CD . SENT un NP . SENT org NP cab NN poa NN . SENT html NN The DT Programme NN of IN Action NP was VBD adopted VVN at IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Conference NP on IN the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS in IN All PDT Its PP$ Aspects NNS held VVN from IN 9 CD 20 CD July NP 2001 CD . SENT This DT Programme NN of IN Action NP includes VVZ a DT number NN of IN measures NNS at IN the DT national JJ , , regional JJ , , and CC global JJ levels NNS , , in IN the DT areas NNS of IN legislation NN , , destruction NN of IN weapons NNS that WDT were VBD confiscated VVN , , seized VVN , , or CC collected VVD , , as RB well RB as IN international JJ cooperation NN and CC assistance NN to TO strengthen VV the DT ability NN of IN States NPS in IN identifying VVG and CC tracing VVG illicit JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT The DT United NP Nations NPS General NP Assembly NP , , in IN its PP$ resolution NN 56 CD 24 CD V NN , , welcomed VVD the DT adoption NN of IN the DT Programme NN of IN Action NP and CC reiterated VVD Member NP States NPS support NN for IN action NN to TO curb VV the DT illicit JJ flow NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT Among IN other JJ actions NNS , , in IN July NP 2001 CD States NNS undertook VVD to TO . SENT At IN the DT national JJ level NN . SENT put VVN in IN place NN adequate JJ laws NNS , , regulations NNS , , and CC administrative JJ procedures NNS to TO exercise VV effective JJ control NN over IN the DT production NN of IN SALW NP within IN their PP$ areas NNS of IN jurisdiction NN , , and CC over IN the DT export NN , , import NN , , transit NN , , or CC retransfer JJR of IN such JJ weapons NNS . SENT identify VV groups NNS and CC individuals NNS engaged VVN in IN the DT illegal JJ manufacture NN , , trade NN , , stockpiling NN , , transfer NN , , possession NN , , as RB well RB as IN financing NN for IN acquisition NN , , of IN illicit JJ SALW NP , , and CC take VV action NN under IN appropriate JJ national JJ law NN against IN such JJ groups NNS and CC individuals NNS . SENT ensure VV that IN licensed JJ manufacturers NNS apply VVP appropriate JJ and CC reliable JJ marking VVG on IN each DT small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapon NN as IN an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT production NN process NN . SENT ensure VV that IN comprehensive JJ and CC accurate JJ records NNS are VBP kept VVN for IN as RB long RB as RB possible JJ on IN the DT manufacture NN , , holding NN , , and CC transfer NN of IN SALW NP under IN its PP$ jurisdiction NN , , ensure VV responsibility NN for IN all DT SALW NP held VVN and CC issued VVN by IN the DT State NP and CC effective JJ measures NNS for IN tracing VVG such JJ weapons NNS . SENT put VVN in IN place NN adequate JJ laws NNS , , regulations NNS , , and CC administrative JJ procedures NNS to TO ensure VV the DT effective JJ control NN over IN the DT export NN and CC transit NN of IN SALW NP , , including VVG the DT use NN of IN authenticated VVN end NN user NN certificates NNS . SENT make VV every DT effort NN , , without IN prejudice NN to TO the DT right NN of IN States NPS to TO re NN export NN SALW NP that IN they PP have VHP previously RB imported VVN , , to TO notify VV the DT original JJ exporting VVG State NN in IN accordance NN with IN their PP$ bilateral JJ agreements NNS before IN the DT retransfer NN of IN those DT weapons NNS . SENT develop VV adequate JJ national JJ legislation NN or CC administrative JJ procedures NNS regulating VVG the DT activities NNS of IN those DT who WP engage VVP in IN SALW NP brokering NN . SENT take VV appropriate JJ measures NNS against IN any DT activity NN that WDT violates VVZ a DT United NP Nations NPS Security NP Council NP arms NNS embargo NN . SENT ensure VV confiscated VVN , , seized VVN , , or CC collected VVD SALW NP are VBP destroyed VVN . SENT ensure VV that IN armed JJ forces NNS , , police NNS , , and CC any DT other JJ body NN authorized VVD to TO hold VV SALW NP establish VV adequate JJ and