/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/30/file14.html NN ----------------------------------------- : German JJ Idealism NN The DT Movement NN Characterized VVD . SENT The DT term NN German JJ Idealism NN refers VVZ to TO a DT phase NN of IN intellectual JJ life NN that WDT had VHD its PP$ origin NN in IN the DT Enlightenment NN as IN modified VVN by IN German JJ conditions NNS . SENT English JJ and CC French JJ representatives NNS of IN the DT Enlightenment NN , , giving VVG precedence NN to TO sensation NN , , had VHD become VVN empiricists NNS and CC skeptics NNS . SENT They PP viewed VVD the DT world NN as IN a DT great JJ machine NN , , adopted VVD hedonism NN as IN their PP$ ethics NNS , , and CC interpreted VVD history NN from IN a DT subjective JJ critical JJ point NN of IN view NN . SENT The DT situation NN in IN Germany NP was VBD just RB the DT reverse NN . SENT There EX thought VVD was VBD given VVN precedence NN over IN sensation NN , , and CC , , instead RB of IN empiricism NN , , idealism NN was VBD dominant JJ . SENT Ethics NNS was VBD based VVN on IN norms NNS of IN universal JJ validity NN , , instead RB of IN on IN individual JJ whim NN . SENT History NN was VBD interpreted VVN genetically RB as IN a DT rational JJ process NN . SENT and CC in IN place NN of IN the DT mechanical JJ conception NN of IN the DT world NN , , an DT organic JJ or CC dynamic JJ view NN was VBD substituted VVN . SENT Nature NN was VBD seen VVN to TO be VB spiritual JJ , , as RB well RB as IN spatial JJ , , and CC was VBD interpreted VVN teleologically RB . SENT In IN the DT hands NNS of IN Jacobi NP and CC Kant NP , , Hume's NP skepticism NN became VVD the DT weapon NN that WDT destroyed VVD the DT influence NN of IN empiricism NN and CC thus RB paved VVD the DT way NN for IN idealism NN . SENT For IN the DT Germans NPS , , at IN least JJS , , Rousseau's NP radicalism NN brought VVD into IN question NN the DT value NN of IN the DT culture NN ideals NNS of IN the DT Enlightenment NN , , and CC impelled VVN them PP to TO seek VV the DT basis NN of IN culture NN in IN the DT creative JJ power NN of IN the DT mind NN . SENT For IN the DT philosopher NN German JJ idealism NN usually RB means VVZ the DT philosophy NN of IN Kant NP and CC his PP$ immediate JJ followers NNS , , while IN for IN the DT historian NN of IN literature NN it PP may MD seem VV little RB more RBR than IN the DT personality NN of IN Goethe NP . SENT and CC it PP is VBZ not RB usual JJ to TO characterize VV the DT literary JJ aspect NN of IN the DT movement NN as IN neo NN humanism NN . SENT However RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT unity NN in IN the DT movement NN that IN cannot NN be VB ignored VVN . SENT All PDT its PP$ varied JJ manifestations NNS , , whether IN in IN science NN , , philosophy NN , , literature NN , , art NN , , or CC social JJ life NN , , are VBP properly RB treated VVN under IN the DT title NN German JJ Idealism NN Leibniz NP and CC the DT Pietists NNS . SENT Several JJ factors NNS contributed VVD to TO the DT peculiarly RB independent JJ character NN of IN the DT Enlightenment NN in IN Germany NP . SENT Most RBS notable JJ was VBD the DT influence NN of IN Liebniz NP and CC that IN of IN the DT Pietists NNS . SENT Leibniz NP was VBD an DT essentially RB religious JJ personality NN , , and CC in IN transplanting VVG the DT spirit NN of IN the DT Enlightenment NN into IN Germany NP he PP gave VVD it PP that IN distinctively RB ethical JJ and CC religious JJ flavor NN which WDT became VVD characteristic JJ of IN German JJ Idealism NN . SENT It PP was VBD he PP who WP was VBD chiefly RB instrumental JJ in IN substituting VVG the DT mechanical JJ view NN of IN nature NN with IN a DT teleological JJ one NN . SENT He PP transformed VVD the DT atoms NNS of IN the DT materialists NNS into IN monads NNS , , or CC psychical JJ entities NNS , , and CC substituted VVD for IN natural JJ law NN his PP$ theory NN of IN preestablished JJ harmony NN . SENT He PP asserted VVD the DT absolute JJ worth NN of IN the DT individual NN against IN the DT destructive JJ monistic JJ pantheism NN of IN Spinoza NP , , and CC saw VVD in IN the DT progress NN of IN history NN a DT movement NN of IN the DT monads NNS towards IN some DT divine JJ end NN . SENT On IN the DT one CD hand NN , , he PP made VVD the DT development NN of IN materialism NN and CC skepticism NN impossible JJ in IN Germany NP , , and CC , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , he PP brought VVD about IN the DT teleological JJ explanation NN of IN the DT history NN of IN the DT universe NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT The DT teleological JJ and CC idealistic JJ tendencies NNS of IN Leibniz NP were VBD strengthened VVN through IN