/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/23/file4.html NN ----------------------------------------- : the DT international JJ journal NN of IN computer NN game NN research NN volume NN 2 CD , , issue NN 1 CD July NP 2002 CD home NN about IN archive NP Kurt NP Squire NP is VBZ a DT PhD JJ candidate NN in IN Instructional JJ Systems NPS Technology NP at IN Indiana NP University NP , , and CC is VBZ currently RB working VVG as IN a DT research NN manager NN at IN MIT NP on IN the DT Microsoft NP MIT NP funded VVD Games NP to TO Teach NP Project NP . SENT His PP$ research NN interests NNS include VVP the DT design NN of IN games NNS and CC simulations NNS , , the DT use NN of IN games NNS and CC simulations NNS in IN formal JJ learning VVG environments NNS , , video JJ game NN industry NN culture NN , , socio NP cultural JJ learning NN theory NN , , performance NN assessments NNS , , qualitative JJ research NN methods NNS . SENT Kurt NP also RB co NP founded VVD Joystick NN 101 CD . SENT org NP , , which WDT has VHZ been VBN recognized VVN by IN Wired VVN , , Shift VV , , and CC several JJ news NN outlets NNS as IN a DT leading JJ site NN for IN the DT discussion NN of IN game NN design NN , , theory NN , , criticism NN , , and CC culture NN . SENT Cultural JJ Framing NN of IN Computer NP Video NP Games NPS by IN Kurt NP Squire NP Since IN their PP$ inception NN , , computer NN and CC video NN games NNS have VHP both CC fascinated VVN and CC caused VVN great JJ fear NN in IN the DT politicians NNS , , educators NNS , , academics NNS , , and CC the DT public NN at IN large JJ . SENT In IN the DT United NP States NPS , , this DT fear NN and CC fascination NN goes VVZ back RB to TO the DT early JJ 1980 CD s PP , , when WRB Ronald NP Reagan NP extolled VVD the DT virtues NNS of IN games NNS to TO create VV a DT generation NN of IN highly RB skilled JJ cold JJ war NN warriors NNS , , while IN U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Surgeon NP General NP C NP . SENT Everett NP Koop NP proclaimed VVD games NNS among IN the DT top JJ health NN risks NNS facing VVG Americans NNS . SENT To TO be VB sure JJ , , such JJ extreme JJ cultural JJ reactions NNS to TO technological JJ and CC cultural JJ innovations NNS are VBP hardly RB new JJ . SENT mid JJ twentieth JJ century NN critics NNS feared VVN that IN television NN watchers NNS would MD become VV addicted VVN to TO television NN , , never RB leaving VVG their PP$ homes NNS , , and CC critics NNS before IN them PP feared VVD that DT film NN would MD pervert NN viewers NNS . SENT In IN educational JJ and CC social JJ science NN discourse NN , , the DT reactions NNS to TO new JJ technologies NNS , , including VVG digital JJ gaming NN technologies NNS , , have VHP been VBN equally RB excessive JJ . SENT Some DT advocates NNS of IN digital JJ game NN based VVN learning NN imply VVP that IN developing VVG educational JJ games NNS is VBZ a DT moral JJ imperative NN , , as IN kids NNS of IN the DT videogame JJ generation NN do VVP not RB respond VV to TO traditional JJ instruction NN See NP Katz NP , , 2000 CD . SENT Prensky NP , , 2001 CD . SENT Other JJ educators NNS , , such JJ as IN Eugene NP Provenzo NP 1991 CD . SENT 1992 CD worry NN that IN games NNS are VBP inculcating VVG children NNS with IN hyper NN competitive JJ or CC warped VVN sexual JJ values NNS . SENT Looking VVG at IN the DT range NN of IN values NNS and CC powers NNS that IN educators NNS ascribe VV to TO games NNS , , games NNS begin VVP to TO look VV a DT bit NN like IN a DT Rorschach NP test NN of IN educators NNS attitudes NNS toward IN modern JJ social JJ , , technological JJ , , and CC media NNS change NN , , rather RB than IN an DT emerging VVG and CC maturing VVG entertainment NN medium NN . SENT Indeed RB , , similar JJ statements NNS were VBD made VVN about IN the DT potential NN for IN radio NN , , film NN , , television NN , , and CC desktop JJ computers NNS to TO revolutionize VV learning VVG , , yet RB the DT overhead JJ projector NN continues VVZ as IN the DT most RBS pervasive JJ piece NN of IN technology NN in IN most JJS classrooms NNS Cuban JJ , , 1986 CD . SENT The DT recent JJ enthusiasm NN for IN educational JJ gaming NN directs VVZ researchers NNS , , politicians NNS , , game NN developers NNS and CC the DT public NN toward IN some DT important JJ , , overlooked VVN issues NNS . SENT What WP are VBP people NNS learning VVG about IN academic JJ subjects NNS playing VVG games NNS such JJ as IN SimCity NP , , Civilization NN , , Tropico NP , , or CC SimEarth NP . SENT Might NN games NNS be VB used VVN in IN formal JJ learning VVG environments NNS . SENT This DT essay NN argues VVZ that IN these DT are VBP critical JJ questions NNS to TO game NN studies NNS , , and CC educational JJ studies NNS , , particularly RB work NN in IN the DT learning VVG sciences NNS , , and CC offers VVZ some DT important JJ practical JJ and CC theoretical JJ traditions NNS that IN games NNS studies NNS can MD draw VV upon RP as IN it PP matures VVZ as IN a DT field NN . SENT Pawns NNS of IN the DT Game NN . SENT The DT Current NP State NP of IN Games NPS Based VVN Social NP Science NP Research NP In IN the DT United NP States NPS , , and CC increasingly RB in IN Europe NP , , games NNS such JJ as IN Doom NP or CC Quake NN have VHP garnered VVN a DT disproportionate JJ share NN of IN attention NN in IN the DT press NN , , as IN they PP have VHP become VVN pawns NNS in IN a DT culture NN war NN waged VVD by IN cultural JJ conservatives NNS . SENT As IN many JJ gamers NNS , , critics NNS , , media NNS scholars NNS , , and CC social JJ researchers NNS agree VVP , , this DT discussion NN has VHZ been VBN devoid JJ of IN any DT serious JJ study NN of IN games NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , in IN 2001 CD , , U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Attorney NP General NP John NP Ashcroft NP cited VVD the DT game NN Dope NN Wars NNS as IN an DT example NN of IN the DT the DT culture NN of IN violence NN that WDT may MD have VH contributed VVN to TO a DT spate NN of IN recent JJ deadly JJ school NN shootings NNS Reuters NP News NP , , April NP 4 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT How WRB a DT simple NN , , text NN based VVN game NN based VVN on IN a DT nearly RB 20 CD year NN old JJ DOS NP game NN that WDT is VBZ downloaded VVN over IN the DT Internet NN , , played VVN on IN Palm NP Pilots NPS , , and CC features VVZ no DT graphical JJ imagery NN is VBZ contributing VVG to TO the DT increased JJ violence NN among IN teens NNS , , given VVN the DT amount NN of IN violence NN in IN American JJ culture NN is VBZ questionable JJ . SENT As IN this DT example NN reveals VVZ , , much RB of IN the DT rhetoric NN in IN this DT culture NN work NN has VHZ much RB less JJR to TO do VV with IN any DT real JJ knowledge NN of IN games NNS than IN with IN fears NNS about IN violence NN in IN American JJ culture NN . SENT It PP is VBZ difficult JJ for IN many JJ to TO make VV sense NN of IN this DT contentious JJ and CC politicized JJ cultural JJ debate NN because IN to TO date NN , , there EX has VHZ been VBN very RB little JJ disciplined JJ study NN of IN gaming NN . SENT Some DT social JJ science NN researchers NNS have VHP compared VVN violent JJ games NNS like IN Doom NP to TO non JJ violent JJ games NNS like IN Myst NP or CC compared VVN the DT rates NNS of IN aggressive JJ and CC violent JJ behavior NN between IN gamers NNS and CC non JJ gamers NNS . SENT Unfortunately RB , , this DT research NN suffers VVZ from IN many JJ problematic JJ conceptualizations NNS . SENT violent JJ acts NNS are VBP removed VVN from IN the DT narratives NNS contexts NNS in IN which WDT they PP are VBP situated VVN Jenkins NP , , 1998 CD . SENT researchers NNS used VVD invalid JJ comparison NN techniques NNS , , studying VVG games NNS from IN different JJ genres NNS that WDT differ VVP along IN multiple JJ variables NNS such JJ as IN comparing VVG Myst NP , , a DT slow JJ paced VVN puzzle NN adventure NN game NN to TO Castle NP Wolfenstein NP , , a DT fast RB paced VVN 3 CD D NP action NN shooter NN Anderson NP Dill NP , , 2000 CD . SENT These DT studies NNS generally RB lack VVP any DT real JJ world NN evidence NN linking VVG game NN playing VVG to TO acts NNS of IN violence NN . SENT they PP ignore VVP broad JJ trends NNS that IN that WDT show VVP inverse JJ correlations NNS between IN game NN playing NN and CC violent JJ behavior NN . SENT finally RB , , they PP make VVP wild JJ logical JJ leaps NNS in IN linking VVG very RB constrained VVN behaviors NNS in IN laboratories NNS to TO violent JJ acts NNS where WRB people NNS really RB get VVP hurt VVN . SENT Anderson NP and CC Dill NP 2000 CD found VVD that IN players NNS who WP lost VVD a DT round NN of IN Wolfenstein NP 3 CD D NP punished VVN opposing VVG players NNS with IN a DT noise NN blast NN that WDT lasted VVD 6 CD . SENT 81 CD seconds NNS , , compared VVN to TO Myst NP players NNS , , who WP blasted VVD opponents NNS for IN 6 CD . SENT 65 CD seconds NNS a DT . SENT 16 CD second JJ difference NN there EX was VBD no DT difference NN between IN players NNS who WP won VVD their PP$ round NN of IN Castle NP Wolfenstein NP and CC Myst NP players NNS . SENT To TO suggest VV that IN a DT . SENT 16 CD second JJ increase NN in IN duration NN of IN a DT noise NN blast NN is VBZ qualitatively RB the DT same JJ as IN committing VVG mass JJ murder NN is VBZ not RB only RB an DT illogical JJ leap NN , , but CC a DT disservice NN to TO the DT worthwhile JJ enterprise NN of IN studying VVG what WP are VBP the DT root NN causes VVZ of IN tragic JJ events NNS like IN school NN shootings NNS or CC youth