CC detailed JJ standards NNS and CC procedures NNS relating VVG to TO the DT management NN and CC security NN of IN their PP$ stocks NNS of IN these DT weapons NNS . SENT develop VV and CC implement VV , , where WRB possible JJ , , effective JJ disarmament NN , , demobilization NN , , and CC reintegration NN programmes NNS . SENT and CC address VV the DT special JJ needs NNS of IN children NNS affected VVN by IN armed JJ conflict NN . SENT At IN the DT regional JJ level NN . SENT encourage VV regional JJ negotiations NNS with IN the DT aim NN of IN concluding VVG relevant JJ legally RB binding JJ instruments NNS aimed VVN at IN preventing VVG , , combating VVG , , and CC eradicating VVG illicit JJ trade NN in IN SALW NP , , and CC where WRB they PP do VVP exist VV , , to TO ratify VV and CC fully RB implement VV them PP . SENT encourage VV the DT strengthening VVG and CC establishing VVG of IN moratoria NNS or CC similar JJ initiatives NNS in IN affected JJ regions NNS or CC subregions NNS on IN the DT transfer NN and CC manufacture NN of IN SALW NP . SENT establish VV subregional JJ or CC regional JJ mechanisms NNS , , in IN particular JJ trans NP border NN customs NNS , , cooperation NN , , and CC networks NNS for IN information NN sharing NN among IN law NN enforcement NN , , border NN , , and CC customs NNS control VVP agencies NNS . SENT and CC encourage VV regions NNS to TO develop VV measures NNS to TO enhance VV transparency NN to TO combat VV the DT illicit JJ trade NN in IN SALW NP . SENT At IN the DT global JJ level NN . SENT cooperate VV with IN the DT United NP Nations NPS system NN to TO ensure VV the DT effective JJ implementation NN of IN arms NNS embargoes NNS decided VVD by IN the DT Security NP Council NP . SENT encourage VV disarmament NN and CC demobilization NN of IN ex JJ combatants NNS and CC their PP$ reintegration NN into IN civilian JJ life NN . SENT encourage VV States NP and CC the DT World NP Customs NP Organization NP to TO enhance VV cooperation NN with IN the DT International NP Criminal NP Police NP Organization NP Interpol NP to TO identify VV those DT groups NNS and CC individuals NNS engaged VVN in IN illicit JJ trade NN of IN SALW NP in IN all PDT its PP$ aspects NNS . SENT encourage VV international JJ and CC regional JJ organizations NNS and CC States NNS to TO facilitate VV the DT appropriate JJ cooperation NN of IN civil JJ society NN , , including VVG non JJ governmental JJ organizations NNS NGO NN s PP , , in IN activities NNS related VVN to TO the DT prevention NN , , combating VVG and CC eradication NN of IN the DT illicit JJ trade NN in IN SALW NP . SENT promote VV a DT dialogue NN and CC a DT culture NN of IN peace NN by IN encouraging JJ education NN and CC public JJ awareness NN programmes NNS on IN the DT problems NNS of IN the DT illicit JJ trade NN in IN SALW NP . SENT Developments NNS . SENT 2003 CD . SENT The DT First NP Biennial JJ Meeting VVG of IN States NPS to TO Consider VV the DT Implementation NN of IN the DT Programme NN of IN Action NP was VBD a DT week NN long JJ session NN held VVN from IN 7 CD 11 CD July NP 2003 CD at IN UN NP Headquarters NN in IN New NP York NP . SENT Member NP States NPS summarized VVD their PP$ National NP Reports NPS on IN implementing VVG the DT Programme NN of IN Action NP on IN the DT national JJ , , regional JJ , , and CC international JJ level NN . SENT As IN of IN 11 CD July NP , , 99 CD national JJ reports NNS were VBD submitted VVN . SENT Thematic JJ discussions NNS were VBD held VVN on IN 14 CD themes NNS . SENT weapons NNS collection NN and CC destruction NN . SENT stockpile NN management NN . SENT capacity NN building NN . SENT resource NN mobilization NN . SENT marking VVG and CC tracing VVG . SENT linkages NNS terrorism NN , , organized JJ crime NN , , trafficking NN in IN drugs NNS and CC precious JJ minerals NNS . SENT disarmament NN , , demobilization NN and CC reintegration NN DDR NP . SENT human JJ development NN . SENT institution NN building NN . SENT import NN export NN control NN . SENT illicit JJ brokering NN . SENT