Pietism NN . SENT Klopstock NP , , Herder NP , , Jacobi NP , , Goethe NP , , and CC Jean NP Paul NP , , all RB betray VV in IN their PP$ works NNS the DT Pietistic JJ influence NN . SENT Kant's NP Transcedentalism NP . SENT The DT conceptual JJ framework NN of IN German JJ Idealism NN was VBD provided VVN by IN Immanuel NP Kant NP who WP was VBD the DT first JJ to TO reconcile VV the DT conflicting JJ empirical JJ and CC rationalistic JJ elements NNS of IN the DT prevailing JJ dogmatic JJ philosophy NN . SENT With IN one CD stroke NN he PP secured VVD for IN mind NN priority NN over IN nature NN , , and CC yet RB without IN endangering VVG the DT validity NN of IN the DT principles NNS of IN scientific JJ investigation NN . SENT By IN giving VVG the DT primacy NN to TO practical JJ reason NN , , he PP placed VVD religion NN and CC ethics NNS on IN a DT sure JJ footing NN and CC broke VVD the DT ban NN of IN rationalism NN . SENT In IN the DT first JJ instance NN Kant's NP work NN was VBD purely RB epistemological JJ . SENT He PP made VVD it PP particularly RB his PP$ problem NN to TO rescue VV natural JJ science NN from IN the DT epistemological JJ skepticism NN of IN Hume NP , , and CC then RB to TO rescue VV religion NN from IN nationalism NN . SENT Kant NP demolished VVD the DT rationalistic JJ arguments NNS of IN Anselm NP , , Descartes NP , , and CC others NNS , , for IN the DT existence NN of IN God NP . SENT Science NP is VBZ valid JJ , , but CC it PP has VHZ to TO do VV only RB with IN phenomena NNS . SENT This DT phenomenal JJ world NN , , however RB , , is VBZ produced VVN a DT priori NN by IN the DT activity NN of IN consciousness NN , , reacting VVG on IN that DT external JJ reality NN whose WP$ eternal JJ nature NN cannot NN be VB known VVN . SENT The DT constancy NN of IN experience NN is VBZ accounted VVN for IN by IN the DT very JJ fact NN that IN the DT world NN as IN we PP know VVP it PP is VBZ only RB the DT sum NN total NN of IN phenomena NNS . SENT This DT becomes VVZ the DT basis NN of IN the DT universal JJ validity NN of IN certain JJ principles NNS of IN explanation NN . SENT Space NN and CC time NN , , and CC the DT categories NNS of IN the DT understanding NN are VBP subjective JJ and CC thus RB ideal JJ . SENT Taken VVN together RB they PP form VVP a DT mold NN in IN which WDT we PP shape VVP the DT impressions NNS coming VVG from IN the DT unknowable JJ , , transcendent JJ reality NN . SENT Thus RB , , the DT principles NNS of IN science NN and CC the DT laws NNS of IN nature NN are VBP universally RB valid JJ because IN they PP are VBP in IN the DT subject NN , , not RB in IN the DT object NN . SENT Knowledge NN of IN ultimate JJ reality NN comes VVZ through IN the DT practical JJ reason NN , , particularly RB through IN the DT a DT priori NN moral JJ law NN in IN us PP . SENT Kant's NP idea NN of IN inner JJ freedom NN became VVD the DT inspiration NN of IN the DT creative JJ genius NN . SENT The DT phase NN of IN German JJ Idealism NN manifested VVN in IN the DT art NN and CC poetry NN of IN the DT period NN has VHZ been VBN called VVN aesthetic JJ ethical JJ idealism NN . SENT The DT leaders NNS of IN this DT artistic JJ movement NN , , who WP really RB popularized VVD idealism NN and CC made VVD it PP a DT part NN of IN the DT life NN of IN the DT time NN , , were VBD not RB intent JJ on IN solving VVG the DT old JJ philosophical JJ problems NNS . SENT For IN conceptual JJ thought NN they PP substituted VVD the DT creative JJ imagination NN . SENT Lessing NP , , Herder NP , , and CC Others NNS . SENT Klopstock NP and CC Wieland NP mark VVP the DT turning VVG point NN toward IN idealsm NN . SENT However RB , , their PP$ contemporary JJ , , Lessing NP , , was VBD the DT first JJ representative NN of IN the DT movement NN to TO liberate VV himself PP completely RB from IN conventional JJ theology NN and CC all DT that WDT was VBD arbitrary JJ and CC external JJ in IN German JJ culture NN and CC find VV in IN the DT inner JJ aesthetic JJ and CC ethical JJ development NN of IN the DT mind NN the DT ideal NN to TO be VB followed VVN . SENT Idealism NN in IN the DT sense NN in IN which WDT the DT word NN is VBZ here RB used VVN became VVD even RB more RBR effective JJ in IN the DT work NN of IN Herder NP . SENT His PP$ break NN with IN the DT Enlightenment NN was VBD complete JJ . SENT In IN his PP$ large JJ application NN of IN the DT idealistic JJ method NN to TO the DT interpretation NN of IN science NN , , art NN , , and CC history NN , , he PP practically RB reformed VVN all PDT the DT intellectual JJ sciences NNS . SENT He PP , , too RB , , proceeded VVD from IN an DT analysis NN of IN the DT poetic JJ and CC artistic JJ impulse NN , , and CC in IN the DT creative JJ activity NN of IN the DT mind