NN violence NN . SENT Fortunately RB , , a DT handful NN of IN social JJ science NN researchers NNS such JJ as IN Jonathon NP Freedman NP 2001 CD and CC Jeanne NP Funk NP 2001 NP have VHP begun VVN to TO call VV for IN more JJR rigorous JJ research NN and CC are VBP taking VVG a DT much RB more RBR disciplined JJ look NN at IN the DT impact NN of IN gaming NN on IN people's NP lives NNS . SENT Hopefully RB social JJ science NN researchers NNS will MD follow VV suit NN . SENT as IN a DT generation NN of IN game NN players NNS move VVP into IN academic JJ positions NNS , , perhaps RB such JJ poorly RB defined VVN research NN studies NNS will MD be VB challenged VVN and CC a DT more RBR rigorous JJ body NN of IN research NN will MD evolve VV . SENT What's NNS missing VVG from IN contemporary JJ debate NN on IN gaming NN and CC culture NN is VBZ any DT naturalistic JJ study NN of IN what WP game NN playing VVG experiences NNS are VBP like JJ , , how WRB gaming NN fits VVZ into IN people's NP lives NNS , , and CC the DT kinds NNS of IN practices NNS people NNS are VBP engaged VVN in IN while IN gaming NN . SENT Few JJ , , if IN any DT researchers NNS have VHP studied VVN how WRB and CC why WRB people NNS play VVP games NNS , , and CC what WP gaming NN environments NNS are VBP like JJ . SENT The DT few JJ times NNS researchers NNS have VHP asked VVN these DT questions NNS , , they PP have VHP found VVN surprising JJ results NNS . SENT In IN 1985 CD , , Mitchell NP gave VVD Atari NP 2600 CD consoles VVZ to TO twenty CD families NNS and CC found VVD that IN most JJS families NNS used VVD the DT game NN systems NNS as IN a DT shared VVN play NN activity NN . SENT Instead RB of IN leading VVG to TO poor JJ school NN performance NN , , increased VVD family NN violence NN , , or CC strained JJ family NN interactions NNS , , video JJ games NNS were VBD a DT positive JJ force NN on IN family NN interactions NNS , , reminiscent JJ of IN days NNS of IN Monopoly NN , , checkers NNS , , card NN games NNS , , and CC jigsaw NN puzzles NNS Mitchell NP , , 1985 CD , , p NN . SENT 134 CD . SENT This DT study NN suggests VVZ that IN investigators NNS might MD benefit VV by IN acknowledging VVG the DT cultural JJ contexts NNS of IN gaming NN , , and CC studying VVG game NN playing VVG as IN a DT cultural JJ practice NN . SENT If IN nothing NN else RB , , it PP highlights VVZ the DT importance NN of IN putting VVG aside RP preconceptions NNS and CC examining VVG gamers NNS on IN their PP$ own JJ terms NNS . SENT Rethinking VVG the DT role NN of IN Educational NP and CC Social NP Science NP Research NP in IN Digital NP Gaming NN Underlying VVG this DT unease NN about IN video JJ game NN violence NN research NN is VBZ a DT growing NN disconnect VV between IN anti JJ gaming NN rhetoric NN and CC people's NP actual JJ experiences NNS playing VVG games NNS See VV Herz NP , , 1996 CD . SENT Poole NP , , 2000 CD . SENT The DT first JJ generation NN of IN gameplayers NNS is VBZ now RB in IN its PP$ 30 CD s NN . SENT Despite IN and CC perhaps RB because IN of IN the DT hundreds NNS of IN hours NNS I've NP spent VVD playing VVG war NN games NNS , , I'm NP pretty RB much RB a DT pacifist NN . SENT I PP love VVP Return NN to TO Castle NP Wolfenstein NP , , yet CC I'd NP never RB own VVP a DT gun NN . SENT The DT successes NNS of IN such JJ books NNS as IN Joystick NN Nation NN and CC Trigger VV Happy JJ suggest VVP there EX is VBZ an DT maturing VVG generation NN of IN gamers NNS who WP feels VVZ the DT same JJ way NN . SENT games NNS are VBP integral JJ parts NNS of IN our PP$ lives NNS , , yet RB they've NN largely RB gone VVN unexamined JJ . SENT So RB far RB , , concerns NNS about IN the DT effects NNS of IN violent JJ video NN games NNS have VHP drawn VVN our PP$ attention NN away RB from IN the DT broader JJR social JJ roles NNS and CC cultural JJ contexts NNS of IN gaming NN . SENT There EX is VBZ some DT evidence NN that IN this DT trend NN could MD be VB changing VVG in IN the DT past JJ six CD months NNS humanities NNS researchers NNS have VHP turned VVN more JJR attention NN to TO games NNS . SENT Art NN museums NNS in IN both CC the DT United NP States NPS and CC United NP Kingdom NP have VHP developed VVN or CC are VBP planning VVG substantial JJ game NN exhibits VVZ in IN 2000 CD 2002 CD See NP Barbican NN , , 2002 CD . SENT Panels NNS at IN conferences NNS are VBP almost RB ready JJ to TO give VV up RP on IN the DT Are NP games NNS art NN . SENT question NN and CC begin VV asking VVG What WP kinds NNS of IN art NN are VBP they PP . SENT or CC exploring VVG how WRB and CC why WRB they PP work VVP Jenkins NP , , in IN press NN . SENT Jenkins NP Squire NP , , 2002 CD . SENT Other JJ humanities NNS researchers NNS are VBP examining VVG games NNS to TO see VV what WP they PP might MD teach VV us PP about IN the DT future NN of IN interactive JJ narrative NN Murray NP , , 1997 CD . SENT Despite IN this DT increasing VVG attention NN as IN a DT maturing VVG medium NN , , the DT pedagogical JJ potential NN of IN games NNS and CC social JJ contexts NNS of IN gaming NN have VHP been VBN woefully RB unexamined JJ . SENT Already RB , , entertainment NN games NNS allow VVP learners NNS to TO interact VV with IN systems NNS in IN increasingly RB complex JJ ways NNS . SENT Digital NP game NN players NNS can MD relive VV historical JJ eras NNS as IN in IN Pirates NNS . SENT , , investigate VV complex JJ systems NNS like IN the DT Earth's NP chemical NN life NN cycles NNS SimEarth NP , , govern VVP island NN nations NNS Tropico NP , , manage VVP complex JJ industrial JJ empires NNS Railroad NN Tycoon NN , , or CC , , indeed RB , , run VVP an DT entire JJ civilization NN Civilization NN series NN . SENT Or CC , , they PP might MD travel VV in IN time NN to TO Ancient JJ Greece NP Caesar NP I NP , , II NP , , III NP , , Rome NP Age NP of IN Empires NNS I PP , , and CC II NP , , North NP America NP Colonization NN , , or CC manage VV an DT ant NN colony NN , , farm NN , , hospital NN , , skyscraper NN , , themepark NN , , zoo NN , , airport NN , , or CC fast JJ food NN chain NN . SENT Anecdotal JJ evidence NN from IN teachers NNS suggests VVZ that IN the DT impact NN of IN gaming NN on IN millions NNS of IN gamers NNS who WP grew VVD up RP playing VVG best JJS selling NN games NNS such JJ as IN SimCity NP , , Pirates NNS . SENT , , or CC Civilization NN is VBZ starting VVG to TO be VB felt VVN . SENT Still RB , , little RB is VBZ known VVN about IN what WP players NNS are VBP learning VVG through IN playing VVG SimCity NN . SENT Is VBZ it PP deepening VVG their PP$ appreciation NN for IN geography NN , , helping VVG them PP develop VV more RBR robust JJ understandings NNS about IN their PP$ environment NN , , or CC perhaps RB promoting VVG misconceptions NNS about IN civic JJ planning NN . SENT How WRB does VVZ a DT game NN such JJ as IN Civilization NN III NP work NN as IN a DT cultural JJ simulation NN . SENT Does VVZ it PP impact NN players NNS conceptions NNS of IN politics NNS or CC diplomacy NN . SENT Is VBZ there RB any DT way NN to TO reappropriate VV Civilization NN for IN use NN in IN history NN classes NNS . SENT Given VVN the DT immense JJ influence NN of IN SimCity NN and CC Civilization NN in IN present JJ game NN design NN , , what WDT innovations NNS might MD be VB sparked VVN by IN games NNS built VVN around IN science NN , , engineering NN , , literature NN or CC architecture NN subjects NNS . SENT How WRB might MD these DT innovations NNS have VHP an DT impact NN on IN the DT rest NN of IN game NN design NN . SENT These DT questions NNS suggest VVP at IN least JJS three CD fruitful JJ contributions NNS from IN an DT educational JJ or CC social JJ science NN perspective NN . SENT 1 CD Studying VVG the DT role NN that IN games NNS like IN SimCity NN and CC Civilization NN play NN in IN people's NP lives VVZ and CC how WRB it PP mediates VVZ their PP$ understandings NNS of IN other JJ phenomena NNS . SENT 2 CD Examining VVG how WRB such JJ games NNS can MD be VB used VVN to TO support VV learning VVG in IN formal JJ and CC informal JJ learning VVG contexts NNS . SENT 3 CD Creating VVG and CC examining VVG new JJ modes NNS of IN gameplay NN through IN games NNS that WDT draw VVP metaphors NNS from IN other JJ domains NNS . SENT Although IN there EX has VHZ been VBN woefully RB little JJ research NN in IN this DT area NN , , there EX are VBP several JJ research NN traditions NNS in IN education NN and CC social JJ science NN outside IN of IN media NNS effects NNS research NN tradition NN that WDT offer VVP useful JJ models NNS for IN thinking VVG about IN gameplay NN . SENT Studying VVG the DT Impact NN of IN Gaming NN With IN SimCity NP more RBR than IN a DT decade NN old JJ , , a DT generation NN of IN youth NN has VHZ grown VVN up RP with IN edutainment NN . SENT Yet RB , , we PP know VVP very RB little JJ about IN what WP they PP are VBP learning VVG playing VVG these DT games NNS if IN anything NN . SENT Are VBP sim NP games NNS , , civilization NN building NN games NNS , , or CC war NN games NNS having VHG any DT impact NN on IN how WRB students NNS perceive VVP social JJ studies NNS . SENT Games NNS such JJ as IN SimCity NP depict VVP social JJ bodies NNS as IN complex JJ dynamic JJ systems NNS and CC embody VVP concepts NNS like IN positive JJ feedback NN loops NNS that WDT are VBP central JJ to TO systems NNS thinking VVG . SENT Are VBP students NNS developing VVG intuitions NNS about IN systems NNS as IN a DT result NN of IN playing VVG these DT games NNS . SENT Do VVP players NNS think VVP they PP are VBP learning VVG anything NN about IN history NN or CC urban JJ planning NN through IN these DT games