public JJ awareness NN and CC culture NN of IN peace NN . SENT children NNS , , women NNS , , and CC elderly JJ . SENT and CC others NNS . SENT NGOs NNS presented VVD statements NNS during IN a DT specific JJ session NN allocated VVN for IN this DT purpose NN , , including VVG statements NNS coordinated VVN by IN the DT International NP Action NP Network NP on IN Small NP Arms NP IANSA NP . SENT One CD hundred CD and CC seventy CD two CD NGOs NNS were VBD accredited VVN to TO this DT meeting NN . SENT The DT Chairperson NP s PP summary NN of IN the DT meeting NN noted VVD that DT progress NN had VHD been VBN made VVN worldwide RB , , within IN barely RB two CD years NNS of IN adopting VVG the DT Programme NN of IN Action NP , , in IN public JJ disclosures NNS about IN the DT origins NNS , , destinations NNS , , modus NN operandi NNS , , and CC profiling VVG of IN groups NNS engaged VVN in IN illicit JJ small JJ arms NNS trade NN . SENT A DT key JJ element NN in IN moving VVG forward RB was VBD new JJ or CC amended VVN national JJ legislation NN , , with IN over IN 90 CD countries NNS now RB reporting VVG that IN they PP had VHD domestic JJ laws NNS to TO govern VV the DT illicit JJ manufacture NN , , possession NN , , and CC trade NN in IN weapons NNS . SENT Regional JJ and CC global JJ cooperation NN was VBD also RB growing VVG , , especially RB with IN respect NN to TO brokering NN , , but CC States NPS were VBD called VVN upon RP to TO agree VV on IN guidelines NNS for IN authorizing VVG exports NNS , , imports NNS , , and CC the DT transit NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT The DT Chairperson NP also RB observed VVD that IN the DT destruction NN of IN almost RB half JJ of IN an DT estimated JJ total NN of IN over IN 4 CD million CD weapons NNS collected VVN and CC disposed VVN of IN during IN the DT last JJ decade NN had VHD taken VVN place NN over IN the DT past JJ two CD years NNS . SENT The DT diversion NN of IN legitimate JJ stocks NNS was VBD assumed VVN to TO be VB one CD of IN the DT main JJ avenues NNS for IN acquiring VVG illicit JJ weapons NNS , , and CC participants NNS agreed VVD that DT assistance NN was VBD needed VVN to TO improve VV the DT security NN of IN armories NNS . SENT The DT Chairperson NP also RB noted VVD that IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Group NP of IN Governmental JJ Experts NNS had VHD been VBN established VVN and CC had VHD completed VVN its PP$ work NN on IN the DT feasibility NN of IN an DT international JJ instrument NN on IN marking VVG and CC tracing VVG arms NNS . SENT Contact NN . SENT Department NN for IN Disarmament NN Affairs NPS , , Conventional JJ Arms NP Branch NP , , Room NP S NP 3170 CD , , United NP Nations NPS , , New NP York NP , , NY NP 10017 CD USA NP . SENT Email NP . SENT ddaweb NP un NP . SENT org NP , , Website NP . SENT http NN . SENT disarmament NN . SENT un NP . SENT org NP cab NN Appendix NN 3 CD Existing JJ international JJ agreements NNS on IN Marking NP and CC Tracing VVG small JJ arms NNS , , light JJ weapons NNS , , and CC related JJ ammunition NN 1 CD . SENT For IN a DT summary NN of IN The DT United NP Nations NPS Programme NN of IN Action NP to TO Prevent VV , , Combat VV and CC Eradicate VV the DT Illicit JJ Trade NP in IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS , , in IN All PDT Its PP$ Aspects NNS , , see VV Appendix NN 2 CD 2 CD . SENT The DT United NP Nations NPS Protocol NP against IN the DT Illicit JJ Manufacturing NP of IN and CC Trafficking NN in IN Firearms NNS , , Their PP$ Parts NNS and CC Components NPS and CC Ammunition NN , , A DT Res NN 55 CD 255 CD , , 31 CD May NP 2001 CD . SENT Known VVN as IN the DT UN NP Firearms NNS Protocol NP , , this DT Protocol NP supplements NNS the DT UN NP Convention NP against IN Transnational JJ Organized JJ Crime NN , , and CC applies VVZ to TO Firearms NNS , , their PP$ Parts NNS and CC components NNS and CC Ammunition NN . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB apply VV to TO state NN to TO state NN transactions NNS . SENT It PP contains VVZ practical JJ , , tools NNS based VVN measures NNS designed VVN to TO assist VV law NN enforcement NN communities NNS by IN enhancing VVG international JJ cooperation NN and CC promoting VVG greater JJR transparency NN in IN legal JJ transfers NNS of IN firearms NNS . SENT Agreements NNS on IN marking VVG article NN 8 CD , , record JJ keeping VVG article NN 7 CD and CC tracing VVG firearms NNS are VBP outlined VVN , , and CC comprehensive JJ procedures NNS are VBP set VVN out RP for IN import NN , , export NN and CC transit NN of IN firearms NNS , , their PP$ parts NNS and CC components NNS , , and CC for IN ammunition NN . SENT It PP also RB asks VVZ the DT State NP Party NP to TO establish VV a DT criminal JJ offence NN for IN intentional JJ Falsifying VVG or CC illicitly RB obliterating VVG , , removing VVG or CC altering VVG the DT marking VVG s PP on IN firearms NNS Article NP 5 CD . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT un NP . SENT org NP Depts NP dhl NP resguide NN r NN 55 CD . SENT htm NN 3 CD . SENT The DT Nairobi NP Protocol NP for IN the DT Prevention NN , , Control NP and CC Reduction NP of IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS in IN the DT Great NP Lakes NPS Region NN and CC the DT Horn NP of IN Africa NP . SENT 21 CD April NP 2004 CD 25 CD Following VVG the DT Nairobi NP Declaration NP on IN the DT problem NN of IN the DT proliferation NN of IN illicit JJ small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS in IN the DT Great NP Lakes NPS Region NN and CC the DT horn NN of IN Africa NP , , in IN March NP 2000 CD , , the DT Nairobi NP protocol NN was VBD adopted VVN on IN 21 CD April NP 2004 CD . SENT The DT objectives NNS are VBP to TO prevent VV , , combat VV and CC eradicate VV the DT illicit JJ activities NNS related VVN to TO SALW NP and CC to TO promote VV the DT cooperation NN between IN the DT governments NNS in IN the DT sub NN region NN . SENT It PP includes VVZ . SENT Criminalization NN of IN illicit JJ activities NNS related VVN to TO SALW NP , , especially RB related VVN to TO marking VVG . SENT Enhancement NN of IN operational JJ capacity NN . SENT Control NN accountability NN of IN civilian JJ possession NN of IN SALW NP and CC of IN state NN owned VVN SALW NP by IN national JJ inventories NNS and CC effective JJ tracing VVG . SENT Marking VVG and CC tracing VVG and CC record NN keeping VVG of IN SALW NP Disposal NN of IN state NN owned VVN SALW NP . SENT collection NN , , safe JJ storage NN , , destruction NN Disposal NN of IN confiscated VVN or CC unlicensed JJ SALW NP . SENT System NN of IN licenses NNS or CC authorization NN for IN import NN , , export NN , , transfer NN and CC transit NN of IN SALW NP . SENT Establishment NN of IN a DT national JJ system NN for IN regulating VVG dealers NNS and CC brokers NNS of IN SALW NP . SENT Cooperation NN . SENT between IN States NPS and CC as RB with IN other JJ organizations NNS exchange NN of IN information NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT saferafrica NN . SENT org NP DocumentsCentre NP NAIROBI NP Protocol NP . SENT asp NN 4 CD . SENT Protocol NN on IN the DT Control NP of IN Firearms NNS , , Ammunition NN and CC other JJ Related JJ Materials NNS in IN the DT Southern NP African NP Development NP Community NP SADC NP region NN , , 14 CD August NP 2001 CD Following VVG the DT Declaration NP concerning VVG Firearms NNS , , Ammunition NN and CC Other JJ Related JJ Materials NNS in IN the DT Southern NP African NP Development NP Community NP SADC NP , , 9 CD March NP 2001 CD , , a DT protocol NN was VBD adopted VVN by IN 13 CD states NNS of IN the DT SADC NP . SENT 26 CD It PP deals VVZ with IN the DT prevention NN , , combating VVG and CC eradication NN of IN the DT illicit JJ manufacturing NN of IN firearms NNS , , ammunition NN and CC other JJ related JJ materials NNS and CC their PP$ excessive JJ and CC destabilizing JJ accumulation NN , , trafficking NN , , possession NN and CC use NN of IN firearms NNS . SENT This DT protocol NN applies VVZ to TO ammunition NN and CC SALW NP