/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/20/file11.html NN ----------------------------------------- : H NP Net NP . SENT Humanities NNS and CC Social NP Sciences NPS Online JJ about IN search NN site NN map NN editors NNS donate VVP contact NN help NN Announcements NNS Job NP Guide NP Reviews VVZ Discussion NN Networks NP Search NP Reviews VVZ Advanced NP Search NP Reviews VVZ Home NP Subscribe VV to TO H NP Review NP Info NP . SENT for IN Publishers NP Review NP Guidelines NNS Reviews VVZ Office NP Admin NP Advanced NP Search NP Search NP by IN Year NP Books NPS Multimedia NNS Christopher NP M NP . SENT Sterba NP . SENT Good JJ Americans NNS . SENT Italian JJ and CC Jewish JJ Immigrants NNS during IN the DT First NP World NP War NP . SENT Oxford NP and CC New NP York NP . SENT Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 2003 CD . SENT viii NNS 271 CD pp NNS . SENT Bibliography NN , , index NN . SENT 19 CD . SENT 95 CD paper NN , , ISBN NP 0 CD 19 CD 515488 CD 6 CD . SENT Reviewed VVN by IN . SENT James NP E NP . SENT Westheider NP , , University NP of IN Cincinnati NP Clermont NP College NP . SENT Published VVN by IN . SENT H NP Judaic JJ October NP , , 2004 CD Among IN others NNS in IN the DT early JJ twentieth JJ century NN , , Theodore NP Roosevelt NP believed VVD that DT war NN was VBD a DT crucible NN , , the DT ultimate JJ melting NN pot NN that WDT converted VVD European JJ immigrants NNS to TO the DT United NP States NPS into IN true JJ Americans NNS . SENT In IN Good JJ Americans NNS . SENT Italian JJ and CC Jewish JJ Immigrants NNS During IN the DT First NP World NP War NP , , Christopher NP M NP . SENT Sterba NP tests VVZ this DT belief NN in IN regards VVZ to TO Jewish JJ immigrants NNS in IN New NP York NP City NP and CC Italian JJ immigrants NNS in IN New NP Haven NP , , Connecticut NP , , during IN World NP War NP One CD . SENT In IN what WP is VBZ a DT well RB researched VVN and CC well RB argued VVD monograph NN he PP makes VVZ a DT compelling JJ case NN that IN the DT war NN did VVD accelerate VV the DT process NN of IN assimilation NN for IN these DT two CD groups NNS and CC indeed RB offered VVN opportunities NNS for IN participating VVG in IN American JJ public JJ life NN that WDT did VVD not RB exist VV prior RB to TO 1917 CD p NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Sterba NP chose VVD to TO examine VV the DT two CD populations NNS in IN question NN for IN a DT variety NN of IN reasons NNS . SENT The DT Italian JJ colonia NP in IN New NP Haven NP and CC the DT largely RB eastern JJ European JJ Jewish JJ enclaves NNS in IN New NP York NP represented VVD the DT largest JJS immigrant NN groups NNS in IN their PP$ respective JJ cities NNS . SENT Both DT were VBD involved VVN in IN two CD of IN the DT more JJR interesting JJ units NNS of IN the DT American JJ Expeditionary JJ force NN . SENT the DT Italians NNS in IN an DT Italian JJ American NP Machine NP Gun NP company NN , , and CC the DT Jews NPS as IN members NNS of IN the DT 77 CD th NN or CC Melting NN Pot NN division NN . SENT Both DT had VHD already RB passed VVN through IN the DT initial JJ phases NNS of IN settlement NN and CC had VHD formed VVN tightly RB knit VVN communities NNS with IN a DT whole JJ range NN of IN ethnic JJ institutions NNS . SENT But CC both DT groups NNS also RB wielded VVN little JJ political JJ power NN or CC economic JJ influence NN outside IN of IN their PP$ ethnic JJ enclaves NNS at IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT war NN , , something NN the DT conflict NN would MD change VV . SENT The DT Great NP War NP came VVD at IN a DT time NN when WRB both DT groups NNS were VBD ready JJ to TO enter VV the DT mainstream NN and CC begin VV to TO play VV a DT major JJ role NN in IN the DT political JJ and CC social JJ life NN of IN the DT wider JJR community NN . SENT They PP responded VVD to TO a DT barrage NN of IN appeals NNS from IN officials NNS to TO actively RB participate VV in IN the DT conflict NN and CC did VVD their PP$ part NN in IN a DT variety NN of IN ways NNS . SENT from IN service NN in IN the DT armed JJ forces NNS to TO buying VVG Liberty NP bonds NNS back RB home RB . SENT These DT events NNS collectively RB represented VVD the DT first JJ experiences NNS many JJ of IN them PP had VHD shared VVN with IN the DT nation NN at IN large JJ , , and CC neither DT group NN would MD ever RB be VB as RB isolated VVN culturally RB and CC politically RB as IN they PP had VHD been VBN prior JJ to TO the DT war NN . SENT Despite IN these DT similarities NNS , , America's JJ entry NN into IN the DT Great NP War NP brought VVD somewhat RB different JJ reactions NNS from IN the DT two CD communities NNS . SENT The DT Italians NNS in IN New NP Haven NP supported VVD the DT war NN effort NN from IN the DT very JJ beginning NN , , while IN New NP York's NP Jewish JJ population NN was VBD initially RB bitterly RB divided VVN over IN American JJ participation NN . SENT In IN both DT cases NNS the DT way NN each DT group NN viewed VVD its PP$ place NN in IN their PP$ new JJ homeland NN and CC how WRB they PP felt VVD about IN their PP$ country NN of IN origin NN would MD greatly RB influence VV this DT perspective NN . SENT By IN 1917 CD the DT Italian JJ colonia NP was VBD firmly RB established VVN in IN New NP Haven NP . SENT The DT nearly RB 34 CD , , 000 CD Italians NNS represented VVN over IN 20 CD percent NN of IN that DT city's JJ population NN and CC had VHD an DT established VVN infrastructure NN of IN schools NNS , , churches NNS , , newspapers NNS , , mutual JJ aid NN societies NNS , , and CC other JJ institutions NNS . SENT Though RB Italian JJ in IN culture NN , , these DT institutions NNS displayed VVD a DT deep JJ commitment NN to TO their PP$ new JJ home NN . SENT With IN a DT definite JJ future NN in IN their PP$ adopted VVN country NN , , Sterba NP argues VVZ , , they PP would MD be VB receptive JJ to TO the DT calls NNS to TO service VV when WRB America NP went VVD to TO war NN p NN . SENT 15 CD . SENT Equally RB important JJ was VBD the DT fact NN that IN Italy NP was VBD an DT ally NN and CC a DT combatant NN . SENT Most RBS Italian JJ Americans NNS had VHD very RB strong JJ emotional JJ and CC family NN ties NNS to TO the DT old JJ country NN , , and CC contributing VVG to TO the DT American JJ war NN effort NN was VBD in IN effect NN also RB aiding VVG the DT mother NN country NN in IN its PP$ struggles NNS . SENT This DT was VBD especially RB true JJ after IN Italian JJ military JJ disasters NNS at IN Caporetto NP in IN November NP 1917 CD . SENT This DT dual JJ patriotism NN , , support NN for IN their PP$ adopted VVN country NN and CC for IN Italy NP made VVD New NP Haven NP Italians NNS the DT most RBS outspokenly RB pro JJ war NN population NN in IN the DT city NN p NN . SENT 143 CD . SENT There EX were VBD divisions NNS within IN the DT Italian JJ community NN , , but CC these DT paled VVD in IN comparison NN to TO the DT deep JJ fault NN lines NNS running VVG through IN New NP York's NP Jewish JJ population NN in IN 1917 CD . SENT The DT approximately RB 1 CD . SENT 