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SENT as IN the DT first JJ published JJ form NN , , it PP does VVZ not RB make VV clear JJ enough RB the DT conceptual JJ framework NN that WDT can MD include VV other JJ festivals NNS and CC related JJ cultural JJ activities NNS as IN a DT book NN version NN offers NNS . SENT We PP recommend VVP to TO the DT general JJ reader NN the DT book NN version NN , , The DT Idea NN of IN Festival NP , , which WDT includes VVZ web NN links NNS and CC will MD become VV a DT CD NP ROM NP book NN , , for IN other JJ than IN readers NNS from IN either DT Chattanooga NP or CC Charleston NP who WP may MD prefer VV the DT more RBR focused JJ local JJ chapters NNS of IN the DT 1990 CD study NN . SENT In IN addition NN to TO this DT Emory NP University NP 1990 CD dissertation NN , , Two CD Town NP Festivals NNS . 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SENT Both DT articles NNS were VBD printed VVN on IN the DT same JJ page NN , , on IN the DT same JJ day NN , , in IN the DT same JJ newspaper NN , , although IN the DT second NN was VBD featured VVN as IN the DT primary JJ analysis NN of IN the DT festival's JJ origin NN . SENT Can MD both DT versions NNS be VB true JJ . SENT Is VBZ the DT meaning NN of IN what WP a DT cultural JJ practice NN is VBZ and CC does VVZ dependent JJ on IN who WP is VBZ doing VVG the DT reporting NN . SENT Or CC is VBZ such PDT a DT practice's NNS meaning VVG dependent JJ on IN unnamed JJ , , anonymous JJ people NNS who WP have VHP the DT power NN , , money NN , , and CC will MD to TO get VV behind RB and CC to TO dominate VV the DT community's JJ image NN making VVG set NN of IN activities NNS , , as RB is VBZ implied VVN above IN by IN a DT foundation NN spokesperson NN . SENT Do VV these DT stories NNS of IN origin NN represent VVP a DT festival NN world NN of IN logodaedaly NN in IN which WDT multiple JJ truths NNS struggle NN but CC live VV happily RB side NN by IN side NN as IN a DT theatrical NN mirroring VVG of IN pluralistic JJ beliefs NNS of IN democratic JJ societies NNS . SENT Or CC do VVP they PP signify VV a DT Darwinian JJ theater NN of IN power NN in IN which WDT only RB the DT strongest JJS homogeneous JJ festival NN forms NNS survive VVP by IN destroying VVG threatening JJ heterogeneous JJ practices NNS of IN festival NN . SENT Such JJ questions NNS and CC related JJ enigmas NNS suggested VVD this DT semiotic JJ comparison NN of IN the DT discursive JJ practice NN of IN two CD town NN festivals NNS and CC their PP$ signs NNS of IN power NN . SENT 3 LS It PP is VBZ not RB an DT ethnography NN of IN two CD festivals NNS nor CC a DT historical JJ monograph NN of IN the DT founding NN of IN two CD urban JJ festivals NNS , , although IN such JJ studies NNS would MD be VB valuable JJ . SENT This DT analysis NN is VBZ a DT selective JJ semiotic JJ construct NN of IN the DT written VVN and CC remembered VVN stories NNS of IN two CD intensely RB creative JJ moments NNS in IN the DT life NN of IN these DT two CD communities NNS , , moments NNS that WDT resulted VVD in IN two CD very RB different JJ town NN arts NNS festivals NNS . SENT Its PP$ purpose NN is VBZ to TO reveal VV repetitive JJ key JJ signifiers NNS , , or CC their PP$ absence NN , , which WDT point VVP toward IN the DT more JJR important JJ meanings NNS embedded VVN in IN these DT untold JJ stories NNS . SENT The DT initial JJ approach NN , , general JJ methodology NN , , and CC concluding VVG interpretations NNS are VBP drawn VVN primarily RB from IN readings NNS in IN the DT disciplines NNS of IN semiotic JJ and CC drama NN theory NN . SENT Insights NNS from IN literary JJ criticism NN , , urban JJ history NN , , symbolic JJ anthropology NN , , and CC mass JJ communication NN theory NN also RB are VBP employed VVN as IN appropriate JJ . SENT Austria's NP Salzburg NP Festival NP , , Menotti's