NN he PP found VVD the DT key NN to TO ethics NNS , , aesthetics NNS , , and CC religion NN . SENT From IN this DT subjective JJ , , or CC idealistic JJ , , view NN point NN he PP saw VVD the DT panorama NN of IN history NN as IN a DT spiritualistic JJ development NN . SENT If IN Lessing's NP great JJ work NN was VBD to TO introduce VV idealism NN into IN aesthetics NNS , , particularly RB the DT aesthetics NN of IN dramatic JJ poetry NN , , Herder's NP greatest JJ service NN to TO the DT idealistic JJ cause NN was VBD his PP$ application NN of IN idealism NN , , as IN a DT method NN , , to TO the DT interpretation NN of IN history NN . SENT What WP Wieland NP , , Lessing NP , , and CC others NNS had VHD done VVN for IN poetic JJ art NN , , this DT Winckelmann NP did VVD for IN plastic JJ art NN . SENT He PP too RB found VVD in IN the DT conception NN of IN the DT free JJ creative JJ mind NN the DT basis NN of IN ethics NNS , , aesthetics NNS , , and CC religion NN . SENT Goethe NP , , Schiller NP , , and CC Others NNS . SENT The DT great JJ representatives NNS of IN the DT idealistic JJ type NN mind NN in IN German JJ poetry NN were VBD Goethe NP , , and CC Schiller NP . SENT Against IN the DT exclusive JJ claims NNS of IN the DT aesthetic JJ view NN of IN nature NN , , and CC a DT morality NN essentially RB classical JJ , , Goethe NP emphasizes VVZ the DT moral JJ and CC religious JJ worth NN of IN the DT individual NN , , thus RB approaching VVG the DT ethical JJ teachings NNS of IN Kant NP . SENT Schiller NP combined VVD the DT epistemology NN of IN Kant NP with IN the DT pantheism NN of IN Goethe NP . SENT With IN him PP aesthetic JJ values NNS were VBD the DT chief JJ types NNS of IN intellectual JJ norms NNS . SENT Thus RB , , his PP$ ethics NNS and CC religion NN might MD be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT phase NN of IN aesthetics NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT aesthetic JJ harmony NN that IN he PP found VVD in IN the DT universe NN had VHD an DT impact NN on IN his PP$ ethical JJ and CC religious JJ nature NN . SENT despite IN his PP$ aesthetic JJ view NN point NN , , he PP must MD be VB classed VVN with IN Kant NP and CC Fichte NP as IN one CD of IN the DT great JJ moral JJ teachers NNS of IN Germany NP . SENT Schiller's NP only RB consistent JJ follower NN was VBD Willhelm NP von NP Humboldt NP , , who WP was VBD instrumental JJ in IN bringing VVG about IN the DT Neo NP Humanistic JJ reform NN , , on IN the DT basis NN of IN the DT new JJ aesthetic JJ ethical JJ culture NN . SENT Jean NP Paul NP was VBD a DT representative NN of IN the DT anti JJ classical JJ type NN of IN idealism NN . SENT Early JJ Views NNS of IN Fichte NP and CC Schelling NP . SENT The DT basis NN of IN the DT aesthetic JJ ethical JJ movement NN was VBD Kant NP transcendental JJ idealism NN . SENT But CC while IN Kant NP made VVD the DT idealistic JJ position NN secure JJ , , he PP had VHD not RB accounted VVN for IN the DT reality NN of IN the DT world NN of IN nature NN , , with IN all DT that IN it PP means VVZ to TO the DT poet NN as IN the DT expression NN of IN some DT divine JJ purpose NN . SENT To TO get VV at IN the DT bottom NN of IN the DT matter NN , , it PP was VBD felt VVN that IN human JJ consciousness NN as IN a DT starting VVG point NN would MD have VH to TO be VB abandoned VVN and CC an DT absolute JJ consciousness NN posited VVD . SENT From IN this DT reality NN of IN absolute JJ consciousness NN , , then RB , , individual JJ consciousness NN could MD be VB deduced VVN in IN a DT manner NN , , analogous JJ to TO that DT employed VVN by IN Kant NP . SENT The DT first JJ to TO attempt VV such PDT a DT comprehensive JJ solution NN of IN the DT problem NN was VBD Johann NP Gottlieb NP Fichte NP . SENT Starting VVG from IN Kant's NP idealistic JJ position NN he PP tried VVD to TO overcome VV the DT dualism NN involved VVN in IN Kant's NP doctrine NN of IN a DT thing NN in IN itself PP by IN bringing VVG this DT mysterious JJ reality NN into IN consciousness NN . SENT To TO do VV this DT he PP dropped VVD the DT Kantian NP distinction NN between IN practical JJ and CC theoretical JJ reason NN , , and CC conceived VVD of IN the DT absolute JJ mind NN , , or CC ego NN , , as IN moral JJ reason NN . SENT In IN his PP$ view NN all DT existence NN is VBZ psychical JJ , , and CC the DT human JJ mind NN is VBZ only RB a DT manifestation NN of IN the DT absolute JJ ego NN . SENT Thus RB , , the DT last JJ trace NN of IN an DT unknowable JJ transcendent JJ reality NN is VBZ obliterated VVN . SENT The DT absolute JJ ego NN has VHZ divided VVN itself PP into IN a DT large JJ number NN of IN relative JJ egos NNS , , and CC through IN these DT it PP is VBZ moving VVG progressively RB toward IN its