/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/1/file_124.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Home NP Contact NP Us NP Search NP . SENT OVERVIEW NN Monographs NNS Occasional JJ Papers NP News NP Letter NP Proceedings NNS Annual JJ Report NP Policy NP Submissions NNS to TO Government NP ORDER NN PUBLICATIONS NNS ON IN LINE NN Knowing VVG Ourselves PP and CC Others NNS The DT Humanities NNS in IN Australia NP into IN the DT 21 CD st NP Century NP Title NP page NN Volume NN 1 CD Summary NN and CC statistics NNS Volume NN 2 CD Disciplinary JJ surveys NNS Volume NN 3 CD Reflective JJ essays NNS Volume NN 2 CD Chapter NN 3 CD Issues NNS and CC Recommendations NNS Present NN Circumstances NNS A DT Strategy NN for IN Research NP in IN the DT Humanities NNS School NP Education NP Graduate NP Training NP Entry NN into IN the DT Scholarly JJ Profession NN . SENT the DT Early NP Career NP Researcher NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN the DT late JJ 1990 CD s PP The DT Working JJ Conditions NNS of IN the DT University NP Humanities NNS Scholar NN Time NN for IN Research NP Collaboration NN Regional JJ Rationalisations NNS Programs NNS of IN Small JJ Enrolment NN Languages NNS other JJ than IN English JJ Libraries NNS IT PP Development NP Centres NNS for IN Humanities NNS and CC The DT Arts NP Research NP Priorities NNS Costs NNS of IN Humanities NNS Research NP Quality NP of IN Humanities NNS Research NP and CC the DT Research NP Quantum NP Research NP and CC The DT Arts NPS ARC JJ Large JJ Grants NPS and CC Fellowships NNS Schemes NNS The DT ARC JJ Small NP Grants NPS Program NP Humanities NNS Participation NN in IN other JJ ARC JJ Programs NNS The DT Provision NN of IN Appropriate JJ Statistics NNS for IN the DT Humanities NNS Intellectual JJ Property NP Publication NN in IN Humanities NNS Disciplines VVZ Public NP Outreach VV A DT National NP Humanities NNS Policy NP and CC a DT National NP Humanities NNS Council NP References NNS We PP now RB turn VVP to TO consider VV the DT many JJ large JJ issues NNS with IN which WDT the DT Review NP was VBD confronted VVN and CC to TO the DT Recommendations NNS we PP make VVP upon IN them PP . SENT Note NN that IN the DT institutions NNS and CC bodies NNS to TO which WDT each DT Recommendation NN is VBZ directed VVN are VBP listed VVN in IN brackets NNS immediately RB below IN it PP . SENT Present JJ Circumstances NNS There EX can MD be VB no DT doubt NN that IN the DT quality NN of IN Australian JJ research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , judged VVN both CC by IN its PP$ achievement NN in IN a DT number NN of IN different JJ fields NNS and CC taken VVN as IN a DT whole NN , , is VBZ high JJ by IN international JJ standards NNS . SENT Given VVN the DT far RB narrower JJR base NN from IN which WDT it PP has VHZ come VVN just RB 40 CD years NNS ago IN this DT is VBZ a DT considerable JJ achievement NN . SENT At IN the DT outset NN we PP had VHD rather RB expected VVN to TO come VV across IN some DT fields NNS of IN Humanities NNS scholarship NN which WDT were VBD important JJ to TO Australia NP that WDT were VBD not RB represented VVN . SENT In IN the DT event NN that WDT has VHZ not RB been VBN so RB . SENT These DT achievements NNS are VBP now RB , , however RB , , under IN very RB serious JJ threat NN . SENT The DT full JJ dimensions NNS of IN the DT crisis NN can MD be VB illustrated VVN by IN the DT figures NNS set VVD out RP by IN the DT most RBS authoritative JJ figure NN in IN Australia NP on IN these DT matters NNS , , Professor NP Peter NP Karmel NP , , in IN his PP$ submission NN to TO the DT West JJ inquiry NN . SENT Twenty CD years NNS on IN from IN the DT Murray NP committee NN , , he PP specifies VVZ , , government NN outlays NNS on IN higher JJR education NN reached VVD a DT peak NN in IN 1975 CD 6 CD of IN 1 CD . SENT 7 CD per IN cent NN of IN gross JJ domestic JJ product NN . SENT Since IN then RB there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT marked JJ decline NN to TO the DT point NN where WRB the DT most RBS recent JJ round NN of IN cuts NNS will MD bring VV this DT back NN to TO close VV upon IN 1 CD per IN cent NN . SENT This DT has VHZ been VBN coupled VVN , , moreover RB , , with IN an DT increase NN between IN 1988 CD and CC 1996 CD in IN academic JJ and CC general JJ staff NN numbers NNS of IN only RB 26 CD per IN cent NN when WRB student NN load NN increased VVN by IN 49 CD per IN cent NN . SENT On IN top NN of IN this DT has VHZ now RB come VVN the DT decision NN of IN governments NNS since IN 1996 CD not RB to TO fund VV salary NN adjustments NNS which WDT , , as IN Professor NP Karmel NP details NNS , , is VBZ effectively RB imposing VVG a DT cut NN of IN around RB 8 CD to TO 10 CD percent NN in IN the DT real JJ value NN of IN university NN funds NNS . SENT In IN Higher JJR Education NN as IN a DT whole NN some DT of IN this DT deficit NN is VBZ being VBG counterweighted JJ by IN increases NNS in IN non JJ government NN funding NN . SENT But CC , , despite IN all PDT the DT efforts NNS that WDT are VBP currently RB being VBG made VVN , , non JJ government NN funding NN is VBZ only RB available JJ on IN a DT very RB limited JJ scale NN to TO the DT Humanities NNS . SENT The DT net JJ result NN amounts NNS to TO a DT serious JJ contraction NN of IN funding NN for IN the DT Universities NNS since IN the DT Menzies NP Murray NP Martin NP reforms NNS of IN the DT 1950 CD s NN 60 CD s PP , , and CC it PP is VBZ scarcely RB therefore RB to TO be VB wondered VVD at IN that IN the DT consequences NNS down IN the DT line NN for IN Humanities NNS research NN in IN Australia NP , , despite IN the DT range NN and CC quality NN which WDT it PP has VHZ achieved VVN over IN the DT last JJ 40 CD years NNS , , are VBP now RB very RB serious JJ . SENT Although IN we PP have VHP not RB encountered VVN important JJ whole JJ fields NNS of IN Humanities NNS research NN in IN which WDT no DT work NN is VBZ being VBG done VVN in IN Australia NP , , some DT serious JJ weaknesses NNS have VHP now RB opened VVN up RP within IN all DT too RB many JJ of IN them PP . SENT Since IN the DT full JJ effects NNS of IN the DT current JJ phase NN of IN financial JJ cuts NNS are VBP not RB as RB yet RB clear JJ we PP may MD well RB feel VV the DT need NN to TO issue VV a DT supplementary JJ report NN in IN 1998 CD that WDT will MD specify VV more RBR precisely RB the DT effect NN these DT are VBP now RB having VHG . SENT Unsurprisingly RB the DT reports NNS we PP have VHP received VVN from IN most JJS Deans NPS of IN Arts NPS and CC or CC of IN Humanities NNS contain VVP one CD constant JJ theme NN . SENT of IN reduced JJ staffing NN , , of IN a DT return NN to TO a DT 1950 CD s PP situation NN in IN student NN staff NN ratios NNS , , of IN significant JJ reductions NNS in IN library NN expenditure NN , , and CC so RB on IN . SENT The DT Academy's NP recent JJ in IN house NN report NN on IN Tertiary JJ Languages NNS in IN the DT National NP Interest NN . SENT New JJ Imperatives NNS for IN Planning NP July NP 1997 CD allows VVZ us PP to TO illustrate VV the DT crisis NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS as IN it PP applies VVZ currently RB to TO one CD specific JJ but CC large JJ disciplinary JJ area NN . SENT languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP and CC the DT cultures NNS associated VVN with IN them PP . SENT Although IN global JJ student NN numbers NNS in IN languages NNS have VHP increased VVN during IN the DT last JJ two CD or CC three CD years NNS with IN most JJS of IN the DT growth NN occurring VVG in IN Asian JJ languages NNS , , staff NN numbers NNS in IN University NP language NN departments NNS over IN the DT same JJ period NN have VHP been VBN cut VVN by IN approximately RB 10 CD per IN cent NN and CC this DT figure NN does VVZ not RB take VV into IN account NN the DT replacement NN of IN professorial JJ and CC other JJ senior JJ staff NN by IN junior JJ and CC more RBR often RB casual JJ teachers NNS . SENT An DT extreme JJ illustration NN of IN this DT trend NN can MD be VB seen VVN in IN the DT case NN of IN Russian NP . SENT whilst IN in IN the DT 1970 CD s PP there RB were VBD five CD Chairs NNS of IN Russian NP in IN Australia NP , , in IN 1997 CD there RB is VBZ none NN . SENT Increasingly RB , , language NN departments NNS are VBP expected VVN to TO do VV more RBR with IN less JJR , , to TO the DT point NN where WRB teaching NN standards NNS are VBP under IN serious JJ threat NN and CC research NN output NN can MD no RB longer RBR be VB maintained VVN , , let VV alone RB improved JJ . SENT Funding NN cuts NNS are VBP forcing VVG languages NNS programs NNS to TO prune VV weekly JJ contact NN hours NNS and CC teach VV larger JJR classes NNS . SENT to TO reduce VV the DT range NN and CC depth NN of IN offerings NNS , , especially RB at IN the DT senior JJ levels NNS of IN the DT curriculum NN . SENT and CC to TO erode VV research NN time NN available JJ to TO staff NN . SENT All DT of IN which WDT demonstrates VVZ that IN the DT predicament NN of IN language NN programs NNS in IN Australian JJ Universities NNS has VHZ reached VVN a DT crisis NN point NN . SENT Further JJR details NNS for IN specific JJ subjects NNS are VBP provided VVN in IN a DT number NN of IN the DT Discipline NN and CC Area NP Studies NPS Surveys NNS in IN Volume NN 2 CD , , which WDT should MD be VB read VVN in IN conjunction NN with IN these DT general JJ remarks NNS . SENT This DT situation NN is VBZ particularly RB serious JJ since IN strong JJ language NN expertise NN underpins VVZ a DT great JJ deal NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN that WDT is VBZ not RB specifically RB language NN directed VVD . SENT For IN example NN , , competence NN in IN Spanish NP and NP or CC Portugese NP is VBZ a DT prerequisite NN for IN Latin NP American NP Studies NPS and CC a DT good JJ knowledge NN of IN Latin NP is VBZ required VVN for IN researchers NNS in IN Medieval JJ Studies NNS . SENT Urgent JJ action NN is VBZ now RB needed VVN at IN the DT national JJ level NN if IN resources NNS , , both CC practical JJ and CC intellectual JJ , , which WDT were VBD painstakingly RB built VVN up RP after IN the DT 1960 CD s PP , , and CC which WDT need VVP to TO be VB nurtured VVN and CC developed VVN if IN the DT country NN wishes VVZ to TO remain VV competitive JJ internationally RB , , are VBP to TO be VB salvaged VVN . SENT The DT safeguard VV of IN Australia's JJ fundamental JJ resource NN has VHZ become VVN a DT matter NN of IN national JJ priority NN . SENT A DT decade NN or CC so RB ago IN it PP seemed VVD that DT serious JJ attention NN was VBD once RB more JJR being NN given VVN to TO the DT importance NN of IN foreign JJ language NN skills NNS for IN the DT country's NNS economic JJ , , social JJ and CC cultural JJ prosperity NN . SENT This DT awareness NN found VVD its PP$ most RBS explicit JJ expression NN in IN J NP . SENT Lo NP Bianco NP , , National NP Policy NP on IN Languages NNS AGPS NP , , Canberra NP 1987 CD , , and CC in IN DEET NP , , Australia's NP Language NP . SENT the DT Australian NP Language NP and CC Literacy NN Policy NP AGPS NP , , Canberra NP 1991 CD . SENT As RB recently RB as IN June NP 1997 CD an DT ARC NN report NN described VVD the DT nation's JJ strengths NNS in IN language NN and CC literacy NN as IN Australia's JJ fundamental JJ resource NN , , the DT term NN also RB covering VVG English JJ both CC as IN a DT first JJ and CC a DT second JJ language NN . SENT That DT claim NN now RB has VHZ a DT rather RB hollow JJ ring NN in IN the DT context NN of IN current JJ cuts NNS to TO language NN programs NNS in IN Australian JJ universities NNS . SENT The DT impetus NN of IN the DT language NN revival NN of IN the DT late JJ 1980 CD s PP and CC early RB 1990 CD s PP appears VVZ indeed RB to TO have VH been VBN lost VVN , , even RB though IN the DT policy NN has VHZ not RB been VBN formally RB repudiated VVN . SENT The DT country's NNS Universities NNS have VHP been VBN cuting VVG their PP$ language NN offerings NNS in IN the DT face NN of IN low JJ funding NN levels NNS . SENT Although IN offerings NNS of IN Asian JJ languages NNS have VHP increased VVN , , European JJ languages NNS other JJ than IN French NP and CC Spanish NP have VHP suffered VVN serious JJ losses NNS , , and CC that DT number NN includes VVZ the DT ancient JJ classical JJ languages NNS of IN Greek NP and CC Latin NP . SENT Sixteen CD languages NNS of IN small JJ enrolment NN , , not RB all DT European JJ , , have VHP been VBN discontinued VVN in IN the DT last JJ few JJ years NNS and CC this DT has VHZ resulted VVN in IN a DT significant JJ loss NN of IN diversity NN . SENT Several JJ languages NNS , , some DT of IN national JJ significance NN such JJ as IN Cantonese NP , , Cambodian JJ and CC Burmese JJ , , cannot NN be VB studied VVN in IN Australia NP to TO research VV competence NN level NN , , whilst IN Hindi NN spoken VVN by IN more JJR people NNS in IN the DT world NN than IN any DT other JJ language NN except IN Mandarin NN Chinese NNS , , and CC the DT principal JJ language NN of IN India NP which WDT is VBZ on IN the DT way NN to TO being NN our PP$ most RBS populous JJ regional JJ neighbour NN is VBZ provided VVN at IN only RB one CD or CC two CD institutions NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT trend NN too RB to TO teach VV languages NNS at IN the DT level NN of IN basic JJ practical JJ skills NNS only RB , , disregarding VVG their PP$ socio NN cultural JJ context NN . SENT This DT trend NN is VBZ further RBR reinforced VVN by IN the DT concentration NN of IN growth NN in IN beginners NNS level NN programs NNS , , and CC the DT gradual JJ decline NN in IN demand NN for IN advanced JJ courses NNS which WDT are VBP the DT only JJ kinds NNS of IN courses NNS to TO sustain VV research NN and CC research NN training NN . 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SENT At IN its PP$ heart NN lie NN reduced VVD real JJ levels NNS of IN government NN funding NN for IN Higher JJR Education NN , , and CC since IN 1996 CD the DT successive JJ governments NNS decisions NNS not RB to TO fund VV staff NN salary NN adjustments NNS , , along RB with IN policies NNS for IN funding NN institutions NNS based VVN largely RB on IN student NN quotas NNS determined VVN bureaucratically RB , , with IN unsatisfactory JJ disciplinary JJ weightings NNS for IN many JJ subjects NNS , , particularly RB in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT As IN our PP$ Recommendation NN 11 CD indicates VVZ , , there EX is VBZ now RB an DT urgent JJ need NN for IN government NN to TO adopt VV funding NN models NNS based VVN on IN widely RB agreed VVN academic JJ criteria NNS to TO modify VV the DT operation NN of IN present JJ , , largely RB student NN numbers NNS based VVN funding NN formulae NNS . SENT Current JJ funding NN levels NNS and CC practices NNS are VBP eroding VVG the DT teaching NN and CC research NN base NN , , particularly RB in IN core JJ disciplines NNS of IN small JJ enrolment NN throughout IN the DT tertiary JJ sector NN . SENT To TO the DT elucidation NN of IN these DT problems NNS we PP can MD give VV our PP$ own JJ testimony NN and CC propose VV some DT solutions NNS , , but CC their PP$ core NN , , it PP needs VVZ to TO be VB emphasised VVN , , lies VVZ outside IN our PP$ remit NN . SENT We PP would MD , , however RB , , emphasise VV very RB strongly RB indeed RB that IN the DT well RB being JJ of IN our PP$ society NN rests VVZ critically RB upon IN the DT research NN base NN that IN so RB much JJ of IN the DT educational JJ future NN of IN our PP$ society NN and CC of IN its PP$ public JJ life NN depends VVZ on RP . SENT that IN this DT has VHZ been VBN at IN once RB painstakingly RB and CC highly RB successfully RB built VVN up RP especially RB over IN the DT last JJ four CD decades NNS , , and CC that IN any DT continuance NN let VVD alone RB worsening VVG of IN the DT circumstances NNS to TO which WDT it PP in IN the DT past JJ decade NN or CC so RB has VHZ been VBN subjected VVN can MD only RB have VH exceedingly RB adverse JJ consequences NNS for IN Australia's NNS future JJ by IN quite RB unnecessarily RB marginalising VVG us PP on IN the DT world NN scene NN . SENT A DT Strategy NN for IN Research NP in IN the DT Humanities NNS In IN our PP$ terms NNS of IN reference NN we PP have VHP been VBN invited VVN to TO outline VV a DT strategy NN for IN the DT development NN of IN research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS over IN the DT next JJ 15 CD years NNS . SENT Within IN the DT limitations NNS to TO which WDT we PP have VHP just RB alluded VVD , , and CC to IN which WDT we PP hope VVP government NN and CC DEETYA NP will MD pay VV attention NN , , we PP think VVP several JJ matters NNS are VBP of IN strategic JJ importance NN , , though IN there EX are VBP others NNS to TO which WDT serious JJ consideration NN needs VVZ to TO be VB given VVN as RB well RB . SENT We PP outline VV these DT in IN this DT Volume NN from IN here RB onwards RB . SENT School NP Education NP Schooling NP is VBZ linked VVN to TO the DT nation's JJ research NN effort NN in IN three CD ways NNS . SENT First RB , , the DT training NN of IN Humanities NNS researchers NNS builds VVZ upon IN a DT long JJ educational JJ training NN , , the DT most RBS important JJ parts NNS of IN which WDT are VBP laid VVN in IN the DT earliest JJS years NNS of IN schooling NN . 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SENT The DT continued JJ health NN of IN Australian JJ society NN depends VVZ upon IN strong JJ Humanities NNS programs NNS at IN all DT levels NNS of IN schooling NN , , regardless RB of IN whether IN students NNS progress NN to TO Year NP 12 CD or CC seek VV university NN entrance NN . SENT There EX is VBZ deep JJ concern NN about IN the DT current JJ situation NN . SENT The DT health NN of IN Australian JJ society NN depends VVZ upon IN sustaining VVG and CC nurturing VVG a DT literate JJ community NN . SENT Australian JJ children NNS , , however RB , , are VBP still RB not RB guaranteed VVN literacy NN by IN their PP$ schooling NN , , while IN in IN many JJ parts NNS of IN the DT country NN the DT systematic JJ study NN of IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN schools NNS is VBZ in IN serious JJ decline NN . SENT This DT is VBZ undermining VVG literacy NN in IN English NP and CC the DT learning NN of IN languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP . 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SENT The DT move NN towards IN these DT areas NNS follows VVZ a DT general JJ long JJ term NN trend NN in IN primary JJ and CC secondary JJ education NN to TO cross VV disciplinary JJ and CC integrated JJ study NN , , which WDT has VHZ often RB been VBN at IN the DT expense NN of IN disciplinary JJ training NN and CC the DT acquisition NN of IN strong JJ disciplinary JJ based VVN bodies NNS of IN content NN . SENT Two CD key JJ learning VVG areas NNS relevant JJ to TO the DT Humanities NNS in IN which WDT disciplinary JJ study NN has VHZ been VBN jeopardised VVN are VBP Study NP of IN Society NP and CC the DT Environment NP and CC the DT Arts NPS . SENT There EX has VHZ also RB been VBN some DT impact NN upon IN disciplinary JJ study NN in IN the DT area NN of IN Languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP , , where WRB sequential JJ and CC cumulative JJ learning NN is VBZ at IN the DT heart NN of IN the DT discipline NN . 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SENT One CD of IN the DT most RBS important JJ tasks NNS of IN the DT schools NNS is VBZ to TO prepare VV those DT students NNS who WP wish VVP to TO proceed VV to TO tertiary JJ study NN with IN the DT basic JJ skills NNS necessary JJ for IN success NN in IN higher JJR education NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT marked JJ contraction NN in IN the DT contributions NNS many JJ academics NNS are VBP prepared VVN to TO make VV to TO the DT development NN of IN school NN education NN from IN what WP was VBD often RB commonplace JJ half PDT a DT century NN ago RB , , and CC too RB little JJ concern NN too RB with IN the DT needs NNS of IN the DT teaching NN profession NN in IN the DT structuring NN of IN first JJ degree NN courses NNS . SENT Key JJ issues NNS are VBP . SENT Pedagogical JJ aims NNS need VVP to TO be VB reassessed VVN so RB that IN more JJR emphasis NN is VBZ placed VVN on IN the DT teaching NN of IN content NN rather RB than IN on IN process NN . SENT the DT imparting VVG of IN disciplinary JJ knowledge NN rather RB than IN just RB training VVG in IN techniques NNS of IN research NN and CC investigation NN , , and CC the DT securing VVG of IN cumulative JJ rather RB than IN eclectic JJ learning NN . SENT Inquiry NN based VVN learning NN has VHZ brought VVN many JJ benefits NNS , , but CC it PP is VBZ insufficient JJ when WRB students NNS lack VVP basic JJ knowledge NN and CC skills NNS . SENT There EX appears VVZ to TO be VB a DT serious JJ insufficiency NN in IN the DT disciplinary JJ base NN of IN teacher NN training NN in IN various JJ existing JJ BEd NN and CC graduate NN education NN programs NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ considerable JJ evidence NN of IN a DT need NN for IN greater JJR attention NN to TO knowledge NN about IN language NN in IN the DT English JJ curriculum NN . SENT History NN and CC geography NN need VVP to TO be VB returned VVN to TO a DT central JJ place NN in IN school NN education NN . SENT The DT Expert NN Group NP appointed VVN by IN the DT Keating NP government NN to TO report VV on IN Citizenship NN Education NP 1 CD has VHZ drawn VVN attention NN to TO the DT deficient JJ knowledge NN of IN Australian JJ and CC world NN history NN among IN young JJ Australians NNS , , and CC has VHZ argued VVN persuasively RB for IN the DT return NN of IN these DT disciplines NNS to TO the DT core JJ curriculum NN of IN both DT primary JJ and CC secondary JJ schools NNS . SENT Many JJ teachers NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS are VBP dissatisfied VVN with IN the DT attempt NN to TO teach VV these DT disciplines NNS within IN the DT learning VVG area NN Study NN of IN Society NP and CC the DT Environment NP SOSE NP , , that WDT was VBD established VVN in IN the DT national JJ curriculum NN statements NNS in IN the DT early JJ 1990 CD s PP , , and CC this DT should MD now RB be VB disaggregated VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ heartening VVG that IN the DT present JJ Minister NP , , Senator NP Kemp NP , , has VHZ shown VVN his PP$ readiness NN to TO press VV ahead RB with IN new JJ curriculum NN proposals NNS for IN citizenship NN education NN . SENT However RB , , this DT should MD not RB take VV away RB from IN time NN devoted VVN to TO the DT core JJ History NN and CC Geography NN disciplines NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN great JJ importance NN too RB that IN study NN of IN languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP , , including VVG community NN languages NNS , , should MD be VB maintained VVN in IN secondary JJ schools NNS so IN that WDT Australia NP can MD retain VV a DT nucleus NN of IN people NNS able JJ to TO speak VV , , read VV and CC write VV in IN a DT wide JJ range NN of IN world NN languages NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ particularly RB important JJ in IN view NN of IN our PP$ multicultural NN society NN and CC our PP$ international JJ particularly RB Asian JJ context NN . SENT More JJR attention NN must MD be VB given VVN in IN ongoing JJ curriculum NN renewal NN to TO the DT need NN to TO ensure VV that IN a DT constant JJ and CC reliable JJ transmission NN of IN innovations NNS in IN discipline NN specific JJ content NN and CC skills NNS , , that WDT derive VV from IN the DT research NN effort NN of IN the DT tertiary JJ sector NN , , pass VVP into IN the DT teacher NN training NN and CC schooling NN sectors NNS . SENT Australia NP must MD raise VV its PP$ school NN and CC undergraduate JJ intellectual JJ standards NNS , , or CC else RB risk NN falling VVG behind IN other JJ countries NNS in IN our PP$ region NN as IN in IN some DT instances NNS we PP are VBP already RB doing VVG . SENT If IN our PP$ schools NNS falter NN , , so RB will MD our PP$ universities NNS , , and CC ultimately RB our PP$ intellectual NN and CC research NN culture NN . SENT Close JJ cooperation NN not RB just RB between IN schools NNS and CC universities NNS but CC between IN schooling NN and CC tertiary JJ disciplines NNS is VBZ essential JJ to TO this DT task NN . SENT They PP all RB share VV a DT common JJ responsibility NN to TO the DT future NN of IN the DT country NN . SENT The DT exchange NN of IN ideas NNS and CC experience NN between IN them PP needs VVZ to TO be VB substantially RB increased VVN . SENT The DT discipline NN base NN of IN school NN curricula NNS and CC teacher NN training NN pathways NNS now RB requires VVZ urgent JJ review NN . SENT Such PDT a DT review NN needs VVZ to TO give VV close JJ attention NN to TO the DT requirements NNS both CC of IN those DT students NNS who WP are VBP likely JJ to TO progress VV to TO further RBR specialised VVN studies NNS and CC to TO those DT who WP require VVP a DT more RBR broadly RB conceived VVN generalist NN education NN . SENT These DT requirements NNS are VBP not RB mutually RB exclusive JJ since IN specialist NN students NNS in IN one CD area NN are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB generalists NNS in IN others NNS . SENT The DT review NN proposed VVN in IN Recommendation NN 1 CD should MD pay VV particular JJ attention NN to TO the DT Humanities NNS and CC to TO other JJ key JJ fields NNS like IN Mathematics NN and CC Science NN . SENT It PP should MD involve VV representatives NNS of IN educational JJ stakeholders NNS , , but CC we PP believe VVP it PP is VBZ important JJ that IN it PP be VB conducted VVN under IN the DT auspices NNS of IN the DT Learned NP Academies NNS and CC include VVP representatives NNS of IN disciplines NNS chosen VVN by IN the DT Academies NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 1 CD That IN the DT National NP Academies NNS Forum NP be VB funded VVN to TO conduct VV a DT review NN , , with IN appropriate JJ representation NN of IN educational JJ stakeholders NNS , , of IN Australian JJ school NN curricula NNS for IN report NN to TO the DT Federal NP Minister NP responsible JJ for IN school NN education NN . SENT It PP should MD address VV the DT role NN of IN the DT academic JJ disciplines NNS , , the DT disciplinary JJ background NN of IN teachers NNS , , the DT true JJ extent NN of IN the DT reported VVN decline NN of IN content NN over IN process NN in IN teaching VVG and CC learning VVG , , the DT place NN of IN cumulative JJ as RB against IN eclectic JJ curricula NNS , , the DT balance NN between IN vocational JJ and CC life NN skills NNS training NN and CC preparation NN for IN tertiary JJ studies NNS , , and CC the DT requirements NNS for IN a DT more RBR productive JJ relationship NN between IN the DT schooling NN and CC tertiary JJ sectors NNS . SENT Federal NP Minister NP responsible JJ for IN School NP Education NP . SENT NAF NP . SENT ARC NN . SENT MCEETYA NP . SENT DEETYA NP Graduate NP Training NP The DT Essay NN on IN Graduate NP Training NP in IN Volume NN 3 CD of IN this DT Report NP discusses VVZ issues NNS concerning VVG postgraduate NN research NN training NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS at IN some DT length NN . SENT Here RB we PP formulate VV Recommendations NNS based VVN on IN the DT most RBS important JJ of IN the DT issues NNS on IN this DT topic NN that WDT have VHP arisen VVN out RP of IN our PP$ Review NP . SENT i NP Honours NNS Degrees NNS . SENT Postgraduate NN research NN by IN Australian JJ students NNS in IN Australia NP is VBZ normally RB predicated VVN on IN the DT fourth JJ year NN Honours NNS degree NN which WDT has VHZ no DT counterpart NN in IN either DT England NP or CC the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Whilst IN this DT serves VVZ the DT requirements NNS of IN the DT ablest JJS undergraduates NNS regardless RB of IN whether IN they PP go VVP on RP to TO higher JJR studies NNS or CC not RB , , for IN those DT preparing VVG for IN research NN training NN it PP provides VVZ the DT crucial JJ basic JJ disciplinary JJ training NN which WDT is VBZ quite RB essential JJ before IN postgraduate NN research NN can MD be VB embarked VVN upon RP . SENT Any DT diminution NN in IN it PP will MD have VH serious JJ consequences NNS for IN postgraduate NN research NN in IN this DT country NN and CC for IN the DT high JJ standard NN to TO which WDT Honours VVZ students NNS are VBP now RB trained VVN in IN their PP$ Fourth JJ , , specialist JJ year NN . SENT Recommendation NN 2 CD That IN the DT provision NN of IN Honours NN Degrees NNS continues VVZ to TO be VB strongly RB supported VVN as IN the DT primary JJ gateway NN to TO postgraduate NN research NN training NN throughout IN the DT Australian JJ tertiary JJ sector NN . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT PVCs NN Research NP . SENT ARC NN . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP ii NP Postgraduate NP Student NP and CC Staff NP Numbers NP . SENT In IN Chapter NP 2 CD above RB , , in IN the DT section NN entitled VVN Research NP Students NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC Figures NNS 2 CD . SENT 19 CD 2 CD . SENT 21 CD , , we PP have VHP provided VVN as IN extensive JJ details NNS as IN at IN this DT stage NN we PP can MD on IN changes NNS in IN research NN student NN numbers NNS over IN the DT period NN 1990 CD to TO 1996 CD . SENT Figure NN 2 CD . SENT 19 CD shows NNS the DT substantial JJ increase NN in IN postgraduate NN EFTSU NP in IN the DT Australian JJ tertiary JJ sector NN between IN 1990 CD and CC 1996 CD . SENT It PP also RB shows VVZ that IN the DT Sciences NPS in IN particular JJ and CC the DT Humanities NNS and CC Social NP Sciences NPS are VBP the DT strongest JJS AOUs JJ in IN terms NNS of IN postgraduate NN numbers NNS and CC in IN terms NNS of IN percentage NN increase NN in IN those DT numbers NNS in IN the DT period NN surveyed VVN . SENT In IN the DT early JJ 1990 CD s PP there RB was VBD some DT concern NN that IN there EX were VBD too RB few JJ students NNS undertaking VVG PhDs NP to TO provide VV a DT sufficient JJ supply NN of IN new JJ entrants NNS to TO the DT academic JJ profession NN . SENT Because IN of IN the DT increase NN in IN PhD NP numbers NNS that WDT took VVD place VV thereafter RB which WDT has VHZ now RB levelled VVN out RP and CC the DT low JJ level NN of IN academic JJ job NN opportunities NNS consequent JJ upon IN cuts NNS to TO government NN funding NN of IN the DT tertiary JJ sector NN , , this DT has VHZ proved VVN not RB to TO be VB the DT case NN . SENT Some DT suggestions NNS have VHP been VBN made VVN that IN there EX may MD now RB be VB too RB many JJ PhD NP students NNS . SENT That IN , , however RB , , is VBZ a DT very RB debatable JJ conclusion NN . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN great JJ importance NN that IN there EX should MD be VB significant JJ fields NNS of IN candidates NNS for IN the DT academic JJ posts NNS which WDT need VVP to TO be VB filled VVN . SENT The DT training NN which WDT PhD NP research NN entails VVZ is VBZ , , moreover RB , , of IN increasing VVG importance NN for IN non JJ academic JJ life NN too RB . SENT Many JJ former JJ research NN students NNS who WP have VHP not RB gone VVN on IN to TO an DT academic JJ career NN have VHP greatly RB valued VVN the DT opportunity NN in IN the DT course NN of IN their PP$ maturation NN process NN to TO have VH learnt VVN how WRB to TO master VV a DT large JJ and CC complex JJ subject NN , , bring VV some DT order NN to TO its PP$ understanding NN , , and CC explore VV the DT intellectual JJ frontiers NNS which WDT it PP confronts VVZ and CC in IN the DT process NN to TO have VH had VHN close JJ contact NN with IN a DT significant JJ scholar NN in IN the DT field NN and CC the DT comments NNS of IN two CD or CC more JJR leading JJ scholars NNS on IN their PP$ eventual JJ research NN work NN . SENT We PP accordingly RB see VVP no DT reason NN why WRB the DT numbers NNS of IN postgraduates NNS should MD be VB arbitrarily RB curtailed VVN . SENT though RB in IN view NN of IN the DT likelihood NN that IN numbers NNS of IN them PP will MD go VV on IN to TO non JJ academic JJ careers NNS , , Universities NNS need VVP to TO attend VV to TO the DT general JJ benefits NNS of IN research NN training NN much RB more RBR deliberately RB . SENT It PP needs VVZ to TO be VB noted VVN too RB that IN the DT present JJ number NN of IN research NN students NNS contributes VVZ very RB substantially RB to TO the DT research NN culture NN which WDT is VBZ vital JJ to TO the DT health NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN in IN Universities NNS , , and CC which WDT , , in IN an DT era NN of IN worsening VVG student NN staff NN ratios NNS and CC increased VVD administrative JJ burdens NNS , , is VBZ under IN such JJ threat NN . SENT Their PP$ person NN years NNS contribution NN can MD be VB illustrated VVN by IN the DT following VVG tables NNS . SENT Figure NN 3 CD . SENT 1 CD . SENT Total JJ . SENT Type NN of IN Research NP Employee NP by IN person NN years NNS , , All DT Australia NP Source NN . SENT ABS NP Catalogue NN No RB . SENT 8111 CD . SENT 0 CD , , titled VVN Research NP and CC Experimental JJ Development NP , , Higher JJR Education NP Organisations NNS , , Australia NP Figure NP 3 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT Comparison NN of IN Social NP Sciences NPS vs NP Humanities NNS . SENT Type NN of IN Employees NNS by IN Field NP of IN Research NP cf NN all DT Australia NP Source NN . SENT Fields NNS of IN Research NP , , Table NN 11 CD Human NP Resources NPS Devoted VVD to TO R NP D NP by IN Higher JJR Education NP Organisations NNS , , Australia NP , , by IN field NN of IN Research NP , , 1994 CD person NN years NNS It PP is VBZ significant JJ that WDT , , if IN one PP compares VVZ Figure NP 3 CD . SENT 2 CD showing VVG the DT ratios NNS of IN postgraduate NN students NNS to TO staff VV for IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC Social NP Sciences NPS with IN Figure NP 3 CD . SENT 1 CD for IN the DT Universities NNS generally RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT strong JJ representation NN of IN the DT larger JJR numbers NNS of IN postgraduate NN students NNS per IN Humanities NNS academic JJ staff NN available JJ to TO supervise VV them PP 22 CD per IN cent NN . SENT 8 CD per IN cent NN than IN is VBZ the DT case NN with IN all DT other JJ fields NNS average JJ 54 CD per IN cent NN . SENT 26 CD per IN cent NN including VVG Social NP Sciences NPS . SENT The DT proportion NN of IN support NN staff NN available JJ for IN the DT Humanities NNS research NN training NN enterprise NN is VBZ much RB lower JJR , , too RB , , than IN for IN all DT other JJ disciplines NNS . SENT The DT imbalance NN of IN Humanities NNS postgraduate NN students NNS to TO staff NN needs VVZ to TO be VB rectified VVN by IN the DT greater JJR allocation NN of IN staff NN to TO Humanities NNS disciplines NNS in IN recognition NN of IN their PP$ postgraduate NN load NN . SENT And CC , , as RB has VHZ been VBN explained VVN both CC in IN the DT Essay NN on IN Graduate NP Training NP in IN Volume NN 3 CD and CC in IN Volume NN 1 CD , , Chapter NP 1 CD iv NN , , the DT nature NN of IN postgraduate NN supervision NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS does VVZ not RB generally RB boost VV the DT supervisor's JJ own JJ research NN output NN nearly RB as RB directly RB as IN the DT supervision NN of IN postgraduates NNS tends VVZ to TO do VV in IN science NN based VVN disciplines NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ thus RB more RBR expensive JJ of IN the DT Humanities NNS academic's NN time NN and CC less RBR directly RB productive JJ in IN terms NNS of IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ own JJ research NN . SENT The DT Review NP has VHZ given VVN consideration NN to TO the DT question NN of IN whether IN there EX are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB long JJ term NN problems NNS from IN some DT present JJ shortfall NN in IN the DT number NN of IN research NN students NNS in IN a DT particular JJ field NN . SENT With IN two CD exceptions NNS , , this DT is VBZ not RB seen VVN to TO be VB a DT matter NN for IN concern NN . SENT The DT situation NN is VBZ especially RB good JJ in IN the DT newer JJR disciplines NNS which WDT have VHP benefited VVN by IN their PP$ recruitment NN of IN practitioners NNS from IN a DT variety NN of IN fields NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , in IN view NN of IN the DT spread NN of IN interdisciplinary JJ interests NNS across IN many JJ Humanities NNS fields NNS , , scholarly JJ mobility NN from IN one CD to TO another DT , , or CC rather RB , , very RB often RB , , the DT development NN of IN expertise NN in IN more JJR than IN one CD , , or CC at IN all DT events NNS in IN the DT borderlands NNS between IN them PP , , is VBZ very RB common JJ . SENT What WP is VBZ important JJ is VBZ the DT total JJ quantum NN of IN research NN students NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , and CC this DT at IN present NN seems VVZ on IN an DT appropriate JJ scale NN . SENT The DT two CD general JJ exceptions NNS where WRB enrolment NN levels NNS in IN research NN degrees NNS leave VVP something NN to TO be VB desired VVN are VBP certain JJ fields NNS of IN The DT Arts NPS especially RB dance NN and CC in IN Languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP and CC in IN the DT Area NP Studies NNS associated VVN with IN these DT . SENT Whilst IN English NP now RB constitutes VVZ the DT principal JJ international JJ language NN , , it PP gives VVZ little JJ or CC no DT direct JJ access NN either CC to TO the DT overwhelming JJ proportion NN of IN the DT peoples NNS of IN non JJ English JJ speaking NN countries NNS , , or CC to TO the DT great JJ majority NN of IN topics NNS which WDT research NN about IN them PP and CC their PP$ cultures NNS calls VVZ for IN . SENT There EX can MD be VB no DT doubt NN that IN Australia NP requires VVZ substantial JJ expertise NN in IN foreign JJ societies NNS , , their PP$ languages NNS and CC cultures NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ essential JJ therefore RB that IN we PP produce VVP language NN , , cultural JJ and CC other JJ specialists NNS who WP have VHP the DT necessary JJ advanced JJ language NN skills NNS to TO study VV topics NNS in IN a DT wide JJ range NN of IN Asian NP , , European NP , , Middle NP Eastern NP , , Pacific NP and CC indigenous JJ Australian JJ fields NNS through IN appropriate JJ postgraduate NN programs NNS in IN an DT appropriate JJ number NN of IN institutions NNS , , and CC in IN particular JJ that IN there EX are VBP substantial JJ language NN learning VVG opportunities NNS available JJ to TO them PP . SENT These DT provisions NNS need VVP to TO cover VV not RB only JJ research NN students NNS specialising VVG in IN languages NNS and CC civilisation NN , , but CC also RB those DT in IN historical JJ , , anthropological JJ , , archaeological JJ , , art NN historical JJ , , musical JJ and CC linguistic JJ scholarship NN who WP require VVP advanced JJ language NN skills NNS . SENT Whilst IN distributed VVN diversity NN over IN a DT number NN of IN institutions NNS is VBZ highly RB desirable JJ from IN both CC an DT access NN and CC equity NN point NN of IN view NN , , a DT concentration NN of IN strength NN in IN a DT few JJ Universities NNS with IN strong JJ language NN offerings NNS has VHZ considerable JJ advantages NNS for IN research NN training NN , , especially RB in IN the DT case NN of IN area NN studies NNS projects NNS . SENT For IN Recommendations NNS on IN this DT issue NN , , see VV Recommendation NN 14 CD below RB . SENT Recommendation NN 3 CD That IN Universities NNS inform VV students NNS and CC potential JJ employers NNS of IN the DT transferable JJ skills NNS of IN Humanities NNS studies NNS and CC take VV steps NNS to TO facilitate VV the DT career NN paths NNS of IN research NN students NNS who WP will MD move VV into IN non JJ academic JJ professions NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT HEC NP . SENT DOGS NNS . SENT DASSH NP Deans NPS That DT Universities NNS review VV their PP$ mechanisms NNS for IN the DT crediting NN of IN research NN supervision NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC make VV funding NN adjustments NNS to TO provide VV improved JJ staff NN postgraduate NN student NN ratios NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT DEETYA NP iii VVZ Best JJS Practice NN and CC Minimum NP Working NP Conditions NNS for IN Graduate NP Studies NPS in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT The DT Graduate NP Training NP essay NN in IN Volume NN 3 CD draws VVZ attention NN to TO the DT proliferation NN of IN Guides NPS concerning VVG postgraduate NN studies NNS to TO students NNS , , supervisors NNS , , examiners NNS , , etc FW . SENT Whilst IN it PP would MD be VB destructive JJ of IN the DT collegial JJ relationships NNS that WDT are VBP crucial JJ in IN this DT area NN to TO turn VV these DT into IN contracts NNS , , a DT major JJ contribution NN to TO the DT improvement NN of IN research NN training NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS would MD be VB the DT promotion NN and CC adoption NN by IN all DT Universities NNS of IN best JJS practice NN in IN these DT matters NNS . SENT We PP draw VVP attention NN to TO the DT issues NNS canvassed VVN in IN that DT Essay NN on IN these DT matters NNS , , and CC to TO one CD other JJ issue NN in IN particular JJ . SENT In IN many JJ instances NNS the DT facilities NNS and CC room NN space NN made VVD available JJ to TO research NN students NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS as RB compared VVN with IN research NN students NNS in IN other JJ fields NNS is VBZ quite RB inadequate JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ inappropriate JJ that IN postgraduate NN researchers NNS should MD not RB be VB assured VVN of IN the DT necessary JJ minimum JJ facilities NNS for IN their PP$ work NN . SENT Recommendation NN 4 CD That IN Universities NNS and CC the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP through IN the DT agency NN of IN Directors NNS of IN Graduate NP Schools NP take VVP steps NNS to TO promote VV best JJS practice NN in IN Universities NNS in IN their PP$ Graduate NP programs NNS through IN the DT adoption NN of IN Guides NPS to TO the DT various JJ parties NNS concerned VVN with IN it PP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT ARC NN . SENT DOGS NNS That IN Universities NNS review VV their PP$ provision NN of IN rooms NNS and CC facilities NNS for IN research NN students NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , and CC where WRB these DT are VBP inadequate JJ bring VVP them PP up RP to TO a DT standard NN comparable JJ with IN what WP is VBZ available JJ to TO postgraduates NNS in IN other JJ Academic NP Organisational JJ Units NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT PVCs NN Research NP . SENT DASSH NP Deans NPS . SENT DOGS NNS . SENT CAPA NP iv NP Changes NP in IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT PhD NP . SENT The DT strongly RB favoured VVN nature NN of IN research NN over IN coursework NN postgraduate NN degrees NNS in IN terms NNS of IN student NN fees NNS , , scholarships NNS and CC internal JJ university NN funding NN indices NN has VHZ led VVN to TO some DT rapid JJ changes NNS in IN the DT nature NN of IN research NN degree NN requirements NNS , , and CC in IN particular JJ PhD NP requirements NNS . SENT Originally RB intended VVN as IN a DT research NN degree NN assessed VVD solely RB by IN submission NN of IN a DT major JJ thesis NN , , the DT disciplinary JJ PhD NP has VHZ in IN many JJ instances NNS , , however RB , , now RB attracted VVD substantial JJ accretions NNS of IN coursework NN sometimes RB compulsory JJ , , sometimes RB optional JJ . SENT The DT nature NN of IN the DT thesis NN has VHZ also RB been VBN broadened VVN , , particularly RB in IN The DT Arts NPS , , to TO include VV submissions NNS of IN folios NNS of IN compositions NNS , , art NN works NNS or CC creative JJ writing NN , , in IN most JJS cases NNS with IN a DT substantial JJ related JJ written JJ commentary NN , , but CC in IN some DT instances NNS , , without IN . SENT Performances NNS too RB may MD now RB form VV at IN least JJS part NN of IN PhD JJ requirements NNS in IN Performing VVG Arts NNS disciplines NNS . SENT While IN both CC a DT substantial JJ component NN of IN coursework NN may MD be VB highly RB desirable JJ and CC doctoral JJ study NN in IN creative JJ areas NNS is VBZ obviously RB necessary JJ , , the DT nature NN of IN PhD NP requirements NNS , , both CC generally RB and CC specifically RB in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , needs VVZ to TO be VB clarified VVN nationally RB to TO ensure VV a DT uniformly RB high JJ standard NN among IN PhD NP graduates NNS , , and CC a DT clear JJ and CC commonly RB understood VVN demarcation NN established VVN between IN coursework NN , , research NN and CC professional JJ postgraduate NN studies NNS . SENT In IN particular JJ , , since IN there EX has VHZ in IN recent JJ years NNS been VBN an DT exponential JJ growth NN , , as IN the DT Graduate NP Training NP essay NN notes NNS , , in IN professional JJ as RB distinct JJ from IN disciplinary JJ PhDs NNS . SENT , , these DT need NN to TO be VB considered VVN too RB . SENT Although IN they PP have VHP not RB yet RB proliferated VVN in IN the DT Humanities NNS to TO the DT extent NN they PP have VHP in IN other JJ fields NNS , , there EX are VBP already RB Doctorates NNS of IN Creative JJ Arts NNS , , and CC it PP is VBZ readily RB conceivable JJ that IN Doctorates NNS in IN subjects NNS such JJ as IN Heritage NP and CC Media NP Management NP will MD follow VV soon RB . SENT Recommendation NN 5 CD That IN Directors NNS of IN Graduate NP Schools NP review VV the DT variations NNS which WDT have VHP been VBN introduced VVN into IN the DT thesis NN only RB PhD JJ in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC advise VV on IN any DT steps NNS to TO be VB taken VVN to TO ensure VV a DT uniformly RB high JJ standard NN . SENT That DT Directors NNS of IN Graduate NP Schools NP review VV the DT distinction NN between IN disciplinary JJ and CC professional JJ doctorates NNS and CC advise VV Universities NNS about IN best JJS practice NN with IN regard NN to TO both DT . SENT Universities NNS . SENT PVCs NN Research NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT DOGS NNS v NN Masters NP Degrees NNS . SENT It PP seems VVZ as RB if IN at IN present JJ the DT requirement NN that IN Masters NP programs NNS should MD be VB either DT course NN work NN or CC research NN is VBZ not RB working VVG . SENT Many JJ Masters NP programs NNS are VBP both DT , , and CC are VBP only RB arbitrarily RB allocated VVN to TO one CD or CC the DT other JJ category NN , , although IN with IN very RB different JJ fee NN consequences NNS for IN students NNS . SENT As IN developments NNS in IN countries NNS comparable JJ in IN this DT respect NN to TO Australia NP suggest VVP that IN there EX is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB an DT increase NN in IN course NN work NN cum IN smaller JJR thesis NN Masters NP degrees NNS , , particularly RB so RB that IN students NNS having VHG been VBN at IN one CD University NP can MD experience VV the DT expertise NN available JJ at IN another DT , , there EX now RB needs VVZ to TO be VB a DT positive JJ stance NN taken VVN towards IN such JJ joint JJ course NN work NN and CC research NN Masters NP degrees NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 6 CD That IN Masters NP degrees NNS by IN course NN work NN and CC minor JJ thesis NN be VB recognised VVN in IN future NN by IN Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS as IN a DT distinct JJ and CC sometimes RB much JJ to TO be VB preferred JJ category NN of IN Masters NP degree NN , , alongside IN those DT by IN thesis NN or CC by IN course NN work NN only RB . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT DOGS NNS . SENT HEC NP vi NP Australian NP Postgraduate NP Awards VVZ . SENT The DT Review NP has VHZ given VVN some DT consideration NN to TO the DT present JJ system NN for IN the DT distribution NN of IN Australian JJ Postgraduate NP Awards NNS and CC APAs NNS without IN stipend NN . SENT Whilst IN it PP has VHZ been VBN pleased VVN to TO learn VV that IN the DT national JJ system NN of IN allocation NN is VBZ not RB generally RB replicated VVN within IN Universities NNS , , where WRB almost RB invariably RB there EX is VBZ open JJ competition NN between IN applicants NNS from IN different JJ fields NNS , , it PP is VBZ nonetheless RB open JJ to TO question VV whether IN the DT present JJ system NN for IN the DT allocation NN of IN scholarships NNS to TO Universities NNS based VVN largely RB on IN their PP$ success NN in IN procuring VVG Commonwealth NP competitive JJ research NN grants NNS is VBZ either RB equitable JJ or CC efficient JJ . SENT The DT present JJ practice NN of IN allocation NN can MD severely RB disadvantage VV such JJ fields NNS as IN the DT Humanities NNS when WRB they PP are VBP strong JJ in IN research NN within IN Universities NNS without IN Faculties NNS such JJ as IN Medicine NP and CC Engineering NP , , which WDT traditionally RB attract VV the DT largest JJS external JJ research NN grants NNS . SENT The DT present JJ system NN also RB rates VVZ the DT fund NN raising VVG capacity NN of IN Universities NNS above IN the DT scholarly JJ merit NN of IN individuals NNS . SENT It PP calls VVZ , , moreover RB , , for IN the DT unnecessary JJ proliferation NN of IN applications NNS by IN intending VVG students NNS , , and CC it PP takes VVZ insufficient JJ account NN of IN the DT distribution NN of IN the DT most RBS appropriate JJ supervisors NNS . SENT We PP think VVP consideration NN now RB needs VVZ to TO be VB given VVN to TO a DT system NN whereby WRB scholarships NNS should MD be VB awarded VVN to TO individual JJ candidates NNS solely RB on IN the DT basis NN of IN their PP$ own JJ merits NNS , , and CC that IN they PP should MD be VB free JJ to TO seek VV entry NN to TO a DT postgraduate NN program NN at IN any DT University NP of IN their PP$ own JJ choice NN , , and CC wherever WRB feasible JJ under IN a DT supervisor NN of IN their PP$ own JJ choice NN as IN well RB . SENT Alternatively RB , , if IN there EX are VBP still RB thought VVN to TO be VB advantages NNS in IN the DT present JJ system NN , , we PP believe VVP that DT consideration NN should MD be VB given VVN in IN any DT event NN to TO an DT adjustment NN of IN the DT present JJ formula NN that WDT would MD take VV account NN of IN the DT research NN performance NN of IN Humanities NNS Faculties NNS in IN individual JJ Universities NNS , , which WDT , , as IN we PP are VBP at IN pains NNS to TO emphasise VV elsewhere RB , , is VBZ in IN no DT way NN properly RB measured VVN by IN the DT size NN and CC extent NN of IN the DT competitive JJ external JJ research NN funding VVG the DT institutions NNS receive VVP . SENT Recommendation NN 7 CD That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP review VV the DT present JJ arrangements NNS for IN the DT nationwide JJ allocation NN of IN Australian JJ Postgraduate NP Awards NNS and CC Australian JJ Postgraduate NP Awards NNS without IN stipend NN so RB as RB to TO allow VV students NNS more JJR choice NN and CC introduce VV a DT more RBR equitable JJ and CC efficient JJ system NN for IN the DT distribution NN of IN awards NNS than IN the DT present JJ one CD . SENT ARC NN . SENT AVCC NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP Entry NN into IN the DT Scholarly JJ Profession NN . SENT the DT Early NP Career NP Researcher NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN the DT late JJ 1990 CD s VVZ It PP is VBZ now RB commonplace JJ that IN a DT PhD NP is VBZ required VVN for IN an DT academic JJ appointment NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT That DT will MD have VH entailed VVN at IN least JJS three CD years NNS concentrated JJ study NN and CC may MD well RB have VH been VBN preceded VVN by IN a DT Masters NP degree NN . SENT As IN we PP have VHP said VVD , , by IN no DT means VVZ all PDT those DT who WP complete VV PhDs NP will MD either RB wish VV or CC in IN some DT instances NNS be VB likely JJ to TO proceed VV to TO an DT academic JJ position NN , , but CC the DT best JJS of IN those DT that WDT do VVP need VV to TO be VB very RB actively RB encouraged VVN . SENT For IN their PP$ first JJ appointment NN they PP will MD also RB frequently RB be VB expected VVN to TO have VH published VVN and CC to TO have VH had VHN teaching NN experience NN . SENT Here RB we PP wish VVP to TO draw VV attention NN to TO the DT grimly RB restricted VVN opportunities NNS that WDT are VBP available JJ to TO such JJ highly RB qualified VVN early JJ career NN researchers NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN the DT Australian JJ university NN system NN at IN present JJ and CC to TO the DT consequences NNS for IN the DT profession NN if IN the DT situation NN is VBZ allowed VVN to TO continue VV or CC to TO decline VV still RB further RBR . SENT All DT that IN we PP say VVP immediately RB below IN Recommendation NN 9 CD about IN the DT need NN to TO improve VV substantially RB the DT working VVG conditions NNS of IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS applies VVZ to TO early JJ career NN Humanities NNS researchers NNS with IN particular JJ force NN . SENT The DT first JJ part NN of IN Recommendation NN 8 CD is VBZ that IN Universities NNS appoint VV a DT greater JJR number NN of IN Humanities NNS staff NN to TO Level NP A NP and CC B NP positions NNS as IN a DT matter NN of IN urgency NN in IN order NN to TO ensure VV the DT balanced JJ continuity NN of IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS in IN terms NNS of IN academic JJ experience NN including VVG research NN experience NN and CC age NN profile NN . SENT Our PP$ statistical JJ data NNS in IN Volume NN 1 CD , , Chapter NP 2 CD above IN indicates VVZ that IN because IN of IN the DT paucity NN of IN and CC drop NN in IN Level NP A NP and CC B NP appointments NNS we PP may MD well RB have VH lost VVN a DT whole JJ generation NN of IN younger JJR scholars NNS to TO the DT Humanities NNS profession NN already RB Figures NNS 2 CD . SENT 2 CD 2 CD . SENT 4 CD , , and CC are VBP in IN grave JJ danger NN of IN losing VVG another DT Figures NNS 2 CD . SENT 10 CD and CC 2 CD . SENT 11 CD . SENT We PP repeat VV here RB the DT observation NN of IN Volume NN 1 CD , , Chapter NP 2 CD , , p NN . SENT 61 CD , , that IN Particularly RB striking JJ is VBZ that IN the DT below RB average JJ growth NN in IN academic JJ FTE NP in IN Humanities NNS from IN 1990 CD to TO 1996 CD has VHZ been VBN driven VVN entirely RB by IN growth NN in IN the DT 50 CD and CC over IN age NN groups NNS . SENT Notable JJ , , too RB , , is VBZ that IN the DT decrease NN in IN FTE NP aged VVN under IN 30 CD is VBZ far RB more RBR pronounced JJ in IN the DT humanities NNS than IN overall JJ , , leaving VVG under IN 30 CD s PP with IN a DT share NN of IN all DT FTE NP that WDT is VBZ well RB below IN the DT average NN . SENT The DT second JJ part NN of IN Recommendation NN 8 CD suggests VVZ two CD means VVZ there EX are VBP others NNS whereby WRB institutions NNS can MD increase VV the DT numbers NNS of IN academic JJ staff NN in IN Level NP A NP and CC B NP positions NNS even RB in IN times NNS of IN financial JJ stringency NN . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN first JJ importance NN that IN postdoctoral JJ Research NP Fellowships NNS of IN the DT kind NN that WDT can MD in IN particular JJ places NNS be VB found VVN overseas RB together RB with IN the DT very RB often RB invaluable JJ overseas JJ experience NN that WDT goes VVZ with IN them PP and CC are VBP increasingly RB available JJ at IN Australian JJ universities NNS be VB sustained VVN and CC available JJ to TO researchers NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT The DT great JJ importance NN of IN the DT ARC JJ Fellowship NN scheme NN to TO Humanities NNS researchers NNS is VBZ the DT subject NN of IN Recommendation NN 22 CD below RB . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB of IN great JJ importance NN that IN Universities NNS provide VVP Teaching NN Fellowships NNS for IN new JJ entrants NNS to TO the DT profession NN . SENT These DT , , as IN we PP indicate VVP below RB in IN Recommendation NN 10 CD , , can MD secure VV teaching VVG relief NN for IN established JJ scholars NNS , , but CC they PP also RB provide VVP invaluable JJ teaching NN practice NN for IN newcomers NNS to TO the DT profession NN . SENT Whilst IN , , as IN we PP will MD also RB shortly RB emphasise VV , , sustained JJ appointments NNS are VBP of IN crucial JJ importance NN for IN the DT development NN of IN the DT kind NN of IN profound JJ scholarship NN that WDT is VBZ needed VVN , , this DT needs VVZ to TO be VB deliberately RB balanced JJ with IN ensuring VVG that IN new JJ entrants NNS to TO the DT profession NN are VBP encouraged VVN . SENT Recommendation NN 8 CD That IN Universities NNS as IN a DT matter NN of IN urgency NN ensure VV that IN they PP have VHP a DT higher JJR proportion NN of IN Level NP A NP and CC B NP positions NNS in IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS in IN their PP$ staffing NN profile NN than IN has VHZ been VBN the DT case NN in IN the DT period NN 1990 CD 6 CD , , in IN order NN to TO ensure VV the DT balanced JJ continuity NN of IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS in IN terms NNS of IN academic JJ experience NN and CC age NN profile NN . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP That DT Universities NNS authorise VV their PP$ Deputy NP Vice NP Chancellors NNS and CC Deans NPS to TO play VV a DT more RBR pro JJ active JJ role NN in IN advancing VVG the DT interests NNS of IN and CC opportunities NNS for IN prospective JJ newcomers NNS to TO the DT Humanities NNS profession NN by IN means NNS of IN postdoctoral JJ Research NP Fellowships NNS and CC Teaching NN Fellowships NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT PVCs NN Research NP . SENT DASSH NP Deans NPS . SENT ARC VV The DT Working JJ Conditions NNS of IN the DT University NP Humanities NNS Scholar NN In IN looking VVG to TO maintain VV , , let VVP alone RB enhance VV , , the DT calibre NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN , , few JJ considerations NNS are VBP more RBR important JJ than IN the DT need NN to TO ensure VV that IN the DT commitment NN to TO become VV and CC remain VV a DT Humanities NNS scholar NN continues VVZ to TO be VB attractive JJ to TO people NNS of IN first JJ class NN ability NN . SENT In IN the DT past NN it PP has VHZ largely RB been VBN possible JJ to TO take VV this DT for IN granted VVN . SENT It PP would MD be VB a DT grave JJ mistake NN to TO do VV so RB now RB . SENT There EX have VHP been VBN too RB many JJ adverse JJ changes NNS in IN recent JJ years NNS in IN the DT circumstances NNS in IN which WDT academics NNS now RB find VVP themselves PP to TO have VH any DT satisfactory JJ assurance NN about IN this DT . SENT We PP describe VVP these DT adverse JJ changes NNS now RB . SENT Most RBS significantly RB , , student NN staff NN ratios NNS in IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS in IN tertiary JJ institutions NNS have VHP now RB risen VVN to TO a DT point NN where WRB they PP are VBP frequently RB worse JJR than IN those DT to TO be VB found VVN in IN the DT secondary JJ sector NN . SENT Volume NN 1 CD , , Chapter NN 2 CD demonstrates VVZ that IN , , for IN Australia NP as IN a DT whole NN in IN 1996 CD , , Humanities NNS student NN staff NN ratios NNS were VBD 18 CD per IN cent NN higher JJR than IN the DT ratio NN across IN all DT AOUs NP . SENT Financial JJ efficiencies NNS brought VVD about RB by IN larger JJR class NN sizes NNS and CC the DT use NN of IN new JJ technology NN have VHP clearly RB been VBN important JJ , , but CC there EX has VHZ been VBN an DT accompanying JJ lessening VVG in IN direct JJ student NN teacher NN contact NN , , a DT dramatic JJ reduction NN in IN undergraduate JJ tutorials NNS and CC other JJ forms NNS of IN small JJ group NN teaching NN , , and CC a DT need NN to TO devote VV more JJR time NN to TO the DT marking VVG of IN assessments NNS in IN subjects NNS such JJ as IN the DT Humanities NNS that WDT are VBP not RB suitable JJ for IN objective JJ testing NN or CC computerised VVD marking VVG . SENT Marking VVG is VBZ a DT particularly RB onerous JJ task NN for IN Humanities NNS staff NN , , given VVN the DT large JJ numbers NNS of IN student NN essays NNS and CC assignments NNS that IN they PP have VHP to TO assess VV . SENT It PP has VHZ also RB become VVN less RBR possible JJ to TO undertake VV individual JJ remedial JJ work NN with IN the DT increased JJ number NN of IN students NNS insufficiently RB prepared VVN for IN university NN study NN , , or CC with IN students NNS experiencing VVG learning VVG difficulties NNS . SENT We PP have VHP already RB noted VVN under IN Recommendation NN 3 CD the DT heavy JJ load NN of IN postgraduate NN research NN supervision NN carried VVN by IN many JJ Humanities NNS academics NNS and CC pressed VVN to TO have VH it PP given VVN full JJ recognition NN when WRB computing VVG their PP$ teaching NN loads NNS . SENT Further RBR , , over IN the DT past JJ decade NN the DT burden NN of IN administrative JJ tasks NNS has VHZ markedly RB increased VVN as IN Universities NNS have VHP become VVN more RBR subject JJ to TO detailed JJ national JJ regulation NN , , and CC to TO more RBR intensive JJ internal JJ strategic JJ planning NN and CC review NN . SENT Academic JJ staff NN are VBP more RBR involved VVN than IN ever RB before RB in IN day NN to TO day NN administration NN , , course NN and CC subject JJ management NN , , and CC student NN advising NN . SENT There EX has VHZ been VBN a DT substantial JJ devolution NN of IN administrative JJ tasks NNS that WDT used VVD to TO be VB carried VVN out RP by IN central JJ administration NN to TO teaching NN and CC research NN academics NNS in IN the DT faculties NNS . SENT The DT economic JJ inefficiency NN of IN using VVG highly RB paid VVN and CC qualified VVN academic JJ staff NN for IN many JJ basic JJ administrative JJ tasks NNS , , as RB well RB as IN the DT loss NN in IN time NN for IN teaching NN and CC research NN , , is VBZ an DT all RB too RB frequent JJ feature NN of IN the DT current JJ situation NN . SENT There EX are VBP salary NN and CC promotion NN considerations NNS too RB . SENT Since IN the DT 1970 CD s PP there RB has VHZ been VBN a DT significant JJ drop NN in IN academic JJ salaries NNS compared VVN with IN other JJ professions NNS into IN which WDT outstanding JJ people NNS can MD move VV for IN example NN , , the DT law NN or CC the DT public JJ service NN , , which WDT were VBD hitherto RB considered VVN comparable JJ . SENT Australian JJ salaries NNS have VHP lost VVN the DT sometimes RB invaluable JJ competitive JJ advantage NN they PP used VVD once RB to TO have VH with IN comparable JJ countries NNS overseas RB . SENT Academic JJ salaries NNS in IN some DT of IN our PP$ burgeoning VVG Asian JJ neighbours NNS are VBP already RB significantly RB more RBR attractive JJ . SENT As IN well RB , , Humanities NNS staff NN rarely RB attract VV salary NN loadings NNS , , as RB in IN some DT other JJ AOUs NP . SENT In IN addition NN , , there EX have VHP been VBN many JJ Level NP E NN positions NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN frozen VVN or CC lost VVN in IN departmental JJ rationalisations NNS in IN recent JJ years NNS . SENT This DT has VHZ resulted VVN both CC in IN loss NN of IN research NN leadership NN and CC in IN the DT unavailability NN in IN some DT disciplines NNS of IN professorial JJ level NN salaries NNS . SENT Promotion NN has VHZ in IN recent JJ years NNS become VVP less RBR dependent JJ , , too RB , , on IN demonstrable JJ individual JJ quality NN of IN achievement NN , , and CC in IN some DT universities NNS more RBR determined VVN by IN quotas NNS and CC the DT perceived VVN strategic JJ value NN of IN a DT discipline NN . SENT There EX are VBP also RB matters NNS concerning VVG security NN of IN employment NN . SENT This DT remains VVZ an DT essential JJ requirement NN for IN long JJ term NN commitment NN to TO scholarship NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT Whilst IN some DT Science NP and CC Technology NP disciplines NNS experience VVP rapid JJ changes NNS in IN systems NNS and CC understandings NNS which WDT might MD best JJS be VB served VVN by IN short JJ term NN appointments NNS of IN highly RB specialised VVN staff NN , , Humanities NNS scholarship NN is VBZ more RBR dependent JJ upon IN the DT establishment NN of IN a DT depth NN of IN learning VVG built VVN up RP over IN many JJ years NNS . SENT The DT current JJ trend NN towards IN casualisation NN will MD further RBR erode VV the DT productivity NN and CC creativity NN of IN early JJ career NN academics NNS , , and CC proposals NNS being VBG discussed VVN in IN some DT Enterprise NP Bargaining NN negotiations NNS to TO pay VV academic JJ staff NN for IN only RB nine CD months NNS of IN the DT year NN will MD disadvantage NN Humanities NNS researchers NNS whose WP$ expertise NN is VBZ unsuited VVN to TO commercial JJ consultancies NNS . SENT Without IN some DT assurance NN that IN a DT substantial JJ proportion NN of IN academic JJ positions NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS will MD be VB continuing VVG ones NNS , , first JJ class NN scholarship NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS will MD be VB at IN a DT premium NN , , and CC the DT availability NN of IN first JJ class NN supervisors NNS for IN research NN students NNS and CC mentors NNS for IN newer JJR scholars NNS will MD not RB be VB available JJ . SENT There EX are VBP already RB indications NNS that IN established JJ academics NNS are VBP more RBR productive JJ scholars NNS than IN those DT trapped VVN in IN short JJ term NN appointments NNS . SENT There EX are VBP as RB well RB pressing VVG needs NNS for IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS in IN the DT current JJ provision NN of IN library NN materials NNS and CC Information NP Technology NP . SENT On IN a DT number NN of IN these DT issues NNS ameliorating VVG recommendations NNS will MD be VB found VVN elsewhere RB in IN this DT report NN . SENT Unless IN they PP are VBP attended VVN to TO , , the DT likelihood NN of IN a DT brain NN drain NN of IN people NNS of IN calibre NN to TO better RBR provisioned VVN academic JJ positions NNS abroad RB , , and CC or CC to TO professions NNS with IN higher JJR salaries NNS and CC higher JJR status NN , , can MD only RB have VH deleterious JJ consequences NNS for IN Humanities NNS Research NP , , Research NP Training NP and CC the DT maintenance NN of IN quality NN Universities NNS dependent JJ upon IN them PP . SENT Recommendation NN 9 CD That IN DEETYA NP , , the DT Higher JJR Education NP Council NP , , the DT Australian JJ Vice NP Chancellors NNS Committee NP and CC University NP administrators NNS of IN tertiary JJ education NN in IN general JJ give VVP a DT high JJ priority NN to TO addressing VVG the DT following VVG matters NNS . SENT the DT necessity NN to TO improve VV the DT working VVG conditions NNS of IN Humanities NNS academics NNS as IN no DT doubt NN in IN other JJ fields NNS as IN well RB . SENT the DT deleterious JJ effect NN of IN high JJ student NN staff NN ratios NNS upon IN the DT production NN of IN quality NN research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT the DT inefficiency NN of IN using VVG highly RB qualified VVN academic JJ staff NN in IN routine JJ administrative JJ tasks NNS , , and CC the DT urgent JJ requirement NN to TO streamline VV administrative JJ needs NNS so RB as RB to TO lessen VV the DT distraction NN of IN these DT demands NNS upon IN their PP$ time NN for IN both DT teaching NN and CC research NN . SENT the DT relatively RB low JJ salary NN levels NNS of IN academics NNS . SENT the DT growing VVG restrictions NNS upon IN the DT use NN of IN promotion NN as IN a DT reward NN for IN outstanding JJ achievement NN . SENT and CC the DT need NN , , because IN of IN the DT necessity NN to TO safeguard VV the DT requirements NNS of IN long RB matured VVN scholarship NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC without IN prejudice NN to TO the DT needs NNS of IN newer JJR scholars NNS , , for IN a DT good JJ proportion NN of IN Humanities NNS appointments NNS in IN Universities NNS to TO be VB to TO continuing VVG rather RB than IN fixed JJ term NN positions NNS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT AVCC NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT NTEU NP Time NP for IN Research NP As IN we PP have VHP just RB noted VVN , , because IN of IN the DT substantial JJ changes NNS in IN student NN staff NN ratios NNS , , and CC the DT considerable JJ increase NN in IN their PP$ administrative JJ tasks NNS which WDT have VHP occurred VVN in IN recent JJ years NNS , , there EX is VBZ great JJ concern NN amongst IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS about IN the DT contraction NN of IN time NN available JJ to TO them PP to TO pursue VV their PP$ research NN . SENT For IN very RB many JJ scholars NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , unlike IN many JJ in IN the DT Sciences NPS , , this DT is VBZ not RB to TO be VB rectified VVN by IN the DT appointment NN of IN research NN assistants NNS . SENT The DT quality NN of IN research NN in IN so RB much JJ of IN the DT Humanities NNS is VBZ critically RB dependent JJ for IN its PP$ credibility NN upon IN most JJS of IN it PP being VBG conducted VVN by IN the DT chief JJ investigator NN her PP or CC himself PP while IN virtually RB everything NN that WDT is VBZ entailed VVN in IN the DT lengthy JJ and CC demanding JJ task NN of IN writing NN is VBZ a DT highly RB personal JJ enterprise NN as IN well RB . SENT For IN some DT Humanities NNS scholars NNS research NN assistance NN can MD sometimes RB be VB of IN help NN , , but CC very RB few JJ of IN them PP think VVP it PP appropriate JJ to TO employ VV someone NN else RB to TO do VV their PP$ core NN research NN and CC writing NN . SENT Whilst IN , , moreover RB , , the DT work NN of IN graduate JJ students NNS can MD enlarge VV the DT general JJ field NN in IN which WDT an DT associated VVN Humanities NNS scholar NN is VBZ working VVG , , we PP have VHP seen VVN that DT coordinated VVN research NN , , in IN which WDT the DT research NN student NN participates VVZ in IN a DT larger JJR research NN project NN overseen VVN by IN the DT supervisor NN , , and CC in IN many JJ cases NNS is VBZ a DT co NP author NN on IN the DT supervisor's JJ research NN papers NNS , , is VBZ a DT pattern NN that WDT does VVZ not RB normally RB apply VV in IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS . SENT In IN this DT situation NN full JJ and CC flexible JJ provision NN for IN study NN leave VVP OSP NP and CC SSP NP remains VVZ of IN critical JJ importance NN . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN great JJ importance NN too RB that IN the DT ARC NN continue VV and CC indeed RB strengthen VV its PP$ policy NN of IN allocating VVG funds NNS for IN teaching VVG relief NN under IN its PP$ Large JJ Grants NPS scheme NN we PP refer VVP to TO this DT again RB below RB under IN Recommendation NN 22 CD . SENT Significant JJ assistance NN can MD also RB be VB provided VVN by IN the DT adoption NN of IN time NN release NN arrangements NNS within IN Faculties NNS and CC Schools NNS whereby WRB academics NNS can MD first RB take VV on IN an DT additional JJ load NN of IN teaching NN and CC then RB be VB granted VVN additional JJ time NN for IN research NN . SENT In IN principle NN , , Faculty NN and CC School NN funds NNS can MD , , moreover RB , , fund NN Teaching NN Fellowships NNS so RB as RB to TO give VV recently RB completed VVN PhD JJ students NNS some DT teaching NN experience NN , , while IN providing VVG teaching NN relief NN for IN academics NNS at IN some DT crucial JJ point NN in IN their PP$ research NN and CC or CC writing VVG . SENT In IN some DT instances NNS , , a DT good JJ deal NN can MD be VB secured VVN by IN intelligent JJ timetabling NN of IN committees NNS , , and CC by IN arrangements NNS whereby WRB teaching NN obligations NNS are VBP concentrated VVN on IN specific JJ days NNS in IN the DT week NN , , leaving VVG one CD to TO two CD others NNS for IN research NN . SENT There EX are VBP further JJR possibilities NNS too RB which WDT we PP discuss VVP below RB in IN connection NN with IN the DT ARC's NP funding NN mechanisms NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 10 CD That IN Universities NNS maintain VVP to TO the DT full JJ their PP$ commitment NN to TO study VV leave VV , , both CC sustaining VVG Outside JJ Studies NNS Program NN and CC developing VVG their PP$ provision NN for IN Special JJ Study NN Program NN . SENT That DT Faculties NNS , , Schools NP and CC Departments NP program NN teaching NN and CC administrative JJ responsibilities NNS for IN academic JJ staff NN both CC over IN successive JJ sessions NNS , , and CC in IN the DT course NN of IN a DT teaching NN week NN , , so RB as RB to TO make VV adequate JJ time NN available JJ to TO staff NN for IN research NN . SENT That IN Faculties NNS and CC Schools NNS allocate VVP funds NNS for IN Teaching VVG Fellowships NNS to TO provide VV new JJ researchers NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS profession NN with IN teaching VVG experience NN while IN providing VVG some DT teaching NN relief NN for IN more JJR established JJ researchers NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT DASSH NP Deans NPS . SENT Heads NNS of IN Humanities NNS Departments NP and CC Schools NP Collaboration NN In IN a DT variety NN of IN ways NNS Universities NNS have VHP inevitably RB been VBN in IN competition NN with IN one CD another DT . SENT They PP have VHP long RB been VBN in IN the DT market NN for IN resources NNS , , students NNS and CC outstanding JJ academic JJ staff NN . SENT In IN recent JJ years NNS competition NN between IN Universities NNS in IN Australia NP has VHZ been VBN greatly RB intensified VVN by IN an DT increasingly RB tight JJ and CC very JJ demanding VVG market NN in IN higher JJR education NN , , and CC their PP$ adjustment NN to TO its PP$ disciplines NNS is VBZ by IN now RB considerable JJ . SENT Market NN forces NNS are VBP now RB the DT controlling JJ mechanism NN in IN higher JJR education NN . SENT Yet RB in IN some DT specific JJ instances NNS the DT present JJ structure NN of IN the DT market NN and CC the DT strong JJ competition NN which WDT has VHZ developed VVN between IN Universities NNS is VBZ militating VVG against IN the DT efficient JJ working NN of IN the DT system NN if IN , , as RB should MD be VB the DT case NN , , academic JJ goals NNS are VBP paramount JJ . SENT The DT case NN for IN collaboration NN between IN universities NNS in IN some DT carefully RB specified VVN instances NNS has VHZ already RB been VBN amply RB conceded VVN . SENT This DT is VBZ apparent JJ in IN the DT conditions NNS governing VVG the DT establishment NN of IN Cooperative JJ Research NP Centres NNS and CC ARC JJ Key JJ and CC Special JJ Research NP Centres NNS , , and CC in IN many JJ of IN the DT activities NNS of IN the DT AVCC NP . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB apparent JJ in IN the DT importance NN which WDT working JJ academics NNS attach VVP to TO professional JJ collaboration NN with IN colleagues NNS in IN their PP$ field NN in IN other JJ universities NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ strikingly RB illustrated VVN in IN the DT remarkable JJ proliferation NN of IN professional JJ subject NN and CC field NN based VVN associations NNS which WDT has VHZ occurred VVN in IN recent JJ years NNS . SENT Appendix NN 1 CD provides VVZ as RB up RB to TO date VV a DT list NN of IN professional JJ academic JJ associations NNS in IN Australia NP in IN the DT Humanities NNS as IN the DT Review NP has VHZ been VBN able JJ to TO compile VV . SENT It PP illustrates VVZ how WRB important JJ collaboration NN amongst IN researchers NNS in IN similar JJ fields NNS but CC located VVN in IN different JJ Universities NNS is VBZ seen VVN to TO be VB . SENT The DT Review NP has VHZ identified VVN six CD areas NNS where WRB new JJ collaborative JJ arrangements NNS need VVP to TO be VB instituted VVN if IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN particular JJ are VBP to TO be VB sustained VVN over IN coming VVG decades NNS . SENT These DT are VBP . SENT regional JJ rationalisations NNS of IN selected JJ subjects NNS . SENT programs NNS of IN small JJ enrolment NN . SENT programs NNS in IN languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP . SENT Libraries NNS . SENT IT PP provision NN for IN Universities NNS . SENT and CC and CC the DT establishment NN of IN State NP and CC regional JJ Humanities NNS Centres NNS . SENT Recommendations NNS 12 CD 17 CD deal NN with IN each DT of IN these DT areas NNS in IN turn NN . SENT In IN several JJ of IN these DT areas NNS it PP is VBZ now RB necessary JJ that IN there EX should MD be VB a DT strictly RB limited JJ degree NN of IN non JJ formula NN funding NN to TO cater VV effectively RB for IN them PP by IN the DT earmarking VVG of IN some DT Higher JJR Education NP funding NN for IN this DT purpose NN . SENT Provision NN exists VVZ for IN this DT in IN the DT Government's NP allocation NN in IN the DT 1997 CD budget NN of IN an DT additional JJ 26 CD m NN over IN five CD years NNS for IN its PP$ Higher JJR Education NP Restructuring NN and CC Rationalisation NN Package NN . SENT It PP should MD be VB imaginatively RB drawn VVN upon RP , , using VVG the DT information NN and CC recommendations NNS made VVN in IN this DT Review NP as IN a DT guide NN . SENT In IN each DT instance NN a DT realistic JJ calculation NN needs VVZ to TO be VB made VVN of IN the DT sums NNS that WDT will MD be VB essential JJ , , and CC the DT manner NN in IN which WDT they PP should MD be VB dispensed VVD . SENT Thereafter RB specialised VVN markets NNS should MD be VB established VVN within IN which WDT Universities NNS would MD compete VV for IN the DT resources NNS which WDT are VBP thus RB made VVN available JJ upon IN the DT basis NN of IN credible JJ academic JJ plans NNS for IN their PP$ use NN and CC bearing NN in IN mind NN the DT location NN of IN existing VVG infrastructural NN resources NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 11 CD That IN the DT principle NN of IN non JJ formula NN funding NN through IN the DT earmarking VVG of IN some DT of IN the DT funding NN for IN Higher JJR Education NN be VB further RBR extended VVN for IN the DT purpose NN of IN sustaining VVG Humanities NNS enterprises NNS important JJ for IN the DT wellbeing NN of IN the DT university NN system NN as IN a DT whole NN which WDT under IN present JJ arrangements NNS would MD not RB otherwise RB be VB viable JJ . SENT Minister NP for IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS . SENT DEETYA NP That DT Universities NNS take VVP steps NNS to TO secure VV some DT proportion NN of IN the DT Government's NP Higher JJR Education NP Restructuring NN and CC Rationalisation NN Package NN for IN such JJ purposes NNS , , and CC where WRB necessary JJ interested JJ parties NNS nationally RB present VVP specific JJ proposals NNS to TO them PP based VVN on IN well RB justified VVN academic JJ criteria NNS . SENT Minister NP for IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT ARC NN That IN the DT Australian JJ Academy NP of IN the DT Humanities NNS maintain VVP a DT listing NN of IN discipline NN and CC field NN based VVN academic JJ and CC professional JJ associations NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN Australia NP for IN general JJ reference NN and CC , , bearing VVG in IN mind NN the DT resource NN implications NNS of IN such PDT an DT undertaking NN , , take VV a DT more RBR active JJ role NN in IN promoting VVG the DT well RB being JJ of IN and CC interchange VV between IN these DT associations NNS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT AVCC NP . SENT AAH NP . SENT ARC JJ Regional JJ Rationalisations NNS There EX are VBP some DT subjects NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS which WDT it PP is VBZ well RB to TO recognise VV cannot NN readily RB be VB sustained VVN upon IN any DT significant JJ scale NN in IN every DT University NP . SENT Archaeology NN arguably RB might MD be VB one CD . SENT each DT Area NP Study NP another DT . SENT Most RBS such JJ subjects NNS need VVP , , however RB , , to TO be VB well RB represented VVN in IN at IN least JJS one CD University NP in IN each DT region NN or CC State NN of IN Australia NP , , and CC there EX may MD well RB be VB a DT need NN for IN some DT lesser JJR representation NN of IN them PP elsewhere RB . SENT In IN such JJ instances NNS the DT rational JJ employment NN of IN resources NNS calls NNS for IN Universities NNS , , particularly RB in IN the DT same JJ metropolitan JJ city NN , , to TO enter VV into IN cooperative JJ accords NNS with IN each DT other JJ . SENT We PP are VBP aware JJ that IN it PP has VHZ been VBN suggested VVN that IN such JJ arrangements NNS would MD contravene VV competition NN law NN . SENT The DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS is VBZ advised VVN that IN there EX is VBZ no DT reason NN why WRB this DT should MD be VB the DT case NN as IN appropriate JJ exemptions NNS can MD be VB procured VVN . SENT In IN this DT connection NN it PP should MD be VB emphasised VVN that IN , , even RB in IN subjects NNS such JJ as IN many JJ of IN the DT Humanities NNS where WRB individually RB based VVN research NN continues VVZ to TO be VB the DT norm NN , , scholars NNS are VBP strongly RB of IN the DT view NN that IN having VHG a DT group NN of IN researchers NNS working VVG in IN close JJ physical JJ proximity NN to TO each DT other JJ can MD be VB critically RB important JJ for IN creating VVG a DT productive JJ synergy NN . SENT These DT groups NNS minimally RB need VVP to TO comprise VV 5 CD 10 CD people NNS about IN the DT same JJ as IN many JJ discipline NN reviews NNS have VHP seen VVN as RB necessary JJ to TO mount VV a DT full JJ course NN of IN undergraduate NN and CC postgraduate NN study NN . SENT Where WRB within IN a DT metropolitan JJ city NN it PP is VBZ not RB feasible JJ to TO have VH groupings NNS on IN this DT scale NN in IN more JJR than IN one CD University NP , , but CC where WRB there EX are VBP smaller JJR groups NNS of IN people NNS in IN the DT same JJ field NN in IN other JJ places NNS , , deliberate JJ arrangements NNS should MD be VB made VVN for IN collaboration NN between IN them PP . SENT More RBR generally RB we PP draw VVP attention NN to TO our PP$ earlier JJR statistics NNS in IN Volume NN 1 CD , , Chapter NP 2 CD above IN which WDT under IN Staff NP Levels NP by IN State NP indicate VVP the DT differences NNS in IN provision NN of IN Humanities NNS FTE NP by IN State NP , , since IN we PP believe VVP that IN Universities NNS and CC DEETYA NP should MD consider VV the DT implications NNS of IN the DT stark JJ relative JJ staffing NN differences NNS for IN students NNS in IN each DT State NP who WP do VVP not RB easily RB move VV to TO others NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 12 CD That DT , , for IN Humanities NNS subjects NNS that IN cannot NN be VB sustained VVN at IN a DT significant JJ level NN in IN more JJR than IN one CD University NP in IN a DT region NN , , Universities NNS , , in IN consultation NN with IN the DT policy NN body NN envisaged VVD under IN Recommendation NN 29 CD Australian JJ Council NN for IN Humanities NNS and CC the DT Arts NNS , , enter VVP into IN cooperative JJ accords NNS with IN each DT other JJ on IN their PP$ distribution NN . SENT That DT Universities NNS make VVP arrangements NNS for IN smaller JJR communities NNS of IN scholars NNS in IN a DT field NN to TO be VB formally RB associated VVN with IN a DT larger JJR group NN that WDT exists VVZ in IN the DT vicinity NN . SENT That DT Universities NNS in IN each DT State NP , , in IN consultation NN with IN Australian JJ Council NN for IN Humanities NNS and CC the DT Arts NPS and CC bearing VVG in IN mind NN the DT advantages NNS of IN information NN technology NN , , consider VV jointly RB any DT relative JJ shortfalls NNS in IN the DT provision NN of IN Humanities NNS opportunities NNS for IN students NNS in IN that DT State NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT Ministers NNS for IN Education NP , , Employment NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS and CC Communication NP and CC the DT Arts NPS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT DOCA NP Programs NP of IN Small JJ Enrolment NN In IN the DT current JJ contracting NN and CC highly RB competitive JJ environment NN a DT number NN of IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS are VBP being JJ and CC will MD very RB possibly RB continue VV to TO be VB so RB seriously RB reduced VVN as RB to TO be VB squeezed VVN from IN existence NN altogether RB . SENT There EX are VBP three CD reasons NNS for IN this DT . SENT The DT first JJ , , from IN which WDT the DT others NNS derive VV , , is VBZ that IN the DT operating VVG grants NNS of IN universities NNS are VBP based VVN , , in IN the DT main JJ , , on IN student NN quotas NNS agreed VVD between IN DEETYA NP and CC the DT institutions NNS , , and CC not RB on IN the DT basis NN of IN what WP mix NN of IN disciplines NNS is VBZ necessary JJ to TO ensure VV the DT health NN of IN academic JJ units NNS . SENT Universities NNS are VBP also RB prone JJ to TO cut VV staff NN in IN departments NNS and CC fields NNS which WDT are VBP failing VVG to TO attract VV students NNS in IN sufficient JJ numbers NNS to TO justify VV their PP$ present JJ quota NN of IN staff NN , , and CC even RB to TO close VV them PP altogether RB , , sometimes RB in IN spite NN of IN their PP$ importance NN to TO Australia's JJ economy NN and CC culture NN . SENT Since IN such JJ subjects NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB common JJ to TO a DT considerable JJ number NN of IN Universities NNS , , the DT net JJ effect NN in IN what WP tends VVZ to TO be VB an DT unyieldingly RB student NN numbers NNS driven VVN system NN will MD be VB a DT disastrous JJ reduction NN in IN a DT number NN of IN programs NNS of IN small JJ enrolment NN in IN the DT country NN as IN a DT whole NN , , often RB to TO the DT grave JJ detriment NN of IN their PP$ inherent JJ importance NN to TO the DT University NP system NN in IN general JJ , , and CC in IN several JJ instances NNS to TO the DT wider JJR national JJ interest NN . SENT Such JJ reductions NNS are VBP particularly RB serious JJ where WRB they PP preclude VV the DT continuance NN or CC development NN of IN advanced JJ undergraduate NN and CC Honours NN programs NNS which WDT , , as IN we PP have VHP already RB emphasised VVN , , are VBP crucial JJ for IN underpinning VVG subsequent JJ research NN work NN . SENT In IN some DT instances NNS it PP will MD reasonably RB be VB argued VVN that IN a DT working VVG presence NN in IN one CD or CC two CD places NNS will MD meet VV the DT national JJ need NN . SENT In IN others NNS a DT strong JJ case NN can MD be VB advanced VVN for IN each DT State NP or CC metropolitan JJ centre NN having VHG at IN least JJS one CD place NN where WRB such JJ studies NNS are VBP pursued VVN and CC can MD be VB taught VVN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT reason NN why WRB this DT should MD not RB be VB achieved VVN by IN two CD or CC more JJR Universities NNS entering VVG into IN a DT collaborative JJ venture NN with IN each DT other JJ . SENT While IN some DT departments NNS with IN low JJ student NN numbers NNS may MD need VV to TO be VB closed VVN , , in IN the DT case NN of IN several JJ programs NNS of IN small JJ enrolment NN there EX is VBZ now RB a DT powerful JJ case NN for IN steps NNS to TO be VB taken VVN to TO ensure VV that IN they PP are VBP not RB erased VVN from IN the DT Australian JJ University NP map NN altogether RB . SENT Subjects NNS of IN strategic JJ importance NN , , which WDT are VBP also RB important JJ for IN the DT country's JJ cultural JJ diversity NN , , but CC which WDT , , under IN present JJ circumstances NNS , , may MD not RB be VB viable JJ in IN any DT one CD university NN , , should MD be VB sustained VVN at IN a DT level NN appropriate JJ to TO the DT University NP system NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT To TO give VV a DT few JJ examples NNS , , one CD or CC more JJR centres NNS of IN Thai NP Studies NPS and CC not RB just RB of IN Thai NP language NN studies NNS should MD be VB assured VVN and CC one CD centre NN where WRB ethnomusicology NN and CC dance NN is VBZ a DT major JJ strength NN . SENT There EX should MD be VB one CD place NN in IN each DT State NN where WRB Classics NNS , , Italian JJ and CC Art NN History NN are VBP taught VVN to TO a DT level NN of IN research NN competence NN , , to TO cite VV three CD areas NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN under IN threat NN in IN recent JJ times NNS . SENT We PP should MD emphasise VV that IN we PP do VVP not RB think VV the DT issue NN here RB is VBZ necessarily RB confined VVN to TO the DT Humanities NNS . SENT The DT questions NNS here RB , , in IN respect NN of IN languages NNS , , were VBD admirably RB discussed VVN in IN the DT report NN on IN Alternative NP Ways NP of IN Teaching VVG Languages NNS of IN Small JJ Enrolment NN which WDT was VBD produced VVN at IN the DT instance NN of IN the DT Evaluations NNS and CC Investigations NNS Program NN of IN DEET's NP Higher RBR Education NP Division NP in IN 1994 CD , , and CC they PP are VBP well RB illustrated VVN by IN the DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS Languages NNS review VVP July NP 1997 CD outlined VVN under IN Present NN Circumstances NNS above RB . SENT Remedial JJ action NN may MD now RB be VB generated VVN by IN access NN to TO the DT Higher JJR Education NP Restructuring NN and CC Rationalisation NN Package NN . SENT Recommendation NN 13 CD That DT , , to TO fill VV existing VVG gaps NNS and CC ensure VV that IN new JJ ones NNS do VVP not RB open VV up RP , , a DT system NN of IN targeted JJ funding NN be VB applied VVN by IN Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS , , on IN the DT advice NN of IN Australian JJ Council NN for IN Humanities NNS and CC the DT Arts NPS , , for IN the DT support NN of IN significant JJ programs NNS of IN small JJ enrolment NN which WDT we PP do VVP not RB think VV need MD be VB confined VVN to TO the DT Humanities NNS , , so RB as RB to TO ensure VV that IN there EX is VBZ some DT basic JJ provision NN for IN them PP by IN encouraging VVG inter VV university NN cooperation NN in IN their PP$ maintenance NN . SENT The DT Universities NNS can MD then RB compete VV on IN the DT basis NN of IN rational JJ academic JJ plans NNS for IN the DT resources NNS that WDT would MD be VB made VVN available JJ for IN this DT purpose NN . SENT That IN Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS and CC the DT Universities NNS take VVP collaborative JJ steps NNS to TO make VV good JJ the DT gaps NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN opened VVN up RP by IN recent JJ funding NN shortfalls NNS . SENT and CC that IN where WRB necessary JJ professional JJ academic JJ bodies NNS and CC associations NNS make VVP specific JJ proposals NNS to TO them PP . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT ARC NN . SENT AVCC NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT DASSH NP Deans NP Languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP The DT issues NNS canvassed VVN in IN Recommendation NN 13 CD are VBP of IN special JJ importance NN in IN relation NN to TO Languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP . SENT We PP have VHP seen VVN earlier RBR that IN the DT impetus NN to TO language NN revival NN of IN the DT late JJ eighties NNS and CC early JJ nineties NNS has VHZ been VBN lost VVN , , even RB though IN the DT policy NN that WDT sustained VVD it PP has VHZ never RB been VBN formally RB repudiated VVN . SENT As IN we PP have VHP specified VVN under IN Present NN Circumstances NNS above IN , , despite IN the DT hopes NNS that WDT were VBD once RB raised VVN , , Universities NNS have VHP let VVN their PP$ language NN offerings NNS decline VVP significantly RB . SENT Such PDT a DT position NN is VBZ not RB helped VVN by IN a DT common JJ Australian JJ perception NN that IN languages NNS , , if IN required VVN , , need VVP only RB to TO be VB taught VVN at IN the DT practical JJ skills NNS level NN . SENT Such PDT a DT view NN is VBZ dangerously RB myopic JJ . SENT At IN a DT time NN when WRB the DT nation NN and CC its PP$ Universities NNS have VHP enthusiastically RB embraced VVN major JJ policies NNS of IN internationalisation NN , , our PP$ capacity NN to TO sustain VV language NN programs NNS at IN any DT depth NN so RB as RB to TO train VV the DT necessary JJ area NN experts NNS , , area NN specialists NNS , , area NN researchers NNS and CC language NN teachers NNS is VBZ now RB under IN serious JJ threat NN . SENT Many JJ university NN administrators NNS are VBP also RB unaware JJ that IN , , even RB if IN enrolments NNS are VBP considered VVN satisfactory JJ , , language NN teaching NN needs VVZ to TO be VB funded VVN at IN a DT higher JJR level NN than IN for IN many JJ Humanities NNS disciplines VVZ because IN it PP is VBZ teaching VVG intensive JJ . SENT The DT Review NP is VBZ aware JJ that IN the DT Victorian JJ Universities NNS have VHP united VVN in IN a DT Language NP Consortium NP that WDT aims VVZ to TO remove VV the DT administrative JJ burdens NNS to TO cross VV institutional JJ enrolments NNS by IN allowing VVG any DT student NN enrolled VVN in IN any DT Victorian JJ University NP to TO study VV any DT language NN taught VVD in IN Victoria NP . SENT 2 LS It PP also RB seeks VVZ to TO act VV as IN an DT umbrella NN to TO existing JJ and CC new JJ bilateral JJ arrangements NNS between IN member NN Universities NNS , , while IN its PP$ language NN committees NNS provide VVP platforms NNS for IN the DT development NN of IN cooperative JJ teaching NN . SENT Such PDT a DT model NN could MD well RB be VB replicated VVN elsewhere RB . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ also RB now RB urgently RB necessary JJ that IN at IN the DT national JJ level NN there EX should MD be VB a DT renewed JJ commitment NN of IN a DT major JJ kind NN to TO the DT redevelopment NN of IN the DT Universities NNS language NN capabilities NNS both CC in IN practical JJ and CC intellectual JJ terms NNS along IN the DT lines NNS that WDT were VBD built VVN up RP after IN the DT 1960 CD s PP . SENT This DT will MD not RB only RB involve VV the DT development NN of IN a DT comprehensive JJ policy NN of IN language NN education NN , , but CC recognition NN of IN the DT real JJ costs NNS of IN effective JJ language NN teaching NN and CC of IN research NN that WDT requires VVZ second JJ and CC sometimes RB further JJR language NN immersion NN . SENT It PP will MD entail VV ensuring VVG that IN there EX is VBZ a DT sufficiency NN of IN graduates NNS , , consonant NN with IN nationally RB determined VVN objectives NNS , , to TO meet VV the DT challenges NNS of IN the DT globalisation NN of IN the DT economy NN , , the DT internationalisation NN of IN society NN and CC culture NN , , and CC the DT need NN for IN a DT substantial JJ body NN of IN researchers NNS with IN the DT necessary JJ linguistic JJ skills NNS to TO keep VV us PP abreast JJ of IN these DT and CC other JJ developments NNS and CC underpin VV our PP$ capabilities NNS in IN these DT respects NNS . SENT These DT issues NNS are VBP of IN immense JJ importance NN to TO Australia NP in IN areas NNS as IN diverse JJ as IN economic JJ exchanges NNS , , diplomatic JJ and CC political JJ relations NNS , , tourism NN , , international JJ events NNS of IN various JJ kinds NNS , , artistic JJ and CC media NN contacts NNS , , whilst IN making VVG a DT vital JJ contribution NN too RB to TO intercultural NP understanding NN within IN our PP$ own JJ society NN . SENT Recommendation NN 14 CD That DT , , in IN consultation NN with IN this DT Academy NP and CC the DT profession NN , , Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS and CC or CC the DT Higher JJR Education NP Council NP set VVD up RP a DT National NP Language NP Strategy NP Board NP , , as IN a DT sub NN group NN of IN Australian JJ Council NN for IN Humanities NNS and CC the DT Arts NPS , , empowered VVN to TO ensure VV that IN there EX exists VVZ adequate JJ provision NN for IN the DT delivery NN of IN programs NNS in IN languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP in IN an DT agreed VVN number NN of IN institutions NNS in IN appropriate JJ locations NNS and CC at IN appropriate JJ levels NNS , , keeping VVG in IN mind NN the DT need NN to TO equip VV with IN adequate JJ language NN and CC cultural JJ skills NNS a DT number NN of IN graduates NNS consonant NN with IN nationally RB determined VVN objectives NNS , , in IN order NN to TO meet VV the DT challenge NN of IN the DT globalisation NN of IN the DT economy NN and CC the DT internationalisation NN of IN society NN and CC culture NN . SENT to TO equip VV researchers NNS and CC future JJ researchers NNS in IN non JJ language NN based VVN disciplines NNS with IN the DT language NN and CC cultural JJ skills NNS they PP need VVP in IN their PP$ own JJ specialisation NN . SENT to TO train VV language NN teachers NNS for IN the DT present JJ and CC future JJ needs NNS of IN primary JJ and CC secondary JJ education NN . SENT and CC to TO form VV researchers NNS in IN languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP and CC in IN the DT cultures NNS associated VVN with IN those DT languages NNS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT AAH NP . SENT AVCC NP . SENT Universities NNS That IN the DT Language NP Strategy NP Board NP advise VV the DT Government NN on IN the DT provision NN of IN appropriate JJ earmarked VVN funding NN for IN programs NNS in IN languages NNS other JJ than IN English NP , , bearing VVG in IN mind VV their PP$ distribution NN by IN State NP . SENT That IN the DT eligibility NN of IN institutions NNS for IN this DT kind NN of IN non JJ formula NN funding NN be VB dependent JJ on IN the DT quality NN of IN their PP$ programs NNS both CC intellectual JJ and CC skills NNS based VVN and CC more RBR specifically RB on IN benchmarking NN based VVN on IN international JJ best JJS practice NN , , moderated VVN by IN considerations NNS of IN geographical JJ spread NN and CC cost NN . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT AVCC NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT Language NN Strategy NP Board NP That DT mechanisms NNS be VB developed VVN by IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP and CC the DT Universities NNS in IN consultation NN with IN the DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS to TO strengthen VV postgraduate NN programs NNS in IN Asian NP , , Pacific NP , , European NP , , Middle NP Eastern NP and CC indigenous JJ Australian JJ languages NNS , , cultures NNS and CC other JJ such JJ fields NNS , , and CC in IN particular JJ ensure VV that IN their PP$ advanced JJ language NN teaching NN requirements NNS are VBP met VVN . SENT ARC NN . SENT AAH NP . SENT Universities NNS That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP and CC Universities NNS monitor VVP research NN students NNS foreign JJ language NN needs VVZ in IN other JJ than IN language NN based VVN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS , , with IN a DT view NN to TO ensuring VVG that DT pre NP enrolment NN training NN provisions NNS are VBP adequate JJ before IN the DT point NN of IN entry NN into IN the DT research NN program NN with IN the DT possibility NN of IN establishing VVG formal JJ postgraduate NN language NN prerequisites NNS where WRB appropriate JJ , , and CC to TO encouraging VVG the DT introduction NN of IN concurrent JJ language NN programs NNS where WRB pre NP enrolment NN requirements NNS could MD not RB be VB met VVN . SENT ARC NN . SENT AAH NP . SENT Universities NNS Libraries NNS The DT vital JJ importance NN of IN well RB found VVN libraries NNS to TO all DT scholars NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS cannot NN be VB exaggerated VVN . SENT The DT intellectual JJ infrastructure NN they PP provide VVP is VBZ critically RB important JJ for IN all DT quality NN research NN and CC advanced JJ teaching NN . SENT Excellent JJ , , comprehensive JJ library NN , , archive NP and CC audio JJ visual JJ support NN , , which WDT requires VVZ regular JJ , , substantial JJ and CC long JJ term NN investment NN by IN individual JJ Universities NNS , , and CC by IN the DT University NP system NN as IN a DT whole NN , , is VBZ indispensable JJ to TO Humanities NNS research NN . SENT Without IN this DT support NN , , it PP will MD be VB hard JJ to TO pursue VV Humanities NNS research NN at IN the DT requisite JJ standard NN . SENT There EX are VBP now RB , , however RB , , major JJ problems NNS in IN continuing VVG to TO collect VV all DT print NN sources NNS . SENT The DT number NN of IN academic JJ books NNS published VVN world NN wide RB continues VVZ to TO escalate VV annually RB , , and CC their PP$ cost NN is VBZ frequently RB considerable JJ too RB . SENT The DT proliferation NN of IN journals NNS also RB proceeds VVZ apace RB . SENT The DT perennial JJ dilemma NN of IN breadth NN versus CC depth NN of IN collecting NN grows VVZ in IN significance NN . SENT All PDT this DT reflects VVZ the DT growth NN of IN academic JJ research NN across IN the DT globe NN . SENT These DT developments NNS have VHP particularly RB serious JJ consequences NNS since IN they PP are VBP occurring VVG at IN a DT time NN when WRB library NN budgets NNS are VBP not RB only RB failing VVG to TO keep VV pace NN , , but CC are VBP being VBG cut VVN significantly RB below IN their PP$ former JJ levels NNS . SENT The DT eight CD largest JJS universities NNS in IN Australia NP have VHP cut VVN their PP$ acquisition NN of IN monographs NNS in IN the DT last JJ decade NN by IN up RB to TO 30 CD percent NN in IN absolute JJ terms NNS , , or CC 50 CD percent NN in IN terms NNS of IN acquisition NN per IN student NN . SENT They PP are VBP now RB facing VVG further JJR cuts NNS of IN up RB to TO 10 CD percent NN per IN year NN . SENT The DT decision NN of IN the DT National NP Library NN of IN Australia NP to TO cut VV its PP$ collecting NN of IN overseas JJ printed JJ material NN by IN 60 CD percent NN , , and CC concentrate VV upon IN the DT Asia NP Pacific NP region NN at IN the DT expense NN of IN other JJ and CC particularly RB European JJ and CC North JJ American JJ material NN , , only RB highlighted VVD the DT problem NN . SENT The DT present JJ situation NN is VBZ that IN Australian JJ libraries NNS are VBP not RB able JJ to TO support VV world NN class NN teaching NN and CC research NN across IN the DT normal JJ range NN of IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS . SENT Forty NN years NNS ago RB , , fourteen NN of IN the DT 40 CD recommendations NNS in IN The DT Humanities NNS in IN Australia NP referred VVD to TO problems NNS with IN university NN libraries NNS . SENT A DT considerable JJ number NN of IN these DT were VBD given VVN effect NN during IN the DT years NNS that WDT followed VVD the DT Murray NP Report NP to TO the DT great JJ benefit NN of IN Australian JJ scholarship NN . SENT However RB , , library NN budgets NNS have VHP been VBN on IN the DT decline NN again RB for IN some DT time NN . SENT Now RB , , therefore RB , , the DT situation NN requires VVZ that IN there EX be VB no DT less RBR energetic JJ action NN than IN there EX was VBD in IN the DT late JJ 1950 CD s PP if IN libraries NNS in IN Australia NP are VBP to TO continue VV to TO support VV Humanities NNS research NN of IN a DT world NN class NN standard NN . SENT Several JJ strategies NNS need VVP to TO be VB vigorously RB pursued VVN . SENT The DT first JJ is VBZ already RB on IN the DT way NN to TO being VBG widely RB adopted VVN . SENT Although IN there EX are VBP few JJ signs NNS that IN in IN the DT short JJ to TO medium JJ term NN IT PP will MD replace VV the DT need NN for IN hard JJ copy NN books NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , it PP promises VVZ to TO serve VV a DT number NN of IN important JJ scholarly JJ purposes NNS . SENT Already RB libraries NNS are VBP being VBG increasingly RB integrated VVN with IN , , or CC linked VVN to TO , , computer NN networks NNS . SENT This DT approach NN to TO the DT availability NN of IN electronic JJ resources NNS involves VVZ the DT concept NN of IN the DT virtual JJ library NN , , one NN which WDT integrates VVZ analogue NN media NNS print VVP in IN particular JJ with IN computer NN services NNS and CC digital JJ media NNS eg NN from IN the DT Internet NN or CC optical JJ discs NNS . SENT