NP Italian NP Spoleto NP Festival NP , , Canada's NP Stratford NP Festival NP , , Scotland's NP Edinburgh NP Festival NP , , and CC New NP York NP State's NP Chautauqua NP Institution NP are VBP regarded VVN by IN arts NNS critics NNS generally RB as IN representative NN of IN the DT most RBS successful JJ contemporary JJ examples NNS of IN the DT town NN festival NN genre NN . SENT This DT study NN will MD not RB discuss VV these DT other JJ festivals NNS , , except IN for IN a DT brief JJ concluding VVG discussion NN of IN the DT alternative JJ model NN of IN the DT unique JJ Chautauqua NP Institution NP . SENT They PP are VBP cited VVN to TO provide VV a DT reference NN for IN what WP are VBP generally RB regarded VVN as IN examples NNS of IN the DT most RBS highly RB developed VVN form NN of IN the DT contemporary JJ town NN festival NN . SENT As IN such JJ , , these DT international JJ town NN arts NNS festivals NNS function VVP as IN a DT contextual JJ frame NN for IN broader JJR discussion NN of IN the DT signification NN and CC communication NN functions NNS of IN these DT powerful JJ cultural JJ entities NNS . SENT Eventually RB an DT extension NN of IN this DT analysis NN is VBZ expected VVN to TO take VV the DT form NN of IN a DT semiotic JJ of IN festival NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , as IN an DT interpretive JJ construct VV of IN the DT relational JJ web NN of IN signs NNS and CC sign NN clusters NNS designated VVN festival NN historically RB and CC in IN contemporary JJ life NN . SENT Subject NN and CC Scope NN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT and CC Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP are VBP of IN academic JJ interest NN in IN part NN because IN of IN their PP$ extreme JJ differences NNS . SENT They PP are VBP also RB useful JJ for IN study NN because IN Chattanooga's NP festival NN sponsors NNS in IN 1981 CD deliberately RB rejected VVN Charleston's NP arts NNS model NN of IN festival NN for IN a DT heritage NN form NN , , a DT decision NN that WDT led VVD to TO official JJ support NN for IN what WP can MD be VB termed VVN a DT festival NN of IN sameness NN rather RB than IN a DT festival NN of IN difference NN . SENT 4 LS The DT meaning NN of IN this DT characterization NN , , how WRB and CC why WRB this DT change NN of IN direction NN happened VVD , , and CC its PP$ general JJ implications NNS are VBP the DT basic JJ issues NNS this DT analysis NN explores VVZ . SENT Several JJ interpretations NNS are VBP derived VVN from IN an DT analysis NN of IN three CD key NN semiotic JJ 5 CD categories NNS for IN each DT festival NN . SENT the DT festival's NNS relationship NN to TO empty VV town NN spaces NNS its PP$ place NN , , the DT stated JJ purposes NNS or CC objectives NNS its PP$ ideal NN , , the DT role NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN its PP$ force NN . SENT Each DT of IN these DT three CD functions NNS , , which WDT are VBP regarded VVN as IN primary JJ elements NNS of IN festivals NNS , , compress VV a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN empirical JJ data NNS from IN each DT festival NN . SENT They PP provide VVP the DT conceptual JJ design NN that WDT organizes VVZ the DT study NN and CC suggest VV , , in IN their PP$ interrelationships NNS , , several JJ conclusions NNS about IN the DT nature NN , , function NN , , and CC meaning VVG of IN these DT two CD festivals NNS . SENT Documentary JJ materials NNS from IN the DT oral JJ interviews NNS of IN those DT associated VVN with IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT are VBP included VVN in IN Appendix NN A NP , , Spoleto NP Materials NPS . SENT Collectively RB they PP , , along RB with IN excerpts NNS from IN documents NNS quoted VVN in IN Chapter NP II NP and CC the DT endnotes NNS to TO that DT chapter NN , , compose VV the DT body NN of IN materials