PP$ own JJ destiny NN . SENT The DT core NN of IN reality NN lies VVZ in IN human JJ personality NN , , in IN the DT finite JJ mind NN , , but CC this DT is VBZ caught VVN up RP in IN an DT endless JJ process NN of IN development NN . SENT Hence RB , , to TO transcend VV his PP$ own JJ consciousness NN and CC explain VV the DT progress NN of IN history NN , , with IN reference NN to TO the DT past JJ and CC future JJ , , the DT philosopher NN must MD look VV at IN existence NN from IN the DT point NN of IN view NN of IN the DT absolute JJ ego NN . SENT In IN this DT way NN Fichte NP developed VVD his PP$ subjective JJ realism NN , , bringing VVG this DT scheme NN of IN idealistic JJ evolution NN every DT phase NN of IN human JJ experience NN . SENT Under IN his PP$ treatment NN , , ethics NNS , , sociology NN , , aesthetics NNS , , and CC religion NN become VVP a DT part NN of IN the DT history NN of IN the DT Absolute JJ . SENT He PP overcame VVD the DT dualism NN between IN individual JJ mind NN and CC nature NN by IN dissolving VVG both DT individual JJ nature NN and CC mind NN . SENT Schelling NP , , starting VVG from IN the DT Kant NP Fichte NP point NN of IN view NN , , extended VVD the DT conception NN of IN the DT Absolute JJ to TO objective JJ nature NN . SENT His PP$ system NN may MD be VB characterized VVN as IN a DT sort NN of IN spiritualized VVN pantheism NN . SENT The DT world NN is VBZ a DT continuous JJ process NN from IN inorganic JJ unconscious JJ nature NN to TO organic JJ conscious JJ nature NN , , and CC then RB from IN organic JJ nature NN back RB to TO inorganic JJ nature NN . SENT While IN in IN humans NNS the DT Absolute JJ reaches NNS consciousness NN , , nature NN remains VVZ essentially RB objective JJ , , but CC not RB in IN a DT materialistic JJ sense NN . SENT Nature NN , , for IN Schelling NP , , is VBZ a DT system NN of IN spiritual JJ forces NNS similar JJ to TO the DT monads NNS of IN Leibniz NP . SENT Schelling NP worked VVD out RP his PP$ so RB called VVN Identitatsphilosophie NP by IN extending VVG to TO absolute JJ consciousness NN the DT view NN that IN in IN consciousness NN subject NN and CC object NN are VBP identical JJ . SENT The DT sum NN total NN of IN existence NN then RB becomes VVZ the DT Absolute JJ as RB perceived VVN by IN itself PP . SENT Naturally RB , , all DT distinctions NNS and CC qualities NNS , , which WDT are VBP created VVN by IN a DT finite JJ relational JJ consciousness NN , , disappear VVP in IN a DT self NN contemplation NN of IN the DT Absolute JJ by IN itself PP , , and CC existence NN becomes VVZ neutral JJ . SENT If IN Fichte NP had VHD interpreted VVN existence NN ethically RB , , Schelling NP interprets VVZ it PP aesthetically RB . SENT While IN with IN Fichte NP the DT Absolute JJ distributes VVZ itself PP in IN finite JJ minds NNS in IN order NN to TO work VV out RP its PP$ own JJ moral JJ development NN , , with IN Schelling NP the DT Absolute JJ comes VVZ to TO consciousness NN in IN humans NNS in IN order NN that IN we PP may MD enjoy VV the DT aesthetic JJ contemplation NN of IN the DT unity NN of IN mind NN and CC nature NN , , the DT identity NN of IN mind NN with IN its PP$ sensuous JJ content NN . SENT Romanticism NN . SENT The DT immediate JJ result NN of IN the DT metaphysical JJ systems NNS of IN Fichte NP and CC Schelling NP was VBD a DT revival NN of IN poetic JJ production NN and CC criticism NN known VVN as IN Romanticism NN , , which WDT sprang VVD from IN the DT school NN of IN Goethe NP and CC Schiller NP . SENT The DT union NN of IN poetry NN with IN the DT metaphysical JJ or CC religious JJ view NN of IN life NN became VVD a DT recognized VVN principle NN of IN art NN . SENT and CC it PP was VBD this DT combination NN that IN secured VVN for IN idealism NN the DT final JJ triumph NN over IN the DT narrow JJ naturalism NN and CC rationalism NN of IN the DT Enlightenment NN . SENT Romanticism NN brought VVD to TO light VV the DT connection NN of IN poetry NN with IN Christianity NN . SENT Just RB as IN Schiller NP had VHD taken VVN Kant's NP epistemology NN as IN a DT basis NN for IN the DT explanation NN of IN the DT relation NN of IN aesthetics NNS to TO ethics NNS , , so RB now RB the DT Kantian NP position NN was VBD used VVN to TO explain VV the DT relation NN of IN religion NN to TO aesthetics NNS . SENT Thus RB , , from IN Kant's NP idealism NN came VVD a DT new JJ analysis NN of IN religion NN , , illuminating VVG with IN a DT new JJ light NN the DT problems NNS of IN culture NN . SENT Romanticism NN gave VVD depth NN to TO the DT historical JJ view NN and CC dissolved VVN into IN thin JJ air NN those DT time NN worn JJ conceptions NNS of IN a DT law NN of IN nature NN , , common JJ sense NN , , and CC innate JJ norms NNS of