firearms NNS . SENT It PP includes VVZ . SENT Legislative JJ measures NNS . SENT criminalization NN of IN illicit JJ activities NNS related VVN to TO firearms NNS , , ammunitions NNS and CC other JJ related JJ materials NNS , , criminalization NN of IN violation NN of IN UN NP arms NNS embargoes NNS . SENT Improvement NN of IN the DT operational JJ capacity NN of IN related JJ agencies NNS . SENT Control NN over IN civilian JJ possession NN and CC disposal NN of IN confiscated VVN or CC unlicensed JJ firearms NNS . SENT Control NN and CC disposal NN of IN the DT state NN owned VVN firearms NNS . SENT inventories NNS , , secure JJ storage NN , , collection NN , , destruction NN . SENT Marking VVG and CC record JJ keeping VVG . SENT Cooperation NN . SENT cooperation NN between IN States NPS and CC with IN intergovernmental JJ organizations NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT Inter NP American NP Convention NP against IN the DT Illicit JJ Manufacturing NP of IN and CC Trafficking NN in IN Firearms NNS , , Ammunition NN , , Explosives NNS , , and CC other JJ Related NP Materials NPS , , November NP 1997 CD This DT convention NN was VBD adopted VVN by IN 33 CD member NN states NNS of IN the DT Organization NP of IN American NP States NPS 27 CD in IN November NP 1997 CD . SENT The DT purpose NN is VBZ to TO prevent VV , , combat VV , , and CC eradicate VV the DT illicit JJ manufacturing NN of IN and CC trafficking NN in IN firearms NNS , , ammunition NN , , explosives NNS , , and CC other JJ related JJ materials NNS . SENT and CC also RB to TO promote VV and CC facilitate VV cooperation NN and CC exchange NN of IN information NN and CC experience NN among IN States NPS in IN those DT fields NNS . SENT It PP includes VVZ . SENT Legislatives NNS measures NNS . SENT criminalization NN of IN illicit JJ activities NNS related VVN to TO firearms NNS , , ammunitions NNS and CC other JJ related JJ materials NNS . SENT Marking VVG and CC tracing VVG of IN firearms NNS . SENT Authorizations NNS and CC Licenses NNS of IN export NN , , import NN and CC transit NN . SENT Interregional JJ cooperation NN . SENT exchange NN of IN information NN , , of IN experience NN and CC training NN . SENT . SENT . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT oas NP . SENT org NP juridico NP english NP treaties NNS . SENT html NN 6 CD . SENT OSCE NP Document NN on IN Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS , , 24 CD November NP 2000 CD The NP Organization NP for IN Security NP and CC Co NP operation NN in IN Europe NP document NN on IN SALW NP includes VVZ a DT series NN of IN common JJ norms NNS , , principles NNS and CC measures NNS aimed VVN at IN fostering VVG responsible JJ behaviour NN with IN regard NN to TO the DT transfer NN of IN small JJ arms NNS , , including VVG marking VVG Sect NN II NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1 LS . SENT , , record JJ keeping VVG Sect NN II NP . SENT D SYM . SENT 1 CD and CC cooperation NN between IN States NPS and CC with IN intergovernmental JJ organizations NNS Sect NN III NP . SENT E SYM . SENT 4 LS . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT osce VV . SENT org NP docs NNS english JJ fsc NN 2000 CD decisions NNS fscew NN 231 CD . SENT htm NN Amnesty NN International NP , , International NP Action NP Network NP on IN Small NP Arms NP , , Oxfam NP International NP , , December NP 2004 CD AI VVP Index NP ACT VV 30 CD 022 CD 2004 CD An DT initial JJ draft NN for IN this DT report NN was VBD produced VVN by IN Holger NP Anders NP of IN IANSA NP and CC GRIP NN for IN the DT Control NP Arms NP Campaign NP . SENT It PP is VBZ part NN of IN a DT series NN of IN reports NNS produced VVN by IN Amnesty NN International NP , , Oxfam NP and CC IANSA NP for IN the DT Campaign NN . SENT Control NP Arms NP would MD like VV to TO thank VV everyone NN who WP assisted VVN with IN information NN and CC comments NNS in IN compiling VVG this DT report NN . SENT Amnesty NN International NP is VBZ an DT independent JJ worldwide JJ voluntary JJ activist NN movement NN working