NNS described VVN in IN Chapter NN I NN as IN stories NNS of IN origin NN . SENT The DT analysis NN is VBZ divided VVN generally RB into IN four CD parts NNS . SENT analytical JJ perspective NN , , selective JJ theoretical JJ history NN , , comparison NN of IN key JJ signifiers NNS , , and CC reflection NN on IN implications NNS of IN the DT study NN . SENT Its PP$ emphasis NN is VBZ on IN interpreting VVG the DT thematic JJ organization NN of IN available JJ materials NNS from IN Chattanooga NP and CC Charleston NP . SENT No DT complete JJ historical JJ treatments NNS of IN these DT two CD festivals NNS exist VVP , , and CC what WP is VBZ to TO be VB discussed VVN here RB is VBZ the DT period NN of IN their PP$ founding NN and CC not RB their PP$ entire JJ histories NNS . SENT 6 CD Chapter NN I PP constructs VVZ the DT interpretive JJ frame NN that WDT explains VVZ why WRB these DT two CD festivals NNS were VBD selected VVN as IN examples NNS of IN two CD basic JJ festival NN forms NNS and CC how WRB they PP are VBP viewed VVN . SENT Chapter NP II NP describes VVZ key JJ elements NNS in IN the DT founding NN of IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT in IN 1975 CD 77 CD , , based VVN on IN interviews NNS from IN 1986 CD to TO 1989 CD with IN several JJ individuals NNS involved VVN primary JJ source NN records NNS at IN the DT festival NN office NN were VBD not RB yet RB open JJ to TO the DT public NN . SENT Of IN these DT materials NNS , , the DT principal JJ source NN is VBZ the DT transcribed VVN oral JJ history NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT s PP first RB board NN chairman NN , , Theodore NP S NP . SENT Stern NP . SENT Chapter NP III NP discusses VVZ the DT founding NN of IN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP in IN 198 CD O NN 82 CD through IN the DT story NN of IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT non JJ profit NN group NN , , Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP , , Inc NP . SENT , , which WDT was VBD established VVN to TO sponsor VV the DT festival NN . SENT My PP$ experience NN as IN first JJ president NN of IN this DT organization NN provides VVZ the DT primary JJ source NN materials NNS for IN these DT events NNS . SENT Chapter NP IV NP addresses VVZ several JJ implications NNS generated VVN by IN these DT two CD forms NNS of IN town NN festivals NNS , , briefly RB discusses VVZ an DT alternative JJ model NN the DT Chautauqua NP Institution NP , , and CC proposes VVZ several JJ tentative JJ views NNS about IN the DT nature NN , , function NN , , and CC meaning VVG of IN festival NN . SENT General JJ Thesis NN The DT principal JJ contention NN is VBZ that DT most RBS serious JJ festivals NNS function VVP as IN a DT special JJ type NN of IN theatrical JJ time NN and CC space NN where WRB the DT different JJ is VBZ presented VVN intentionally RB and CC where WRB new JJ artistic JJ and CC other JJ imaginative JJ productions NNS often RB are VBP introduced VVN . SENT Allowing VVG in IN each DT case NN for IN several JJ commercial NN and CC programming NN exceptions NNS , , this DT statement NN is VBZ much RB more RBR descriptive JJ of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT in IN Charleston NP and CC several JJ other JJ festivals NNS examined VVN during IN the DT 198 CD Os NN in IN North NP America NP and CC Europe NP than IN it PP is VBZ of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT Although IN this DT statement NN implies VVZ that IN a DT serious JJ festival NN is VBZ better JJR or CC more RBR successful JJ than IN other JJ forms NNS , , such JJ as IN a DT commercial NN or CC heritage NN festival NN , , that WDT would MD be VB a DT conclusion NN beyond IN the DT intentions NNS of IN this DT argument NN or CC the DT evidence NN presented VVD . SENT However RB , , that IN a DT serious JJ festival NN see VVP Chapter