5 CD million CD Jews NNS in IN that DT city NN were VBD an DT extremely RB diverse JJ group NN religiously RB , , politically RB , , economically RB , , and CC ethnically RB . SENT The DT New NP Haven NP Italians NNS were VBD virtually RB all DT Catholic NP , , for IN example NN , , and CC all DT were VBD from IN Italy NP , , but CC the DT 2000 CD synagogues NNS in IN the DT big JJ apple NN included VVN Hasidic NP , , Orthodox NP , , Reform NP , , and CC Conservative JJ denominations NNS , , and CC served VVN congregations NNS whose WP$ members NNS came VVD from IN numerous JJ European JJ nations NNS , , but CC especially RB Germany NP , , Russia NP , , Austria NP , , and CC the DT Ottoman NP Empire NP . SENT In IN fact NN , , Sterba NP claims VVZ that IN the DT greatest JJS division NN within IN the DT community NN was VBD along IN ethnic JJ lines NNS , , pitting VVG the DT older JJR , , more RBR established JJ and CC professional JJ German JJ Jewish JJ community NN against IN the DT newer JJR , , more RBR numerous JJ , , and CC poorer JJR Eastern JJ European JJ arrivals NNS . SENT Politically RB they PP ranged VVD from IN conservative JJ Republicans NNS to TO anarchists NNS , , as RB well RB as IN displaying VVG strong JJ support NN for IN the DT Socialist JJ party NN and CC Tammany NP Hall NP Democrats NPS . SENT Their PP$ reaction NN to TO the DT war NN was VBD equally RB as RB diverse JJ . SENT The DT German JJ Jewish JJ community NN and CC its PP$ leaders NNS , , such JJ as IN Jacob NP Schiff NP and CC Isaac NP Siegel NP , , were VBD strongly RB interventionist JJ , , fearing VVG that DT failure NN to TO support VV the DT war NN effort NN could MD lead VV to TO charges NNS of IN disloyalty NN from IN non JJ Jewish JJ Americans NNS . SENT The DT downtown NN or CC Eastern JJ European JJ Jews NNS however RB , , opposed VVD American JJ participation NN largely RB because IN they PP had VHD little JJ love NN for IN one CD of IN the DT key NN allied VVD nations NNS , , Russia NP . SENT They PP had VHD fled VVN their PP$ former JJ homeland NN to TO escape VV forced VVN service NN in IN the DT Czarist JJ armies NNS , , vicious JJ prejudice NN and CC murderous JJ pogroms NNS and CC many JJ quite RB openly RB rooted VVN for IN a DT German JJ victory NN in IN the DT East NP . SENT There EX was VBD also RB a DT well RB organized JJ and CC popular JJ antiwar JJ movement NN led VVN by IN the DT Jewish JJ left NN . SENT This DT all RB changed VVN after IN Britain's NP Balfour NP Declaration NP supporting VVG a DT Jewish JJ homeland NN in IN the DT Middle NP East NP , , and CC the DT rise NN of IN the DT Bolsheviks NNS to TO power NN in IN Russia NP in IN late RB 1917 CD . SENT Former JJ opponents NNS of IN American JJ intervention NN , , such JJ as IN the DT garment NN unions NNS and CC most JJS of IN the DT socialist JJ organizations NNS , , now RB not RB only RB became VVD avidly RB pro JJ war NN , , but CC also RB more RBR supportive JJ of IN the DT Zionist JJ movement NN , , to TO help VV create VV a DT refuge NN for IN their PP$ co NP religionists NNS ravaged VVN by IN war NN in IN Europe NP . SENT New NP York's NP downtown NN Jews NNS , , much RB like IN the DT New NP Haven NP Italians NNS , , could MD also RB display VV a DT dual JJ patriotism NN . SENT by IN loyalty NN to TO a DT primarily RB old JJ world NN cause NN , , Zionism NN , , and CC still RB be VB 100 CD American NP . SENT Both CC the DT Italian JJ and CC Jewish JJ immigrants NNS serving VVG in IN the DT military NN came VVD into IN much RB greater JJR contact NN with IN native JJ born VVN Americans NNS than IN they PP had VHD in IN the DT past JJ , , further RBR strengthening VVG their PP$ bonds NNS to TO their PP$ adopted VVN nation NN , , and CC their PP$ assimilation NN as IN Americans NPS . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT first JJ real JJ Thanksgiving NP dinner NN many JJ of IN the DT Italians NNS enjoyed VVN was VBD in IN France NP with IN the DT 77 CD th NN . SENT But CC there EX were VBD some DT key JJ differences NNS . SENT Sterba NP found VVD that IN an DT immigrant NN doughboy's NN wartime NN experience NN depended VVD much RB on IN the DT type NN of IN unit NN to TO which WDT they PP were VBD assigned VVN . SENT He PP argues VVZ that IN the DT newly RB created VVN federal JJ divisions NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT 77 CD th NN , , composed VVN largely RB of IN New NP York NP draftees NNS were VBD better JJR at IN providing VVG for IN the DT needs NNS of IN a DT multi NNS cultural JJ rank NN and CC file VV than IN the DT National NP Guard NP units NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT Connecticut NP 26 CD th NN , , with IN its PP$ old JJ and CC established JJ traditions NNS . SENT The DT Yankee NP Division NP celebrated VVD its PP$ colonial NN , , Anglo NP Saxon NP heritage NN , , not RB its PP$ modern JJ cultural JJ diversity NN . SENT The DT Italian JJ machine NN gunners NNS served VVN in IN an DT institution NN that IN largely RB replicated VVN the DT segregated JJ culture NN and CC society NN that IN they PP had VHD known VVN back RB in IN New NP Haven NP . SENT In IN comparison NN to TO the DT relative JJ hardships NNS suffered VVN by IN the DT Italians NNS in IN the DT Yankee NP division NN , , the DT Jewish JJ draftees NNS in IN the DT New NP York NP 77 CD th NN Melting NN Pot NN Division NN were VBD pampered VVN by IN a DT Federal NP government NN anxious JJ to TO allay VV their PP$ fears NNS over IN conscription NN . SENT The DT government NN and CC the DT Army NP displayed VVD a DT sensitivity NN to TO ethnic JJ differences NNS and CC religious JJ concerns NNS that WDT was VBD usually RB lacking VVG in IN the DT federalized JJ National NP Guard NP units NNS . SENT The DT commander NN of IN the DT 77 CD th NN Division NP General NP J NP . SENT Franklin NP Bell NP , , for IN example NN , , brought VVD a DT prominent JJ Rabbi NP from IN New NP York NP to TO Camp NP Upton NP , , where WRB the DT men NNS were VBD training VVG , , to TO provide VV religious JJ services NNS for IN Rosh NP Hashanah NP , , and CC granted VVD most JJS of IN the DT men NNS furloughs NNS so IN they PP could MD go VV home NN for IN Yom NP Kippur NP . SENT For IN both DT groups NNS , , however RB , , being VBG viewed VVN as IN Americans NPS , , overseas RB in IN France NP , , and CC not RB as IN Italians NNS or CC Jews NNS , , helped VVD solidify VV their PP$ growing VVG self NN image NN as IN Americans NPS , , and CC their PP$ common JJ wartime NN experiences NNS with IN the DT native NN born VVN within IN their PP$ units NNS helped VVD diminish VV the DT cultural JJ divide NN between IN both DT groups NNS and CC lead VV to TO greater JJR cohesion NN and CC unity NN . SENT The DT same JJ dynamics NNS were VBD also RB occurring VVG stateside RB in IN their PP$ old JJ neighborhoods NNS . SENT The DT food NN drives NNS , , bond NN drives NNS , , and CC war NN rallies NNS they PP organized VVN and CC attended VVN , , along RB with IN other JJ immigrant NN populations NNS and CC native JJ born VVN citizens NNS , , expanded VVD their PP$ contact NN with IN federal JJ and CC local JJ institutions NNS and CC encouraged VVD them PP to TO assert VV themselves PP outside IN the DT boundaries NNS of IN their PP$ ethnic JJ communities NNS , , further RBR tightening VVG their PP$ bond NN to TO the DT their PP$ new JJ homeland NN . SENT Despite IN the DT inevitable JJ condescension NN and CC stereotyping VVG , , for IN the DT first JJ time NN their PP$ activities NNS in IN America NP both CC as IN groups NNS and CC as IN individuals NNS , , received VVD sustained JJ recognition NN and CC praise NN p NN . SENT 132 CD . 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SENT By IN 1930 CD more JJR than IN half NN of IN the DT doctors NNS , , lawyers NNS , , and CC other JJ professionals NNS in IN Gotham NP city NN were VBD Jewish JJ . SENT More RBR importantly RB for IN the DT nation NN at IN large JJ , , New NP York's NP Jewish JJ voters NNS had VHD switched VVN their PP$ allegiance NN from IN the DT Socialist JJ party NN and CC the DT radical JJ left NN , , to TO support VV for IN reform NN Democrats NNS , , championing VVG a DT more RBR cosmopolitan JJ , , internationalist NN , , and CC social JJ democratic JJ direction NN , , and CC aiding VVG in IN the DT election NN of IN such JJ influential JJ and CC powerful JJ figures NNS as IN Al NP Smith NP , , Robert NP Wagner NP , , and CC Franklin NP Delano NP Roosevelt NP . SENT Ultimately RB , , for IN the DT Italian JJ and CC Jewish JJ immigrants NNS who WP were VBD involved VVN in IN it PP , , the DT war NN did VVD not RB produce VV a DT disillusioned VVN lost JJ generation NN , , it PP strengthened VVD their PP$ ties NNS and CC allegiance NN to TO their PP$ new JJ nation NN . SENT For IN anyone NN interested VVN in IN immigration NN , , urban JJ or CC , , World NP War NP One CD history NN , , Good NP Americans NPS would MD be VB a DT valuable JJ addition NN to TO your PP$ collection NN . SENT Library NN of IN Congress NP Call NP Number NP . SENT D NP 619 CD . SENT S NP 64 CD 2003 CD Subjects NNS . SENT World NP War NP , , 1914 CD 1918 CD United NP States NPS . SENT World NP War NP , , 1914 CD 1918 CD Italian JJ Americans NNS . SENT World NP War NP , , 1914 CD 1918 CD Jews NNS . SENT Italian JJ Americans NNS History NN 20 CD th NN century NN . SENT Jews NPS United NP States NP History NN 20 CD th NN century NN . SENT United NP States NPS History NN 1913 CD 1921 CD . SENT Citation NP . SENT James NP E NP . SENT Westheider JJR . SENT Review NN of IN Christopher NP M NP . SENT Sterba NP , , Good NP Americans NPS . SENT Italian JJ and CC Jewish JJ Immigrants NNS during IN the DT First NP World NP War NP , , H NP Judaic JJ , , H NP Net JJ Reviews NNS , , October NP , , 2004 CD . SENT URL NP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT h NN net NN . SENT org NP reviews NNS showrev NN . SENT cgi NNS . SENT path NN 182631098037944 CD . SENT Copyright NN 2004 CD by IN H NP Net NP , , all DT rights NNS reserved VVD . SENT H NP Net NP permits VVZ the DT redistribution NN and CC reprinting VVG of IN this DT work NN for IN nonprofit JJ , , educational JJ purposes NNS , , with IN full JJ and CC accurate JJ attribution NN to TO the DT author NN , , web NN location NN , , date NN of IN publication NN , , originating VVG list NN , , and CC H NP Net NN . SENT Humanities NNS Social NP Sciences NPS Online JJ . SENT For IN any DT other JJ proposed VVN use NN , , contact VV the DT Reviews NNS editorial NN staff NN at IN hbooks NNS mail NN . SENT h NN net NN . SENT msu NN . SENT edu NN . SENT RSS NN Validate VV . SENT XHTML NP CSS NP