NNS . SENT Are VBP the DT perceived VVN educational JJ benefits NNS part NN of IN the DT attraction NN of IN these DT games NNS . SENT The DT study NN of IN games NNS and CC learning NN might MD begin VV with IN qualitative JJ study NN of IN game NN players NNS and CC game NN playing NN communities NNS . SENT Although IN there EX have VHP been VBN a DT few JJ survey NN or CC experimental JJ studies NNS of IN game NN players NNS See VV Malone NP , , 1981 CD . SENT Cordova NP Lepper NP , , 1996 CD , , there EX have VHP been VBN few JJ studies NNS characterizing VVG players NNS interactions NNS and CC experiences NNS in IN game NN playing VVG environments NNS since IN Mitchell NP s VVZ 1985 CD study NN of IN families NNS who WP were VBD given VVN Nintendo NP machines NNS . SENT Mitchell NP studied VVD how WRB purchasing VVG Nintendo NP game NN consoles VVZ affected VVN twenty CD families NNS , , finding VVG that IN playing VVG Nintendo NP was VBD an DT important JJ part NN of IN family NN play NN , , and CC brought VVD families NNS closer RBR together RB , , much RB as IN a DT traditional JJ board NN game NN might MD . SENT More RBR recently RB , , researchers NNS such JJ as IN Funk NP and CC colleagues NNS 1996 RB have VHP studied VVN correlations NNS between IN game NN players NNS characteristics NNS and CC popular JJ genres NNS , , but CC these DT broad JJ statistical JJ studies NNS fail VVP to TO open VV up RP the DT complex JJ relationships NNS behind IN game NN players NNS and CC their PP$ games NNS or CC acknowledge VVP the DT social JJ contexts NNS in IN which WDT game NN playing NN is VBZ situated VVN . SENT Even RB a DT quick JJ glance NN at IN fan NN communities NNS around IN games NNS such JJ as IN SimCity NP , , Dance NP Dance NP Revolution NP , , Railroad NN Tycoon NN , , Everquest NP , , or CC The DT Sims NP , , each DT of IN which WDT has VHZ dozens NNS of IN fans NNS websites NNS where WRB players NNS create VV and CC trade VV game NN objects NNS , , maps NNS , , levels NNS , , scenarios NNS , , and CC stories NNS points NNS to TO rich JJ relationships NNS between IN fans NNS and CC these DT games NNS and CC complex JJ social JJ structures NNS that WDT mediate VV the DT game NN playing NN experience NN See NP Jenkins NP , , 2001 CD . SENT Squire NP , , 2000 CD . SENT Yee NP , , 2000 CD for IN descriptions NNS of IN these DT communities NNS . SENT The DT closest JJS examples NNS of IN studying VVG gaming NN communities NNS may MD be VB examinations NNS of IN online JJ communities NNS . SENT In IN the DT 1990 CD s PP , , Sherry NP Turkle NP and CC Amy NP Bruckman NP studied VVD MOO VV players NNS , , yielding VVG insights NNS into IN how WRB people NNS negotiate VVP among IN their PP$ many JJ virtual JJ identities NNS Bruckman NP , , 1993 CD a DT . SENT 1993 CD b SYM . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Turkle NP , , 1996 CD . SENT These DT MUD NN and CC MOO VV studies NNS were VBD not RB specifically RB of IN game NN playing VVG communities NNS , , but CC they PP have VHP provided VVN both DT theoretical JJ models NNS and CC specific JJ insights NNS about IN online JJ behavior NN that WDT have VHP become VVN foundational JJ to TO the DT design NN of IN online JJ games NNS and CC learning VVG environments NNS alike RB . SENT Drawing VVG more RBR explicitly RB from IN anthropological JJ , , educational JJ and CC cultural JJ psychology NN traditions NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Cole NP , , 1996 CD , , future JJ study NN of IN gaming NN communities NNS might MD focus VV specifically RB on IN the DT shared VVN practices NNS , , language NN , , resources NNS , , understandings NNS , , roles NNS that WDT emerge VVP through IN game NN play NN . SENT Among IN the DT outcomes NNS of IN examining VVG gameplay NN in IN naturalistic JJ contexts NNS might MD be VB creating VVG guidelines NNS for IN more JJR usable JJ and CC playable JJ games NNS , , leveraging VVG and CC promoting VVG social JJ interactions NNS and CC relationships NNS in IN the DT gameplay NN , , and CC insights NNS for IN creating VVG games NNS that WDT appeal VVP to TO broader JJR audiences NNS . SENT Games NNS in IN Educational NP Contexts NNS Most JJS people NNS assume VVP that IN games NNS like IN SimCity NP are VBP used VVN frequently RB in IN geography NN or CC urban JJ planning NN classes NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , Maxis NNS has VHZ published VVN a DT set NN of IN resources NNS for IN teachers NNS on IN its PP$ website NN , , touting VVG that IN , , SimCity NP 3000 CD tm NN can MD be VB used VVN in IN the DT classroom NN to TO enhance VV just RB about IN any DT instructional JJ unit NN . SENT It PP can MD stand VV alone RB as IN an DT enrichment NN computer NN activity NN , , or CC it PP can MD be VB used VVN as IN a DT pivotal JJ activity NN connected VVN to TO other JJ activities NNS and CC projects NNS done VVN before IN , , during IN , , or CC after IN using VVG the DT computer NN program NN . SENT Use VV the DT lessons NNS in IN this DT guide NN to TO integrate VV SimCity NP 3000 CD into IN your PP$ curriculum NN , , with IN minimal JJ preparation NN , , or CC to TO create VV custom NN lessons NNS to TO suit VV your PP$ needs NNS . SENT As IN Doug NP Church NP commented VVD at IN the DT 2002 CD Electronic NP Entertainment NP Exposition NN , , most JJS people NNS who WP have VHP played VVN SimCity NN recognize VVP that IN it PP can MD be VB an DT excellent JJ resource NN for IN understanding VVG urban JJ planning NN , , most JJS people NNS would MD also RB not RB want VVP to TO live VV in IN a DT real JJ city NN designed VVN by IN someone NN who WP has VHZ only RB played VVN SimCity NN . SENT As IN urban JJ planner NN Kenneth NP Kolson NP points VVZ out RP , , SimCity NP potentially RB teaches VVZ the DT player NN that IN mayors NNS are VBP omnipotent JJ and CC that IN politics NNS , , ethnicity NN , , and CC race NN play VVP no DT role NN in IN urban JJ planning NN Kolson NP , , 1996 CD . SENT Using VVG SimCity NP 2000 CD at IN Boys NNS and CC Girls NNS clubs NNS Barab NP , , and CC colleagues NNS et CC al NP . SENT in IN preparation NN have VHP found VVN that IN students NNS definitely RB learn VVP from IN exploring VVG relationships NNS between IN supply NN and CC demand NN and CC population NN growth NN and CC taxation NN , , but CC they PP might MD also RB develop VV naive JJ concepts NNS of IN how WRB cities NNS form VVP , , grow VV , , and CC evolve VV . SENT For IN example NN , , one CD six CD year NN old JJ player NN noted VVD that IN people NNS began VVD moving VVG into IN his PP$ city NN when WRB there EX was VBD electricity NN , , because IN people NNS wanted VVD to TO have VH lights NNS for IN seeing VVG in IN the DT dark NN . SENT This DT example NN illuminates VVZ how WRB the DT process NN of IN interpreting VVG game NN play NN , , of IN drawing VVG analogies NNS between IN symbolic JJ representations NNS in IN the DT game NN and CC their PP$ real JJ life NN analogs NNS is VBZ one CD of IN active JJ interpretation NN , , and CC suggests VVZ that DT students NNS might MD benefit VV from IN systematic JJ explanations NNS or CC presentations NNS of IN information NN . SENT In IN similar JJ research NN in IN anchored VVN instruction NN and CC problem NN based VVN learning NN environments NNS , , John NP Bransford NP and CC colleagues NNS have VHP found VVN that IN students NNS perform VVP best RBS when RB given VVN access NN to TO lectures NNS in IN the DT context NN of IN completing VVG open JJ ended VVN complex JJ problem NN solving VVG tasks NNS Schwartz NP Bransford NP , , 2001 CD . SENT The DT challenges NNS behind IN using VVG games NNS to TO support VV learning VVG are VBP far RB from IN new JJ , , particularly RB in IN social JJ studies NNS education NN . SENT In IN 1973 CD , , Wentworth NP and CC Lewis NP summarized VVD the DT findings NNS from IN nearly RB fifty CD research NN studies NNS on IN learning VVG through IN gaming NN . SENT In IN the DT majority NN of IN these DT studies NNS , , students NNS did VVD neither DT significantly RB better JJR nor CC worse JJR than IN other JJ learning VVG experiences NNS in IN their PP$ impact NN on IN student NN achievement NN as IN evidenced VVN by IN paper NN and CC pencil NN scores NNS . SENT In IN his PP$ 1991 CD review NN of IN the DT research NN on IN games NNS and CC simulations NNS in IN social JJ studies NNS , , Clegg NP reached VVD similarly RB inconclusive JJ findings NNS . SENT Consistent JJ with IN contemporary JJ instructional JJ design NN theory NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Heinich NP , , Molenda NP , , Russell NP , , Smoldino NP , , 1996 CD , , Clegg NP argues VVZ that IN the DT instructional JJ context NN that IN envelopes NNS gaming NN is VBZ a DT more RBR important JJ predictor NN of IN learning VVG that IN the DT game NN itself PP . SENT Specifically RB , , how WRB the DT game NN is VBZ contextualized VVN , , the DT kinds NNS of IN cooperative JJ and CC collaborative JJ learning VVG activities NNS embedded VVN in IN gameplay NN , , and CC the DT quality NN and CC nature NN of IN debriefing VVG are VBP all RB critically RB important JJ elements NNS of IN the DT gaming NN experience NN . SENT This DT tradition NN of IN games NNS and CC simulations NNS in IN instructional JJ technology NN , , chiefly RB promulgated VVD through IN the DT The NP Society NP for IN the DT Advancement NP of IN Games NPS and CC Simulations NNS in IN Education NP and CC Training NP and CC the DT Sage NP journal NN Simulation NP and CC Gaming NN has VHZ resulted VVN in IN a DT rich JJ body NN of IN practical JJ knowledge NN about IN designing VVG effective