NP I NP , , Tyrone NP Guthrie's NP definition NN has VHZ greater JJR affective NN power NN seems VVZ to TO be VB the DT case NN . SENT Such JJ judgmental JJ language NN is VBZ impossible JJ to TO avoid VV if IN the DT aesthetic JJ and CC political JJ implications NNS of IN the DT festival NN theater NN are VBP carefully RB considered VVN in IN light NN of IN its PP$ intended JJ use NN as IN an DT instrument NN of IN social JJ persuasion NN . SENT The DT problem NN of IN differing VVG definitions NNS of IN terms NNS , , such JJ as IN festival NN , , serious JJ , , difference NN , , sameness NN , , and CC new JJ , , is VBZ addressed VVN in IN its PP$ various JJ manifestations NNS throughout IN the DT study NN as IN a DT semantic JJ concern NN , , as RB well RB as IN a DT significant JJ discursive JJ reality NN . SENT For IN this DT study NN , , the DT terms NNS different JJ and CC new JJ are VBP used VVN interchangeably RB in IN opposition NN to TO same JJ and CC old JJ . SENT The DT final JJ chapter NN offers VVZ linguistic JJ alternatives NNS to TO such JJ categorical JJ oppositions NNS , , which WDT the DT festival NN form NN itself PP tends VVZ to TO reject VV . SENT Questions NNS of IN the DT social JJ , , aesthetic JJ , , political JJ , , religious JJ , , and CC economic JJ desirability NN of IN the DT different JJ and CC the DT new JJ could MD be VB viewed VVN as IN matters NNS of IN personal JJ taste NN and CC values NNS . SENT Arguing VVG that IN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP lacks VVZ avant JJ garde NN operas NNS , , ballets NNS , , and CC plays VVZ , , for IN example NN , , and CC therefore RB offers VVZ little RB different JJ or CC new JJ may MD offend VV its PP$ blue JJ grass NN , , blues NNS , , and CC rock NN music NN lovers NNS , , who WP can MD point VV out RP with IN pride NN that IN traditional JJ Louisiana NP Zydeco NN music NN apparently RB was VBD heard VVN for IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN the DT city NN at IN the DT festival NN . SENT The DT festival's NNS sponsors NNS could MD also RB rebut VV the DT charge NN of IN sameness NN by IN pointing VVG out RP that IN the DT local JJ symphony NN plays NNS , , normally RB with IN a DT popular JJ entertainer NN , , one CD night NN at IN each DT festival NN , , and CC that IN in IN 1985 CD a DT composition NN for IN guitar NN and CC orchestra NN premiered VVD at IN the DT festival NN . SENT However RB , , this DT practice NN was VBD abandoned VVN after IN that DT year NN . SENT Increasingly RB , , such JJ Riverbend NP festival NN differences NNS appear VVP to TO be VB a DT tribute NN to TO the DT illusory JJ theater NN , , masking VVG the DT sameness NN of IN biological JJ homogeneity NN and CC artistic JJ rigidity NN through IN an DT extreme JJ commerciality NN that WDT perpetuates VVZ existing VVG political JJ , , religious JJ , , social JJ , , and CC economic JJ monolithic JJ structures NNS . SENT Such JJ issues NNS raise VVP far RB deeper JJR philosophical JJ concerns NNS about IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT societies NNS in IN which WDT we PP not RB only RB survive VV but CC also RB enjoy VVP and CC , , as IN Faulkner NP suggested VVD in IN accepting VVG the DT Nobel NP prize NN , , endure VV . SENT In IN sailing NN through IN such JJ treacherous JJ waters NNS of IN subjectivity NN , , it PP is VBZ my PP$ intention NN to TO be VB a DT loving JJ critic NN rather RB than IN a DT critical JJ lover NN of IN these DT two CD festivals NNS , , which WDT have VHP grown VVN to TO be VB important JJ local JJ institutions NNS as RB well RB as IN representative JJ forms NNS of IN contemporary JJ festival NN practice NN and CC social JJ order NN . SENT That DT Charleston's NP particular JJ expression NN of IN itself PP through IN its PP$ festival NN has VHZ generated VVN international JJ notice NN from IN the