/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/23/file_81h.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Subject NN . SENT Biotech NP Food NP Raises VVZ a DT Crop NN of IN Questions NNS Date NN . SENT Wed VVN , , 18 CD Aug NN 1999 CD 20 CD . SENT 31 CD . SENT 58 CD 0400 CD Biotech NP Food NP Raises VVZ a DT Crop NN of IN Questions NNS By IN Rick NP Weiss NP Washington NP Post NP Staff NP Writer NP Sunday NP , , August NP 15 CD , , 1999 CD . SENT Page NN A DT 1 CD http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT washingtonpost NN . SENT com NN wp NN srv NN health NN daily JJ aug NN 99 CD gmfood NN 15 CD . SENT htm NP Steve NP Taylor NP practically RB yawned VVD when WRB researchers NNS at IN Pioneer NP Hi NP Bred VVD , , the DT giant JJ agricultural JJ seed NN company NN , , asked VVD him PP in IN 1995 CD to TO study VV a DT new JJ soybean NN they PP had VHD invented VVN . SENT I PP didn't VVD think VV we'd NN find VV anything NN interesting JJ , , the DT University NP of IN Nebraska NP scientist NN recently RB recalled VVD . SENT Little NP did VVD Taylor NP know VVP that IN his PP$ findings NNS would MD help VV trigger VV a DT wave NN of IN anxiety NN over IN the DT safety NN of IN genetically RB engineered VVN food NN in IN Europe NP , , a DT wave NN that IN , , years NNS later RBR , , now RB threatens VVZ to TO engulf VV the DT United NP States NPS as RB well RB . SENT Pioneer NP had VHD spliced VVN a DT Brazil NP nut NN gene NN into IN soybeans NNS , , creating VVG a DT soybean NN that WDT boasted VVD a DT nutritious JJ nut NN protein NN . SENT Taylor's NP task NN was VBD to TO find VV out RP whether IN the DT new JJ soybean NN would MD cause VV allergies NNS in IN people NNS allergic JJ to TO Brazil NP nuts NNS , , a DT potential JJ danger NN because IN people NNS with IN allergies NNS to TO nuts NNS wouldn't NN think VVP to TO avoid VV soy NN . SENT The DT company NN had VHD put VVN just RB one CD of IN the DT Brazil NP nut's NN thousands NNS of IN proteins NNS into IN its PP$ new JJ soybean NN , , and CC the DT odds NNS of IN that DT one CD causing VVG the DT nut's NNS allergies NNS were VBD incredibly RB low JJ , , Taylor NP said VVD . SENT So RB he PP could MD hardly RB believe VV it PP when WRB first JJ one NN test NN , , then RB another DT , , and CC finally RB a DT third NN indicated VVD that IN the DT transferred VVN protein NN was VBD indeed RB a DT major JJ cause NN of IN Brazil NP nut NN allergies NNS . SENT In IN trying VVG to TO build VV a DT better JJR soybean NN , , the DT company NN had VHD made VVN a DT potentially RB deadly JJ one NN . SENT Pioneer NP immediately RB halted VVD the DT soybean NN project NN . SENT But CC Taylor's NP study NN lives NNS on IN today NN as IN a DT symbol NN of IN everything NN that WDT is VBZ both DT frightening JJ and CC reassuring JJ about RB genetically RB altered VVN food NN , , which WDT has VHZ quietly RB made VVN its PP$ way NN into IN nearly RB every DT American JJ kitchen NN . SENT Frightening JJ because IN the DT study NN proved VVN that IN a DT gene NN altered VVD food NN could MD cause VV an DT unexpected JJ and CC potentially RB fatal JJ reaction NN . SENT Reassuring VVG because IN the DT problem NN was VBD detected VVN before IN the DT product NN was VBD marketed VVN . SENT And CC symbolic JJ above IN all DT because IN it PP was VBD , , and CC still RB is VBZ , , one CD of IN the DT very RB few JJ studies NNS ever RB to TO look VV directly RB for IN any DT harm NN from IN an DT engineered JJ food NN or CC crop NN . SENT That DT dearth NN of IN studies NNS is VBZ the DT legacy NN of IN a DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT policy NN that WDT considers VVZ gene NN altered JJ plants NNS and CC food NN to TO be VB fundamentally RB the DT same JJ as IN conventional JJ ones NNS , , a DT policy NN some DT Americans NPS are VBP starting VVG to TO question NN . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB the DT legacy NN of IN the DT sheer JJ scientific JJ difficulty NN of IN conducting VVG the DT kinds NNS of IN tests NNS that WDT might MD assure VV people NNS that IN engineered JJ crops NNS and CC food NN are VBP safe JJ . SENT And CC it PP is VBZ the DT legacy NN of IN broken JJ promises NNS by IN the DT Food NP and CC Drug NP Administration NP and CC the DT Environmental NP Protection NP Agency NP , , both DT of IN which WDT have VHP said VVN for IN the DT past JJ five CD years NNS that IN they PP intend VVP to TO write VV rules NNS to TO minimize VV the DT chances NNS that IN gene NN altered JJ food NN will MD cause VV allergies NNS or CC damage VV the DT environment NN . SENT Americans NPS are VBP starting VVG to TO realize VV that IN this DT process NN is VBZ not RB as IN all DT wrapped VVN up RP as IN they PP thought VVD it PP was VBD , , said VVD Carol NP Tucker NP Foreman NP , , a DT food NN safety NN specialist NN at IN the DT Consumer NP Federation NP in IN Washington NP . SENT Genetically RB engineered VVN food NN , , which WDT is VBZ endowed VVN with IN bacterial JJ , , viral JJ and CC other JJ genes NNS not RB native JJ to TO human JJ food NN , , has VHZ been VBN widely RB , , if IN mostly RB unknowingly RB , , consumed VVN in IN the DT United NP States NPS since IN 1996 CD . SENT As RB far RB as IN scientists NNS can MD tell VV , , no DT one NN has VHZ ever RB been VBN harmed VVN . SENT But CC with IN evidence NN accumulating VVG that IN the DT crops NNS may MD be VB less RBR environmentally RB benign JJ than IN biotech NN companies NNS had VHD predicted VVN most RBS recently RB , , gene NN altered VVD corn NN was VBD found VVN capable JJ of IN killing VVG monarch NN butterflies NNS some DT Americans NPS are VBP reconsidering VVG the DT technology's JJ overall JJ safety NN . SENT I've NP had VHD more JJR calls NNS about IN this DT allergy NN research NN in IN the DT past JJ three CD months NNS than IN I've NP had VHD in IN the DT three CD years NNS since IN we PP published VVD it PP , , Taylor NP said VVD . SENT In IN Europe NP , , that DT crisis NN of IN confidence NN already RB runs VVZ deep JJ . SENT Activists NNS regularly RB vandalize VV newly RB planted VVN plots NNS of IN gene NN altered JJ crops NNS . SENT Major JJ grocery NN chains NNS have VHP refused VVN to TO carry VV engineered JJ food NN . SENT And CC food NN processors NNS have VHP begun VVN to TO hire VV DNA NN fingerprinting VVG labs NNS to TO verify VV that IN their PP$ products NNS are VBP free JJ of IN foreign JJ genes NNS . SENT The DT British NP Medical NP Association NP has VHZ warned VVN that IN the DT technology NN may MD lead VV to TO the DT emergence NN of IN new JJ allergies NNS and CC speed VV the DT evolution NN of IN microbes NNS resistant JJ to TO antibiotics NNS . SENT Other JJ groups NNS worry VVP that DT gene NN altered VVD crops NNS may MD lead VV to TO the DT growth NN of IN insecticide NN resistant JJ bugs NNS , , or CC superweeds NNS unfazed VVN by IN herbicides NNS . SENT In IN this DT country NN , , gene NN altered JJ food NN is VBZ virtually RB unavoidable JJ . SENT About IN one CD third NN of IN the DT corn NN growing VVG in IN the DT United NP States NPS is VBZ genetically RB engineered VVN , , mostly RB to TO exude VV its PP$ own JJ insecticide NN , , as IN is VBZ about RB half JJ of IN the DT cotton NN crop NN including VVG some DT grown VVN for IN edible JJ cottonseed NN oil NN and CC a DT smaller JJR percentage NN of IN potatoes NNS . SENT Half NN of IN all DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT soybeans NNS are VBP genetically RB modified VVN as IN well RB , , mostly RB to TO produce VV a DT chemical NN that WDT makes VVZ the DT plants NNS impervious JJ to TO weed NN killing VVG sprays NNS . SENT So RB with IN the DT exception NN of IN explicitly RB organic JJ food NN , , which WDT flows VVZ through IN independent JJ identity NN preserved VVD food NN streams NNS , , nearly RB everything NN made VVN with IN soy NN , , corn NN or CC cotton NN in IN this DT country NN ends VVZ up RP containing VVG at IN least JJS some DT gene NN altered