JJ games NNS to TO support VV learning VVG . SENT however RB , , there EX is VBZ actually RB very RB little JJ agreement NN among IN educational JJ technologists NNS as RB to TO the DT theoretical JJ underpinnings NN of IN why WRB we PP should MD use VV games NNS , , how WRB games NNS should MD be VB designed VVN to TO support VV learning VVG , , or CC in IN what WP instructional JJ situations NNS games NNS make VVP the DT most JJS sense NN Gredler NP , , 1996 CD . SENT The DT research NN on IN games NNS and CC simulations NNS in IN education NN cautions VVZ against IN overexhuberance NN about IN the DT potential NN of IN digital JJ games NNS to TO transform VV education NN . SENT In IN using VVG a DT game NN such JJ as IN SimCity NP , , minimally RB , , there EX needs VVZ to TO be VB a DT close JJ match NN among IN desired VVN learning NN outcomes NNS , , available JJ computer NN and CC supporting VVG human JJ resources NNS , , learner NN characteristics NNS such JJ as IN familiarity NN with IN games NNS conventions NNS , , educational JJ game NN play NN , , and CC potential JJ supplementary JJ learning NN experiences NNS . SENT Fortunately RB , , one PP can MD imagine VV creating VVG instructional JJ resources NNS around IN a DT game NN like IN SimCity NN or CC Civilization NN that WDT pushes VVZ students NNS to TO think VV about IN their PP$ game NN playing VVG more RBR deeply RB . SENT For IN example NN , , Civilization NN players NNS might MD create VV maps NNS of IN their PP$ worlds NNS and CC compare VV them PP to TO global JJ maps NNS from IN the DT same JJ time NN period NN . SENT Why WRB are VBP they PP the DT same JJ . SENT Why WRB are VBP they PP different JJ . SENT Students NNS might MD be VB required VVN to TO critique NN the DT game NN and CC explicitly RB address VV built VVN in IN simulation NN biases NNS . SENT Finally RB , , students NNS might MD draw VV timelines NNS , , write VV histories NNS , , or CC create VV media NNS based VVN on IN the DT history NN of IN their PP$ civilization NN . SENT The DT possibilities NNS for IN using VVG a DT game NN like IN Civilization NN as IN a DT springboard NN into IN studying VVG history NN are VBP endless JJ , , but CC so RB far RB , , there EX are VBP less JJR than IN three CD magazine NN or CC journal NN articles NNS published VVN on IN the DT topic NN and CC no DT one NN has VHZ done VVN empirically RB grounded VVN research NN in IN the DT successes NNS and CC challenges NNS of IN using VVG such PDT a DT game NN to TO support VV learning VVG See NP Berson NP , , 1996 CD . SENT Hope NN , , 1996 CD . SENT Lee NP , , 1994 CD . SENT Prensky NP , , 2001 CD . SENT Teague NP Teague NP , , 1995 CD . SENT Creating VVG Next NP Generation NP Educational NP Media NP Despite IN these DT cautions VVZ about IN the DT potential NN of IN games NNS to TO support VV learning VVG , , games NNS may MD be VB the DT most RBS fully RB realized VVN educational JJ technology NN produced VVN to TO date NN . SENT Tom NP Malone NP 1981 CD showed VVD how WRB games NNS use VVP challenge NN , , fantasy NN , , player NN control NN , , and CC curiosity NN invoking VVG designs NNS to TO create VV intrinsically RB motivating VVG environments NNS . SENT More RBR recently RB , , Lloyd NP Rieber NP 1996 CD has VHZ argued VVN that IN digital JJ games NNS engage VVP players NNS in IN productive JJ play NN learning NN that WDT occurs VVZ through IN building NN microworlds NNS , , manipulating VVG simulations NNS , , and CC playing VVG games NNS . SENT Rieber NP gives VVZ reason NN for IN renewed JJ optimism NN for IN using VVG games NNS to TO support VV learning VVG in IN leveraging VVG the DT increasing VVG power NN of IN the DT computer NN to TO immerse VV the DT player NN in IN interactive JJ simulated JJ worlds NNS . SENT Whereas IN historically RB educational JJ games NNS have VHP relied VVN heavily RB on IN exogenuous JJ game NN formulas NNS , , games NNS where WRB content NN is VBZ inserted VVN into IN a DT generic JJ gaming NN template NN , , like IN hangman NN , , a DT game NN like IN SimCity NP might MD be VB thought VVN of IN as IN an DT endogenuous JJ game NN design NN , , where WRB the DT academic JJ content NN is VBZ seamlessly RB integrated VVN with IN gaming NN mechanics NNS . SENT In IN an DT endogenuous JJ game NN , , players NNS learn VVP the DT properties NNS of IN a DT virtual JJ world NN through IN interacting VVG with IN its PP$ symbology NN , , learning VVG to TO detect VV relationships NNS among IN these DT symbols NNS , , and CC inferring VVG the DT game NN rules NNS that WDT govern VVP the DT system NN . SENT While IN edutainment NN games NNS such JJ as IN SimCity NN and CC Civilization NN are VBP intriguing JJ educational JJ materials NNS , , the DT most RBS promising JJ developments NNS in IN educational JJ gaming NN might MD come VV through IN games NNS that WDT are VBP explicitly RB design NN to TO support VV learning VVG . SENT One CD example NN of IN such PDT a DT project NN is VBZ the DT Games NP to TO Teach NP project NN , , a DT project NN led VVN by IN Randy NP Hinrichs NP at IN Microsoft NP Research NP and CC Henry NP Jenkins NP of IN MIT's NP Comparative JJ Media NP Studies NPS program NN . SENT In IN 2001 CD 2002 CD , , the DT Games NPS to TO Teach NP Project NP http NN . SENT cms NNS . SENT mit NP . SENT edu NN games NNS education NN , , presented VVD 10 CD conceptual JJ prototypes NNS of IN next JJ generation NN educational JJ games NNS to TO support VV learning VVG in IN math NN , , science NN , , and CC engineering NN at IN the DT advanced JJ high JJ school NN and CC introductory JJ undergraduate JJ levels NNS . SENT Among IN these DT prototypes NNS is VBZ . SENT The DT Jungle NN of IN the DT Optics NN , , a DT game NN where WRB players NNS use VVP a DT set NN of IN lenses NNS , , telescopes NNS , , cameras NNS , , optical JJ tools NNS , , and CC optics NN concepts NNS to TO solve VV optics NN problems NNS within IN a DT role NN playing VVG environment NN . SENT Hephaestus NP , , a DT massively RB multiplayer NN resource NN management NN game NN where WRB players NNS learn VVP physics NNS and CC engineering NN through IN designing VVG robots NNS to TO colonize VV a DT planet NN . SENT Replicate VV . SENT , , an DT action NN game NN where WRB players NNS learn VVP virology NN and CC immunology NN through IN playing VVG a DT virus NN attempting VVG to TO infect VV a DT human JJ body NN and CC replicate VV so RB that IN the DT virus NN may MD spread VV through IN a DT population NN . SENT Supercharged VVN . SENT A DT flying VVG racing NN game NN where WRB players NNS learn VVP Electromagnetism NN by IN flying VVG a DT vessel NN that WDT has VHZ adopted VVN the DT properties NNS of IN a DT charged VVN particle NN through IN electric JJ and CC magnetic JJ fields NNS . SENT The DT Games NPS to TO Teach NP team NN will MD be VB developing VVG and CC testing VVG two CD of IN these DT games NNS in IN 2002 CD 2003 CD . SENT Such JJ games NNS will MD demand VV a DT broad JJ , , industry NN wide JJ investment NN if IN they PP are VBP to TO succeed VV . SENT Long JJ term NN , , this DT kind NN of IN project NN requires VVZ creative JJ game NN designers NNS who WP understand VVP the DT tools NNS and CC capabilities NNS of IN the DT medium NN , , educators NNS who WP can MD help VV ensure VV an DT effective JJ product NN and CC visionary JJ thinkers NNS who WP can MD design VV a DT suite NN of IN games NNS that WDT will MD appeal VV to TO a DT broad JJ market NN . SENT A DT primary JJ goal NN of IN the DT Games NPS to TO Teach NP Project NP has VHZ been VBN to TO create VV games NNS that WDT will MD engage VV a DT broad JJ audience NN of IN players NNS by IN creating VVG rich JJ characters NNS , , nuanced JJ gameplay NN , , complex JJ social JJ networks NNS , , and CC interactive JJ stories NNS that WDT tap VV into IN a DT broad JJ range NN of IN emotions NNS and CC player NN experiences NNS . SENT Hopefully RB other JJ projects NNS trying VVG different JJ approaches NNS will MD emerge VV in IN the DT next JJ few JJ years NNS , , as IN there EX have VHP been VBN signs NNS that IN perhaps RB the DT industry NN and CC medium NN are VBP ready JJ for IN such PDT a DT challenge NN . SENT Understanding VVG and CC unpacking VVG how WRB learning NN occurs VVZ through IN game NN play NN , , examining VVG how WRB gameplay NN can MD be VB used VVN to TO support VV learning VVG in IN formal JJ learning VVG environments NNS , , and CC designing VVG games NNS explicitly RB to TO support VV learning VVG are VBP three CD areas NNS that IN educational JJ research NN can MD contribute VV to TO game NN studies NNS . SENT In IN the DT next JJ section NN , , I PP argue VVP that DT socio NN cultural JJ learning VVG theory NN , , activity NN theory NN , , and CC educational JJ research NN on IN transfer NN are VBP three CD theoretical JJ traditions NNS that WDT might MD also RB be VB of IN use NN to TO game NN studies NNS . SENT Although IN I PP present VVP each DT of IN them PP from IN an DT educational JJ technology NN perspective NN , , each DT one NN is VBZ interdiciplinary JJ in IN origin NN , , sitting VVG at IN the DT nexus NN of IN anthropology NN , , sociology NN , , cultural JJ psychology NN , , cognitive JJ psychology NN , , and CC educational JJ studies NNS and CC for IN simplicity NN , , will MD be VB referred VVN to TO as IN the DT Learning NP Sciences NPS . SENT Unpacking VVG Gameplay NP Through IN The DT Learning NP Sciences NPS A DT fundamental JJ tension NN facing VVG game NN studies NNS is VBZ that IN if IN games NNS do VVP not RB promote VV or CC teach VV violence NN , , then RB how WRB can MD researchers NNS claim VVP that IN they PP might MD have VH a DT lasting JJ impact NN on IN students NNS cognitive JJ development NN . SENT Far RB from IN trivial JJ , , this DT concern NN touches NNS on IN many JJ core JJ social JJ science NN research NN issues NNS . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT role NN of IN the DT viewer NN participant NN in IN consuming NN media NNS . SENT What WP are VBP the DT cultural JJ and CC social JJ contexts NNS of IN media NNS consumption NN . SENT How WRB does VVZ or CC doesn't JJ knowledge NN transfer NN from IN one CD context NN to TO the DT next JJ . SENT Educational JJ discussions NNS of IN transfer NN , , practice NN , , and CC social JJ activity NN offer NN three CD promising JJ ways NNS for IN game NN studies NNS to TO think VV about IN gameplay NN as IN cultural JJ practice NN . SENT Transfer VV . SENT Much RB of IN the DT hype NN and CC hyperbole NN surrounding VVG games NNS and CC their PP$ potential JJ impact NN on IN human JJ behavior NN whether IN it PP be VB fear NN about IN games NNS impact NN on IN human JJ behavior NN or CC hope NN that IN games NNS are VBP teaching VVG students NNS to TO think VV sharper JJR or CC more JJR quickly RB rests VVZ on IN assumptions NNS about IN activities NNS developed VVN in IN game NN playing VVG contexts NNS transferring VVG to TO new JJ contexts NNS . SENT In IN educational JJ research NN , , this DT phenomena NNS is VBZ commonly RB called VVN the DT transfer NN problem NN See VV Detterman NP Sternberg NP , , 1993 CD . SENT In IN the DT early JJ 1900 CD s PP , , E NP . SENT L NP . SENT Thorndike NP and CC colleagues NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Thorndike NP Woodworth NP , , 1901 CD conducted VVD a DT pioneering VVG set NN of IN studies NNS challenging VVG popular JJ notions NNS that IN the DT mind NN functions NNS as IN a DT mental JJ muscle NN and CC that DT excellence NN in IN general JJ subjects NNS such JJ as IN Latin NP or CC Calculus NN could MD result VV in IN increased JJ mental JJ functioning NN . SENT Thorndike NP and CC Woodworth NP 1901 CD , , cited VVN in IN Schwartz NP Bransford NP , , 2001 CD write VVP The DT mind NN is VBZ . SENT . SENT . SENT a DT machine NN for IN making VVG particular JJ reactions NNS to TO particular JJ situations NNS . SENT It PP works VVZ in IN great JJ detail NN , , adapting VVG itself PP to TO the DT special JJ data NNS of IN which WDT it PP has VHZ had VHN experience NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Improvements NNS in IN any DT single JJ mental JJ function NN rarely RB brings VVZ about IN equal JJ improvement NN in IN any DT other JJ function NN , , no DT matter NN how WRB similar JJ , , for IN the DT working NN of IN every DT mental JJ function NN group NN is VBZ conditioned VVN by IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT data NNS of IN each DT particular JJ case NN pp NNS . SENT 249 CD 250 CD . SENT One CD classic JJ example NN of IN challenges NNS in IN transferring VVG thinking NN across IN contexts NNS is VBZ mathematics NN . SENT Across IN industrialized JJ nations NNS , , most JJS citizens NNS learn VVP the DT basic JJ skills NNS needed VVN to TO solve VV everyday JJ mathematical JJ problems NNS using VVG fractions NNS or CC Algebra NN , , but CC most JJS people NNS rarely RB use VVP but CC the DT most RBS simple JJ computational JJ math NN in IN their PP$ every DT day NN lives VVZ . SENT Psychologists NNS working VVG constructivist JJ and CC situated VVN learning NN traditions NNS argue VVP that DT human JJ behavior NN is VBZ circumscribed VVN by IN context NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Barab NP , , Cherkes NP Julikowski NP , , 1999 CD . SENT Brown NP , , Collins NP , , Duguid NP , , 1989 CD . SENT Solomon NP , , 1993 CD . SENT The DT purpose NN of IN human JJ activity NN , , our PP$ goals NNS and CC intentions NNS , , constrain VV the DT kinds NNS of IN information NN we PP collect VVP in IN the DT environment NN , , and CC how WRB this DT information NN is VBZ used VVN Barab NP , , et NP al NP . SENT , , 1999 CD . SENT Lave VV , , 1988 CD . SENT For IN example NN , , studies NNS have VHP shown VVN that IN students NNS who WP learn VVP Algebra NN through IN problem NN solving VVG are NN more RBR likely JJ to TO use VV Algebra NN in IN solving VVG problems NNS than IN students NNS who WP learn VVP Algebra NN through IN traditional JJ means NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Cognition NN and CC Technology NP Group NP at IN Vanderbilt NP , , 1992 CD . SENT Situational JJ constraints NNS also RB shape VV and CC constrain VV activity NN . SENT Studies NNS of IN navigators NNS sailing VVG ships NNS , , office NN workers NNS using VVG computers NNS , , and CC students NNS in IN classrooms NNS all RB show VVP how WRB the DT tools NNS and CC resources NNS that WDT are VBP available JJ in IN our PP$ environment NN both CC guide NN thinking NN and CC constrain VV actions NNS Solomon NP , , 1993 CD . SENT For IN example NN , , people NNS doing VVG fractions NNS in IN cooking NN frequently RB simplify VV the DT problem NN to TO make VV mathematics NNS simpler JJR , , or CC manually RB divide VVP ingredients NNS using VVG kitchen NN tools NNS rather RB than IN using VVG Algebra NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , , , people NNS who WP have VHP learned VVN Algebra NN become VVN very RB good JJ at IN using VVG Algebra NN to TO solve VV textbook NN like IN problems NNS within IN school NN situations NNS , , but CC develop VV very RB different JJ strategies NNS for IN solving VVG real JJ world NN problems NNS Bransford NP , , et NP al NP . SENT , , 1977 CD . SENT Lave VV Wenger NP , , 1991 CD . SENT Pea NP , , 1993 CD . SENT Unfortunately RB for IN educators NNS looking VVG to TO use VV games NNS to TO support VV learning VVG , , this DT skeptical JJ transfer NN limits NNS what WP we PP hope VVP players NNS might MD learn VV from IN gaming NN . SENT While IN pundits NNS and CC theorists NNS suggest VVP that DT game NN playing NN might MD be VB increasing VVG kids NNS critical JJ thinking NN or CC problem NN solving VVG skills NNS See VV Katz NP , , 2000 CD . SENT Prensky NP , , 2000 CD , , research NN on IN transfer NN gives VVZ very RB little JJ reason NN to TO believe VV that DT players NNS are VBP developing VVG skills NNS that WDT are VBP useful JJ in IN anything NN but CC very RB similar JJ contexts NNS . SENT A DT skilled JJ Half NN Life NN player NN might MD develop VV skills NNS that WDT are VBP useful JJ in IN playing VVG Unreal JJ Tournament NN a DT very RB similar JJ game NN , , but CC this DT does VVZ not RB mean VV that DT players NNS necessarily RB develop VVP generalizable JJ strategic JJ thinking NN or CC planning NN skills NNS . SENT Just RB because IN a DT player NN can MD plan VV an DT attack NN or CC develop VV a DT lightning NN quick JJ reactions NNS in IN Half DT Life NP does VVZ not RB mean VV that IN she PP can MD plan VV her PP$ life NN effectively RB , , or CC think VVP quickly RB in IN other JJ contexts NNS , , such JJ as IN in IN a DT debate NN or CC in IN a DT courtroom NN one NN of IN the DT main JJ reasons NNS being VBG that IN these DT are VBP two CD entirely RB different JJ contexts NNS and CC demand VVP very RB different JJ social JJ practices NNS . SENT The DT particularities NNS of IN gameplaying VVG as IN social JJ practice NN , , the DT contrived JJ and CC computer NN mediated VVD nature NN of IN digital JJ game NN play NN raise VV serious JJ questions NNS for IN educators NNS using VVG gaming NN to TO support VV learning NN that WDT will MD transfer VV across IN different JJ contexts NNS . SENT What WP are VBP the DT goals NNS and CC intentions NNS of IN players NNS in IN gaming NN environments NNS . SENT Do VV these DT overlap VVP with IN the DT situational JJ constraints NNS of IN other JJ social JJ or CC classroom NN practices NNS . SENT Do VV game NN players NNS have VHP opportunities NNS to TO think VV with IN authentic JJ tools NNS and CC resources NNS in IN gaming NN environments NNS . SENT Examining VVG gameplay NN as IN social JJ practice NN provides VVZ one CD model NN for IN approaching VVG these DT questions NNS . SENT Game NN Playing VVG as IN Social NP Practice NN Anthropologists NNS Jean NP Lave VV and CC Etienne NP Wenger NP 1991 CD use NN the DT term NN practice NN to TO discuss VV how WRB actions NNS are VBP situated VVN in IN their PP$ socio NN cultural JJ contexts NNS . SENT Essentially RB , , a DT practice NN is VBZ an DT activity NN that WDT involves VVZ skills NNS , , resources NNS , , and CC tools NNS , , and CC is VBZ mediated VVN by IN personal JJ and CC cultural JJ purposes NNS . SENT One CD way NN to TO produce VV more RBR meaningful JJ educational JJ games NNS would MD be VB to TO design VV games NNS in IN which WDT players NNS are VBP engaged VVN in IN richer JJR , , more RBR meaningful JJ practices NNS . SENT A DT game NN like IN Civilization NN III NP , , which WDT involves VVZ analyzing VVG geography NN in IN order NN to TO determine VV the DT best RBS geographic JJ location NN for IN a DT city NN , , negotiating VVG trade NN deals NNS with IN other JJ civilizations NNS , , and CC making VVG taxation NN and CC social JJ spending NN decisions NNS , , comes VVZ closer RBR to TO the DT kind NN of IN meaningful JJ practices NNS educators NNS would MD like VV to TO produce VV than IN , , say VV , , Half DT Life NP . SENT Note NN that IN despite IN the DT wonderful JJ educational JJ opportunities NNS in IN playing VVG Civilization NN III NP , , playing VVG the DT game NN is VBZ still RB simulated JJ activity NN as IN opposed VVN to TO participating VVG in IN historical JJ or CC social JJ practice NN . SENT Sasha NP Barab NP and CC Tom NP Duffy NP 2000 CD distinguish VV between IN practice NN fields NNS and CC legitimate JJ participation NN in IN social JJ practice NN . SENT Playing VVG Civilization NN III NP is VBZ exploring VVG a DT simulation NN model NN whereby WRB learning NN occurs VVZ through IN interacting VVG with IN and CC observing VVG the DT outcomes NNS of IN a DT model NN , , which WDT is VBZ clearly RB not RB the DT same JJ as IN actually RB participating VVG in IN social JJ practices NNS valued VVN outside IN of IN school NN like IN writing VVG history NN or CC in IN participating VVG in IN political JJ , , government NN , , or CC commercial JJ institutions NNS that WDT extend VVP beyond IN the DT school NN context NN , , or CC creating VVG a DT model NN for IN research NN purposes NNS . SENT In IN short JJ , , playing VVG Civilization NN might MD be VB a DT tool NN that WDT can MD assist VV students NNS in IN understanding VVG social JJ studies NNS , , but CC playing VVG the DT game NN is VBZ not RB necessarily RB participating VVG in IN historical JJ , , political JJ , , or CC geographical JJ analysis NN . SENT Therefore RB , , building VVG on IN our PP$ earlier JJR discussion NN of IN transfer NN , , there EX is VBZ very RB good JJ reason NN to TO believe VV that DT students NNS may MD not RB use VV their PP$ understandings NNS developed VVN in IN the DT game NN such JJ as IN the DT political JJ importance NN of IN a DT natural JJ resource NN like IN oil NN as IN tools NNS for IN understanding VVG phenomena NNS outside IN the DT game NN , , such PDT the DT economics NNS behind IN The DT Persian NP Gulf NP War NP or CC contemporary JJ foreign JJ policy NN , , even RB in IN a DT game NN as IN rich JJ as IN Civilization NN III NP . SENT Understanding VVG learning NN as IN participation NN in IN social JJ practice NN , , however RB , , also RB suggests VVZ ways NNS for IN educators NNS to TO transform VV game NN playing NN into IN participation NN in IN social JJ practice NN . SENT For IN example NN , , Civilization NN could MD be VB presented VVN as IN a DT tool NN that WDT can MD be VB used VVN for IN answering VVG historical JJ questions NNS , , such JJ as IN why WRB Europeans NNS colonized VVD North NP America NP , , instead RB of IN vice NN versa RB , , or CC the DT comparative JJ advantages NNS and CC disadvantages NNS of IN political JJ isolationism NN . SENT In IN a DT hypothetical JJ Civilization NN III NP unit NN , , students NNS might MD spent VVD 25 CD percent NN of IN their PP$ time NN playing VVG the DT game NN , , and CC the DT remainder NN of IN the DT time NN creating VVG maps NNS , , historical JJ timelines NNS , , researching VVG game NN concepts NNS , , drawing VVG parallels NNS to TO historical JJ or CC current JJ events NNS , , or CC interacting VVG with IN other JJ media NNS , , such JJ as IN books NNS or CC videos NNS . SENT In IN this DT way NN , , the DT educational JJ value NN of IN the DT game NN playing VVG experiences NNS comes VVZ not RB from IN just RB the DT game NN itself PP , , but CC from IN the DT creative JJ coupling NN of IN educational JJ media NNS with IN effective JJ pedagogy NN to TO engage VV students NNS in IN meaningful JJ practices NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , research NN on IN teachers NNS adoption NN and CC adaptation NN of IN materials NNS suggests VVZ teachers NNS will MD adapt VV the DT learning VVG materials NNS we PP create VVP to TO maximize VV their PP$ potential NN to TO support VV learning VVG regardless RB of IN designers NNS intentions NNS Squire NP , , Barnett NP , , MaKinster NP et CC al NP . SENT , , in IN press NN . SENT As IN such JJ , , the DT pedagogical JJ value NN of IN a DT medium NN like IN gaming NN cannot NN be VB realized VVN without IN understanding VVG how WRB it PP is VBZ being VBG enacted VVN through IN classroom NN use NN . SENT Activity NN Theory NN Conceptualizing VVG practice NN conceived VVD broadly RB enough JJ to TO capture VV the DT individual JJ s NN goals NNS and CC intentions NNS , , the DT tools NNS , , and CC resources NNS employed VVN in IN practice NN , , and CC the DT social JJ organization NN and CC institutions NNS that WDT mediate VV practice NN all RB within IN empirically RB grounded VVN cases NNS , , is VBZ challenging VVG . SENT Restated JJ , , how WRB can MD one CD theoretical JJ framework NN account NN for IN both CC the DT moment NN to TO moment NN interactions NNS that WDT constitute VVP gameplay NN including VVG the DT player NN s PP goals NNS and CC intentions NNS while IN also RB accounting VVG for IN the DT broader JJR socio NN cultural JJ contexts NNS that WDT situate VV the DT activity NN . SENT Over IN the DT past JJ decade NN , , socio NP cultural JJ psychologists NNS have VHP been VBN struggling VVG with IN this DT issue NN , , and CC proposed VVN Activity NN Theory NN as IN one CD theoretical JJ framework NN for IN understanding VVG how WRB human JJ activity NN is VBZ mediated VVN by IN both DT tools NNS and CC cultural JJ context NN Engestr NP m NN , , 1987 CD . SENT 1993 CD . SENT For IN an DT Activity NN theorist NN , , the DT minimal JJ meaningful JJ context NN is VBZ the DT dialectical JJ relations NNS between IN human JJ agents NNS subjects NNS and CC that IN which WDT they PP act VVP upon IN objects NNS as IN they PP are VBP mediated VVN by IN tools NNS , , language NN , , and CC socio NP cultural JJ contexts NNS Engestr NP m NN 1987 CD . SENT 1993 CD . SENT A DT generic JJ activity NN theory NN system NN is VBZ portrayed VVN in IN Figure NP 1 CD . SENT Subjects NNS are VBP the DT actors NNS who WP are VBP selected VVN as IN the DT point NN of IN view NN of IN the DT analysis NN . SENT Objects NNS are VBP that DT at IN which WDT the DT activity NN is VBZ directed VVN and CC which WDT is VBZ molded VVN or CC transformed VVN into IN outcomes NNS with IN the DT help NN of IN physical JJ and CC symbolic JJ , , external JJ and CC internal JJ tools NNS Engestr NP m NN , , 1993 CD , , p NN . SENT 67 CD , , italics NNS in IN the DT original JJ . SENT As IN such JJ , , objects NNS can MD be VB physical JJ objects NNS , , abstracted JJ concepts NNS , , or CC even RB theoretical JJ propositions NNS . SENT Tools NNS are VBP the DT concepts NNS , , physical JJ tools NNS , , artefacts NNS or CC resources NNS that WDT mediate VV a DT subject NN s PP interactions NNS with IN an DT object NN . SENT The DT community NN of IN a DT system NN refers VVZ to TO those DT with IN whom WP the DT subject NN also RB shares VVZ transformation NN of IN the DT object NN . SENT the DT cultural JJ historical JJ communities NNS in IN which WDT a DT subject JJ s NN activity NN is VBZ situated VVN . SENT Communities NNS mediate VV of IN activity NN through IN division NN of IN labor NN and CC shared JJ norms NNS and CC expectations NNS . SENT Figure NN 1 CD . SENT Visual JJ Depiction NN of IN an DT Activity NP System NP Understanding VVG the DT basic JJ components NNS of IN an DT activity NN system NN can MD be VB a DT useful JJ way NN of IN mapping VVG and CC categorizing VVG key JJ components NNS of IN experience NN . SENT However RB , , for IN Activity NN Theorists NNS , , it PP is VBZ not RB the DT presence NN of IN these DT components NNS in IN isolation NN that WDT make VVP for IN meaningful JJ analysis NN , , but CC rather RB , , the DT interactions NNS within IN among IN these DT components NNS . SENT Engestr NP m NN 1993 CD refers VVZ to TO such JJ relations NNS as IN primary JJ and CC secondary JJ contradictions NNS . SENT Primary JJ contradictions NNS are VBP those DT that WDT occur VVP within IN a DT component NN of IN a DT system NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT tools NNS , , while IN secondary JJ contradictions NNS are VBP those DT that WDT occur VVP between IN components NNS of IN a DT system NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT subjects NNS and CC tools NNS . SENT In IN a DT situation NN where WRB Civilization NN III NP is VBZ used VVN in IN formal JJ learning VVG environments NNS , , one PP might MD imagine VV tensions NNS between IN winning VVG Civilization NN III NP and CC learning VVG social JJ studies NNS as IN the DT object NN of IN an DT activity NN system NN , , depending VVG on IN whether IN the DT student NN or CC the DT teacher NN is VBZ the DT subject NN of IN the DT activity NN system NN . SENT . SENT Predicated VVN on IN Hegelian JJ Marxist JJ philosophy NN , , Activity NN Theory NN suggests VVZ that IN the DT synthesis NN and CC resolution NN of IN such JJ contradictions NNS brings VVZ change NN and CC evolution NN to TO the DT system NN , , and CC Activity NN Theorists NNS argue VVP that IN characterizing VVG the DT tensions NNS of IN an DT activity NN system NN can MD help VV participants NNS understand VV and CC react VV to TO changes NNS in IN the DT system NN . SENT Activity NN Theory NN offers VVZ a DT theoretical JJ framework NN with IN strong JJ intuitive JJ appeal NN for IN researchers NNS examining VVG educational JJ games NNS . SENT Growing VVG out RP of IN Vgotsky NP s PP discussion NN of IN the DT mediating VVG role NN of IN artifacts NNS in IN cognition NN 1978 CD , , Activity NN Theory NN provides VVZ a DT theoretical JJ language NN for IN looking VVG at IN how WRB an DT educational JJ game NN or CC resource NN mediates VVZ players NNS understandings NNS of IN other JJ phenomena NNS while IN acknowledging VVG the DT social JJ and CC cultural JJ contexts NNS in IN which WDT game NN play NN is VBZ situated VVN . SENT Learning NP is VBZ conceptualized VVN not RB as IN a DT function NN of IN the DT game NN itself PP or CC even RB a DT simple JJ coupling NN of IN the DT player