VVG for IN human JJ rights NNS , , with IN more JJR than IN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD million CD members NNS , , supporters NNS and CC subscribers NNS in IN over IN 150 CD countries NNS and CC territories NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ national JJ sections NNS in IN 54 CD countries NNS in IN every DT region NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT Email NP . SENT info NN amnesty NN . SENT org NP . SENT uk NP The NP International NP Action NP Network NP on IN Small NP Arms NP is VBZ the DT global JJ movement NN against IN gun NN violence NN more JJR than IN 500 CD civil JJ society NN organisations NNS working VVG in IN 100 CD countries NNS to TO stop VV the DT proliferation NN and CC misuse NN of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT IANSA NP seeks VVZ to TO reduce VV the DT impact NN of IN small JJ arms NNS through IN advocacy NN , , promoting VVG the DT development NN of IN regional JJ and CC thematic JJ networks NNS , , supporting VVG capacity NN building VVG and CC raising VVG awareness NN . SENT Email NP . SENT contact NN iansa NN . SENT org NP Oxfam NP International NP is VBZ a DT confederation NN of IN twelve NN development NN agencies NNS which WDT work VVP in IN 120 CD countries NNS throughout IN the DT developing VVG world NN . SENT Oxfam NP America NP , , Oxfam NP in IN Belgium NP , , Oxfam NP Canada NP , , Oxfam NP Community NP Aid NP Abroad RB Australia NP , , Oxfam NP Germany NP , , Oxfam NP Great NP Britain NP , , Oxfam NP Hong NP Kong NP , , Interm NP n NN Oxfam NP Spain NP , , Oxfam NP Ireland NP , , Novib NP the DT Netherlands NP , , Oxfam NP New NP Zealand NP , , and CC Oxfam NP Quebec NP . SENT Email NP . SENT advocacy NN oxfaminternational NN . SENT org NP Arms NP are VBP out RB of IN control VV Arms NP kill VV hundreds NNS of IN thousands NNS of IN men NNS , , women NNS , , boys NNS and CC girls NNS each DT year NN . SENT Many JJ thousands NNS more RBR are VBP maimed VVN , , or CC tortured JJ , , or CC forced VVD to TO flee VV their PP$ homes NNS . SENT The DT uncontrolled JJ proliferation NN of IN arms NNS fuels NNS human JJ rights NNS violations NNS , , escalates VVZ conflicts NNS , , and CC intensifies VVZ poverty NN . SENT The DT time NN for IN world NN leaders NNS to TO act VV is VBZ now RB . SENT To TO confront VV this DT crisis NN , , Amnesty NN International NP , , the DT International NP Action NP Network NP on IN Small NP Arms NP IANSA NP and CC Oxfam NP International NP , , have VHP together RB launched VVN the DT Control NP Arms NP Campaign NP , , an DT international JJ campaign NN calling VVG for IN effective JJ arms NNS controls VVZ to TO make VV people NNS genuinely RB safer JJR from IN the DT threat NN of IN armed JJ violence NN . SENT You PP can MD help VV us PP put VV an DT end NN to TO this DT horrific JJ abuse NN . SENT Log VV on IN to TO the DT control NN arms NNS website NN and CC become VV part NN of IN the DT Million NP Faces VVZ petition NN , , the DT largest JJS visual JJ petition NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT www JJ . SENT controlarms NNS . SENT org NP 1 CD United NP Nations NPS General NP Assembly NP Resolution NP 58 CD 241 CD , , 23 CD December NP 2003 CD , , paras NN . SENT 8 CD 10 CD . SENT 2 CD For IN a DT list NN of IN international JJ and CC regional JJ human JJ rights NNS standards NNS see VVP the DT Office NN of IN the DT UN NP High NP Commissioner NP on IN Human NP Rights NP , , http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ohchr NN . SENT org NP . SENT 3 LS See VV the DT 1992 CD Convention NN on IN Biological JJ Diversity NN and CC its PP$ supplementary JJ 2000 CD Cartagena NP Protocol NP on IN Biosafety NP for IN examples NNS of IN international JJ mechanisms NNS promoting VVG the DT reliable JJ tracing VVG of IN the DT distribution NN of IN living VVG modified JJ organisms NNS across IN state NN boundaries NNS available JJ at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT biodiv NP . SENT org NP . SENT 4 CD Johan NP Peleman NP , , 2004 CD , , Tracing VVG Arms NP Flows NNS . SENT Presentation NN given VVN at IN the DT international JJ experts NNS meeting NN on IN tracing VVG illicit JJ small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS , , organized VVN by IN the DT GRIP NN and CC the DT European JJ Cost NN programme NN , , Brussels NP , , 22 CD October NP 2004 CD . SENT 5 CD See NP United NP Nations NPS , , 2004 CD , , UN NP Report NP on IN the DT Gatumba NP massacre NN . SENT UN NP Document NN S NP 2004 CD 821 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT United NP Nations NPS , , 18 CD October NP 2004 CD http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT un NP . SENT org NP Docs NNS journal NN asp NN ws NNS . SENT asp NN . SENT m NN S NP 2004 CD 821 CD . SENT and CC Human NP Rights NPS Watch NN , , 2004 CD , , Burundi NP . SENT The DT Gatumba NP Massacre NN . SENT War NN crimes NNS and CC Political JJ Agendas NNS . SENT HRW JJ Briefing NN Paper NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Human NP Rights NPS Watch NN , , September NP 2004 CD http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT hrw JJ . SENT org NP backgrounder NN africa NP burundi NP 2004 CD 0904 CD . SENT 6 CD Citing VVG national JJ security NN concerns NNS , , China NP maintains VVZ strict JJ confidentiality NN on IN its PP$ national JJ arms NNS and CC ammunition NN manufacturers NNS . SENT 7 CD Communication NP with IN law NN enforcement NN officials NNS in IN the DT UK NP and CC Sweden NP e NN mails VVZ 12 CD and CC 18 CD October NP 2004 CD respectively RB . SENT 8 CD See NP Norwegian NP Initiative NP on IN Small NP Arms NP Transfers VVZ NISAT NP database NN of IN authorized JJ transfers NNS of IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT nisat NN . SENT org NP . SENT 9 CD Peleman NP , , 2002 CD , , cited VVN in IN Frontline NP World NP , , Interview NN with IN Johan NP Peleman NP . SENT May NP 2002 CD available JJ at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT pbs NNS . SENT org NP frontlineworld NN stories NNS sierraleone NN peleman NN . SENT html NN 10 CD United NP Nations NPS General NP Assembly NP Resolution NP 58 CD 241 CD , , operative JJ paragraph NN 8 CD , , 23 CD December NP 2003 CD 11 CD Weaker JJR standards NNS are VBP also RB set VVN in IN the DT 2001 CD Firearms NNS Protocol NP of IN the DT Southern NP African NP Development NP Community NP SADC NP . SENT 12 CD Information NN kindly RB provided VVN by IN Heckler NP Koch NP GmbH NP , , Germany NP , , e NN mail NN 15 CD November NP 2004 CD . SENT 13 CD Sources NNS . SENT United NP Nations NPS Panel NN of IN Experts NNS established VVN by IN the DT Security NP Council NP pursuant JJ to TO resolution NN 1237 CD 1999 CD of IN 7 CD May NP 1999 CD . SENT Final JJ Report NN of IN the DT UN NP Panel NN of IN Experts NNS on IN Violations NNS of IN Security NP Council NP Sanctions NNS Against IN UNITA NP The NP Fowler NP Report NP S NP 2000 CD 203 CD 10 CD March NP 2000 CD Addendum NN to TO the DT final JJ report NN of IN the DT Monitoring VVG Mechanism NN on IN Sanctions NNS against IN UNITA NP S NP 2001 CD 363 CD 18 CD 14 CD Among IN which WDT . SENT 500 CD RPG NP 7 CD V NN anti JJ tank NN launchers NNS , , 20 CD 000 CD 82 CD mm NP mortar NN bombs NNS , , 6 CD 000 CD 000 CD 7 CD . SENT 62 CD x SYM 39 CD mm JJR cartridges NNS , , and CC 3 CD 000 CD PG NP 9 CD anti JJ tank NN rockets NNS 15 CD The DT government NN of IN Angola NP said VVD that IN it PP had VHD captured VVN this DT equipment NN from IN UNITA NP at IN Andulo NP and CC Bailundo NP and CC other JJ locations NNS 16 RB See VV same JJ Report NN of IN Monitoring VVG Mechanism NN on IN Sanctions NNS against IN UNITA NP S NP 2001 CD 363 CD 18 CD . SENT 17 CD Idem JJ 18 CD See NP Ilhan NP Berkol NP , , 2004 CD , , Marking NP , , Registration NN and CC Tracing VVG Small NP Arms NP and CC Light NP Weapons NNS . SENT Draft NN Convention NN . SENT GRIP NN Report NP 2004 CD 4 CD . SENT Brussels NP . SENT Groupe NP de NP recherche NP et NP d SYM information NN sur NP la FW paix NN et FW la FW s PP curit NP available JJ at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT grip NN . SENT org NP pub NN rapports NNS rg VVD 04 CD 4 CD convmarquage JJ en FW . SENT pdf NN 19 CD Based VVN on IN data NNS from IN The DT Pan NP American NP Health NP Organization NP report NN on IN firearm NN violence NN in IN Brazil NP , , 265 CD . SENT 975 CD people NNS died VVD due JJ to TO firearm NN injuries NNS during IN the DT 90 CD s PP . SENT 20 CD See NP United NP Nations NPS , , 2003 CD , , Report NP of IN the DT Group NP of IN Governmental JJ Experts NNS on IN Tracing VVG Small NP Arms NP . SENT UN NP Document NN A DT 58 CD 138 CD , , para NN 33 CD , , page NN 14 CD . SENT 21 CD The NP images NNS in IN Box NP 5 CD were VBD kindly RB provided VVN by IN Viva NP Rio NP , , a DT Brazilian JJ non JJ governmental JJ organization NN working VVG to TO prevent VV violence NN , , particularly RB gun NN violence NN see VVP www JJ . SENT vivario NN . SENT org NP . SENT br NN . SENT 22 CD The NP word NN Weichkern NP identifies VVZ further RBR technical JJ information NN on IN the DT bullets NNS i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT they PP are VBP soft JJ point NN bullets NNS . SENT 23 CD E NN . SENT g NN . SENT Brazilian JJ Statute NN of IN Disarmament NN Law NN N NP 10 CD , , 826 CD 03 CD , , December NP , , 2003 CD , , article NN 23 CD . SENT 1 LS . SENT 24 CD Section NN 2 CD , , Paragraph NN 11 CD . SENT To TO assess VV applications NNS for IN export NN authorizations NNS according VVG to TO strict JJ national JJ regulations NNS and CC procedures NNS that WDT cover VVP all DT small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS and CC are VBP consistent JJ with IN the DT existing JJ responsibilities NNS of IN States NPS under IN relevant JJ international JJ law NN , , taking VVG into IN account NN in IN particular JJ the DT risk NN of IN diversion NN of IN these DT weapons NNS into IN the DT illegal JJ trade NN . SENT Likewise RB , , to TO establish VV or CC maintain VV an DT effective JJ national JJ system NN of IN export NN and CC import NN licensing NN or CC authorization NN , , as RB well RB as IN measures NNS on IN international JJ transit NN , , for IN the DT transfer NN of IN all DT small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS , , with IN a DT view NN to TO combating VVG the DT illicit JJ trade NN in IN small JJ arms NNS and CC light JJ weapons NNS . SENT 25 CD Burundi NP , , Democratic NP Republic NP of IN the DT Congo NP , , Djibouti NP , , Ethiopia NP , , Eritrea NP , , Kenya NP , , Rwanda NP , , Sudan NP , , Uganda NP and CC United NP Republic NP of IN Tanzania NP 26 CD Republic NP of IN Botswana NP , , Democratic NP Republic NP of IN the DT Congo NP , , Kingdom NP of IN Lesotho NP , , Republic NP of IN Malawi NP , , Republic NP of IN Mauritius NP , , Republic NP of IN Mozambique NP , , Republic NP of IN Namibia NP , , Republic NP of IN Seychelles NP , , Republic NP of IN South NP Africa NP , , Kingdom NP of IN Swaziland NP , , United NP Republic NP of IN Tanzania NP , , Republic NP of IN Zambia NP , , Republic NP of IN Zimbabwe NP 27 CD Antigua NP and CC Barbuda NP , , Argentina NP , , Bahamas NPS , , Barbados NP , , Belize NP , , Bolivia NP , , Brazil NP , , Canada NP , , Chile NP , , Colombia NP , , Costa NP Rica NP , , Dominican NP Republic NP , , Ecuador NP , , El NP Salvador NP , , Grenada NP , , Guatemala NP , , Guyana NP , , Haiti NP , , Honduras NP , , Jamaica NP , , Mexico NP , , Nicaragua NP , , Panama NP , , Paraguay NP , , Peru NP , , Saint NP Lucia NP , , St NP . SENT Vincent NP and CC the DT Grenadines NP , , St NP . SENT Kitts NP and CC Nevis NP , , Suriname NP , , Trinidad NP and CC Tobago NP , , Uruguay NP , , USA NP , , Venezuela NP AI VVZ Index NP . SENT ACT VV 30 CD 022 CD 2004 CD 1 CD December NP 2004 CD E NN mail NN this DT page NN Printer NN friendly JJ PDF NN Further RBR information NN AI VVP Report NP 2005 CD entry NN Back RB to TO Top JJ ABOUT RB AI VVP NEWS NN LIBRARY NN ACT VV NOW RB CAMPAIGNS NNS RESOURCES NNS LINKS VVZ CONTACT NN US NP SITEMAP NP Copyright NP Amnesty NN International NP