/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/29/file12.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Human NP Genome NN Project NP Information NP Genomics NP . SENT GTL NP Microbial JJ Genome NN Program NN home NN skip VVP navigation NN Genome NN Glossary NN All DT Terms NNS A DT B NP C NP D NP E NP F NP G NP H NP I NP J NP K NP L NP M NP N NP O NP P NN Q NP R NP S NP T NN U NP V NN W NP X NP Y NP Z NP P NN P NN 1 CD derived VVN artificial JJ chromosome NN PAC NP One CD type NN of IN vector NN used VVN to TO clone NN DNA NN fragments VVZ 100 CD to TO 300 CD kb NN insert NN size NN . SENT average JJ , , 150 CD kb NN in IN Escherichia NP coli NNS cells NNS . SENT Based VVN on IN bacteriophage NN a DT virus NN P NN 1 CD genome NN . SENT See VV also RB . SENT cloning VVG vector NN Patent NN In IN genetics NNS , , conferring VVG the DT right NN or CC title NN to TO genes NNS , , gene NN variations NNS , , or CC identifiable JJ portions NNS of IN sequenced JJ genetic JJ material NN to TO an DT individual NN or CC organization NN . SENT See VV also RB . SENT gene NN Pedigree NN A DT family NN tree NN diagram NN that WDT shows VVZ how WRB a DT particular JJ genetic JJ trait NN or CC disease NN has VHZ been VBN inherited VVN . SENT See VV also RB . SENT inherit VVP Penetrance NN The DT probability NN of IN a DT gene NN or CC genetic JJ trait NN being VBG expressed VVN . SENT Complete JJ penetrance NN means VVZ the DT gene NN or CC genes NNS for IN a DT trait NN are VBP expressed VVN in IN all PDT the DT population NN who WP have VHP the DT genes NNS . SENT Incomplete JJ penetrance NN means VVZ the DT genetic JJ trait NN is VBZ expressed VVN in IN only JJ part NN of IN the DT population NN . SENT The DT percent NN penetrance NN also RB may MD change VV with IN the DT age NN range NN of IN the DT population NN . SENT Peptide NN Two CD or CC more JJR amino NN acids NNS joined VVD by IN a DT bond NN called VVD a DT peptide NN bond NN . SENT See VV also RB . SENT polypeptide NN Phage NN A DT virus NN for IN which WDT the DT natural JJ host NN is VBZ a DT bacterial JJ cell NN . SENT Pharmacogenomics NP The DT study NN of IN the DT interaction NN of IN an DT individual's JJ genetic JJ makeup NN and CC response NN to TO a DT drug NN . SENT Phenocopy NN A DT trait NN not RB caused VVD by IN inheritance NN of IN a DT gene NN but CC appears VVZ to TO be VB identical JJ to TO a DT genetic JJ trait NN . SENT Phenotype NN The DT physical JJ characteristics NNS of IN an DT organism NN or CC the DT presence NN of IN a DT disease NN that WDT may MD or CC may MD not RB be VB genetic JJ . SENT See VV also RB . SENT genotype NN Physical JJ map NN A DT map NN of IN the DT locations NNS of IN identifiable JJ landmarks NNS on IN DNA NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , restriction NN enzyme NN cutting VVG sites NNS , , genes NNS , , regardless RB of IN inheritance NN . SENT Distance NN is VBZ measured VVN in IN base NN pairs NNS . SENT For IN the DT human JJ genome NN , , the DT lowest JJS resolution NN physical JJ map NN is VBZ the DT banding VVG patterns NNS on IN the DT 24 CD different JJ chromosomes NNS . SENT the DT highest JJS resolution NN map NN is VBZ the DT complete JJ nucleotide NN sequence NN of IN the DT chromosomes NNS . SENT Plasmid NP Autonomously RB replicating VVG extra JJ chromosomal JJ circular JJ DNA NN molecules NNS , , distinct JJ from IN the DT normal JJ bacterial JJ genome NN and CC nonessential JJ for IN cell NN survival NN under IN nonselective JJ conditions NNS . SENT Some DT plasmids NNS are VBP capable