IN the DT reason NN . SENT this DT was VBD just RB as IN the DT Enlightenment NN had VHD formerly RB disposed VVN of IN the DT idea NN of IN a DT supernatural JJ , , ecclesiastical JJ norm NN , , which WDT rested VVD on IN these DT conceptions NNS . SENT The DT leading JJ spirits NNS in IN the DT romantic JJ movement NN were VBD the DT two CD Schlegels NP , , though IN Fichte NP , , Schleiermacher NP , , Hegel NP , , Schelling NP , , Novalis NP , , and CC many JJ others NNS took VVD a DT part NN in IN it PP . SENT Out RB of IN Romanticism NN sprang VVD a DT new JJ impulse NN for IN systematic JJ thinking NN . SENT and CC through IN the DT political JJ catastrophes NNS of IN the DT time NN and CC the DT moral JJ earnestness NN of IN the DT intellectual JJ leaders NNS , , idealistic JJ speculation NN was VBD forced VVN to TO apply VV its PP$ norms NNS to TO practical JJ social JJ problems NNS . SENT Later JJR Views NNS of IN Fichte NP and CC Schelling NP . SENT The DT first JJ to TO feel VV the DT pressure NN of IN the DT realistic JJ historical JJ problems NNS were VBD the DT founders NNS of IN metaphysical JJ idealism NN , , Fichte NP and CC Schelling NP . SENT Both CC betray VV the DT influence NN of IN Schleiermacher NP . SENT Realizing VVG the DT inadequacy NN of IN their PP$ philosophy NN to TO meet VV practical JJ needs NNS , , they PP now RB sought VVD an DT ethical JJ and CC religious JJ ideal NN which WDT should MD unify VV the DT concrete JJ content NN of IN spiritual JJ life NN and CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN be VB a DT necessary JJ deduction NN from IN the DT metaphysical JJ background NN of IN existence NN . SENT Fichte NP retained VVD his PP$ idea NN of IN the DT moral JJ state NN as IN the DT consummation NN of IN the DT historical JJ process NN . SENT However RB , , he PP no RB longer RB considered VVN this DT state NN merely RB as IN a DT postulate NN of IN progressive JJ freedom NN , , but CC as IN a DT concrete JJ civilized JJ state NN , , in IN which WDT all DT members NNS of IN society NN share NN in IN the DT blessings NNS of IN religion NN , , morality NN , , and CC art NN . SENT In IN this DT remodeled VVN view NN of IN Fichte NP , , religion NN is VBZ dominant JJ . SENT for IN he PP finds VVZ that IN only RB religious JJ faith NN makes VVZ possible JJ the DT realization NN of IN the DT moral JJ idea NN , , and CC thus RB the DT reality NN of IN the DT external JJ world NN . SENT The DT world NN is VBZ ethical JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ religious JJ faith NN that WDT gives VVZ an DT ultimate JJ aim NN to TO ethical JJ conduct NN , , that WDT makes VVZ possible JJ a DT union NN of IN the DT empirical JJ ego NN with IN its PP$ metaphysical JJ basis NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , God NP . SENT His PP$ ethics NNS is VBZ thus RB deprived VVN of IN its PP$ formal JJ character NN as IN an DT endless JJ progress NN and CC given VVN a DT definite JJ aim NN . SENT This DT ethical JJ and CC religious JJ view NN necessitates VVZ a DT modification NN of IN his PP$ metaphysics NNS . SENT The DT background NN of IN empirical JJ consciousness NN is VBZ no RB longer RB an DT endless JJ progression NN of IN the DT Absolute JJ , , but CC a DT fixed JJ and CC unchanging JJ divine NN being VBG . SENT In IN this DT being NN the DT empirical JJ ego NN has VHZ its PP$ origin NN , , and CC through IN ethical JJ conduct NN it PP returns VVZ to TO its PP$ source NN . SENT Similarly RB , , in IN view NN of IN moral JJ and CC aesthetic JJ needs NNS , , Schelling NP was VBD forced VVN to TO change VV his PP$ views NNS . SENT In IN applying VVG the DT principle NN of IN identity NN , , he PP destroyed VVD the DT variety NN of IN existence NN , , and CC thus RB its PP$ reality NN . SENT In IN describing VVG the DT universe NN as IN a DT quality NN less JJR neutrum NN he PP had VHD only RB caricatured VVN the DT Absolute JJ . SENT His PP$ philosophy NN disagreed VVD with IN every DT phase NN of IN experience NN . SENT Just RB as IN Fichte NP , , so IN Schelling NP sought VVD in IN religion NN the DT key NN to TO the DT origin NN and CC destiny NN of IN humans NNS . SENT The DT phenomenal JJ world NN takes VVZ its PP$ rise NN in IN the DT absolute JJ , , self NN determined VVD will NN of IN God NP . SENT Because IN of IN its PP$ origin NN , , the DT phenomenal JJ world NN necessarily RB works VVZ its PP$ way NN back RB up RB to TO God NP again RB . SENT This DT movement NN back RB to TO God NP is VBZ a DT religious JJ process NN , , through IN mythology NN , , or CC natural JJ religion NN , , up RB to TO Christianity NN , , at IN which WDT stage NN the DT union NN of IN man NN with IN God NP takes VVZ place NN . SENT Thus RB , , Christianity NN , , whose WP$ dogmas NNS are VBP interpreted VVN evolutionistically RB by IN Schelling NP , , becomes VVZ the DT end NN and CC purpose NN of IN history NN . SENT and CC it PP is VBZ upon IN Christianity NN that IN ethics NNS , , politics NNS , , and CC aesthetics NNS are VBP to TO be VB based VVN . SENT Hegel's NP System NP . SENT If IN Fichte NP and CC Schelling NP tried VVD to TO find VV the DT purpose NN of IN existence NN in IN some DT concrete JJ content NN such JJ as IN the DT moral JJ state NN or CC the DT Christian JJ religion NN , , deducing VVG this DT concept NN from IN the DT conception NN of IN God NP , , Hegel NP solved VVD the DT problem NN by IN a DT systematic JJ exploitation NN of IN the DT conception NN of IN evolution NN , , which WDT with IN him PP was VBD both CC a DT constituent NN and CC a DT teleological JJ principle NN . SENT The DT conception NN had VHD been VBN variously RB and CC obscurely RB employed VVN by IN Leibniz NP , , Lessing NP , , Kant NP , , Herder NP , , Goethe NP , , Schiller NP , , and CC F NN . SENT Schlegel NP . SENT Then RB , , on IN the DT basis NN of IN Kant's NP transcendental JJ deduction NN , , Fichte NP and CC Schelling NP interpreted VVD the DT process NN of IN development NN in IN a DT purely RB idealistic JJ manner NN as IN the DT unconscious JJ opposition NN of IN the DT Absolute JJ to TO itself PP . SENT this DT further RBR entailed VVN the DT conscious JJ and CC gradual JJ removal NN of IN this DT opposition NN by IN self NN absorption NN , , the DT double JJ process NN following VVG necessarily RB from IN the DT very JJ nature NN of IN mind NN . SENT Hegel NP makes VVZ the DT impulse NN of IN the DT absolute JJ mind NN a DT gradual JJ and CC self NN determined VVN process NN , , by IN which WDT the DT Absolute JJ lifts VVZ itself PP from IN mere JJ possibility NN and CC actuality NN to TO conscious JJ , , free JJ , , and CC necessary JJ possession NN . SENT Viewed VVN sub NN specie NN aeternitatis NN the DT whole JJ process NN is VBZ timeless JJ , , and CC only RB to TO a DT finite JJ mind NN does VVZ it PP appear VVP as IN an DT endless JJ procession NN in IN time NN and CC space NN . SENT However RB , , it PP is VBZ just RB in IN this DT finite JJ view NN that IN the DT ethical JJ , , aesthetic JJ and CC religious JJ character NN of IN Hegel's NP philosophy NN manifests VVZ itself PP . SENT In IN the DT finite JJ consciousness NN there EX is VBZ a DT separation NN of IN the DT natural JJ , , the DT actual JJ , , and CC the DT empirical JJ from IN the DT spiritual JJ , , the DT free JJ , , and CC the DT necessary JJ . SENT In IN the DT unity NN reached VVN by IN overcoming VVG this DT divorce NN of IN the DT finite JJ from IN the DT infinite NN lies VVZ religious JJ blessedness NN , , perfect JJ beauty NN , , and CC moral JJ freedom NN . SENT Every DT phase NN and CC stage NN of IN this DT inner JJ teleological JJ development NN is VBZ necessary JJ to TO the DT life NN of IN the DT Absolute JJ , , and CC all DT variety NN in IN finite JJ experience NN is VBZ preserved VVN in IN the DT higher JJR unity NN . SENT Nothing NN is VBZ lost VVN . SENT Instead RB of IN being VBG an DT undifferentiated JJ substance NN , , or CC a DT qualityless JJ neutrum NN , , the DT Absolute JJ is VBZ the DT living NN , , vital JJ reality NN that WDT manifests VVZ itself PP in IN human JJ experience NN . SENT This DT reality NN is VBZ spiritual JJ , , and CC the DT guiding JJ principle NN of IN its PP$ upward JJ movement NN is VBZ the DT fulfillment NN of IN its PP$ own JJ divine JJ purpose NN , , which WDT is VBZ religious JJ , , ethical JJ , , aesthetic JJ . SENT Religion NN and CC ethics NNS are VBP thus RB a DT necessary JJ product NN of IN the DT self NN explication NN of IN the DT Absolute JJ , , or CC God NP . SENT Schleiermacher NP . SENT The DT religious JJ turn NN that IN idealistic JJ metaphysics NNS had VHD taken VVN was VBD due JJ to TO the DT influence NN of IN Schleiermacher NP , , the DT most RBS specifically RB religious JJ of IN all PDT the DT great JJ philosophers NNS . SENT In IN his PP$ own JJ system NN he PP made VVD use NN of IN the DT religious JJ consciousness NN in IN an DT original JJ and CC striking JJ manner NN to TO solve VV the DT practical JJ and CC theoretical JJ problems NNS growing VVG out RP of IN Kant's NP critical JJ philosophy NN . SENT In IN the DT field NN of IN ethics NNS he PP was VBD the DT most RBS conspicuous JJ exponent NN of IN German JJ idealism NN . SENT What WP Hegel NP had VHD deduced VVN from IN the DT Absolute JJ by IN his PP$ application NN of IN the DT conception NN of IN development NN , , Schleiermacher NP , , following VVG the DT critical JJ method NN of IN Kant NP , , sought VVD to TO attain VV by IN an DT analysis NN of IN empirical JJ consciousness