However RB , , while IN access NN to TO Humanities NNS material NN has VHZ been VBN and CC will MD continue VV to TO be VB enhanced VVN by IN electronic JJ means NNS , , there EX are VBP two CD further JJR crises NNS to TO be VB addressed VVN . SENT The DT first JJ is VBZ that DT much JJ material NN is VBZ still RB being VBG published VVN in IN print NN form NN and CC is VBZ not RB accessible JJ in IN Australia NP . SENT It PP can MD only RB be VB accessed VVN by IN Humanities NNS researchers NNS through IN interlibrary JJ loans NNS which WDT are VBP expensive JJ or CC travel VV to TO better JJR resourced JJ libraries NNS abroad RB . SENT The DT second NN is VBZ , , as IN we PP discuss VVP elsewhere RB in IN this DT Review NP Volume NN 3 CD , , Community NP Interaction NP , , that WDT much JJ Humanities NNS research NN is VBZ not RB being VBG published VVN at IN all DT at IN present JJ . SENT To TO improve VV publication NN prospects NNS , , there EX needs VVZ to TO be VB a DT revolution NN in IN electronic JJ access NN which WDT is VBZ supported VVN by IN university NN and CC national JJ initiatives NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB important JJ that IN DEETYA NP move NN to TO recognising VVG electronic JJ publication NN for IN Research NP Quantum NP purposes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ appreciated VVN that IN no DT Australian JJ library NN , , not RB even RB the DT National NP Library NN of IN Australia NP , , can MD now RB be VB expected VVN to TO maintain VV a DT comprehensive JJ print NN collection NN . SENT The DT existing VVG strengths NNS of IN Australian JJ libraries NNS , , university NN , , public JJ and CC other JJ , , and CC research NN collections NNS of IN archives NN of IN various JJ types NNS , , can MD , , however RB , , be VB linked VVN and CC integrated VVN by IN computers NNS , , and CC in IN this DT the DT National NP Library NN is VBZ playing VVG a DT major JJ role NN . SENT We PP believe VVP that IN the DT National NP Library NN should MD make VV its PP$ top JJ priority NN the DT availability NN on IN the DT desktop NN of IN the DT National NP Bibliographic NP Database NN with IN appropriate JJ acquisition NN and CC delivery NN mechanisms NNS . SENT The DT urgent JJ need NN now RB is VBZ for IN action NN to TO be VB taken VVN on IN what WP has VHZ been VBN described VVN for IN the DT past JJ 15 CD years NNS as IN a DT Distributed NP National NP Collection NN that IN in IN many JJ respects NNS would MD be VB built VVN up RP from IN and CC certainly RB coordinated VVN with IN what WP may MD be VB termed VVN Regional NP Distributed NP Collections NNS within IN metropolitan JJ cities NNS . SENT The DT latter NN are VBP especially RB important JJ since IN these DT could MD be VB expected VVN to TO provide VV within IN the DT same JJ region NN many JJ of IN the DT collections NNS that WDT are VBP more JJR widely RB used VVN by IN students NNS and CC researchers NNS . SENT Within IN such PDT a DT system NN libraries NNS would MD commit VV themselves PP to TO ensuring VVG that IN there EX were VBD significant JJ collections NNS in IN particular JJ fields NNS , , in IN the DT first JJ instance NN of IN their PP$ own JJ choosing NN and CC appropriate JJ to TO their PP$ primary JJ clientele NNS . SENT Fields NNS in IN which WDT provision NN was VBD found VVN not RB to TO be VB adequate JJ would MD then RB be VB identified VVN , , and CC arrangements NNS would MD be VB made VVN for IN the DT most RBS appropriate JJ repositories NNS or CC computer NN links NNS to TO cover VV them PP . SENT National JJ centres NNS of IN excellence NN in IN library NN resources NNS to TO support VV the DT more RBR esoteric JJ areas NNS of IN Humanities NNS research NN should MD be VB identified VVN . SENT Once RB established VVN such JJ Distributed NP Collections NNS would MD be VB reinforced VVN and CC invigorated VVN by IN linked VVN computer NN networks NNS both CC within IN Australia NP and CC internationally RB . SENT Here RB the DT National NP Library's NP already RB strong JJ Home NP Page NP could MD well RB provide VV the DT crucial JJ gateway NN . SENT Archives NPS and CC other JJ cultural JJ institutions NNS around IN Australia NP which WDT are VBP automating VVG access NN to TO their PP$ collections NNS could MD be VB included VVN too RB . SENT All DT Australian JJ organisations NNS , , whether IN in IN the DT public JJ or CC private JJ sectors NNS , , which WDT own VVP digital JJ information NN of IN potential JJ value NN to TO research NN could MD be VB encouraged VVN by IN Commonwealth NP and CC State NP governments NNS to TO make VV these DT available JJ on IN the DT network NN . SENT Arrangements NNS should MD at IN the DT same JJ time NN be VB made VVN to TO ensure VV that IN all DT bona NN fide NN research NN scholars NNS can MD have VH access NN to TO any DT specialist NN collection NN relevant JJ to TO them PP . SENT If IN such PDT a DT collaborative JJ policy NN is VBZ to TO be VB successfully RB implemented VVN it PP has VHZ long RB been VBN pursued VVN in IN Germany NP , , and CC variously RB exists VVZ in IN Britain NP a DT further JJR degree NN of IN earmarking VVG of IN central JJ funding NN will MD be VB required VVN so RB as IN to TO render VV some DT of IN the DT exceptional JJ commitments NNS that WDT will MD be VB made VVN by IN individual JJ repositories NNS financially RB viable JJ . SENT Such PDT a DT policy NN would MD provide VV some DT hope NN that IN a DT reasonably RB comprehensive JJ collection NN will MD exist VV nationwide RB . SENT It PP could MD prevent VV unnecessary JJ duplication NN , , and CC it PP could MD provide VV a DT means NN by IN which WDT more JJR information NN could MD flow VV to TO and CC from IN the DT wider JJR community NN through IN public JJ institutions NNS and CC schools NNS via IN state NN based VVN public JJ access NN networks NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT VICNET NP , , provided VVN by IN the DT State NP Library NN of IN Victoria NP . SENT It PP will MD mean VV that IN in IN many JJ instances NNS scholars NNS will MD have VH from IN time NN to TO time NN to TO travel VV to TO their PP$ specialist NN libraries NNS , , but CC that DT is VBZ greatly RB to TO be VB preferred JJ to TO there RB being VBG quite RB inadequate JJ specialist NN collections NNS available JJ to TO them PP anywhere RB in IN Australia NP . SENT Recommendation NN 15 CD That IN Universities NNS in IN their PP$ Library NN allocations NNS and CC the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP in IN its PP$ Research NP Infrastructure NN Equipment NP and CC Facilities NPS Programme NN grants NNS specifically RB acknowledge VVP the DT major JJ role NN Libraries NNS play VVP in IN the DT generation NN of IN research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC make VV funding NN decisions NNS accordingly RB . SENT Universities NNS . SENT ARC NN That IN the DT National NP Library NN make VVP its PP$ top JJ priority NN the DT availability NN on IN the DT desktop NN of IN the DT National NP Bibliographic NP Database NN with IN appropriate JJ acquisition NN and CC delivery NN mechanisms NNS . SENT National JJ Library NN . SENT Minister NP for IN Communication NP and CC the DT Arts NNS That IN policies NNS to TO advance VV the DT concept NN of IN the DT virtual JJ library NN be VB vigorously RB pursued VVN , , although IN not RB at IN the DT expense NN of IN preserving VVG hard JJ copy NN collections NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT University NP Librarians NNS . SENT DEETYA NP That IN Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS recognise VV refereed VVN electronic JJ publications NNS for IN Research NP Quantum NP purposes NNS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT AVCC NP . SENT Composite NP Index NP Working NP Party NP That DT , , in IN accord NN with IN the DT resolution NN of IN the DT Seventh NP Round NP Table NN of IN the DT National NP Scholarly JJ Communications NPS Forum NP , , a DT National NP Information NP Infrastructure NN Committee NP be VB established VVN , , reporting VVG to TO the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP and CC the DT Higher JJR Education NP Council NP , , with IN appropriate JJ new JJ funding NN , , to TO provide VV advice NN on IN national JJ requirements NNS and CC to TO develop VV and CC implement VV a DT plan NN to TO improve VV the DT nation's JJ information NN infrastructure NN , , with IN an DT initial JJ timeframe NN of IN three CD years NNS . SENT The DT National NP Information NP Infrastructure NN Committee NP should MD be VB charged VVN with IN establishing VVG a DT means VVZ to TO purchase VV , , manage VV and CC distribute VV via IN AARNet NP the DT major JJ electronic JJ journals NNS in IN each DT discipline NN . SENT the DT mechanism NN to TO support VV and CC underwrite VV the DT gaps NNS in IN the DT research NN information NN infrastructure NN . SENT a DT means NN by IN which WDT the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP identifies VVZ and CC supports VVZ para NN national JJ centres NNS of IN excellence NN in IN the DT library NN infrastructural NN resourcing NN of IN esoteric JJ areas NNS of IN Humanities NNS research NN . SENT and CC a DT way NN of IN supporting VVG locally RB produced VVN databases NNS which WDT will MD never RB be VB self NN funding NN , , but CC which WDT are VBP of IN national JJ importance NN . SENT Universities NNS . SENT University NP , , National NP and CC State NP Librarians NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT NAF NP . SENT NSCF NP . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT ARC VV IT PP Development NP The DT importance NN of IN IT PP development NN in IN the DT Universities NNS is VBZ clearly RB immense JJ , , and CC is VBZ not RB confined VVN to TO Libraries NNS . SENT The DT issues NNS were VBD extensively RB discussed VVN by IN the DT 5 CD th NN Round NP Table NN of IN the DT National NP Scholarly JJ Communications NP Forum NP which WDT is VBZ sponsored VVN by IN the DT Academy NP of IN the DT Humanities NNS on IN behalf NN of IN the DT three CD other JJ Academies NNS on IN Information NP , , Innovation NN and CC Scholarly JJ Communication NP held VVD on IN 21 CD 22 CD October NP 1996 CD . SENT Among IN those DT attending VVG were VBD the DT Chairmen NNS of IN the DT Higher JJR Education NP Funding NP Council NP for IN England NP and CC of IN the DT British JJ Universities NNS Joint NP Information NP Systems NPS Committee NP . SENT They PP and CC others NNS reported VVD on IN the DT impressive JJ developments NNS in IN the DT UK NP associated VVN with IN the DT Follett NP Report NP , , the DT Joint NP Information NP Systems NP Committee NP itself PP , , the DT JANET NP and CC SuperJANET NP facilities NNS and CC much RB else RB besides IN . SENT In IN October NP 1996 CD the DT AVCC NN put VVN out IN an DT Issues NP Paper NP by IN its PP$ Standing NP Committee NP on IN Information NP Resources NPS on IN Exploiting VVG Information NP Technology NP in IN Higher JJR Education NN which WDT seemed VVD to TO grapple VV with IN many JJ of IN these DT issues NNS . SENT Among IN a DT great JJ many JJ other JJ things NNS it PP pointed VVD to TO the DT need NN to TO develop VV policies NNS for IN educational JJ applications NNS of IN telecommunications NN technologies NNS which WDT provide VVP equity NN of IN access NN , , common JJ standards NNS and CC a DT unified JJ network NN strategy NN including VVG all DT communications NNS services NNS voice NN , , dat NP , , fax NN , , video JJ etc NN . SENT together RB with IN interconnections NNS between IN institutions NNS and CC with IN the DT external JJ world NN , , along RB with IN the DT need NN for IN national JJ approaches NNS to TO the DT establishment NN of IN software NN and CC communications NN standards NNS , , the DT education NN of IN staff NN and CC students NNS , , the DT collaborative JJ development NN of IN critical JJ and CC innovative JJ software NN packages NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT the DT collection NN of IN information NN resources NNS in IN a DT standardised VVN format NN and CC the DT making VVG of IN them PP available JJ to TO educational JJ centres NNS through IN both DT conventional JJ and CC advanced JJ communications NNS networks NNS . SENT It PP asserted VVD too RB that IN . SENT Serious JJ consideration NN needs VVZ to TO be VB given VVN at IN the DT highest JJS level NN to TO establishing VVG a DT coordinating VVG and CC funding VVG body NN under IN the DT joint JJ auspices NNS of IN DEETYA NP and CC the DT AVCC NP to TO coordinate VV all DT national JJ activities NNS and CC initiatives NNS in IN this DT sector NN . SENT Such JJ matters NNS are VBP as RB important JJ to TO the DT Humanities NNS as RB to TO other JJ academic JJ fields NNS . SENT Once RB again RB it PP needs VVZ to TO be VB recognised VVN that IN , , to TO be VB successful JJ , , such JJ a DT development NN would MD require VV another DT element NN of IN earmarked VVN funding NN . SENT Regrettably RB no DT steps NNS seem VVP to TO have VH been VBN taken VVN to TO implement VV this DT very RB important JJ proposal NN . SENT In IN considering VVG the DT particular JJ needs NNS of IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS there RB are VBP a DT number NN of IN IT PP issues NNS which WDT call VVP for IN special JJ attention NN we PP refer VVP below RB to TO intellectual JJ property NN matters NNS . SENT There EX are VBP , , for IN example NN , , considerable JJ difficulties NNS at IN present NN for IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS in IN the DT appropriateness NN and CC reliability NN of IN information NN retrieval NN systems NNS that WDT are VBP currently RB available JJ upon IN the DT Net NN . SENT Especially RB in IN the DT globalised JJ electronic JJ environment NN , , major JJ improvements NNS are VBP required VVN in IN the DT indexing NN available JJ on IN the DT Web NP , , and CC particularly RB in IN the DT capacity NN to TO search VV appropriate JJ metadata NN regimes NNS principally RB bibliographies NNS . SENT Moreover RB , , it PP seems VVZ certain JJ that IN over IN the DT coming VVG decades NNS a DT great JJ deal NN of IN the DT data NN that WDT is VBZ the DT stock NN in IN trade NN of IN so RB many JJ Humanities NNS fields NNS and CC disciplines NNS is VBZ likely JJ to TO become VV available JJ electronically RB , , and CC that IN an DT immense JJ variety NN of IN institutions NNS and CC individuals NNS will MD be VB engaged VVN in IN placing VVG this DT on IN the DT Net NN and CC on IN its PP$ future JJ developments NNS . SENT Since IN this DT is VBZ certain JJ to TO be VB done VVN mostly RB by IN those DT in IN other JJ continents NNS , , collaboration NN and CC common JJ procedures NNS will MD be VB essential JJ , , and CC steps NNS need VVP to TO be VB taken VVN at IN an DT early JJ date NN to TO secure VV the DT protocols NNS for IN this DT . SENT It PP needs VVZ to TO be VB recognised VVN , , however RB , , that IN the DT major JJ obstacle NN at IN present JJ to TO the DT continued JJ exploration NN and CC exploitation NN of IN information NN technology NN by IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS principally RB lies VVZ in IN the DT serious JJ lack NN of IN resources NNS . SENT Lack NN of IN funds NNS for IN computer NN staff NN is VBZ forcing VVG those DT who WP wish VVP to TO create VV useful JJ Web NP sites NNS or CC run VV mailing VVG lists NNS to TO master VV the DT technical JJ difficulties NNS involved VVD themselves PP , , which WDT , , if IN this DT does VVZ not RB deter VV them PP from IN proceeding VVG altogether RB , , reduces VVZ the DT time NN available JJ for IN their PP$ own JJ research NN . SENT Maintaining VVG a DT Web NP site NN or CC moderating VVG a DT mailing NN list NN requires VVZ a DT continuing VVG commitment NN of IN time NN and CC effort NN . SENT While IN , , moreover RB , , some DT Humanities NNS scholars NNS report VVP a DT good JJ level NN of IN access NN to TO computers NNS and CC computer NN networks NNS , , others NNS find VVP themselves PP forced VVD to TO make VV do VV with IN obsolete JJ technology NN to TO a DT greater JJR degree NN than IN many JJ in IN other JJ fields NNS . SENT The DT only JJ conceivable JJ justification NN for IN such PDT a DT policy NN the DT notion NN that IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS only RB use VVP computers NNS for IN word NN processing NN and CC e NN mail NN is VBZ hardly RB convincing VVG if IN their PP$ computers NNS allow VVP them PP to TO do VV little RB else RB . SENT The DT Humanities NNS have VHP as RB great JJ a DT claim NN to TO up RB to TO date VV IT PP as IN any DT other JJ disciplines NNS , , and CC the DT Visual NP and CC Performing VVG Arts NNS requiring VVG work NN stations NNS to TO handle VV sound NN and CC graphics NNS needs VVZ a DT greater JJR claim NN than IN most RBS . SENT Recommendation NN 16 CD That IN the DT Australian JJ Vice NP Chancellors NNS Committee NP take VV steps NNS to TO procure VV the DT implementation NN of IN the DT recommendation NN of IN its PP$ Standing NP Committee NP on IN Information NP Resources NPS for IN the DT institution NN of IN a DT high JJ level NN coordinating VVG and CC funding VVG body NN to TO coordinate VV national JJ activities NNS and CC initiatives NNS in IN IT PP development NN in IN Higher JJR Education NN . SENT That IN such PDT a DT body NN and CC Universities NNS generally RB recognise VV the DT claims NNS to TO state NN of IN the DT art NN IT PP for IN the DT Humanities NNS as IN for IN other JJ academic JJ fields NNS . SENT That IN a DT National NP Scholarly JJ Communications NP Forum NP be VB arranged VVN with IN overseas JJ participants NNS to TO consider VV policies NNS concerning VVG the DT digitisation NN of IN data NNS for IN Humanities NNS and CC other JJ scholars NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT NSCF NP Centres VVZ for IN Humanities NNS and CC The DT Arts NNS In IN relation NN to TO the DT injunction NN in IN its PP$ terms NNS of IN reference NN to TO project VV future JJ institutional JJ needs NNS for IN the DT advancement NN of IN research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN Australia NP the DT Review NP believes VVZ that IN , , at IN a DT time NN when WRB there EX is VBZ widespread JJ concern NN that IN the DT achievements NNS attained VVN by IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS in IN Australia NP are VBP under IN serious JJ threat NN , , there EX could MD be VB one CD especially RB valuable JJ , , ameliorating VVG initiative NN . SENT This DT would MD be VB the DT establishment NN over IN the DT course NN of IN the DT coming VVG years NNS of IN a DT Humanities NNS Centre NP in IN each DT major JJ metropolitan JJ city NN . SENT These DT Centres NNS should MD be VB located VVN in IN the DT community NN , , not RB on IN any DT particular JJ campus NN . SENT They PP should MD be VB managed VVN by IN a DT consortium NN of IN Universities NNS and CC representatives NNS of IN other JJ local JJ cultural JJ and CC educational JJ institutions NNS in IN the DT area NN . SENT Their PP$ distinctive JJ feature NN should MD be VB a DT close JJ association NN with IN the DT State NP Library NN , , Museum NP , , Art NP Gallery NP and CC other JJ major JJ cultural JJ institutions NNS in IN their PP$ vicinity NN , , and CC they PP should MD act VV as IN communication NN nodes NNS both CC face VVP to TO face VV and CC electronically RB for IN students NNS , , independent JJ scholars NNS , , university NN researchers NNS and CC the DT interested JJ general JJ public NN . SENT They PP could MD be VB funded VVN in IN part NN by IN a DT levy NN on IN participating VVG institutions NNS universities NNS , , schools NNS , , museums NNS etc NN . SENT , , but CC we PP would MD hope VV that IN they PP would MD attract VV new JJ Federal NP Government NP funds NNS and CC significant JJ State NP Government NP support NN for IN the DT local JJ connections NNS and CC outreach VV they PP would MD engender VV . SENT The DT funds NNS could MD be VB administered VVN through IN ACHA NP . SENT The DT Centres NNS should MD operate VV principally RB through IN the DT tried VVN and CC tested VVN methods NNS of IN conference NN , , symposium NN , , workshop NN , , seminar NN , , public JJ lecture NN , , exhibition NN and CC such JJ like IN . SENT They PP should MD commit VV themselves PP to TO making VVG the DT sum NN of IN their PP$ Humanities NNS components NNS dramatically RB greater JJR than IN their PP$ individual JJ parts NNS , , and CC they PP should MD take VV steps NNS to TO enhance VV greatly RB the DT public JJ face NN of IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT Among IN many JJ other JJ things NNS they PP could MD make VV a DT special JJ point NN of IN bringing VVG scholars NNS together RB from IN around IN the DT Pacific NP and CC Asian JJ region NN to TO explore VV major JJ issues NNS of IN common JJ concern NN in IN Humanities NNS research NN . SENT They PP should MD be VB subject JJ to TO five CD year NN reviews NNS , , and CC there EX should MD be VB a DT degree NN of IN competition NN between IN them PP for IN the DT available JJ resources NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 17 CD That DT in IN the DT coming VVG years NNS a DT Humanities NNS Centre NP be VB established VVN in IN each DT major JJ metropolitan JJ city NN with IN Federal NP and CC State NP funding NN whose WP$ key JJ tasks NNS should MD include VV . SENT the DT dissemination NN and CC popularisation NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN . SENT the DT creation NN of IN an DT improved JJ nexus NN between IN State NP Libraries NNS , , Museums NNS , , Art NN Galleries NNS and CC University NP Libraries NNS and CC their PP$ users NNS , , particularly RB in IN relation NN to TO research NN collections NNS . SENT the DT mounting VVG of IN cross NN institutional JJ and CC cross VV disciplinary JJ workshops NNS , , symposia NNS and CC conferences NNS , , drawing VVG particularly RB on IN scholars NNS and CC interested JJ parties NNS of IN all DT kinds NNS in IN their PP$ vicinity NN , , but CC where WRB appropriate JJ from IN elsewhere RB too RB not RB least JJS from IN the DT Asian JJ and CC Pacific JJ region NN . SENT and CC the DT facilitation NN of IN cross NN institutional JJ studies NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT and CC the DT broad JJ fostering VVG of IN Humanities NNS subjects NNS , , concepts NNS and CC values NNS in IN schools NNS , , the DT professions NNS and CC before IN the DT public NN . SENT Universities NNS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT Ministers NNS for IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS and CC Communication NP and CC the DT Arts NPS . SENT State NN Governments NNS . SENT HEC NP Research NP Priorities NNS The DT Review NP has VHZ been VBN asked VVN to TO outline VV the DT principles NNS to TO be VB adopted VVN in IN setting VVG priorities NNS in IN research NN and CC research NN training NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT The DT cardinal JJ principles NNS governing VVG support NN for IN research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC in IN other JJ fields NNS too RB should MD as RB ever RB be VB to TO foster VV creativity NN in IN scholarship NN and CC research NN of IN the DT highest JJS order NN . SENT This DT includes VVZ the DT cultivation NN and CC exploitation NN of IN existing VVG cultural JJ capital NN , , the DT readiness NN to TO explore VV alternative JJ propositions NNS energetically RB , , and CC the DT imaginative JJ grasping VVG of IN new JJ research NN opportunities NNS . SENT The DT critical JJ test NN must MD continue VV to TO lie VV , , moreover RB , , in IN confidential JJ peer NN review NN , , wherever WRB possible JJ and CC appropriate JJ on IN an DT international JJ basis NN . SENT Some DT scholars NNS are VBP ready JJ to TO allow VV that IN there EX is VBZ a DT case NN for IN setting VVG certain JJ priorities NNS for IN research NN within IN some DT broadly RB defined VVN fields NNS so RB long RB as IN this DT is VBZ done VVN judiciously RB and CC circumspectly RB . SENT It PP should MD be VB noted VVN , , however RB , , that IN stronger JJR views NNS were VBD expressed VVN to TO the DT Review NP by IN active JJ scholars NNS against IN any DT such JJ proposal NN than IN upon IN any DT other JJ topic NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN there EX can MD be VB no DT doubt NN that IN a DT great JJ deal NN of IN emphasis NN should MD be VB placed VVN upon IN topics NNS of IN particular JJ importance NN to TO Australia NP . SENT It PP is VBZ nonetheless RB important JJ that IN a DT broad JJ view NN is VBZ taken VVN of IN what WP these DT comprise VVP , , and CC that DT imaginative JJ new JJ ventures NNS should MD be VB fostered VVN . SENT Just RB , , however RB , , as IN it PP is VBZ unthinkable JJ that IN Science NP researchers NNS should MD be VB governed VVN by IN specific JJ Australian JJ concerns NNS only RB , , rather RB than IN by IN global JJ scientific JJ agendas NNS , , so RB a DT good JJ deal NN of IN Australian JJ research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS needs VVZ to TO be VB integrated VVN into IN research NN as IN it PP operates VVZ on IN a DT world NN scale NN . SENT Our PP$ main JJ overseas JJ partners NNS will MD naturally RB expect VV us PP to TO lead VV in IN most JJS fields NNS of IN Australian JJ studies NNS , , but CC would MD be VB dismayed VVN if IN our PP$ research NN were VBD to TO become VV too RB Australia NP specific NN . SENT A DT wider JJR agenda NN will MD ensure VV we PP retain VV our PP$ entr NN e NN into IN global JJ intellectual JJ networks NNS . SENT That IN in IN turn NN will MD safeguard VV our PP$ local JJ standards NNS of IN performance NN . SENT It PP warrants VVZ mentioning VVG , , moreover RB , , that IN the DT considerable JJ advances NNS in IN recent JJ years NNS in IN international JJ connections NNS travel NN , , Internet NP , , etc FW . SENT now RB serve VV to TO make VV some DT highly RB specialised VVN scholarship NN , , where WRB the DT scholarly JJ community NN in IN any DT one CD country NN is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB in IN any DT event NN small JJ , , fully RB appropriate JJ to TO Australia NP . SENT This DT often RB adds VVZ to TO the DT overall JJ depth NN of IN Australian JJ scholarly JJ endeavour NN , , and CC to TO Australia's NNS scholarly JJ reputation NN internationally RB . SENT It PP must MD never RB be VB forgotten VVN , , moreover RB , , that IN some DT of IN the DT most RBS fruitful JJ scholarly JJ ventures NNS are VBP due JJ to TO historical JJ accident NN rather RB than IN specific JJ planning NN . SENT that IN the DT academic JJ freedom NN of IN scholars NNS to TO pursue VV research NN of IN their PP$ own JJ choosing NN remains VVZ of IN very RB great JJ importance NN to TO them PP . SENT and CC that IN it PP is VBZ of IN the DT very JJ essence NN of IN research NN that IN it PP quite RB precisely RB seeks VVZ out RP the DT unknown NN , , and CC finds VVZ , , so RB often RB , , the DT unexpected JJ . SENT Recommendation NN 18 CD That DT , , should MD research NN priorities NNS be VB called VVN for IN , , they PP should MD be VB imaginatively RB wide JJ , , and CC the DT Academy NP of IN the DT Humanities NNS should MD be VB consulted VVN about IN any DT which WDT touch VVP the DT Humanities NNS . SENT That IN , , in IN the DT granting VVG of IN financial JJ assistance NN for IN research NN , , prime JJ importance NN continue VVP to TO be VB attached VVN to TO peer VV group NN refereeing VVG , , including VVG wherever WRB appropriate JJ some DT from IN overseas RB . SENT That DT research NN on IN topics NNS of IN importance NN to TO Australia NP should MD be VB actively RB fostered VVN . SENT That IN at IN the DT same JJ time NN there EX be VB ample JJ provision NN for IN research NN on IN topics NNS that WDT are VBP not RB thus RB defined VVN , , and CC that WDT , , in IN the DT interests NNS of IN scholarly JJ freedom NN and CC Australia's JJ scholarly JJ reputation NN internationally RB , , some DT boldness NN be VB displayed VVN here RB . SENT ARC NN . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT AAH NP . SENT Universities NNS Costs NNS of IN Humanities NNS Research NP By IN comparison NN with IN other JJ fields NNS of IN research NN , , Humanities NNS research NN is VBZ very RB cost VVN effective JJ . SENT While IN there EX is VBZ often RB no DT correlation NN between IN the DT size NN of IN a DT research NN grant NN made VVN in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC the DT quality NN and CC quantity NN of IN the DT outputs NNS that IN result NN , , Humanities NNS research NN is VBZ generally RB considerably RB more RBR productive JJ per IN research NN item NN produced VVN for IN research NN dollar NN invested VVN than IN many JJ other JJ fields NNS of IN research NN . SENT The DT current JJ preoccupation NN of IN Universities NNS and CC DEETYA NP in IN measuring VVG the DT level NN of IN research NN activities NNS by IN grant NN size NN and CC by IN the DT total JJ external JJ research NN income NN received VVD not RB only RB works VVZ to TO the DT disadvantage NN of IN scholarship NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS where WRB what WP is VBZ often RB most RBS notable JJ is VBZ not RB the DT high JJ amount NN research NN is VBZ estimated VVN to TO cost VV but CC the DT relatively RB modest JJ amount NN that IN it PP actually RB did VVD , , but CC is VBZ a DT quite RB inadequate JJ measure NN of IN its PP$ quality NN . SENT Nevertheless RB it PP is VBZ no RB longer RBR the DT case NN if IN indeed RB it PP ever RB was VBD so RB that IN all PDT that DT Humanities NNS researchers NNS require VVP is VBZ pen NN and CC paper NN . SENT They PP need VVP , , as IN we PP have VHP emphasised VVN elsewhere RB , , time NN , , and CC very RB considerable JJ library NN and CC IT PP resources NNS . SENT Nowadays RB they PP also RB increasingly RB need VV grants NNS for IN field NN work NN , , for IN research NN assistance NN , , for IN travel VV not RB least JJS to TO enable VV them PP to TO visit VV specialist NN libraries NNS and CC other JJ source NN repositories NNS , , for IN computer NN hardware NN and CC software NN , , and CC sometimes RB considerable JJ equipment NN and CC technical JJ support NN , , for IN example NN as IN some DT of IN them PP move VVP into IN the DT new JJ fields NNS of IN multimedia NNS . SENT ABS NP statistics NNS show VVP , , however RB , , that IN whereas IN in IN 1992 CD the DT Humanities NNS received VVD 9 CD . SENT 6 CD per IN cent NN of IN Australia's NP R NP D NP budget NN , , by IN 1995 CD this NN had VHD dropped VVN to TO 7 CD . SENT 5 CD per IN cent NN . SENT We PP will MD see VV below IN Recommendations NNS 22 CD and CC 23 CD that IN there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT clear JJ decline NN since IN 1987 CD in IN the DT Humanities NNS share NN of IN ARC JJ Large JJ and CC Small JJ Grants NPS funds NNS . SENT There EX has VHZ been VBN a DT smaller JJR increase NN in IN Humanities NNS FTE NP 7 CD . SENT 82 CD per IN cent NN compared VVN with IN the DT average NN of IN all DT FTE NP 18 CD . SENT 06 CD per IN cent NN in IN the DT period NN 1990 CD 6 CD see VV Volume NN 1 CD , , Chapter NP 2 CD , , Figure NP 2 CD . SENT 2 CD , , but CC as RB far RB as IN we PP are VBP aware JJ this DT discrepancy NN has VHZ not RB been VBN reflected VVN in IN any DT decline NN in IN the DT volume NN or CC quality NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN . SENT As IN we PP have VHP detailed VVN elsewhere RB , , Humanities NNS scholarship NN in IN Australia NP enjoys VVZ internationally RB a DT high JJ profile NN , , and CC as RB we PP emphasise VV here RB it PP is VBZ increasingly RB costly JJ . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT good JJ deal NN of IN current JJ anecdotal JJ evidence NN that IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS often RB bear VVP a DT good JJ deal NN of IN this DT cost NN out RP of IN their PP$ own JJ pockets NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ sometimes RB suggested VVN , , and CC frequently RB repeated VVN in IN documents NNS emanating VVG from IN the DT ARC JJ and CC other JJ bodies NNS , , that DT Humanities NNS research NN in IN Australia NP secures VVZ a DT greater JJR proportion NN of IN public JJ funds NNS for IN research NN than IN is VBZ common JJ in IN other JJ OECD NP countries NNS . SENT 3 CD In IN view NN of IN the DT present JJ tax NN regime NN and CC the DT marked JJ lack NN of IN an DT Australian JJ culture NN of IN private JJ donations NNS to TO scholarly JJ enterprises NNS , , this DT is VBZ quite RB beside IN the DT point NN . SENT In IN other JJ OECD NP countries NNS public JJ funding NN of IN research NN is VBZ extensively RB supplemented VVN by IN grants NNS from IN non JJ government NN sources NNS to TO an DT extent NN that WDT is VBZ still RB not RB conceivable JJ here RB . SENT Even RB in IN Australia NP there EX are VBP many JJ industry NN , , non JJ government NN sources NNS of IN funding NN for IN non JJ Humanities NNS projects NNS which WDT do VVP not RB extend VV to TO the DT Humanities NNS . SENT An DT American JJ survey NN in IN 1994 CD calculated VVN that IN , , quite RB apart RB from IN the DT US NP 158 CD m NN disbursed VVN by IN the DT US NP Government's NP National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Humanities NNS only RB a DT third NN of IN which WDT went VVD to TO Universities NNS , , US NP 50 CD m NN was VBD flowing VVG annually RB to TO the DT humanities NNS from IN large JJ foundations NNS . SENT Moreover RB , , this DT calculation NN did VVD not RB include VV the DT very RB extensive JJ and CC seemingly RB unquantifiable JJ amounts NNS which WDT alumni NNS and CC others NNS personally RB make VVP to TO their PP$ Universities NNS , , not RB least JJS through IN very RB substantial JJ private JJ endowments NNS . SENT In IN the DT UK NP public JJ funding NN for IN research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS is VBZ significantly RB supplemented VVN by IN such JJ bodies NNS as IN the DT Leverhulme NP Trust NP which WDT have VHP no DT counterpart NN here RB , , not RB to TO mention VV the DT very RB many JJ endowments NNS enjoyed VVN by IN the DT Universities NNS of IN Cambridge NP and CC Oxford NP . SENT Likewise RB it PP is VBZ supplemented VVN in IN Portugal NP by IN the DT Gulbenkian NP Foundation NP , , in IN Denmark NP by IN the DT Carlsberg NP Foundation NP , , in IN Germany NP by IN the DT Volkswagen NP Foundation NP , , none NN of IN which WDT are VBP complemented VVN in IN Australia NP . SENT Changes NNS in IN the DT conditions NNS under IN which WDT donations NNS to TO Humanities NNS research NN may MD be VB made VVN need NN to TO be VB sought VVN here RB . SENT Recommendation NN 19 CD That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP , , the DT Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS and CC the DT Universities NNS recognise VV the DT relative JJ cost NN effectiveness NN of IN much JJ Humanities NNS research NN , , but CC recognise VV too RB that IN , , as IN its PP$ cost NN is VBZ now RB significantly RB increasing VVG because IN of IN the DT growing VVG need NN for IN computer NN hardware NN and CC software NN and CC travel NN to TO specialist NN research NN collections NNS etc NN . SENT for IN individual JJ scholars NNS , , there EX is VBZ a DT strong JJ argument NN for IN increasing VVG the DT overall JJ percentage NN of IN research NN funds NNS allocated VVN to TO the DT Humanities NNS , , directly RB and CC indirectly RB , , to TO reach VV parity NN of IN treatment NN in IN the DT provision NN of IN research NN infrastructure NN . SENT ARC NN . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT Universities NNS That IN the DT Australian JJ Vice NP Chancellors NNS Committee NP make VV contingency NN plans NNS to TO present VV the DT case NN for IN tax NN relief NN for IN private JJ donations NNS to TO research NN in IN the DT pending JJ political JJ reconsideration NN of IN the DT Australian JJ tax NN regime NN . SENT ARC NN . SENT AVCC NP Quality NP of IN Humanities NNS Research NP and CC the DT Research NP Quantum NP We PP do VVP not RB need VV to TO repeat VV at IN this DT point NN in IN our PP$ Review NP the DT high JJ standing NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN in IN this DT country NN . SENT It PP warrants VVZ stating VVG , , however RB , , that IN whatever WDT may MD the DT case NN in IN other JJ fields NNS , , the DT current JJ propensity NN to TO judge VV the DT quality NN of IN research NN by IN reference NN to TO the DT US NP based VVN Institute NP of IN Scientific NP Information NP citation NN index NN based VVN largely RB on IN journal NN articles NNS is VBZ inappropriate JJ to TO most JJS of IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT Scholarship NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS does VVZ not RB advance VV through IN a DT sequence NN of IN journal NN articles NNS alone RB . SENT In IN rating VVG its PP$ quality NN , , prime JJ importance NN needs VVZ to TO be VB attached VVN to TO the DT quality NN of IN reviews NNS of IN the DT books NNS and CC monographs NNS produced VVN in IN the DT field NN . SENT Nor CC does VVZ the DT citation NN index NN used VVN for IN the DT Composite NP Index NP capture VV a DT high JJ percentage NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN published VVN in IN refereed VVN journals NNS . SENT Its PP$ listing NN of IN Humanities NNS journals NNS from IN Australia NP , , for IN example NN , , has VHZ been VBN entirely RB arbitrary JJ . SENT The DT premier JJ world NN journal NN on IN South NP Asia NP was VBD not RB included VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ published VVN in IN Armidale NP . SENT Nor CC were VBD such JJ characteristic JJ items NNS as IN the DT Journal NP of IN Australian JJ Studies NNS and CC Aboriginal JJ History NN , , both CC of IN them PP of IN high JJ standing NN . SENT We PP attach VVP as IN Appendix NN 2 CD a DT list NN a DT long JJ list NN of IN Australian JJ journals NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS for IN reference NN . SENT No DT less RBR seriously RB many JJ journals NNS in IN non JJ English JJ languages NNS in IN which WDT Humanities NNS scholars NNS do VVP especially RB well RB to TO publish VV have VHP not RB been VBN listed VVN either RB . SENT Our PP$ principal JJ concern NN here RB , , however RB , , is VBZ with IN the DT manner NN in IN which WDT the DT publications NNS component NN of IN the DT Research NP Quantum NP is VBZ currently RB calculated VVN . SENT This DT has VHZ sparked VVN very RB considerable JJ discontent NN amongst IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS . SENT Even RB in IN the DT earlier JJR version NN when WRB 22 CD categories NNS were VBD provided VVN in IN the DT data NN collection NN procedure NN , , numerous JJ , , quite RB unimpeachable JJ outlets NNS for IN Humanities NNS research NN were VBD in IN no DT way NN acknowledged VVD . SENT Following VVG the DT reduction NN to TO four CD categories NNS introduced VVN in IN 1997 CD the DT objections NNS have VHP only RB been VBN compounded VVN . SENT We PP are VBP fully RB aware JJ of IN the DT argument NN that IN the DT four CD categories NNS chosen VVN have VHP a DT high JJ statistical JJ correlation NN over IN 80 CD per IN cent NN over IN all DT fields NNS with IN the DT earlier JJR publication NN index NN and CC that IN their PP$ use NN is VBZ more RBR efficient JJ and CC more RBR amenable JJ to TO quality NN control NN than IN the DT 22 CD category NN system NN . SENT However RB , , it PP simply RB does VVZ not RB satisfy VV researchers NNS in IN fields NNS like IN Humanities NNS , , where WRB much JJ valuable JJ research NN output NN is VBZ deemed VVN statistically RB irrelevant JJ , , to TO be VB told VVN that IN , , although IN their PP$ output NN is VBZ not RB adequately RB measured VVN , , their PP$ institution NN is VBZ morally RB bound VVN to TO distribute VV its PP$ allocation NN internally RB to TO further VV its PP$ own JJ mission NN , , whatever WDT that RB may MD be VB . SENT No DT one NN can MD have VH confidence NN in IN institutions NNS abilities NNS to TO act VV fairly RB , , when WRB those NNS whose WP$ output NN has VHZ been VBN adequately RB measured VVN clamour NN loudly RB to TO have VH Research NP Quantum NP money NN returned VVD to TO them PP in IN the DT manner NN in IN which WDT they PP believe VVP they PP have VHP earned VVN it PP . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT recipe NN for IN discord VV within IN institutions NNS and CC for IN growing VVG perceived VVN unfairness NN in IN the DT internal JJ distribution NN of IN research NN funds NNS . SENT It PP betrays VVZ a DT lack NN of IN responsibility NN to TO the DT research NN enterprise NN . SENT The DT signals NNS which WDT the DT present JJ system NN , , and CC these DT arguments NNS , , send VV out RP as IN to TO what WP is VBZ and CC is VBZ not RB valued VVN in IN the DT University NP system NN are VBP at IN once RB damaging VVG and CC resented VVD . SENT Leaving VVG aside RP our PP$ concerns NNS about IN the DT present JJ method NN of IN calculating VVG the DT Composite NP Index NP , , we PP have VHP major JJ concerns NNS about IN the DT relative JJ value NN assigned VVN to TO items NNS within IN it PP . SENT In IN particular JJ , , from IN a DT Humanities NNS perspective NN , , the DT present JJ system NN with IN its PP$ weighting NN of IN 5 CD . SENT 1 CD for IN books NNS as IN compared VVN with IN the DT other JJ 3 CD categories NNS gives VVZ little JJ encouragement NN to TO write VV the DT sustained JJ scholarly JJ book NN on IN which WDT international JJ scholarship NN ultimately RB judges NNS quality NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT These DT are VBP worth JJ at IN least JJS 10 CD journal NN articles NNS . SENT The DT following VVG are VBP the DT chief JJ items NNS of IN Humanities NNS and CC Creative JJ Arts NP research NN output NN excluded VVN from IN the DT 4 CD tier NN Composite NP Index NP . SENT Entries NNS in IN reference NN works NNS are VBP excluded VVN . SENT These DT , , short JJ or CC long JJ , , such JJ as IN contributions NNS to TO the DT Australian JJ Dictionary NP of IN Biography NN or CC the DT Encyclopaedia NN Britannica NP , , require VVP a DT great JJ depth NN of IN learning VVG for IN , , precisely RB , , as IN small JJ a DT number NN of IN words NNS as IN is VBZ possible JJ . SENT Scholarly JJ editions NNS of IN texts NNS are VBP excluded VVN too RB . SENT So RB is VBZ the DT editing VVG of IN published VVN symposia NNS . SENT So RB is VBZ both CC the DT editing VVG of IN a DT scholarly JJ collection NN of IN essays NNS as RB well RB as IN the DT authorship NN of IN an DT essay NN in IN the DT volume NN . SENT So RB is VBZ the DT activity NN of IN editing VVG a DT learned VVN journal NN . SENT So RB are VBP items NNS published VVN by IN a DT University NP Department NP , , regardless RB of IN whether IN they PP may MD have VH had VHN as RB rigorous JJ a DT refereeing VVG process NN as IN provided VVN by IN any DT commercial JJ publisher NN . SENT In IN several JJ Humanities NNS fields NNS publications NNS in IN avant JJ garde NN but CC not RB necessarily RB refereed VVN journals NNS are VBP from IN time NN to TO time VV especially RB appropriate JJ . SENT These DT are VBP summarily RB excluded VVN too RB . SENT So RB is VBZ any DT kind NN of IN creative JJ writing NN novels NNS , , poetry NN , , playwriting NN , , and CC any DT performance NN in IN The DT Arts NP musical JJ composition NN , , painting NN , , sculpture NN , , dance NN , , film NN , , tape NN or CC CD NN recording NN . SENT The DT system NN positively RB discourages VVZ writing VVG for IN newspapers NNS , , weeklies NNS or CC other JJ such JJ organs NNS in IN order NN to TO reach VV a DT much RB wider JJR public JJ readership NN . SENT Consideration NN needs VVZ to TO be VB given VVN to TO a DT peer NN review NN procedure NN of IN the DT kind NN that WDT is VBZ now RB well RB honed VVN in IN the DT United NP Kingdom NP . SENT If IN that DT is VBZ not RB easily RB transferable JJ , , other JJ new JJ arrangements NNS need VVP to TO be VB instituted VVN which WDT do VVP not RB manifestly RB under IN represent VV the DT output NN of IN large JJ sectors NNS of IN the DT university NN research NN community NN . SENT At IN the DT very RB least JJS Universities NNS have VHP a DT responsibility NN to TO institute VV a DT far RB more RBR sophisticated JJ system NN for IN the DT judging VVG of IN quality NN for IN the DT purposes NNS of IN their PP$ own JJ internal JJ arrangements NNS internal JJ funding NN formulae NNS , , promotions NNS , , etc FW . SENT than IN a DT blanket NN application NN of IN the DT national JJ system NN . SENT Some DT are VBP already RB doing VVG this DT . SENT Once RB there EX is VBZ some DT experience NN of IN these DT developments NNS , , a DT far RB more RBR acceptable JJ national JJ system NN could MD be VB constructed VVN . SENT So RB soon RB as IN this DT is VBZ in IN place NN , , it PP would MD be VB highly RB appropriate JJ to TO enlarge VV the DT component NN of IN the DT Research NP Quantum NP that WDT is VBZ determined VVN by IN research NN output NN very RB considerably RB . SENT The DT Review NP is VBZ aware JJ of IN Professor NP Paul NP Bourke's NP Research NP Evaluation NN and CC Policy NP Project NP on IN Evaluating VVG University NP Research NP . SENT The DT British JJ Assessment NP Exercise NN and CC Australian JJ Practice NN May NP 1997 CD , , and CC believes VVZ the DT issues NNS which WDT it PP raises VVZ should MD be VB given VVN very RB close JJ consideration NN . SENT Recommendation NN 20 CD That DT , , in IN view NN of IN the DT inadequacy NN of IN the DT present JJ research NN data NNS collection NN procedure NN to TO capture VV the DT broad JJ range NN of IN research NN and CC the DT need NN for IN a DT radical JJ enlargement NN of IN the DT element NN of IN the DT Research NP Quantum NP based VVN upon IN it PP , , Universities NNS develop VVP their PP$ own JJ best JJS practice NN in IN monitoring VVG and CC rewarding VVG the DT full JJ range NN of IN research NN outcomes NNS in IN each DT institution NN that WDT are VBP appropriate JJ to TO their PP$ strategic JJ purposes NNS . SENT That IN , , with IN a DT view NN to TO creating VVG a DT substantially RB more RBR appropriate JJ data NN collection NN procedure NN for IN determining VVG a DT significant JJ proportion NN of IN the DT Research NP Quantum NP , , the DT Australian JJ Vice NP Chancellors NNS Committee NP , , Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS , , Australian NP Research NP Council NP and CC Higher JJR Education NP Council NP ensure VV through IN the DT Composite NP Index NP Working NP Party NP and CC in IN other JJ fora NP that IN widespread JJ discussion NN takes VVZ place NN of IN the DT issues NNS raised VVN by IN Professor NP Bourke's NP report NN and CC by IN this DT Review NP . SENT The DT Minister NP for IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT AVCC NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT ARC NN . SENT Composite NP Index NP Working NP Party NP Research NP and CC The DT Arts NP The NP Visual NP and CC Performing VVG Arts NNS comprise VVP approximately RB five CD per IN cent NN of IN all DT University NP staff NN and CC students NNS , , but CC on IN all DT current JJ research NN measures NNS underperform VV . SENT In IN particular JJ , , The DT Arts NP gain NN only RB 0 CD . SENT 6 CD per IN cent NN of IN all DT ARC JJ grants NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT basis NN , , however RB , , for IN arguing VVG that DT staff NN and CC students NNS in IN this DT disciplinary JJ area NN are VBP any DT less RBR productive JJ than IN staff NN and CC students NNS in IN other JJ areas NNS . SENT Current JJ research NN schemes NNS and CC measures VVZ often RB disregard VV creative JJ work NN in IN The DT Arts NPS , , chiefly RB because IN of IN its PP$ lack NN of IN conformity NN to TO generally RB accepted VVN research NN protocols NNS , , which WDT are VBP predicated VVN on IN problem NN solving VVG , , lack NN of IN a DT written JJ basis NN and CC the DT difficulty NN in IN assessing VVG the DT huge JJ diversity NN of IN potential JJ outcomes NNS . SENT Since IN the DT amalgamation NN of IN Universities NNS and CC Colleges NNS of IN Advanced NP Education NP , , which WDT brought VVD many JJ art NN colleges NNS , , dance NN schools NNS and CC conservatoria NNS within IN the DT National NP Unified JJ System NP , , no DT enduring JJ national JJ mechanism NN for IN the DT recognition NN and CC funding NN of IN creative JJ arts NNS work NN , , in IN which WDT a DT majority NN of IN Arts NP staff NN are VBP involved VVN , , has VHZ been VBN developed VVN , , although IN many JJ Universities NNS have VHP come VVN up RP with IN ad FW hoc FW arrangements NNS . SENT The DT four CD revised VVD 1997 CD proxy NN categories NNS for IN measuring VVG research NN output NN , , for IN instance NN , , do VVP not RB include VV any DT non JJ written JJ items NNS . SENT An DT additional JJ problem NN for IN research NN in IN The DT Arts NP is VBZ that DT most JJS Arts NNS practitioners NNS working VVG in IN Universities NNS do VVP not RB consider VV their PP$ artistic JJ work NN as IN research NN . SENT Neither CC , , however RB , , is VBZ that DT work NN acknowledged VVD or CC funded VVN as IN teaching NN . SENT Yet RB such JJ work NN is VBZ vital JJ to TO the DT furtherance NN of IN The DT Arts NNS within IN Universities NNS and CC the DT community NN , , and CC vital JJ to TO the DT continuing VVG role NN of IN tertiary JJ Arts NP schools NNS as IN crucibles NNS of IN emerging VVG artistic JJ talent NN . SENT In IN the DT absence NN of IN a DT third JJ quantum NN , , for IN creative JJ arts NNS activity NN , , there EX is VBZ need NN for IN recognition NN of IN a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN individual NN and CC group NN creative JJ arts NNS work VVP as IN the DT equivalent NN of IN research NN , , and CC for IN appropriate JJ funding NN for IN that DT work NN within IN the DT Research NP Quantum NP , , both CC nationally RB and CC within IN individual JJ Universities NNS . SENT Such JJ research NN equivalent NN work NN should MD include VV exhibitions NNS , , individual JJ works NNS of IN visual JJ art NN and CC design NN , , compositions NNS , , choreographies NNS , , creative JJ writing NN , , music NN and CC dance NN performances NNS and CC the DT growing VVG body NN of IN inter VV arts NNS and CC multi NNS media NNS creative JJ work NN . SENT Recommendation NN 21 CD That IN creative JJ work NN in IN The DT Arts NNS be VB recognised VVN by IN the DT Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS , , the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP and CC within IN individual JJ Universities NNS either CC as IN research NN or CC the DT equivalent NN of IN research NN , , and CC be VB funded VVN within IN research NN funding NN mechanisms NNS on IN an DT equal JJ footing NN with IN other JJ disciplines NNS . SENT That IN Australia NP Council NP grants NNS , , State NP Government NP and CC other JJ Arts NNS grants NNS awarded VVD on IN the DT basis NN of IN national JJ competition NN be VB included VVN in IN the DT list NN of IN approved VVN competitive JJ national JJ grants NNS . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT ARC NN . SENT Universities NNS ARC VV Large JJ Grants NPS and CC Fellowships NNS Schemes NNS The DT ARC JJ Large JJ Grants NPS and CC Fellowships NNS schemes NNS have VHP underwritten VVN distinguished JJ and CC original JJ work NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN this DT country NN , , work NN which WDT otherwise RB would MD not RB have VH been VBN possible JJ . SENT Team NN research NN , , field NN work NN , , domestic JJ and CC overseas JJ archival JJ research NN , , and CC the DT use NN of IN new JJ technology NN have VHP expanded VVN the DT intellectual JJ range NN of IN Australian JJ Humanities NNS research NN within IN the DT last JJ few JJ decades NNS . SENT Fellowships NNS have VHP made VVN possible JJ sustained JJ , , path NN breaking NN books NNS and CC research NN programs NNS for IN a DT relatively RB small JJ number NN of IN researchers NNS which WDT have VHP reinforced VVN the DT position NN of IN Australian JJ scholarship NN in IN the DT front JJ rank NN internationally RB . SENT Fellowships NNS have VHP also RB given VVN a DT small JJ number NN of IN the DT most RBS promising JJ early JJ career NN researchers NNS the DT opportunity NN for IN postdoctoral JJ training NN . SENT The DT ARC's NP 4 CD tier NN Fellowships NNS program NN is VBZ in IN practice NN the DT most RBS important JJ competitive JJ means VVZ readily RB open VV to TO Humanities NNS scholars NNS for IN full JJ time NN research NN and CC writing VVG now RB that IN funding NN for IN the DT Institute NP of IN Advanced NP Studies NPS at IN the DT Australian JJ National NP University NP has VHZ declined VVN . SENT The DT proportion NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN carried VVD out RP in IN the DT Institute NP is VBZ in IN any DT case NN small JJ and CC unrepresentative JJ of IN the DT Humanities NNS as IN a DT whole NN . SENT It PP is VBZ good JJ to TO see VV , , though RB , , that DT many JJ Australian JJ Universities NNS are VBP now RB operating VVG their PP$ own JJ Fellowships NNS programs NNS , , and CC that IN some DT of IN these DT have VHP been VBN awarded VVN to TO Humanities NNS researchers NNS . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT success NN rate NN for IN both CC the DT Large JJ Grants NPS and CC Fellowships NNS schemes NNS is VBZ exceptionally RB low JJ , , especially RB in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , where WRB a DT score NN of IN over IN 90 CD per IN cent NN in IN recent JJ years NNS has VHZ been VBN required VVN to TO secure VV a DT Large JJ Grant NP , , and CC there EX is VBZ manifestly RB a DT great JJ need NN for IN the DT expansion NN of IN this DT and CC the DT Fellowships NNS program NN . SENT The DT combined JJ resources NNS of IN the DT Fellowships NNS and CC Large JJ Grants NPS schemes NNS have VHP made VVN possible JJ work NN of IN the DT highest JJS standards NNS in IN a DT number NN of IN Humanities NNS fields NNS , , where WRB financial JJ support NN is VBZ vital JJ . SENT Such JJ work NN brings VVZ this DT country NN immense JJ prestige NN and CC makes VVZ a DT vital JJ contribution NN to TO essential JJ knowledge NN of IN the DT human JJ story NN . SENT These DT two CD schemes NNS are VBP therefore RB of IN great JJ importance NN to TO many JJ in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC there EX are VBP very RB few JJ other JJ funding NN sources NNS to TO which WDT Humanities NNS researchers NNS can MD turn VV . SENT However RB , , statistics NNS provided VVD by IN the DT ARC NN itself PP reveal VVP that IN the DT Humanities NNS share NN in IN the DT Large JJ Grants NPS program NN has VHZ declined VVN considerably RB in IN recent JJ years NNS , , without IN any DT known VVN decline NN in IN the DT quality NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN . SENT By IN contrast NN , , the DT Social NP Sciences NPS share NN has VHZ increased VVN considerably RB . SENT Given VVN the DT manifest JJ quality NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN , , we PP believe VVP there EX is VBZ a DT strong JJ case NN for IN a DT significant JJ percentage NN increase NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS share NN of IN Large JJ Grants NPS funds NNS . SENT We PP also RB ask VVP the DT ARC NN to TO investigate VV whether IN its PP$ mechanisms NNS for IN the DT allocation NN of IN funds NNS between IN panels NNS and CC sub NN panels NNS might MD not RB be VB more RBR sensitive JJ to TO the DT overall JJ quality NN of IN the DT applications NNS and CC the DT applicants NNS rather RB than IN to TO the DT numbers NNS of IN applications NNS made VVD . SENT Table NN 3 CD . SENT 1 CD . SENT Total JJ ARC JJ Project NP Grants NPS Year NP Number NP of IN Grants NPS 000 NP All NP Fields NPS Hum's NP Percent NN of IN Total NP All NP Fields NPS Hum's NP Percent NN of IN Total JJ 1996 CD 2 CD 722 JJ 290 CD 11 CD 62 JJ 506 CD 4 CD 158 JJ 7 CD 1992 CD 2 CD 106 JJ 288 CD 14 CD 50 JJ 785 CD 4 CD 198 JJ 8 CD 1987 CD 459 JJ 78 CD 17 CD 10 JJ 583 CD 929 CD 9 CD Note NN . SENT 1996 CD data NNS is VBZ by IN Field NP of IN Research NP . SENT Data NNS for IN other JJ years NNS is VBZ by IN Panel NN Table NN 3 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT ARC JJ Large JJ Grants NPS Year NN Number NP of IN Grants NPS 000 NP All NP Fields NPS Hum's NP Percent NN of IN Total NP All NP Fields NPS Hum's NP Percent NN of IN Total JJ 1996 CD 668 CD 60 JJ 9 CD 36 CD 410 JJ 2 CD 095 CD 6 CD 1992 JJ 694 CD 74 CD 11 JJ 35 CD 089 CD 2 CD 312 CD 7 CD As IN we PP have VHP earlier RB been VBN at IN pains NNS to TO emphasise VV , , Humanities NNS academics NNS need VVP above IN all DT time NN in IN which WDT to TO research VV , , think VV and CC write VV . SENT Numbers NNS of IN them PP have VHP sought VVN to TO secure VV this DT through IN the DT teaching NN relief NN provisions NNS of IN the DT Large JJ Grant NP scheme NN , , which WDT are VBP very RB much RB appreciated VVN . SENT It PP needs VVZ to TO be VB underscored VVN once RB more RBR that IN the DT greater JJR part NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN needs VVZ to TO be VB carried VVN out RP by IN the DT scholar NN who WP will MD eventually RB alone RB write VV up RP the DT findings NNS . SENT That DT cannot NN be VB done VVN properly RB by IN others NNS . SENT As IN a DT consequence NN it PP may MD be VB that IN some DT of IN the DT Large JJ Grants NPS awarded VVD in IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN recent JJ years NNS will MD not RB produce VV the DT best RBS possible JJ outcomes NNS for IN the DT money NN spent VVD . SENT In IN these DT cases NNS funding NN would MD have VH been VBN better RBR spent VVN on IN providing VVG a DT scholar NN with IN the DT time NN to TO do VV the DT research NN and CC to TO write VV up RP the DT outcome NN , , as RB well RB as IN a DT modest JJ amount NN for IN research NN infrastructure NN . SENT In IN all PDT these DT circumstances NNS the DT Review NP believes VVZ that IN there EX is VBZ an DT especially RB strong JJ case NN for IN the DT institution NN by IN the DT ARC NN of IN one CD year NN and CC two CD year NN Career NP Development NP Fellowships NNS awarded VVD competitively RB to TO mid JJ career NN academics NNS to TO enable VV them PP to TO devote VV themselves PP to TO an DT approved VVN research NN project NN without IN requiring VVG them PP to TO resign VV their PP$ continuing JJ positions NNS . SENT The DT scheme NN should MD be VB operated VVN not RB by IN the DT ARC NN paying VVG any DT salary NN to TO the DT appointee NN , , but CC by IN the DT ARC NN providing VVG the DT appointee's JJ institution NN with IN salary NN and CC on IN costs NNS for IN the DT appointment NN of IN a DT Level NP B NP lecturer NN to TO undertake VV for IN the DT duration NN of IN the DT Fellowship NN the DT appointee's JJ teaching NN work NN , , whilst IN leaving VVG the DT institution NN continuing VVG to TO pay VV the DT overall JJ costs NNS of IN the DT appointee NN . SENT The DT Review NP believes VVZ such JJ Fellowships NNS could MD be VB largely RB provided VVN from IN within IN a DT rectified VVN percentage NN for IN the DT Humanities NNS of IN the DT ARC's NP Large JJ Grant NP scheme NN . SENT For IN some DT Humanities NNS scholars NNS it PP will MD be VB a DT more RBR attractive JJ proposition NN than IN an DT application NN for IN a DT Large JJ Grant NP with IN teaching VVG relief NN . SENT Its PP$ cost NN to TO the DT ARC NN will MD be VB significantly RB less JJR than IN it PP might MD otherwise RB be VB . SENT It PP will MD provide VV opportunities NNS for IN some DT new JJ entrants NNS to TO the DT profession NN to TO gain VV much JJ needed JJ teaching NN experience NN , , and CC the DT ARC NN will MD be VB sharing VVG the DT overall JJ cost NN of IN the DT scheme NN with IN the DT institutions NNS , , which WDT will MD not RB incur VV additional JJ costs NNS themselves PP . SENT We PP should MD add VV that IN we PP see VVP no DT reason NN why WRB Career NP Development NP Fellows NP should MD not RB remain VV in IN their PP$ Departments NP , , continuing VVG to TO provide VV intellectual JJ leadership NN and CC some DT research NN student NN supervision NN , , even RB whilst IN spending VVG most JJS of IN their PP$ time NN on IN research NN and CC writing NN . SENT Recommendation NN 22 CD That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP rectify VV the DT significant JJ decline NN in IN recent JJ years NNS in IN the DT percentage NN of IN its PP$ funding NN allocated VVN for IN Humanities NNS research NN within IN the DT Large JJ Grants NPS Program NP . SENT That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP maintain VVP its PP$ Large JJ Grants NPS scheme NN , , and CC continue VV its PP$ policy NN of IN providing VVG for IN teaching VVG relief NN within IN it PP . SENT That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP maintain VVP and CC , , if IN possible JJ increase NN , , its PP$ Australian JJ Post NP doctoral JJ Research NP Fellowships NNS , , Australian JJ Research NP Fellowships NNS , , Queen NP Elizabeth NP II NP Fellowships NNS and CC Senior JJ Research NP Fellowships NNS schemes NNS . SENT ARC NN That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP introduce VV a DT scheme NN under IN its PP$ Large JJ Grants NPS scheme NN for IN one CD and CC two CD year NN Career NP Development NP Fellowships NNS for IN mid JJ career NN academicsof NN the DT highest JJS standing NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS by IN providing VVG funds NNS to TO their PP$ institutions NNS for IN a DT one CD or CC two CD year NN appointment NN of IN a DT Level NP B NP Lecturer NN in IN lieu NN . SENT ARC NN . SENT Universities NNS The DT ARC JJ Small NP Grants NPS Program NP At IN the DT time NN of IN writing VVG this DT Review NP , , we PP have VHP been VBN aware JJ that IN the DT ARC NN has VHZ commissioned VVN a DT review NN of IN the DT Small JJ Grant NP scheme NN , , which WDT we PP realise VV is VBZ about RB to TO be VB submitted VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN our PP$ recommendations NNS under IN this DT head NN will MD be VB consistent JJ with IN those DT of IN the DT ARC's NP review NN . SENT Whatever WDT the DT case NN , , we PP ask VVP that IN our PP$ recommendations NNS be VB considered VVN on IN their PP$ own JJ merit NN . SENT Small JJ grants NNS are VBP of IN immense JJ importance NN to TO a DT great JJ many JJ Humanities NNS researchers NNS . SENT In IN many JJ instances NNS the DT demands NNS of IN their PP$ individual JJ research NN projects NNS do VVP not RB call VV for IN large JJ sums NNS of IN money NN , , but CC they PP are VBP often RB critically RB dependent JJ upon IN some DT funds NNS being VBG made VVN available JJ to TO cover VV their PP$ essential JJ expenditures NNS . SENT In IN view NN of IN the DT value NN added VVD component NN that IN these DT can MD secure VV , , Small JJ Grants NPS are VBP very RB well RB spent VVN . SENT The DT distribution NN of IN funding VVG for IN them PP in IN relation NN to TO the DT amount NN institutions NNS received VVN in IN Large JJ Grants NPS has VHZ no DT logic NN to TO it PP , , but CC the DT Review NP accepts VVZ that IN as IN a DT rough JJ and CC ready JJ system NN it PP serves VVZ well RB enough RB . SENT Nevertheless RB there EX is VBZ one CD general JJ problem NN , , and CC two CD periodic JJ problems NNS . SENT As RB in IN the DT case NN of IN Large JJ Grants NPS there RB has VHZ been VBN a DT damaging JJ decline NN in IN recent JJ years NNS in IN the DT percentage NN of IN Small NP Grants NPS going VVG to TO the DT Humanities NNS , , though IN no DT decline NN that IN we PP have VHP been VBN able JJ to TO detect VV in IN the DT quality NN and CC quantity NN of IN Humanities NNS research NN projects NNS costing VVG below IN 20 CD , , 000 CD . SENT We PP ask VVP the DT ARC NN to TO investigate VV why WRB the DT percentage NN allocated VVN to TO Humanities NNS has VHZ declined VVN and CC urge VV Universities NNS to TO ensure VV that IN Humanities NNS researchers NNS maintain VVP an DT appropriate JJ level NN of IN research NN funds NNS from IN this DT scheme NN . SENT Table NN 3 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT Small NP Grants NPS Year NP Number NP of IN Grants NPS 000 NP All NP Fields NPS Hum's NP Percent NN of IN Total NP All NP Fields NPS Hum's NP Percent NN of IN Total JJ 1996 CD 2 CD 054 JJ 230 CD 11 CD 26 JJ 096 CD 2 CD 062 JJ 8 CD 1992 CD 1 CD 412 JJ 214 CD 15 CD 15 JJ 696 CD 1 CD 886 CD 12 CD Whilst IN the DT Review NP was VBD pleased VVN to TO find VV that IN many JJ Universities NNS allocate VVP their PP$ Small JJ Grants NPS without IN allocating VVG the DT funds NNS made VVD available JJ for IN them PP in IN relation NN to TO the DT success NN of IN their PP$ component NN parts NNS in IN securing VVG Large JJ Grants NPS , , it PP was VBD dismayed VVN to TO find VV that IN this DT quite RB inappropriate JJ practice NN was VBD followed VVN in IN several JJ Universities NNS despite IN the DT explicit JJ recommendation NN against IN it PP in IN the DT 1992 CD Small NP Grants NPS Scheme NN Review NP Report NP . SENT It PP was VBD troubled VVN , , moreover RB , , to TO find VV a DT more RBR extensive JJ tendency NN for IN Universities NNS to TO employ VV Small JJ Grants NPS as RB top JJ up IN funds NNS for IN Large JJ Grants NPS . SENT We PP believe VVP that IN this DT practice NN should MD not RB be VB at IN the DT expense NN of IN those DT , , like IN many JJ in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , whose WP$ basic JJ funding NN needs NNS will MD be VB met VVN by IN a DT Small NP Grant NP alone RB . SENT Recommendation NN 23 CD That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP maintain VV and CC strengthen VV the DT Small NP Grants NPS scheme NN . SENT That IN the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP takes VVZ steps NNS , , in IN conjunction NN with IN Universities NNS , , to TO rectify VV the DT decline NN in IN Small NP Grants NPS allocated VVD to TO the DT Humanities NNS . SENT That DT Universities NNS allocate VVP Small JJ Grants NPS on IN the DT basis NN of IN merit NN alone RB and CC without IN regard NN to TO the DT success NN of IN their PP$ component NN parts NNS in IN procuring VVG Large JJ Grants NPS . SENT That DT Universities NNS not RB award VV Small JJ Grants NPS to TO top VV up RP Large JJ Grants NPS at IN the DT expense NN of IN those DT for IN whose WP$ research NN Small JJ Grants NPS are VBP quite RB sufficient JJ . SENT ARC NN . SENT Universities NNS Humanities NNS Participation NN in IN other JJ ARC JJ Programs NNS It PP is VBZ of IN some DT significance NN that IN amongst IN the DT 20 CD Special JJ Research NP Centres NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN funded VVN to TO date VV by IN the DT ARC JJ only JJ one NN , , associated VVN with IN the DT highly RB successful JJ and CC long JJ established JJ Humanities NNS Research NP Centre NP at IN the DT ANU NP , , has VHZ been VBN awarded VVN to TO researchers NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ also RB to TO date VV only RB one CD Key NP Centre NP for IN Teaching NN and CC Research NN in IN a DT Humanities NNS discipline NN , , a DT situation NN that WDT may MD in IN part NN reflect VVP the DT difficulty NN for IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS in IN gaining VVG the DT external JJ funding NN and CC support VV necessary JJ for IN this DT program NN . SENT The DT Humanities NNS , , as IN a DT discipline NN , , are VBP effectively RB excluded VVN from IN Australian JJ Cooperative JJ Research NP Centres NNS , , administered VVN by IN DIST NP . SENT The DT small JJ representation NN of IN Humanities NNS disciplines NNS in IN the DT two CD ARC JJ Centre NP programs NNS Special JJ and CC Key JJ is VBZ , , to TO say VV the DT least JJS , , curious JJ since IN few JJ fields NNS are VBP nowadays RB more RBR pervaded VVD by IN interdisciplinary JJ concerns NNS than IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT A DT striking JJ development NN indeed RB of IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT Unified JJ National NP System NP has VHZ lain VVN in IN the DT new JJ directions NNS and CC creativity NN brought VVN to TO the DT Humanities NNS from IN interdisciplinary JJ work NN . SENT One CD critical JJ point NN here RB , , however RB , , is VBZ that IN the DT present JJ format NN of IN Special JJ Research NP Centres NNS and CC Key JJ Centres NNS of IN Teaching NN and CC Research NP does VVZ not RB ordinarily RB meet VV the DT needs NNS of IN scholarship NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC it PP is VBZ often RB difficult JJ for IN Humanities NNS researchers NNS to TO meet VV the DT current JJ criteria NNS for IN the DT establishment NN of IN Key JJ Centres NNS in IN particular JJ . SENT There EX are VBP other JJ ARC JJ programs NNS too RB , , including VVG the DT Strategic JJ Partnerships NNS with IN Industry NP Research NP and CC Training NP Scheme NN , , of IN University NP industry NN research NN collaboration NN and CC the DT Australian JJ Postgraduate NP Awards NNS Industry NN Scheme NN , , where WRB to TO date VV Humanities NNS applications NNS have VHP been VBN small JJ in IN number NN . SENT In IN part NN this DT has VHZ been VBN because IN many JJ Humanities NNS researchers NNS have VHP not RB been VBN very RB adventurous JJ in IN their PP$ applications NNS , , in IN part NN because IN of IN the DT difficulties NNS they PP may MD often RB have VH in IN finding VVG an DT appropriate JJ industry NN partner NN . SENT However RB , , with IN institutional JJ encouragement NN and CC a DT broad JJ definition NN of IN industry NN to TO include VV Federal NP and CC State NP government NN departments NNS , , museums NNS , , art NN galleries NNS and CC so RB forth RB , , some DT Humanities NNS researchers NNS should MD be VB well RB placed VVN to TO gain VV funding NN from IN schemes NNS whose WP$ general JJ success NN rate NN at IN the DT moment NN is VBZ much RB higher JJR than IN those DT of IN the DT Large JJ Grants NPS and CC Fellowships NNS schemes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN urgent JJ importance NN that IN all PDT this DT should MD be VB built VVN upon IN and CC taken VVN further JJR . SENT The DT ARC NN and CC the DT Universities NNS who WP select VVP applications NNS for IN Key JJ and CC Special JJ Centres NNS to TO send VV forward RB to TO Canberra NP should MD actively RB encourage VV Humanities NNS researchers NNS to TO put VV forward JJ proposals NNS for IN both DT Special JJ and CC Key JJ Centres NNS and CC Humanities NNS researchers NNS should MD themselves PP become VV more RBR flexible JJ , , where WRB possible JJ , , in IN conceptualising VVG their PP$ research NN to TO allow VV them PP to TO access VV these DT schemes NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 24 CD That IN Universities NNS and CC the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP take VV active JJ steps NNS to TO encourage VV Humanities NNS researchers NNS to TO submit VV quality NN applications NNS for IN Australian JJ Research NP Council's NP Special JJ Research NP Centres NNS and CC Key JJ Centres NNS for IN Teaching NN and CC Research NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT PVCs NN Research NP . SENT ARC VV That DT Humanities NNS Deans NP , , in IN conjunction NN with IN Universities NNS and CC the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council NP , , encourage VVP Humanities NNS academics NNS to TO apply VV to TO a DT wide JJ range NN of IN funding NN programs NNS , , including VVG the DT Australian JJ Research NP Council's NP Strategic NP Partnerships NNS with IN Industry NP Research NP and CC Training NP Scheme NN , , and CC that IN Humanities NNS academics NNS themselves PP become VVP more RBR enterprising JJ in IN finding VVG funds NNS for IN their PP$ research NN in IN non JJ traditional JJ areas NNS . SENT Humanities NNS researchers NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT PVCs NN Research NP . SENT DASSH NP Deans NPS . SENT ARC VV The DT Provision NN of IN Appropriate JJ Statistics NNS for IN the DT Humanities NNS The DT Review NP has VHZ sought VVN to TO secure VV informative JJ statistical JJ data NNS about IN its PP$ concerns NNS , , but CC despite IN the DT inclusion NN of IN 21 CD Figures NNS in IN Volume NN 1 CD , , Chapter NP 2 CD of IN this DT report NN , , one CD of IN its PP$ important JJ conclusions NNS is VBZ that IN the DT statistical JJ basis NN for IN making VVG precise JJ judgments NNS on IN a DT number NN of IN matters NNS of IN importance NN for IN Humanities NNS research NN and CC research NN training NN is VBZ unavailable JJ at IN present JJ in IN usable JJ form NN . SENT We PP encountered VVD considerable JJ difficulties NNS in IN compiling VVG statistics NNS from IN the DT present JJ DEETYA NP database NN that WDT gave VVD anything NN like IN the DT detailed JJ information NN we PP would MD have VH thought VVN essential JJ in IN order NN to TO give VV as RB specific JJ an DT account NN of IN the DT Disciplines NNS and CC Area NN Studies NNS nowadays RB encompassed VVD in IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT We PP have VHP been VBN much RB concerned VVN too RB about IN the DT manner NN in IN which WDT the DT AVCC NP , , DEETYA NP and CC the DT ARC NN regularly RB employ VVP sets NNS of IN statistical JJ categories NNS which WDT distinguish VV extensively RB between IN all DT of IN the DT major JJ Sciences NPS , , but CC then RB lump NN together RB into IN one CD single JJ category NN all RB of IN the DT numerous JJ fields NNS covered VVN by IN the DT overarching JJ term NN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT Such PDT a DT system NN erroneously RB suggests VVZ that IN there EX is VBZ some DT kind NN of IN parity NN between IN the DT Humanities NNS as IN a DT whole NN and CC each DT of IN these DT other JJ disciplines NNS considered VVN independently RB . SENT As IN a DT consequence NN an DT entirely RB misleading JJ impression NN can MD be VB given VVN of IN many JJ critical JJ disciplinary JJ distinctions NNS to TO the DT considerable JJ detriment NN of IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT The DT mismatch NN , , moreover RB , , between IN statistical JJ categories NNS used VVN by IN the DT AVCC NP and CC the DT ARC NN and CC by IN DEETYA NP can MD often RB make VV it PP very RB difficult JJ to TO correlate VV important JJ data NNS . SENT We PP understand VVP that IN the DT ARC NN has VHZ been VBN discussing VVG with IN the DT Australian JJ Bureau NP of IN Statistics NPS and CC DEETYA NP a DT major JJ revision NN of IN the DT ABS's NP Field NP of IN Research NP classifications NNS , , with IN a DT view NN to TO developing VVG a DT common JJ Field NN of IN Study NP Research NP Classification NN and CC a DT common JJ Socio NP Economic NP Objective NN Classification NN . SENT Representatives NNS of IN the DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS have VHP held VVN very RB fruitful JJ discussions NNS with IN officials NNS of IN the DT ABS NP , , and CC are VBP confident JJ that IN the DT forthcoming JJ revision NN of IN the DT Australian JJ Standard NP Research NP Classification NN ASRC NP will MD provide VV a DT more RBR satisfactory JJ classification NN of IN the DT Humanities NNS than IN the DT current JJ 1993 CD one CD . SENT It PP would MD now RB seem VV appropriate JJ for IN all PDT those DT involved VVN to TO employ VV the DT newly RB revised VVN ABS NP categories NNS in IN all DT statistical JJ calculations NNS relating VVG to TO higher JJR education NN so RB that IN consistent JJ conclusions NNS may MD be VB drawn VVN . SENT If IN for IN some DT reason NN there RB remain VVP obstacles NNS to TO the DT general JJ adoption NN of IN the DT ABS NP categories NNS , , the DT AOU NP Group NP classification NN , , if IN this DT continues VVZ to TO be VB employed VVN , , could MD be VB greatly RB improved VVN by IN removing VVG the DT minor JJ General NP categories NNS , , thereby RB forcing VVG institutions NNS to TO employ VV more JJR detailed JJ categories NNS in IN their PP$ reporting NN . SENT Individual JJ institutions NNS need VVP to TO be VB pressed VVN not RB only RB to TO take VV greater JJR care NN when WRB reporting VVG staff NN data NNS to TO DEETYA NP , , but CC to TO make VV maximum JJ use NN of IN the DT possibilities NNS offered VVN by IN the DT disciplinary JJ classification NN in IN use NN . SENT That DT requires VVZ a DT proper JJ understanding NN by IN all DT involved VVN of IN the DT uses NNS to TO which WDT such JJ data NNS are VBP ultimately RB put VVN . SENT That IN in IN turn NN may MD require VV a DT greater JJR effort NN by IN DEETYA NP in IN educating VVG institutional JJ administrative JJ staff NN about IN the DT value NN of IN maintaining VVG accurate JJ staff NN and CC student NN statistics NNS . SENT Moreover RB , , in IN view NN of IN the DT value NN to TO an DT understanding NN of IN several JJ important JJ trends NNS in IN staff NN and CC student NN profiles NNS etc NN which WDT have VHP been VBN revealed VVN by IN the DT preliminary JJ statistical JJ calculations NNS which WDT have VHP been VBN made VVN in IN the DT course NN of IN this DT Review NP , , it PP would MD seem VV important JJ that IN some DT provision NN should MD be VB made VVN to TO continue VV to TO monitor VV these DT further RBR . SENT Recommendation NN 25 CD That DT , , in IN compiling VVG and CC presenting VVG statistics NNS , , Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS , , Australian NP Research NP Council NP , , Australian JJ Vice NP Chancellors NNS Committee NP and CC other JJ bodies NNS concerned VVN with IN Higher JJR Education NN henceforth RB use VV the DT ABS NP Australian NP Standard NP Research NP Classification NN which WDT is VBZ currently RB under IN revision NN . SENT That DT provision NN be VB made VVN in IN the DT budget NN of IN the DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS and CC at IN their PP$ instance NN in IN that DT of IN the DT other JJ three CD Academies NNS for IN a DT continuance NN of IN the DT statistical JJ analysis NN of IN data NNS related VVN to TO the DT Humanities NNS in IN Australia NP . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP . SENT AVCC NP . SENT Universities NNS . SENT ARC NN . SENT AAH NP Intellectual JJ Property NP Intellectual JJ Property NN comes VVZ in IN a DT variety NN of IN forms NNS , , including VVG literary JJ , , scholarly JJ and CC artistic JJ works NNS , , computer NN software NN and CC patentable JJ inventions NNS . SENT The DT first JJ three CD are VBP primarily RB applicable JJ to TO Humanities NNS scholars NNS who WP attach VVP great JJ importance NN to TO holding VVG copyright NN in IN their PP$ research NN publications NNS . SENT Any DT attempts NNS by IN Universities NNS or CC the DT Australian JJ Government NN to TO assume VV the DT same JJ rights NNS to TO copyright NN in IN research NN publications NNS as IN they PP might MD to TO patents NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB firmly RB resisted VVN . SENT Financial JJ returns NNS are VBP small JJ , , and CC so RB money NN is VBZ not RB the DT issue NN as RB much RB as IN intellectual JJ freedom NN . SENT The DT extent NN to TO which WDT such JJ works NNS are VBP created VVN as IN part NN of IN a DT scholar's JJ employment NN needs NNS , , therefore RB , , to TO be VB handled VVN with IN considerable JJ discretion NN . SENT It PP is VBZ proper JJ to TO acknowledge VV that IN , , if IN there EX are VBP significant JJ financial JJ returns NNS , , an DT employer NN is VBZ entitled VVN to TO recover VV any DT funds NNS it PP has VHZ contributed VVN to TO the DT production NN of IN the DT work NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT by IN publication NN subsidy NN , , funding VVG for IN illustrations NNS etc NN . SENT What WP is VBZ critical JJ is VBZ that IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS should MD continue VV to TO own VV control NN over IN the DT production NN , , reproduction NN and CC revision NN of IN their PP$ work NN . SENT The DT loss NN of IN copyright NN in IN their PP$ research NN publications NNS by IN Australian JJ scholars NNS would MD bring VV this DT country NN into IN disrepute NN in IN the DT eyes NNS of IN the DT international JJ academic JJ community NN , , and CC gravely RB harm VV the DT standing NN of IN Australian JJ scholarship NN . SENT There EX are VBP at IN the DT same JJ time NN unresolved JJ questions NNS for IN authors NNS , , publishers NNS and CC users NNS of IN research NN concerning VVG sources NNS of IN information NN on IN computer NN networks NNS . SENT As IN the DT law NN stands VVZ at IN present VV these DT cannot NN be VB copied VVN for IN research NN and CC private JJ study NN in IN the DT same JJ way NN that IN paper NN based VVN sources NNS can MD . SENT Current JJ technology NN now RB makes VVZ it PP possible JJ for IN material NN to TO be VB read VVN on IN screen NN and CC copied VVN once IN a DT fee NN is VBZ paid VVN by IN electronic JJ transfer NN . SENT We PP are VBP conscious JJ of IN the DT damage NN free JJ copying NN has VHZ done VVN to TO scholarly JJ publishing NN and CC see VV the DT new JJ technology NN as IN offering VVG a DT solution NN which WDT does VVZ justice NN to TO authors NNS and CC publishers NNS as RB well RB as IN continuing VVG to TO offer VV the DT free JJ reading NN of IN text NN which WDT research NN libraries NNS gave VVD users NNS before IN photocopying VVG was VBD invented VVN . SENT Since IN the DT copyright NN fees NNS required VVN are VBP so RB small JJ per IN item NN , , the DT time NN has VHZ come VVN for IN users NNS of IN copyright NN material NN to TO accept VV their PP$ responsibilities NNS to IN those DT whose WP$ labour NN and CC capital NN create VVP the DT works NNS we PP wish VVP to TO use VV . SENT Electronic JJ publishing NN , , where WRB users NNS can MD choose VV to TO down RB load VV and CC convert VV the DT text NN to TO hard JJ copy NN after IN paying VVG an DT appropriate JJ fee NN , , may MD in IN the DT long JJ term NN be VB the DT only JJ economic JJ means NNS of IN publishing VVG extended JJ specialist NN scholarly JJ texts NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 26 CD That DT , , while IN the DT rights NNS of IN Universities NNS to TO recover VV any DT production NN subsidies NNS they PP have VHP made VVN when WRB significant JJ financial JJ returns NNS from IN intellectual JJ property NN produced VVN within IN them PP have VHP accrued VVN should MD be VB acknowledged VVN , , copyright NN in IN their PP$ research NN publications NNS should MD remain VV in IN the DT hands NNS of IN the DT producers NNS . SENT That DT steps NNS should MD be VB taken VVN to TO enable VV information NN on IN computer NN networks NNS to TO be VB freely RB available JJ for IN copying VVG for IN research NN and CC private JJ study NN purposes NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AVCC NP . SENT ARC NN . SENT CAUL NN Publication NN in IN Humanities NNS Disciplines VVZ New NP technology NN , , rising VVG costs NNS and CC cuts NNS in IN library NN funding NN have VHP changed VVN scholarly JJ publication NN fundamentally RB . SENT Despite IN the DT worldwide JJ increase NN in IN the DT numbers NNS of IN scholarly JJ publications NNS because IN of IN the DT worldwide JJ expansion NN of IN Humanities NNS scholarship NN , , it PP will MD be VB increasingly RB difficult JJ for IN academic JJ authors NNS other JJ than IN those DT who WP write VVP for IN the DT general JJ reader NN to TO publish VV those DT key JJ outcomes NNS of IN Humanities NNS research NN , , the DT monograph NN and CC the DT symposium NN . SENT This DT prospect NN is VBZ particularly RB serious JJ for IN younger JJR scholars NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ doubly RB serious JJ for IN scholars NNS working VVG on IN Australian JJ topics NNS , , for IN whom WP there RB is VBZ little JJ market NN overseas RB . SENT If IN extended JJ texts NNS are VBP to TO remain VV important JJ , , as RB seems VVZ likely JJ , , Australian JJ scholars NNS and CC their PP$ institutions NNS will MD have VH to TO promote VV the DT publication NN of IN small JJ print NN run NN refereed VVD books NNS in IN the DT way NN that IN many JJ academic JJ publishing NN houses NNS are VBP already RB doing VVG that DT would MD be VB sold VVN within IN the DT academic JJ community NN at IN cost NN . SENT The DT time NN has VHZ come VVN when WRB institutions NNS should MD be VB less RBR hesitant JJ about IN producing VVG their PP$ own JJ series NN of IN university NN published VVN monographs NNS and CC symposia NNS , , so RB long RB as IN and CC this DT is VBZ critically RB important JJ a DT broad JJ based VVN editorial NN board NN with IN outside JJ members NNS takes VVZ full JJ responsibility NN for IN their PP$ quality NN . SENT Aside RB from IN employing VVG its PP$ own JJ judgements NNS , , this DT should MD adhere VV rigidly RB to TO a DT system NN of IN confidential JJ outside JJ referee NN reports NNS , , which WDT , , unless IN there EX are VBP strong JJ reasons NNS to TO the DT contrary NN , , are VBP fully RB acted VVN upon RP . SENT They PP should MD commit VV themselves PP to TO the DT practice NN , , moreover RB , , of IN minuting VVG the DT reasons NNS fully RB whenever WRB they PP do VVP not RB follow VV a DT referee's JJ advice NN . SENT If IN these DT conditions NNS are VBP publicised VVN on IN the DT inside JJ cover NN of IN the DT publication NN and CC firmly RB adhered VVD to TO , , there EX is VBZ no DT reason NN why WRB the DT bona NN fides NNS of IN the DT refereed VVN publications NNS that WDT thereupon RB appear VVP should MD not RB be VB accepted VVN at IN large JJ . SENT To TO assist VV with IN the DT present JJ difficult JJ problems NNS of IN securing VVG good JJ distribution NN for IN such JJ items NNS , , and CC providing VVG external JJ testimony NN that IN these DT procedures NNS have VHP been VBN followed VVN , , the DT Learned NP Academies NNS could MD institute VV arrangements NNS whereby WRB they PP could MD grant VV their PP$ seal NN of IN approval NN for IN such JJ publications NNS , , and CC then RB advertise VV on IN their PP$ own JJ distinctive JJ Web NP site NN that IN they PP had VHD done VVN so RB , , and CC provide VV details NNS of IN the DT address NN from IN where WRB such JJ items NNS can MD be VB procured VVN . SENT It PP needs VVZ at IN the DT same JJ time NN to TO be VB recognised VVN that IN upon IN occasion NN scholarly JJ publishing NN of IN a DT high JJ order NN particularly RB on IN Australian JJ subjects NNS warrants NNS public JJ subsidy NN just RB as RB much JJ as IN high JJ quality NN Australian JJ fiction NN and CC film NN . SENT Recently RB the DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS has VHZ contributed VVN to TO the DT publication NN of IN the DT third JJ volume NN of IN The DT Charts NNS and CC Coastal NP Views NNS of IN Captain NP Cook's NP Voyages NNS which WDT has VHZ been VBN far RB more JJR extensively RB financed VVN by IN the DT Hakluyt NP Society NP of IN London NP to TO the DT extent NN of IN 100 CD 000 CD , , while IN UNESCO NP has VHZ lately RB published VVN Professor NP Stephen NP Wurm's NP three CD volumes NNS of IN The DT Atlas NN of IN Languages NNS of IN Intercultural NP Communications NPS in IN the DT Pacific NP , , Asia NP the DT Americas NPS whose WP$ publication NN costs NNS amounted VVD to TO around IN 50 CD 000 CD . SENT Whilst IN all DT such JJ subsidies NNS should MD always RB be VB sought VVN elsewhere RB , , very RB occasionally RB there EX will MD be VB a DT case NN for IN these DT being NN secured VVN in IN the DT national JJ interest NN from IN public JJ funds NNS . SENT On IN occasion NN too RB there RB may MD well RB be VB a DT potent JJ case NN for IN subsidies NNS to TO enable VV particularly RB significant JJ works NNS by IN Asian JJ Humanities NNS scholars NNS that WDT are VBP not RB available JJ in IN English NP to TO be VB translated VVN and CC published VVN . SENT In IN view NN of IN the DT rapid JJ developments NNS that WDT are VBP occurring VVG in IN IT PP , , it PP is VBZ of IN great JJ importance NN that IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS should MD be VB keenly RB alert JJ to TO advancing VVG possibilities NNS for IN publication NN on IN the DT Internet NN , , and CC steps NNS to TO that DT end NN need VVP to TO be VB taken VVN . SENT Recommendation NN 27 CD That IN under IN strictly RB defined VVN procedures NNS Universities NNS expand VV their PP$ provision NN for IN small JJ print NN run NN publications NNS of IN academic JJ research NN . SENT That IN the DT Academy NP of IN the DT Humanities NNS develop VVP a DT procedure NN to TO grant VV its PP$ seal NN of IN approval NN as IN refereed VVN publications NNS to TO University NP publications NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN subject JJ to TO a DT full JJ refereeing VVG process NN under IN the DT auspices NNS of IN an DT editorial JJ board NN with IN outside JJ representatives NNS , , and CC advertise VV this DT , , and CC the DT details NNS concerning VVG their PP$ availability NN , , on IN the DT Net NN . SENT That IN the DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS draw VVP to TO the DT attention NN of IN the DT Government NN the DT increased JJ need NN for IN subsidies NNS to TO make VV possible JJ the DT publication NN of IN high JJ quality NN academic JJ work NN on IN Australian JJ subjects NNS as IN for IN high JJ quality NN work NN in IN the DT Creative JJ Arts NNS . SENT That IN Department NP of IN Employment NP , , Education NP , , Training NP and CC Youth NP Affairs NPS funds NNS for IN Academy NP research NN projects NNS be VB available JJ in IN very RB special JJ cases NNS for IN a DT major JJ research NN publication NN . SENT That IN the DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS convene VVP before IN long RB a DT National NP Scholarly JJ Communications NPS Forum NP on IN Digital NP Publication NN , , and CC so RB far RB as IN possible JJ maintain VVP a DT watching VVG brief NN in IN this DT area NN . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AAH NP . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT HEC NP Public NP Outreach VV It PP is VBZ of IN increasing VVG importance NN that IN the DT various JJ fruits NNS of IN Humanities NNS research NN should MD reach VV the DT general JJ public NN . SENT As IN we PP have VHP emphasised VVN at IN the DT outset NN of IN this DT Report NP , , Humanities NNS research NN contributes VVZ very RB extensively RB to TO the DT well RB being JJ of IN Australian JJ society NN . SENT A DT great JJ deal NN of IN the DT expertise NN which WDT is VBZ thus RB generated VVN is VBZ made VVN available JJ along IN specialist NN lines NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Linguistics NNS into IN language NN teaching NN in IN schools NNS . SENT The DT essays NNS in IN Volume NN 3 CD on IN the DT Humanities NNS contributions NNS to TO public JJ culture NN , , to TO issues NNS concerning VVG Australian JJ identity NN and CC heritage NN , , to TO the DT critique NN of IN developments NNS emanating VVG from IN elsewhere RB , , and CC to TO our PP$ understanding NN of IN the DT implications NNS of IN our PP$ proximity NN to TO Asia NP illustrate VVP some DT of IN the DT already RB very RB extensive JJ ways NNS in IN which WDT research NN in IN the DT Humanities NNS shape VVP the DT considerations NNS which WDT Australians NNS give VVP to TO questions NNS of IN major JJ public JJ importance NN . SENT There EX is VBZ , , moreover RB , , a DT relatively RB strong JJ Australian JJ tradition NN of IN Humanities NNS and CC other JJ scholars NNS writing VVG for IN newspapers NNS on IN the DT basis NN of IN their PP$ particular JJ expertise NN . SENT They PP are VBP frequently RB called VVN upon RP by IN the DT electronic JJ media NNS too RB , , and CC it PP is VBZ notable JJ that IN when WRB there EX is VBZ some DT striking JJ episode NN that WDT calls VVZ for IN informed JJ comment NN , , Area NP Studies NPS scholars NNS are VBP extensively RB drawn VVN upon RP by IN the DT media NNS of IN all DT kinds NNS . SENT When WRB , , for IN example NN , , there EX is VBZ a DT crisis NN in IN Papua NP New NP Guinea NP seasoned JJ academic JJ area NN specialists NNS such JJ as IN Ron NP May NP , , Hank NP Nelson NP , , James NP Griffin NP , , Paul NP Dibb NP , , Anthony NP Regan NP and CC others NNS become VVP the DT principal JJ authoritative JJ contributors NNS to TO public JJ understanding NN of IN the DT issues NNS involved VVN , , while IN every DT new JJ development NN in IN Cambodia NP calls VVZ for IN the DT insights NNS of IN David NP Chandler NP of IN Monash NP University NP . SENT Ahmad NP Shboul NP of IN the DT University NP of IN Sydney NP is VBZ a DT regularly RB consulted VVN authority NN on IN Middle NP Eastern NP affairs NNS , , as RB is VBZ Amin NP Saikal NP of IN the DT Australian JJ National NP University NP . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN the DT review NN pages NNS of IN many JJ newspapers NNS and CC journals NNS to TO which WDT Humanities NNS scholars NNS contribute VVP extensively RB serve VV more RBR generally RB to TO alert VV the DT interested JJ public NN to TO the DT range NN of IN issues NNS which WDT Humanities NNS research NN is VBZ raising VVG . SENT Literary JJ and CC musical JJ reviews NNS in IN the DT quality NN papers NNS are VBP heavily RB contributed VVN by IN Humanities NNS academics NNS . SENT And CC in IN this DT connection NN there EX has VHZ been VBN the DT specially RB welcome JJ addition NN to TO such JJ public JJ knowledge NN thanks NNS to TO the DT monthly JJ publication NN of IN The DT Australian's NP Review NP of IN Books NPS in IN the DT tradition NN of IN its PP$ New NP York NP and CC London NP counterparts NNS . SENT As IN we PP have VHP noted VVN , , it PP is VBZ all PDT the DT more RBR regrettable JJ that IN no DT weight NN is VBZ given VVN to TO all PDT this DT very RB important JJ activity NN in IN the DT current JJ procedures NNS for IN calculating VVG the DT Research NP Quantum NP . SENT We PP urge VVP , , however RB , , that DT more RBR should MD be VB done VVN to TO encourage VV the DT public JJ outreach NN of IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ one CD of IN the DT reasons NNS why WRB we PP recommend VVP the DT establishment NN of IN Humanities NNS Centres NNS in IN each DT metropolitan JJ city NN since IN we PP believe VVP that IN these DT could MD play VV an DT especially RB valuable JJ role NN in IN a DT whole JJ variety NN of IN ways NNS in IN giving VVG wider JJR publicity NN to TO the DT fruits NNS of IN Humanities NNS research NN , , especially RB by IN scholars NNS who WP are VBP locally RB situated VVN . SENT The DT Review NP is VBZ aware JJ that IN the DT Academy NP of IN the DT Humanities NNS has VHZ plans NNS to TO enhance VV the DT contacts NNS between IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS and CC the DT media NNS in IN the DT near JJ future NN , , and CC it PP is VBZ fully RB cognisant JJ of IN the DT substantial JJ efforts NNS which WDT all DT Universities NNS now RB make VVP on IN their PP$ own JJ behalf NN in IN these DT matters NNS . SENT Recommendation NN 28 CD That IN Universities NNS further RBR facilitate VV and CC provide VV incentives NNS for IN the DT contributions NNS that IN academics NNS make VVP to TO the DT public JJ discussion NN of IN issues NNS of IN importance NN . SENT That IN the DT Academy NP of IN Humanities NNS take VVP steps NNS to TO extend VV the DT connections NNS between IN Humanities NNS scholars NNS and CC the DT media NNS . SENT Universities NNS . SENT AAH NP A NP National NP Humanities NNS Policy NP and CC a DT National NP Humanities NNS Council NP The NP ASTEC NP Report NP of IN 1993 CD Bridging VVG the DT Gap NP which WDT started VVD the DT process NN that WDT led VVD to TO the DT establishment NN of IN this DT Review NP more RBR than IN once RB remarked VVN that IN while IN Government NP is VBZ a DT major JJ funder NN of IN research NN and CC shapes VVZ the DT institutions NNS that IN research NN in IN the DT social JJ sciences NNS and CC the DT humanities NNS and CC that DT Government NP departments NNS make VVP explicit JJ use NN of IN social JJ science NN and CC humanities NNS knowledge NN in IN formulating VVG policies NNS in IN many JJ areas NNS , , nevertheless RB there EX is VBZ no DT identifiable JJ location NN for IN policy NN about IN the DT organisation NN or CC funding NN of IN the DT research NN which WDT is VBZ so RB extensively RB used VVN in IN these DT areas NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT social JJ sciences NNS and CC humanities NNS equivalent NN to TO the DT Minister NP for IN Industry NP , , Science NP and CC Technology NP , , Australian NP Science NP and CC Technology NP Council NP ASTEC NP , , the DT Prime NP Minister's NP Science NP and CC Engineering NP Council NP PMSEC NP , , or CC the DT coordination NN Committee NP on IN Science NP and CC Technology NP . SENT Bridging VVG the DT Gap NP said VVD it PP did VVD not RB believe VV it PP was VBD necessary JJ to TO set VV up RP a DT separate JJ bureaucracy NN for IN the DT humanities NNS and CC social JJ sciences NNS research NN effort NN , , let VVD alone RB create VV a DT separate JJ ministry NN , , but CC it PP did VVD say VV that IN there EX is VBZ a DT need NN for IN a DT single JJ coordinating VVG and CC promotional JJ body NN for IN social JJ science NN and CC humanities NNS research NN . SENT Prior RB to TO the DT 1996 CD election NN the DT Presidents NNS of IN the DT Academies NNS of IN the DT Humanities NNS and CC the DT Social NP Sciences NPS issued VVD a DT press NN statement NN quoting VVG this DT recommendation NN about IN the DT need NN to TO establish VV a DT clearly RB identifiable JJ location NN of IN responsibility NN for IN policy NN in IN the DT Social NP Sciences NPS and CC the DT Humanities NNS and CC asked VVD that IN it PP be VB given VVN effect NN . SENT The DT Review NP believes VVZ that IN in IN principle NN the DT essential JJ case NN for IN a DT single JJ coordinating VVG and CC promotional JJ body NN for IN social JJ science NN and CC humanities NNS research NN that WDT would MD be VB the DT equivalent NN of IN ASTEC NP remains VVZ as RB urgent JJ now RB as IN Bridging VVG the DT Gap NP said VVD it PP was VBD in IN 1993 CD . SENT There EX are VBP a DT number NN of IN respects NNS in IN which WDT the DT interests NNS of IN the DT Social NP Sciences NPS and CC the DT Humanities NNS are VBP at IN present JJ marginalised NNS , , often RB unwittingly RB , , and CC where WRB they PP could MD make VV a DT much RB greater JJR contribution NN to TO public JJ policy NN than IN at IN present NN if IN some DT such JJ body NN existed VVD . SENT It PP is VBZ nevertheless RB a DT matter NN for IN consideration NN what WP such PDT a DT body NN should MD be VB . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT view NN in IN the DT Social NP Sciences NPS that IN their PP$ interests NNS would MD be VB best RBS served VVN by IN a DT deliberate JJ expansion NN of IN the DT composition NN and CC role NN of IN ASTEC NP . SENT It PP is VBZ very RB questionable JJ whether IN such PDT an DT extension NN would MD properly RB serve VV the DT interests NNS of IN the DT Humanities NNS . SENT Many JJ of IN the DT most RBS important JJ associates NNS of IN the DT Humanities NNS are VBP , , moreover RB , , in IN the DT Arts NPS , , and CC , , of IN critical JJ importance NN , , in IN Libraries NNS , , Museums NNS , , Art NN Galleries NNS and CC Archives NPS . SENT Here RB the DT American JJ patterns NNS warrant NN consideration NN . SENT In IN the DT United NP States NPS there EX is VBZ a DT Cultural NP Advisory NP Group NP that WDT brings VVZ together RB such JJ bodies NNS as IN the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Humanities NNS , , the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NPS , , and CC a DT great JJ many JJ professional JJ organisations NNS in IN the DT Arts NPS and CC Humanities NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ an DT enlarging VVG profile NN . SENT It PP lately RB wrote VVD to TO President NP Clinton NP congratulating VVG him PP on IN his PP$ commitment NN in IN his PP$ second JJ term NN to TO the DT Arts NPS . SENT There EX is VBZ also RB The DT National NP Cultural NP Alliance NP . SENT In IN addition NN there EX is VBZ a DT President's NP Committee NP on IN the DT Arts NPS and CC the DT Humanities NNS , , which WDT is VBZ now RB under IN the DT Honorary JJ Chair NN of IN Hilary NP Rodham NP Clinton NP . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT presidential JJ advisory JJ committee NN . SENT . SENT . SENT to TO stimulate VV private JJ sector NN support NN and CC public JJ private JJ partnerships NNS for IN the DT arts NNS and CC the DT humanities NNS and CC to TO raise VV public JJ awareness NN of IN the DT benefits NNS of IN culture NN and CC society NN . SENT It PP issued VVD a DT report NN in IN February NP 1997 CD which WDT recommended VVD that IN the DT President NP establish VV a DT Millennium NN Initiative NP to TO help VV sustain VV our PP$ cultural JJ legacy NN and CC harness NN the DT creativity NN of IN Americans NNS for IN a DT new JJ century NN of IN hope NN and CC promise NN . SENT It PP is VBZ possible JJ to TO conceive VV of IN a DT somewhat RB similar JJ body NN in IN Australia NP being VBG drawn VVN variously RB from IN the DT Academy NP of IN the DT Humanities NNS , , the DT Australia NP Council NP , , the DT Australia NP Foundation NP , , Library NN , , Museum NP , , and CC Art NP Gallery NP organisations NNS , , the DT Council NP of IN Directors NPS of IN Arts NP Centres VVZ etc FW . SENT There EX would MD be VB no DT need NN for IN anything NN more RBR than IN a DT minimal JJ bureaucracy NN . SENT It PP could MD perform VV very RB similar JJ functions NNS to TO those DT of IN the DT President's NP Committee NP , , while IN providing VVG the DT Government NN with IN advice NN on IN major JJ items NNS of IN public JJ interest NN in IN these DT areas NNS . SENT In IN a DT number NN of IN our PP$ Recommendations NNS , , we PP have VHP presupposed VVN the DT existence NN of IN such PDT a DT body NN , , and CC given VVN it PP the DT name NN of IN the DT Australian JJ Council NN for IN Humanities NNS and CC the DT Arts NP ACHA NP . SENT Recommendation NN 29 CD That IN the DT Council NP of IN the DT Australian JJ Academy NP of IN the DT Humanities NNS hold VVP discussions NNS with IN the DT Academy NP of IN the DT Social NP Sciences NPS , , and CC with IN the DT Government NN and CC other JJ interested JJ parties NNS with IN a DT view NN to TO establishing VVG a DT collaborative JJ body NN to TO advise VV on IN the DT development NN of IN the DT Humanities NNS in IN Australia NP either CC in IN association NN with IN the DT Social NP Sciences NPS or CC with IN The DT Arts NPS or CC both DT . SENT Federal NP Government NP . SENT AAH NP . SENT ASSA NP . SENT DEETYA NP . SENT DOCA NP References NNS D'Arms NP , , John NP H NP . SENT 1997 CD , , Funding NP Trends NNS in IN the DT Humanities NNS , , 1970 CD 1995 CD , , Alvin NP Kernan NP , , What's NP Happened VVD to TO the DT Humanities NNS . SENT , , Princeton NP University NP Press NP , , Ch NN 2 CD . SENT 1 CD Whereas IN the DT People NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT Civics NNS and CC Citizenship NN Education NP Report NP of IN the DT Civics NNS Expert NN Group NP Canberra NP , , AGPS NP , , 1994 CD . SENT 2 CD This NP Consortium NP appears VVZ not RB to TO extend VV to TO the DT Classical JJ Languages NNS , , however RB , , where WRB recently RB two CD institutions NNS , , Melbourne NP and CC La NP Trobe NP Universities NNS , , have VHP announced VVN independent JJ plans NNS for IN future JJ development NN . SENT 3 CD Table NN showing VVG research NN expenditure NN in IN 6 CD countries NNS France NP , , Germany NP , , Japan NP , , The DT Netherlands NP , , the DT United NP Kingdom NP and CC the DT USA NP , , first RB published VVN in IN a DT 1987 CD ARC NN report NN entitled VVD The DT Strategic JJ Role NN of IN Academic NP Research NP , , in IN which WDT it PP was VBD Table NN 4 CD . SENT The DT Table NN , , which WDT excludes VVZ all DT sources NNS of IN funding VVG other JJ than IN direct JJ government NN research NN grants NNS , , cannot NN and CC should MD not RB continue VV to TO be VB used VVN to TO claim VV that IN Australia NP spends VVZ more RBR on IN Humanities NNS and CC Social NP Science NP research NN than IN the DT average NN of IN these DT 6 CD countries NNS . SENT Not RB only RB does VVZ it PP exclude VVP non JJ government NN funds NNS , , but CC it PP also RB fails VVZ to TO compare VV the DT proportion NN of IN universities NNS operating VVG grants NNS that WDT are VBP earmarked VVN for IN research NN . SENT In IN Australia's JJ case NN of IN c LS . SENT 5 CD per IN cent NN this DT is VBZ much RB smaller JJR than IN in IN the DT other JJ countries NNS compared VVN . SENT Commonwealth NP of IN Australia NP 1998 CD Published VVN on IN ASAPWeb NP . SENT Last JJ modified VVN 13 CD October NP 1998 CD . SENT