VVD ingredients NNS . SENT That's NP a DT lot NN of IN different JJ foods NNS . SENT Soy NN protein NN can MD be VB found VVN in IN about RB 60 CD percent NN of IN all DT processed JJ food NN , , including VVG frozen JJ meals NNS , , baby NN food NN , , yogurt NN and CC other JJ products NNS . SENT And CC corn NN , , in IN addition NN to TO being VBG the DT main JJ ingredient NN in IN tortilla NN chips NNS and CC corn NN starch NN , , provides VVZ the DT high JJ fructose NN sweeteners NNS found VVN in IN many JJ natural JJ sodas NNS , , fruit NN drinks NNS and CC other JJ products NNS . SENT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT regulators NNS and CC industry NN representatives NNS argue VVP that DT engineered JJ food NN is VBZ , , if IN anything NN , , safer JJR than IN conventional JJ food NN . SENT Old JJ fashioned VVN plant NN breeding NN involves VVZ the DT random JJ and CC uncontrolled JJ reassortment NN of IN thousands NNS of IN genes NNS with IN every DT mating NN , , they PP note VVP . SENT By IN contrast NN , , biotechnology NN allows VVZ the DT precise JJ transfer NN of IN a DT single JJ well RB understood VVN gene NN into IN a DT plant NN , , leaving VVG little RB to TO chance NN . SENT Moreover RB , , they PP say VVP , , since IN 1992 CD the DT FDA NP has VHZ required VVN allergy NN tests NNS like IN the DT ones NNS Taylor NP did VVD for IN all DT new JJ food NN made VVN with IN genes NNS taken VVN from IN milk NN , , eggs NNS , , wheat NN , , fish NN , , shellfish NNS , , legumes NNS or CC nuts NNS , , foods NNS that WDT account VVP for IN perhaps RB 90 CD percent NN of IN American JJ food NN allergies NNS . SENT The DT agency NN also RB insists VVZ that DT gene NN altered VVN food NN be VB nutritionally RB equivalent JJ to TO its PP$ conventional JJ counterparts NNS . SENT Most RBS important JJ , , advocates NNS say VVP , , the DT FDA NP can MD demand VV extensive JJ safety NN testing NN if IN the DT new JJ gene NN differs VVZ substantially RB from IN those DT generally RB found VVN in IN other JJ food NN . SENT But CC critics NNS call VVP that IN a DT hollow JJ promise NN . SENT They PP note VVP that IN all DT 44 CD crops NNS that IN so RB far RB have VHP gained VVN FDA NP marketing NN approval NN have VHP avoided VVN that DT scrutiny NN because IN the DT agency NN has VHZ accepted VVN the DT industry's NN claims VVZ that IN they PP are VBP substantially RB equivalent JJ to TO conventional JJ food NN . SENT That DT is VBZ , , they PP claim VVP , , because IN the DT Food NP , , Drug NP and CC Cosmetic JJ Act NP demands NNS safety NN testing NN on IN all DT new JJ additives NNS not RB generally RB recognized VVN as IN safe JJ . SENT Now RB activists NNS are VBP suing VVG the DT FDA NP in IN federal JJ court NN to TO force VV such JJ testing NN on IN the DT bacterial JJ and CC other JJ genes NNS being VBG added VVN to TO food NN crops NNS . SENT Safety NN testing NN can MD be VB difficult JJ , , as IN researchers NNS found VVN with IN the DT Flavr NP Savr NP tomato NN , , which WDT was VBD given VVN a DT gene NN to TO make VV it PP ripen VV more RBR slowly RB . SENT When WRB Calgene NP and CC Zeneca NP Plant NP Science NP developed VVD that DT tomato NN in IN the DT early JJ 1990 CD s PP , , no DT FDA NP rules NNS were VBD in IN place NN . SENT So IN the DT companies NNS voluntarily RB agreed VVD to TO conduct VV a DT full JJ range NN of IN tests NNS . SENT When WRB scientists NNS tried VVD to TO feed VV rodents NNS the DT tomatoes NNS , , however RB , , the DT animals NNS wouldn't NN eat VVP them PP , , recalled VVD Roger NP Salquist NP , , one CD of IN the DT scientists NNS involved VVN in IN creating VVG the DT Flavr NP Savr NP . SENT I PP gotta VV tell VV you PP , , you PP can MD be VB Chef NN Boyardee NP and CC mice NNS are VBP still RB not RB going VVG to TO like VV them PP . SENT The DT researchers NNS went VVD so RB far RB as IN to TO force VV feed VV the DT tomatoes NNS to TO rodents NNS through IN gastric JJ tubes NNS and CC stomach NN washes VVZ . SENT The DT procedure NN made VVD the DT rodents NNS sick JJ , , of IN course NN , , and CC revealed VVD nothing NN about IN the DT food's NN safety NN . SENT The DT tomato NN ultimately RB won VVD approval NN from IN the DT FDA NP but CC failed VVD in IN the DT market NN in IN part NN because IN it PP was VBD so RB expensive JJ . SENT Safety NN testing NN is VBZ also RB difficult JJ because IN there's RB no DT widely RB accepted VVN way NN to TO predict VV a DT new JJ food's NN potential JJ to TO cause VV an DT allergy NN . SENT The DT FDA NP is VBZ now RB five CD years NNS behind IN in IN its PP$ promise NN to TO develop VV guidelines NNS for IN doing VVG so RB . SENT With IN no DT formal JJ guidelines NNS in IN place NN , , it's NNS largely RB up RB to TO the DT industry NN to TO decide VV whether IN and CC how WRB to TO test VV for IN the DT allergy NN potential NN of IN new JJ food NN not RB already RB on IN the DT FDA's NP must MD test VV list NN . SENT That DT means VVZ there EX is VBZ a DT small JJ chance NN that IN someone NN will MD suffer VV an DT allergic JJ reaction NN , , and CC perhaps RB a DT serious JJ one CD , , but CC science NN can MD never RB assure VV safety NN with IN 100 CD percent NN certainty NN , , said VVD University NP of IN Wisconsin NP professor NN Robert NP Bush NP , , chief JJ of IN allergies NNS at IN the DT Veterans NP Affairs NPS Hospital NP in IN Madison NP . SENT And CC when WRB deciding VVG how WRB much JJ effort NN and CC expense NN should MD be VB rallied VVN to TO minimize VV that DT risk NN , , Bush NP said VVD , , people NNS should MD remember VV that IN new JJ foods NNS are VBP introduced VVN all PDT the DT time NN from IN other JJ parts NNS of IN the DT world NN without IN regulators NNS demanding VVG studies NNS on IN their PP$ allergy NN potential NN . SENT I PP don't VVD think VV there EX was VBD a DT hue NN and CC cry NN about IN introducing VVG kiwis NNS onto IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT market NN , , Bush NP said VVD , , even RB though IN many JJ Americans NPS have VHP proven VVN allergic JJ to TO them PP . SENT The DT effects NNS of IN gene NN altered VVN crops NNS on IN the DT environment NN are VBP at IN least JJS as RB complicated VVN as IN those DT on IN the DT human JJ body NN . SENT The DT EPA NP requires VVZ companies NNS to TO conduct VV limited JJ ecological JJ impact NN tests NNS before IN marketing NN gene NN altered VVN crops NNS . SENT But CC while IN the DT agency NN has VHZ promised VVN to TO spell VV out RP in IN detail NN what WP crop NN developers NNS should MD do VV to TO ensure VV that IN their PP$ gene NN altered VVD plants NNS won't JJ damage NN the DT environment NN , , it PP has VHZ failed VVN to TO do VV so RB for IN the DT past JJ five CD years NNS . SENT Meanwhile RB , , several JJ recent JJ scientific JJ studies NNS have VHP highlighted VVN a DT range NN of IN potential JJ problems NNS that WDT may MD be VB arising VVG from IN engineered JJ crops NNS . SENT The DT most RBS publicized VVN of IN those DT was VBD the DT recent JJ finding NN that IN pollen NN from IN corn NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN engineered VVN to TO produce VV an DT insecticide NN called VVD Bt NN is VBZ toxic JJ not RB only RB to TO the DT caterpillar NN pest NN it PP is VBZ aimed VVN at IN , , but CC also RB to TO the DT monarch NN butterfly NN . SENT The DT laboratory NN study NN leaves VVZ unresolved JJ whether IN monarchs NNS are VBP actually RB being VBG harmed VVN around IN cornfields NNS . SENT But CC it PP inspired VVD a DT coalition NN of IN national JJ environmental JJ groups NNS , , including VVG several JJ that IN had VHD not RB weighed VVN in IN on IN agricultural JJ biotechnology NN before IN , , to TO ask VV the DT EPA NP to TO stop VV its PP$ registration NN of IN new JJ varieties NNS of IN Bt NN corn NN until IN the DT agency NN comes VVZ up RP with IN a DT more RBR complete JJ ecological JJ safety NN plan NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , recent