NN . SENT In IN its PP$ theoretical JJ attitude NN toward IN being NN , , consciousness NN is VBZ receptive JJ and CC seeks VVZ to TO combine VV the DT data NNS of IN sense NN into IN the DT highest JJS possible JJ conceptual JJ unity NN . SENT in IN its PP$ practical JJ attitude NN consciousness NN is VBZ active JJ and CC transfers VVZ the DT aim NN of IN reason NN from IN the DT world NN of IN sense NN to TO the DT world NN of IN conscious JJ freedom NN . SENT However RB , , in IN both DT cases NNS thought NN and CC being NN always RB remain VVP separate JJ for IN the DT finite JJ understanding NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , that DT essential JJ unity NN of IN reality NN which WDT makes VVZ possible JJ any DT relation NN of IN thought NN to TO being NN , , such JJ as IN volition NN to TO being NN , , is VBZ present JJ in IN religious JJ feeling NN . SENT While IN Hegel NP had VHD employed VVN a DT deductive JJ , , dialectical JJ method NN to TO show VV that IN all DT being NN is VBZ in IN God NP , , Schleiermacher NP reached VVD this DT unity NN by IN an DT inductive JJ process NN , , which WDT was VBD guided VVN by IN feeling NN , , instead RB of IN by IN pure JJ reason NN . SENT Instead RB of IN starting VVG with IN a DT timeless JJ and CC spaceless JJ Absolute JJ , , he PP started VVD with IN the DT phenomenal JJ world NN . SENT His PP$ task NN was VBD to TO analyze VV the DT reason NN that WDT dominates VVZ the DT actual JJ world NN of IN history NN , , to TO bring VV to TO light VV its PP$ various JJ purposes NNS , , combine VV them PP into IN a DT totality NN representing VVG the DT absolute JJ divine JJ purpose NN of IN the DT universe NN , , the DT summum NP bonum NP , , and CC to TO show VV that IN the DT power NN to TO realize VV this DT ideal NN lies VVZ in IN religious JJ consciousness NN . SENT Schleiermacher's NP practical JJ religious JJ interests NNS now RB took VVD him PP into IN the DT field NN of IN theology NN . SENT Herbart NP . SENT Herbart NP stuck VVD even RB more RBR closely RB to TO the DT Kantian NP view NN point NN , , but CC , , like IN other JJ followers NNS of IN Kant NP , , he PP sought VVD to TO eliminate VV the DT conception NN of IN an DT unknowable JJ reality NN , , and CC press VV forward RB to TO the DT ultimate JJ nature NN of IN things NNS . SENT He PP adopted VVD Kant's NP analysis NN of IN consciousness NN , , but CC in IN a DT psychological JJ sense NN , , and CC found VVD that IN the DT transcendental JJ reality NN consists VVZ of IN a DT plurality NN of IN simple JJ substances NNS . SENT These DT he PP called VVN reals NNS . SENT They PP are VBP psychical JJ in IN nature NN and CC analogous JJ to TO the DT monads NNS of IN Leibniz NP . SENT Through IN their PP$ relations NNS to TO one CD another DT and CC to TO human JJ consciousness NN the DT phenomenal JJ world NN is VBZ brought VVN into IN existence NN . SENT and CC from IN their PP$ teleological JJ cooperation NN Herbart NP deduces VVZ a DT divine NN , , creative JJ intelligence NN , , analogous JJ to TO the DT monad NN monadum NN of IN Leibniz NP , , thus RB opposing VVG sharply RB current JJ poetic JJ naturalism NN and CC Spinozism NN . SENT Herbart's NNS practical JJ and CC social JJ philosophy NN , , which WDT is VBZ based VVN on IN the DT judgments NNS of IN the DT soul NN as RB to TO the DT relations NNS of IN the DT reals NNS to TO each DT other JJ , , particularly RB on IN judgments NNS expressing VVG like IN or CC dislike NN , , also RB tends VVZ toward IN rationalism NN . SENT On IN account NN of IN the DT method NN employed VVN here RB , , Herbart NP calls VVZ the DT result NN aesthetics NN , , to TO which WDT he PP subordinates VVZ ethics NNS . SENT In IN his PP$ view NN the DT ideal JJ society NN would MD be VB one CD based VVN on IN the DT insight NN and CC activity NN of IN the DT educated VVN , , and CC on IN the DT rational JJ education NN of IN youth NN , , and CC realizing VVG in IN its PP$ organization NN the DT natural JJ and CC fundamental JJ ethical JJ ideas NNS . SENT Herbart NP thus RB became VVD not RB only RB a DT reformer NN of IN psychology NN , , but CC of IN pedagogy NN as IN well RB . SENT Schopenhauer NP The DT last JJ great JJ representative NN of IN German JJ Idealism NN in IN systematic JJ philosophy NN was VBD Schopenhauer NP . SENT While IN with IN him PP the DT phenomenal JJ world NN is VBZ idea NN that WDT is VBZ , , existing VVG only RB as IN a DT subject JJ idea NN its PP$ objective JJ basis NN is VBZ not RB a DT thing NN in IN itself PP as IN Kant NP taught VVD , , but CC a DT universal JJ will NN . SENT This DT Schopenhauer NP interprets VVZ as IN a DT blind JJ , , illogical JJ , , aimless JJ impulse NN , , without IN any DT original JJ ethical JJ tendency