NN and CC game NN . SENT rather RB , , learning NN is VBZ seen VVN as IN transformations NNS that WDT occur VVP through IN the DT dynamic JJ relations NNS between IN subjects NNS , , artifacts NNS , , and CC mediating VVG social JJ structures NNS . SENT As IN games NNS studies NNS matures VVZ as IN a DT field NN , , no DT doubt NN it PP will MD draw VV theoretical JJ concepts NNS from IN a DT range NN of IN disciplines NNS and CC research NN traditions NNS . SENT Thusfar NP , , most RBS social JJ science NN research NN around IN gaming NN has VHZ come VVN from IN the DT media NNS effects NNS tradition NN , , leaving VVG a DT range NN of IN other JJ research NN traditions NNS unrepresented JJ . SENT The DT impact NN of IN digital JJ games NNS on IN learning VVG and CC behavior NN , , as RB conceptualized VVN through IN researchers NNS in IN the DT learning VVG sciences NNS communities NNS is VBZ an DT important JJ , , but CC frequently RB overlooked VVN area NN of IN games NNS studies NNS . SENT My PP$ hope NN is VBZ that IN in IN the DT upcoming JJ months NNS , , discussions NNS around IN gaming NN and CC cognition NN will MD draw VV upon IN research NN in IN the DT learning VVG sciences NNS . SENT While IN I PP have VHP argued VVN for IN the DT value NN of IN theoretical JJ positions NNS developing VVG out RP of IN cultural JJ psychology NN , , cognitive JJ science NN , , and CC educational JJ psychology NN , , certainly RB there EX is VBZ room NN at IN the DT games NNS studies NNS table NN for IN other JJ researchers NNS in IN these DT fields NNS contributing VVG their PP$ theoretical JJ models NNS , , as RB well RB as IN researchers NNS from IN the DT Humanities NNS , , History NN of IN Science NP , , Media NP Studies NPS , , and CC other JJ disciplines NNS . SENT The DT author NN would MD like VV to TO thank VV Henry NP Jenkins NP , , Principal NN Investigator NN of IN the DT Games NPS to TO Teach NP Project NP , , for IN sharing VVG his PP$ vision NN of IN using VVG educational JJ games NNS to TO expand VV the DT cultural JJ sphere NN of IN gaming NN and CC his PP$ contributions NNS to TO this DT paper NN . SENT The DT author NN would MD also RB like VV to TO thank VV Alex NP Chisholm NP , , Co NP Producer NN of IN our PP$ first JJ Games NPS to TO Teach NP Project NP prototype NN on IN optics NNS , , for IN comments NNS on IN earlier JJR drafts NNS of IN the DT paper NN . SENT References NNS Anderson NP , , C NP . SENT A DT . SENT Dill NP , , K NP . SENT E SYM . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Video NP Games NPS and CC Aggressive JJ Thoughts NNS , , Feelings NNS and CC Behaviour NN in IN the DT Laboratory NP and CC in IN Life NP . SENT Journal NP of IN Personality NN and CC Social NP Psychology NP . SENT Barab NP , , S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Cherkes NP Julkowski NP , , M NP . SENT , , Swenson NP , , R NN . SENT , , Garrett NP . SENT S PP . SENT , , Shaw NP , , R NP . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Young NP , , M NP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Principles NNS of IN self NN organization NN . SENT Ecologizing VVG the DT learner NN facilitator NN system NN . SENT The DT Journal NP of IN the DT Learning NP Sciences NPS , , 8 CD 3 CD 4 CD , , 349 CD 390 CD . SENT Barab NP , , S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Duffy NP , , T NN . SENT 2000 CD . SENT From IN practice NN fields NNS to TO communities NNS of IN practice NN . SENT In IN D NP . SENT Jonassen NP , , S NP . SENT M NP . SENT Land NN . SENT Eds NPS . SENT . SENT Theoretical JJ Foundations NNS of IN Learning NP Environments NNS pp NP . SENT 25 CD 56 CD . SENT Mahwah NP , , NJ NP . SENT Lawrence NP Erlbaum NP Associates NPS . SENT Barab NP , , S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Thomas NP , , M NP . SENT K NN . SENT , , Dodge NP , , T NN . SENT Newell NP , , M NP . SENT Squire NP , , K NP . SENT in IN preparation NN . SENT Design NN Ethnography NN . SENT Establishing VVG a DT Culture NP of IN Enrichment NN Where WRB There EX Was VBD None NN 1 CD Becker NP , , H NP . SENT A DT . SENT 1980 CD . SENT The DT emergence NN of IN simulation NN and CC gaming NN . SENT Simulation NP and CC Games NPS , , 11 CD , , 223 CD 345 CD . SENT Berson NP , , M NP . SENT J NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Effectiveness NN of IN Computer NP Technology NP in IN the DT Social NP Studies NPS . SENT A DT Review NP of IN the DT Literature NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Research NP on IN Computing NP in IN Education NP , , 28 CD 4 CD , , 486 CD 99 CD . SENT Bowman NP , , R NP . SENT F SYM . SENT 1982 CD . SENT A DT Pac NP Man NN theory NN of IN motivation NN . SENT Tactical JJ implications NNS for IN classroom NN instruction NN . SENT Educational JJ Technology NP 22 CD 9 CD , , 14 CD 17 CD . SENT Bransford NP , , J NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Schwartz NP , , D NP . SENT L NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Rethinking VVG Transfer NN . SENT A DT Simple JJ Proposal NN With IN Multiple JJ Implications NNS . SENT In IN Iran NP Nejad NP , , A NP . SENT Pearson NP , , P NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Eds NPS . SENT Review NN of IN Research NP in IN Education NP . SENT 24 CD pp NP . SENT 61 CD 100 CD . SENT American NP Educational NP Research NP Association NP AERA NP . SENT Washington NP , , DC NP . SENT Bransford NP , , J NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Franks NP , , J NP . SENT J NN . SENT , , Vye NP , , N NP . SENT J NN . SENT , , Sherwood NP , , R NP . SENT D SYM . SENT 1979 CD . SENT New JJ approaches NNS to TO instruction NN . SENT Because IN wisdom NN can't NN be VB told VVN . SENT In IN S NP . SENT Vosniadou NP A NP . SENT Ortony NP Eds NPS . SENT , , Similarity NN and CC Analogical JJ Reasoning NN pp NNS . SENT 470 CD 497 CD . SENT Cambridge NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT Brown NP , , J NP . SENT S PP . SENT , , Collins NP , , A NP . SENT , , Duguid NP , , P NN . SENT 1989 CD . SENT Situated VVN cognition NN and CC the DT culture NN of IN learning VVG . SENT Educational JJ Researcher NN , , 18 CD 1 CD , , 32 CD 42 CD . SENT Bruckman NP , , A NP . SENT 1993 CD a DT . SENT Community NN support NN for IN constructionist NN learning NN . SENT Computer NP Supported VVD Cooperative JJ Work NN . SENT 7 CD , , 47 CD 86 CD . SENT Available JJ online JJ at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cc NN . SENT gatech NN . SENT edu NP fac NP Amy NP . SENT Brocman NP papers NNS index NN . SENT html NN . SENT Bruckman NP , , A NP . SENT 1993 CD b SYM . SENT Gender NN Swapping VVG on IN the DT Internet NN . SENT Proceedings NNS of IN INET NP , , 93 CD . SENT Reston NP , , VA NP . SENT The DT Internet NP Society NP , , 1993 CD . SENT Presented VVN at IN the DT Internet NP Society NP INET NP 93 CD in IN San NP Francisco NP , , CA MD . SENT Available JJ online JJ at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cc NN . SENT gatech NN . SENT edu NP fac NP Amy NP . SENT Brocman NP papers NNS index NN . SENT html NP Bruckman NP , , A NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Approaches NNS to TO managing VVG deviant JJ behavior NN in IN virtual JJ communities NNS . SENT Proceedings NNS of IN CHI NN New NP York NP . SENT Assocation NP for IN Computing NP Machinery NP . SENT Available JJ online JJ at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cc NN . SENT gatech NN . SENT edu NP fac NP Amy NP . SENT Brocman NP papers NNS index NN . SENT html NN . SENT Cassell NP , , J NP Jenkins NP , , H NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT From IN Barbie NP to TO Mortal JJ Kombat NP . SENT Gender NN and CC Computer NP Games NPS . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT MIT NP Press NP . SENT Clegg NP , , A NP . SENT A DT . SENT 1991 CD . SENT Games NNS and CC simulations NNS in IN social JJ studies NNS education NN . SENT . SENT In IN Shaver NP , , J NP . SENT P NN . SENT , , Ed NP . SENT Handbook NN of IN research NN on IN social JJ studies NNS teaching VVG and CC learning VVG . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Macmillan NP . SENT Pp NP . SENT 523 CD 528 CD . SENT Cognition NN and CC Technology NP Group NP at IN Vanderbilt NP . SENT 1992 CD . SENT The DT Jasper NP series NN as IN an DT example NN of IN anchored VVN instruction NN . SENT Theory NN , , program NN description NN , , and CC assessment NN data NNS . SENT Educational JJ Psychologist NN , , 27 CD , , 231 CD 315 CD . SENT Cole NP , , M NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Cultural JJ psychology NN . SENT A DT Once RB and CC future JJ discipline NN . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT The DT Harvard NP University NP Press NP . SENT Cordova NP , , D NP . SENT I PP . SENT , , Lepper NP , , M NP . SENT R SYM . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Intrinsic JJ motivation NN and CC the DT process NN of IN learning VVG . SENT Beneficial JJ effects NNS of IN contextualization NN , , personalization NN , , and CC choice NN . SENT Journal NP ofEducational NP Psychology NP , , 88 CD , , 715 CD 730 CD . SENT Cuban NP , , L NP . SENT 1986 CD . SENT Teachers NNS and CC machines NNS . SENT The DT classroom NN use NN of IN technology NN since IN 1920 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Teachers NP College NP Press NP . SENT Detterman NP , , D NP . SENT K NP . SENT Sternberg NP , , R NP . SENT J NP . SENT Eds NPS . SENT 1993 CD s PP . SENT Transfer NN on IN Trial NP . SENT Intelligence NP , , Cognition NN , , and CC Instruction NN . SENT Ablex NP , , Norwood NP , , NJ NP . SENT Engestr NP m NN , , Y NP . SENT 1987 CD . SENT Learning VVG by IN expanding VVG . SENT Helsinki NP . SENT Orienta NN konsultit NN . SENT Engestr NN m NN , , Y NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Developmental JJ studies NNS of IN work NN as IN a DT testbench NN of IN activity NN theory NN . SENT The DT case NN of IN primary JJ care NN medical JJ practice NN . SENT In IN S NP . SENT Chaiklin NP J NP . SENT Lave VV Eds NPS . SENT Understanding NN practice NN . SENT Perspectives NNS on IN activity NN and CC context NN pp NNS . SENT 64 CD 103 CD . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT Engestr NP m NN , , Y NP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Activity NN theory NN and CC individual JJ and CC social JJ transformation NN . SENT In IN Y NP . SENT Engestr NP m NN , , R NP . SENT Miettinen NP , , R NP . SENT Punamaki NP , , Eds NPS . SENT . SENT Perspectives NNS on IN activity NN theory NN pp NP . SENT 19 CD 38 CD . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT Freedman NP , , J NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Evaluating VVG the DT Research NN on IN Violent JJ Video NP Games NPS . SENT Paper NN devlivered VVD at IN Playing VVG By IN the DT Rules NPS . SENT The DT cultural JJ policy NN challenges NNS of IN video JJ games NNS . SENT University NP of IN Chicago NP . SENT Available JJ online JJ at NN . SENT http NN . SENT culturalpolicy NN . SENT uchicago NN . SENT edu NN conf NN 2001 CD papers NNS freedman NN . SENT html NP Funk NP , , J NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT The DT Impact NN of IN Interactive JJ Violence NN on IN Children NP . SENT Testimony NN before IN the DT United NP States NPS Senate NP Commerce NP Committee NP , , March NP 21 CD , , 2000 CD . SENT Funk NP , , J NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Children NNS and CC Violent JJ Video NP Games NPS . SENT Are VBP There RB High JJ Risk NN Players NNS . SENT . SENT Paper NN devlivered VVD at IN Playing VVG By IN the DT Rules NPS . SENT The DT cultural JJ policy NN challenges NNS of IN video JJ games NNS . SENT University NP of IN Chicago NP . SENT http NN . SENT culturalpolicy NN . SENT uchicago NN . SENT edu NN conf NN 2001 CD papers NNS funk NN 1 CD . SENT html NP Gredler NP , , M NP . SENT E SYM . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Educational JJ games NNS and CC simulations NNS . SENT A DT technology NN in IN search NN of IN a DT research NN paradigm NN . SENT In IN In IN Jonassen NP , , D NP . SENT H NP . SENT Ed NP . SENT , , Handbook NN of IN research NN for IN educational JJ communications NNS and CC technology NN , , p NN . SENT 521 CD 539 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT MacMillan NP . SENT Grossman NP , , 2000 CD . SENT Testimony NN before IN the DT United NP States NPS Senate NP Commerce NP Committee NP , , March NP 21 CD , , 2000 CD . SENT Heinich NP , , R NN . SENT , , Molenda NP , , M NP . SENT , , Russell NP , , J NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Smaldino NP , , S NP . SENT E SYM . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Instructional JJ media NNS and CC technologies NNS for IN learning VVG 5 CD th NN ed NP . SENT . SENT Upper JJ Saddle NN River NP , , NJ NP . SENT Merrill NP . SENT Herz NP , , J NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Joystick NN Nation NN . SENT How WRB videogames NNS ate VVD our PP$ quarters NNS , , won VVD our PP$ hearts NNS , , and CC rewired VVD our PP$ minds NNS . SENT Princeton NP , , NJ NP . SENT Little NP Brown NP Company NP . SENT Jenkins NP , , H NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Voices NNS from IN the DT combat NN zone NN . SENT Game NP grrlz NP talk NN back RB . SENT In IN Cassell NP , , J NP . SENT Jenkins NP , , Ed NP . SENT , , From IN Barbie NP to TO Mortal JJ Combat NN . SENT Gender NN and CC Computer NP Games NPS . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT MIT NP Press NP . SENT Jenkins NP , , H NP . SENT in IN press NN . SENT Game NN Design NN as IN Narrative JJ Architecture NP . SENT Katz NP , , J NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Up RB , , up RB , , down RB , , down RB . SENT Slashdot NP . SENT org NP . SENT Originally RB published VVN November NP , , 30 CD , , 2000 CD . SENT http NN . SENT slashdot NN . SENT org NP features VVZ 00 CD 11 CD 27 CD 1648231 CD . SENT shtml NN Lave VV , , J NP . SENT 1988 CD . SENT Cognition NN in IN practice NN . SENT Mind NN , , mathe NP matics NNS , , and CC culture NN in IN everyday JJ life NN . SENT Cambridge NP , , England NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT Lave VV Wenger NP , , 1991 CD . SENT Situated VVN Learning NP . SENT Legitimate JJ Peripheral JJ Participation NN . SENT Cambridge NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT Lee NP , , J NP . SENT L NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Effectiveness NN of IN the DT Use NN of IN Simulations NNS in IN a DT Social NP Studies NPS Classroom NN . SENT ERIC NN Documents NNS . SENT Malone NP , , T NN . SENT W NP . SENT 1981 CD . SENT Toward IN a DT theory NN of IN intrinsically RB motivating VVG instruction NN . SENT Cognitive JJ Science NP , , 4 CD , , 333 CD 369 CD . SENT Mitchell NP , , E NP . SENT 1985 CD . SENT The DT dynamics NNS of IN family NN interaction NN around IN home NN video NN games NNS . SENT Special JJ Issue NN . SENT Personal JJ computers NNS and CC the DT family NN . SENT Marriage NN and CC Family NP Review NP 8 CD 1 CD 2 CD , , 121 CD 135 CD . SENT Murray NP , , J NP . SENT H NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Hamlet NN on IN the DT Holodeck NP . SENT The DT Future NP of IN Narrative NN in IN Cyperspace NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT The DT Free NP Press NP . SENT Pea NP , , R NP . SENT D SYM . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Practices NNS of IN distributed VVN intelligence NN and CC designs NNS for IN education NN . SENT In IN G NP . SENT Solomon NP Ed NP . SENT , , Distributed NP cognitions NNS pp NP . SENT 47 CD 87 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT Poole NP , , Steven NP 2000 CD Trigger NN Happy JJ . SENT Videogames NP and CC the DT entertainment NN revolution NN . SENT London NP . SENT 4 CD th NN Estate NP . SENT Prensky NP , , M NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Digital NP Game NP Based VVN Learning NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT McGraw NP Hill NP . SENT Provenzo NP , , E NP . SENT F SYM . SENT 1991 CD . SENT Video JJ kids NNS . SENT Making VVG sense NN of IN Nintendo NP . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Harvard NP . SENT Provenzo NP , , E NP . SENT F SYM . SENT 1992 CD . SENT What WP do VVP video JJ games NNS teach VVP . SENT Education NP Digest NP , , 58 CD 4 CD , , 56 CD 58 CD . SENT Rieber NP , , L NP . SENT P NN . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Seriously RB considering VVG play NN . SENT Designing VVG interactive JJ learning VVG environments NNS based VVN on IN the DT blending NN of IN microworlds NNS , , simulations NNS , , and CC games NNS . SENT Educational NP Technology NP Research NP Development NP , , 44 CD 2 CD , , 43 CD 58 CD . SENT Solomon NP , , G NP . SENT Ed NP . SENT , , Distributed NP cognitions NNS pp NP . SENT 47 CD 87 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT Squire NP , , K NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Barnett NP , , M NP . SENT , , MaKinster NP , , J NP . SENT , , Luehmann NP , , A NP . SENT , , and CC Barab NP , , S NP . SENT , , in IN press NN . SENT Acknowledging VVG the DT primacy NN of IN local JJ context NN . SENT To TO appear VV in IN the DT Journal NP of IN Research NP on IN Science NP Teaching NN . SENT Squire NP , , K NP . SENT D NP 2000 CD . SENT The DT most JJS fun NN you PP can MD have VH with IN model NN railroads NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT Joystick NN 101 CD . SENT org NP . SENT Available JJ at IN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT joystick NN 101 CD . SENT org NP . SENT op NN displaystory NN sid NP 2000 CD 9 CD 22 JJ 135449 CD 369 CD Squire NP , , K NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Jenkins NP , , H NP . SENT 2002 CD . SENT The DT Art NN of IN Contested JJ Spaces NNS . SENT In IN Ed NP . SENT Game NP On NP . SENT London NP . SENT Barbican NN . SENT Thorndike NP , , E NP . SENT L NN . SENT , , Woodworth NP , , R NP . SENT S NP . SENT 1901 CD . SENT The DT influence NN of IN improvement NN in IN one CD mental JJ function NN upon IN the DT efficacy NN of IN other JJ functions NNS . SENT Psychological JJ Review NP , , 8 CD , , 247 CD 261 CD . SENT Teauge NP , , M NP . SENT Teauge NP , , G NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT Learning VVG and CC Leading VVG with IN Technology NP , , 23 CD 1 CD 20 CD 22 CD . SENT Vygotsky NP , , L NP . SENT S NP . SENT 1978 CD . SENT Mind NN in IN society NN . SENT The DT development NN of IN higher JJR psychological JJ processes NNS . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Harvard NP University NP Press NP Wentworth NP , , D NP . SENT R SYM . SENT Lewis NP , , D NP . SENT R SYM . SENT 1973 CD . SENT A DT review NN of IN research NN on IN instructional JJ games NNS and CC simulations NNS in IN social JJ studies NNS education NN . SENT Social NP Education NP . SENT P NN . SENT 432 CD 440 CD . SENT Yee NP , , N NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT The DT Norathian NP Scrolls VVZ . SENT Available JJ at IN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT nickyee NN . SENT com NN eqt NN report NN . SENT html NN . SENT Last RB accessed VVN May NP 26 CD , , 2002 CD . SENT To TO the DT top NN of IN the DT page NN