JJ studies NNS have VHP pointed VVN to TO a DT variety NN of IN other JJ problems NNS that WDT seem VVP to TO be VB emerging VVG from IN Bt NN corn NN . SENT One CD report NN , , for IN example NN , , suggests VVZ that IN the DT EPA's NP primary JJ strategy NN for IN preventing VVG the DT emergence NN of IN Bt NN resistant JJ insects NNS a DT plan NN that WDT calls VVZ for IN planting VVG refuges NNS of IN conventional JJ corn NN in IN nearby JJ fields NNS may MD be VB doomed VVN to TO fail VV because IN Bt NN resistance NN genes NNS in IN insects NNS behave VV differently RB than IN scientists NNS had VHD thought VVN . SENT Another DT study NN showed VVD that DT Bt NN can MD alter VV the DT time NN it PP takes VVZ an DT insect NN to TO reach VV adulthood NN . SENT That DT could MD dash VV the DT EPA's NP hopes VVZ that DT Bt NN resistant JJ insects NNS will MD mate NN with IN Bt NN susceptible JJ ones NNS and CC give VV birth NN to TO offspring NN still RB vulnerable JJ to TO the DT chemical NN . SENT Still RB other JJ studies NNS suggest VVP that DT Bt NN corn NN may MD be VB inadvertently RB killing VVG beneficial JJ insects NNS such JJ as IN ladybugs NNS and CC lacewings NNS , , which WDT eat VVP insect NN pests NNS . SENT If IN true JJ , , then RB the DT insecticidal JJ crops NNS may MD be VB giving VVG reprieves NNS to TO as RB many JJ insect NN pests NNS as IN they PP are VBP killing VVG . SENT And CC scientists NNS are VBP finding VVG that IN some DT engineered JJ crops NNS , , such JJ as IN herbicide NN resistant JJ canola NN in IN Canada NP , , are VBP cross NN pollinating VVG with IN wild JJ relatives NNS more RBR widely RB than IN had VHD been VBN predicted VVN , , creating VVG hardy JJ weeds NNS that WDT can MD survive VV herbicidal JJ sprays NNS . SENT Now RB , , the DT EPA NP faces VVZ a DT potentially RB larger JJR problem NN . SENT whether IN to TO approve VV a DT new JJ kind NN of IN Bt NN corn NN called VVD Bt NN cry NN 9 CD C NP . SENT It's NP a DT decision NN that IN many JJ observers NNS see VVP as IN a DT test NN case NN of IN just RB where WRB the DT agency NN will MD draw VV the DT line NN on IN the DT degree NN of IN risk NN it PP is VBZ willing JJ to TO accept VV . SENT While IN other JJ versions NNS of IN Bt NN break NN down RB harmlessly RB in IN the DT human JJ digestive JJ tract NN , , the DT cry NN 9 CD C NP protein NN remains VVZ stable JJ in IN the DT human JJ stomach NN . SENT And CC because IN the DT protein NN can MD survive VV digestion NN , , it PP has VHZ increased VVN potential JJ to TO cause VV allergies NNS . SENT The DT FDA NP demands VVZ extra JJ allergy NN testing NN for IN new JJ food NN that WDT contains VVZ such JJ stable JJ proteins NNS . SENT And CC AgrEvo NP , , the DT German JJ company NN that WDT is VBZ seeking VVG approval NN for IN cry NN 9 CD C NP corn NN , , has VHZ conducted VVN some DT additional JJ tests NNS , , including VVG a DT comparison NN of IN cry NN 9 CD C's NP molecular JJ structure NN with IN known VVN allergy NN causing VVG proteins NNS . SENT Reassuringly RB no DT similarities NNS exist VVP . SENT But CC as IN the DT agency NN considers VVZ whether IN to TO approve VV the DT corn NN for IN human JJ ingestion NN , , it PP is VBZ up RB against IN the DT reality NN that IN there EX is VBZ no DT surefire JJ way NN of IN testing VVG a DT new JJ protein NN like IN cry NN 9 CD C NP for IN its PP$ potential NN to TO cause VV allergies NNS in IN people NNS . SENT We PP all RB wish VVP there EX was VBD a DT test NN where WRB you PP plug VVP in IN a DT protein NN and CC out RB pops VVZ a DT yes RB or CC no DT answer NN , , said VVD Sue NP MacIntosh NN , , a DT protein NN chemist NN with IN AgrEvo NP . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ no DT such JJ test NN , , short JJ of IN giving VVG it PP to TO a DT lot NN of IN people NNS and CC seeing VVG what WP happens VVZ . SENT The DT EPA NP is VBZ considering VVG the DT company's JJ application NN and CC hopes VVZ to TO make VV a DT decision NN by IN fall NN . SENT