NN whatsoever RB . SENT Through IN the DT blind JJ impulse NN of IN this DT world NN will NN arises VVZ human JJ intelligence NN and CC the DT phenomenal JJ world NN . SENT History NN loses VVZ all DT teleological JJ significance NN and CC becomes VVZ an DT irrational JJ and CC endless JJ progression NN . SENT Ethics NP , , therefore RB , , as IN the DT philosophy NN of IN the DT ultimate JJ purpose NN of IN the DT world NN can MD only RB proclaim VV the DT aimlessness NN of IN the DT cosmic JJ process NN and CC seek VV to TO put VV an DT end NN to TO it PP by IN stilling VVG the DT will NN . SENT This DT quietizing NN of IN the DT will NN is VBZ effected VVN by IN recognizing VVG the DT aimlessness NN of IN the DT process NN and CC resigning VVG oneself PP to TO it PP completely RB . SENT For IN these DT teachings NNS , , Schopenhauer NP found VVD a DT support NN in IN Buddhism NN , , which WDT was VBD then RB just RB becoming VVG known VVN in IN the DT West NP . SENT He PP was VBD bitter JJ in IN his PP$ hatred NN of IN the DT theism NN of IN Judaism NP , , which WDT for IN him PP exhibited VVN selfishness NN and CC sensuality NN , , and CC was VBD the DT root NN of IN all DT deceptive JJ theism NN . SENT The DT pure JJ Christianity NN of IN Christ NP he PP regarded VVN as IN a DT sort NN of IN mystical JJ quietism NN . SENT Though IN his PP$ metaphysical JJ work NN , , De NP Welt NN als NPS Wille NP und NN Vorstellung NP , , appeared VVD as RB early JJ as IN 1819 CD , , his PP$ teachings NNS found VVD no DT popular JJ reception NN till IN after IN the DT wane VVP of IN Hegel's NP influence NN in IN Germany NP . SENT Idealism NN in IN the DT Positive JJ Sciences NPS . SENT The DT effects NNS of IN this DT idealistic JJ development NN are VBP apparent JJ in IN the DT positive JJ sciences NNS no RB less RBR than IN in IN metaphysics NNS . SENT In IN accord NN with IN the DT idea NN of IN the DT oneness NN of IN the DT world NN , , the DT natural JJ sciences NNS have VHP been VBN given VVN a DT subordinate JJ position NN , , or CC else RB reduced VVN to TO natural JJ philosophy NN . SENT The DT new JJ spirit NN is VBZ manifested VVN even RB more RBR clearly RB in IN the DT historical JJ sciences NNS , , where WRB the DT genetic JJ method NN is VBZ everywhere RB employed VVN and CC individual JJ facts NNS are VBP treated VVN in IN relation NN to TO the DT whole JJ development NN . SENT For IN instance NN , , the DT historian NN of IN literature NN or CC art NN now RB seeks VVZ to TO bring VV the DT facts NNS with IN which WDT he PP is VBZ dealing VVG into IN relation NN with IN other JJ phases NNS of IN life NN and CC thus RB grasp VV the DT life NN and CC ideals NNS of IN a DT nation NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT Similarly RB , , the DT philologist NN is VBZ no DT longer RB satisfied VVN with IN the DT study NN of IN one CD language NN , , but CC seeks VVZ to TO correlate VV it PP with IN kindred JJ tongues NNS and CC reconstruct VV the DT inner JJ life NN of IN the DT people NNS . SENT Even RB in IN the DT field NN of IN jurisprudence NN the DT genetic JJ method NN has VHZ been VBN adopted VVN and CC particular JJ stress NN laid VVN on IN the DT development NN of IN common JJ law NN . SENT The DT effect NN of IN this DT idealistic JJ movement NN may MD also RB be VB observed VVN in IN theology NN . SENT Here RB deistic JJ efforts NNS to TO base JJ Christianity NN on IN a DT general JJ theory NN of IN religion NN have VHP been VBN replaced VVN by IN a DT more RBR penetrating VVG psychological JJ analysis NN , , together RB with IN a DT genetic JJ view NN of IN religious JJ history NN . SENT It PP should MD be VB added VVN , , though RB , , that IN repeated JJ and CC earnest JJ attempts NNS have VHP been VBN made VVN to TO rescue VV the DT core NN of IN Christianity NN from IN the DT general JJ flux NN of IN history NN and CC give VV to TO it PP a DT fixed JJ character NN . SENT Since IN it PP is VBZ in IN the DT universities NNS , , chiefly RB , , that IN the DT sciences NNS are VBP cultivated VVN , , naturally RB the DT universities NNS were VBD reorganized VVN in IN conformity NN to TO the DT changed JJ ideals NNS . SENT It PP was VBD in IN the DT University NP of IN Jena NP that IN German JJ Idealism NN got VVD its PP$ first JJ foothold NN . SENT From IN here RB the DT new JJ educational JJ ideal NN went VVD to TO the DT newly RB established VVN universities NNS of IN Berlin NP , , Heidelberg NP , , Bonn NP , , Breslau NP , , and CC Munich NP , , and CC into IN the DT secondary JJ schools NNS . SENT The DT author NN of IN this DT article NN is VBZ anonymous JJ . SENT The DT IEP NP is VBZ actively RB seeking VVG an DT author NN who WP will MD write VV a DT replacement NN article NN . SENT 2005 CD