JJ of IN integrating VVG into IN the DT host NN genome NN . SENT A DT number NN of IN artificially RB constructed VVN plasmids NNS are VBP used VVN as IN cloning VVG vectors NNS . SENT Pleiotropy NP One NP gene NN that WDT causes VVZ many JJ different JJ physical JJ traits NNS such JJ as IN multiple JJ disease NN symptoms NNS . SENT Pluripotency NN The DT potential NN of IN a DT cell NN to TO develop VV into IN more JJR than IN one CD type NN of IN mature JJ cell NN , , depending VVG on IN environment NN . SENT Polygenic JJ disorder NN Genetic JJ disorder NN resulting VVG from IN the DT combined JJ action NN of IN alleles NNS of IN more JJR than IN one CD gene NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , heart NN disease NN , , diabetes NN , , and CC some DT cancers NNS . SENT Although IN such JJ disorders NNS are VBP inherited VVN , , they PP depend VVP on IN the DT simultaneous JJ presence NN of IN several JJ alleles NNS . SENT thus RB the DT hereditary JJ patterns NNS usually RB are VBP more RBR complex JJ than IN those DT of IN single JJ gene NN disorders NNS . SENT See VV also RB . SENT single JJ gene NN disorder NN Polymerase NN chain NN reaction NN PCR NP A DT method NN for IN amplifying VVG a DT DNA NP base NN sequence NN using VVG a DT heat NN stable JJ polymerase NN and CC two CD 20 CD base NN primers NNS , , one CD complementary JJ to TO the DT strand NN at IN one CD end NN of IN the DT sequence NN to TO be VB amplified VVN and CC one CD complementary JJ to TO the DT strand NN at IN the DT other JJ end NN . SENT Because IN the DT newly RB synthesized VVN DNA NN strands NNS can MD subsequently RB serve VV as IN additional JJ templates NNS for IN the DT same JJ primer NN sequences NNS , , successive JJ rounds NNS of IN primer NN annealing VVG , , strand NN elongation NN , , and CC dissociation NN produce VVP rapid JJ and CC highly RB specific JJ amplification NN of IN the DT desired VVN sequence NN . SENT PCR NP also RB can MD be VB used VVN to TO detect VV the DT existence NN of IN the DT defined VVN sequence NN in IN a DT DNA NP sample NN . SENT Polymerase NN , , DNA NP or CC RNA NP Enzyme NN that WDT catalyzes VVZ the DT synthesis NN of IN nucleic JJ acids NNS on IN preexisting VVG nucleic JJ acid NN templates NNS , , assembling VVG RNA NP from IN ribonucleotides NNS or CC DNA NN from IN deoxyribonucleotides NNS . SENT Polymorphism NN Difference NN in IN DNA NN sequence NN among IN individuals NNS that WDT may MD underlie VV differences NNS in IN health NN . SENT Genetic JJ variations NNS occurring VVG in IN more JJR than IN 1 CD of IN a DT population NN would MD be VB considered VVN useful JJ polymorphisms NNS for IN genetic JJ linkage NN analysis NN . SENT See VV also RB . SENT mutation NN Polypeptide NN A DT protein NN or CC part NN of IN a DT protein NN made VVN of IN a DT chain NN of IN amino NN acids NNS joined VVD by IN a DT peptide NN bond NN . SENT Population NN genetics NNS The DT study NN of IN variation NN in IN genes NNS among IN a DT group NN of IN individuals NNS . SENT Positional JJ cloning VVG A DT technique NN used VVN to TO identify VV genes NNS , , usually RB those DT that WDT are VBP associated VVN with IN diseases NNS , , based VVN on IN their PP$ location NN on IN a DT chromosome NN . SENT Premature JJ chromosome NN condensation NN PCC NP A DT method NN of IN studying VVG chromosomes NNS in IN the DT interphase NN stage NN of IN the DT cell NN cycle NN . SENT Primer NP Short NP preexisting VVG polynucleotide NN chain NN to TO which WDT new JJ deoxyribonucleotides NNS can MD be VB added VVN by IN DNA NN polymerase NN . SENT Privacy NN In IN genetics NN , , the DT right NN of IN people NNS to TO restrict VV access NN to TO their PP$ genetic JJ information NN . SENT Probe NN Single NP stranded VVN DNA NP or CC RNA NP molecules NNS of IN specific JJ base NN sequence NN , , labeled VVN either CC radioactively RB or CC immunologically RB , , that WDT are VBP used VVN to TO detect VV the DT complementary JJ base NN sequence NN by IN hybridization NN . SENT Prokaryote NN Cell NN or CC organism NN lacking VVG a DT membrane NN bound VVN , , structurally RB discrete JJ nucleus NN and CC other JJ subcellular JJ compartments NNS . SENT Bacteria NNS are VBP examples NNS of IN prokaryotes NNS . SENT See VV also RB . SENT chromosome NN , , eukaryote NN Promoter NN A DT DNA NN site NN to TO which WDT RNA NP polymerase NN will MD bind NN and CC initiate NN transcription NN . SENT Pronucleus NN The DT nucleus NN of IN a DT sperm NN or CC egg NN prior RB to TO fertilization NN . SENT See VV also RB . SENT nucleus NN , , transgenic NP Protein NN A DT large JJ molecule NN composed VVN of IN one CD or CC more JJR chains NNS of IN amino NN acids NNS in IN a DT specific JJ order NN . SENT the DT order NN is VBZ determined VVN by IN the DT base NN sequence NN of IN nucleotides NNS in IN the DT gene NN that IN codes NNS for IN the DT protein NN . SENT Proteins NNS are VBP required VVN for IN the DT structure NN , , function NN , , and CC regulation NN of IN the DT body's JJ cells NNS , , tissues NNS , , and CC organs NNS . SENT and CC each DT protein NN has VHZ unique JJ functions NNS . SENT Examples NNS are VBP hormones NNS , , enzymes NNS , , and CC antibodies NNS . SENT Proteome NP Proteins NPS expressed VVD by IN a DT cell NN or CC organ NN at IN a DT particular JJ time NN and CC under IN specific JJ conditions NNS . SENT Proteomics NP The DT study NN of IN the DT full JJ set NN of IN proteins NNS encoded VVN by IN a DT genome NN . SENT Pseudogene NP A DT sequence NN of IN DNA NN similar JJ to TO a DT gene NN but CC nonfunctional JJ . SENT probably RB the DT remnant NN of IN a DT once RB functional JJ gene NN that IN accumulated VVN mutations NNS . SENT Purine NN A DT nitrogen NN containing VVG , , double JJ ring NN , , basic JJ compound NN that WDT occurs VVZ in IN nucleic JJ acids NNS . SENT The DT purines NNS in IN DNA NP and CC RNA NP are VBP adenine NN and CC guanine NN . SENT See VV also RB . SENT base JJ pair NN Pyrimidine NN A DT nitrogen NN containing VVG , , single JJ ring NN , , basic JJ compound NN that WDT occurs VVZ in IN nucleic JJ acids NNS . SENT The DT pyrimidines NNS in IN DNA NN are VBP cytosine NN and CC thymine NN . SENT in IN RNA NP , , cytosine NN and CC uracil NN . SENT See VV also RB . SENT base NN pair NN Updated VVN 26 CD Oct NP 05 CD Return NN to TO home NN page NN A DT B NP C NP D NP E NP F NP G NP H NP I NP J NP K NP L NP M NP N NP O NP P NN Q NP R NP S NP T NN U NP V NN W NP X NP Y NP Z NP All NP Terms NNS Search NP the DT Glossary NN . SENT Send VV the DT url NN of IN this DT page NN to TO a DT friend NN To TO read VV pdf NN files NNS , , download RB the DT free JJ Acrobat NN Reader NP software NN . SENT Last RB modified VVN . SENT Wednesday NP , , October NP 29 CD , , 2003 CD Home NP Contacts NNS Disclaimer NN Base NP URL NP . SENT www JJ . SENT ornl NN . SENT gov NP hgmis NP Site NN sponsored VVN by IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Department NP of IN Energy NP Office NP of IN Science NP , , Office NP of IN Biological NP and CC Environmental NP Research NP , , Human NP Genome NN Program NN