DT arts NNS community NN suggests VVZ that IN such PDT a DT festival NN of IN differences NNS possesses VVZ important JJ functions NNS absent JJ in IN festivals NNS lacking VVG such JJ critical JJ attention NN . SENT This DT requires VVZ an DT effort NN to TO identify VV the DT key JJ functions NNS required VVN for IN a DT festival NN to TO attract VV such JJ critical JJ notice NN from IN the DT interpretive JJ community NN . SENT If IN several JJ key JJ elements NNS of IN these DT two CD festivals NNS are VBP identified VVN , , and CC if IN their PP$ basic JJ social JJ and CC political JJ functioning NN appears VVZ reasonably RB clear JJ , , then RB the DT limited JJ aims NNS of IN this DT dissertation NN will MD have VH been VBN realized VVN . SENT Detailed JJ ethnographies NNS and CC full JJ histories NNS of IN both DT festivals NNS and CC their PP$ complex JJ relationship NN with IN their PP$ communities NNS and CC larger JJR world NN would MD be VB valuable JJ in IN confirming VVG , , modifying VVG , , or CC rejecting VVG the DT conclusions NNS proposed VVN here RB . SENT It PP should MD be VB admitted VVN in IN this DT context NN that IN I PP do VVP have VH an DT ax NN to TO grind VV , , the DT creation NN of IN a DT sharpened VVN instrument NN of IN thought NN that WDT pleads VVZ the DT political JJ , , social JJ , , aesthetic JJ , , economic JJ , , and CC pleasurable JJ desirability NN of IN festivals NNS of IN difference NN as IN opposed VVN to TO those DT of IN sameness NN arts NNS as RB opposed VVN to TO heritage NN serious JJ as IN opposed VVN to TO bread NN and CC circus NN . SENT This DT should MD not RB be VB construed VVN to TO mean VV that IN I PP regard VVP heritage NN festivals NNS as IN undesirable JJ , , but CC rather RB that IN these DT political JJ theaters NNS tend VVP to TO exclude VV aesthetic JJ sources NNS of IN the DT vitality NN associated VVN with IN the DT new JJ and CC different JJ ideas NNS that WDT drive VVP social JJ change NN and CC sustain VV the DT learned VVN respect NN for IN differences NNS that WDT represents VVZ civilized JJ behavior NN . SENT This DT would MD not RB be VB a DT serious JJ dissertation NN if IN it PP argued VVD no DT point NN of IN view NN , , advanced VVD no DT vision NN , , ignored VVD the DT realities NNS of IN personal JJ experience NN , , or CC merely RB represented VVN without IN interpretation NN . SENT And CC it PP would MD not RB be VB a DT fair JJ document NN if IN it PP did VVD not RB respect VV the DT differences NNS and CC opinions NNS of IN others NNS equally RB sincere JJ in IN their PP$ intentions NNS . SENT Yet RB the DT destructive JJ power NN of IN the DT opposing VVG sameness NN philosophy NN , , when WRB carried VVN to TO extremes NNS , , is VBZ in IN actuality NN the DT general JJ political JJ reality NN reflected VVN in IN Lyotard's NP admonition NN in IN The DT Postmodern NN Condition NN to TO , , in IN effect NN , , honor VV the DT differences NNS . SENT The DT nineteenth JJ and CC twentieth JJ centuries NNS have VHP given VVN us PP as IN much JJ terror NN as IN we PP can MD take VV . SENT We PP have VHP paid VVN high JJ enough JJ price NN for IN the DT nostalgia NN of IN the DT whole NN and CC the DT one NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT answer NN is VBZ . SENT Let VV us PP wage VV a DT war NN on IN totality NN . SENT let VV us PP be VB witnesses NNS to TO the DT unpresentable NN . SENT let VV us PP activate VV the DT differences NNS and CC save VV the DT honor NN of IN the DT name NN . SENT 7 CD Increasingly RB , , during IN the DT course NN of IN the DT past JJ four CD years NNS of IN formal JJ academic JJ study NN , , T NN . SENT S NP . SENT Eliot's NP observation NN in IN The DT Four CD Quartets NNS that IN we PP return VVP to TO the DT place NN where WRB we PP started VVD And CC know VV it PP for IN the DT first JJ time NN has VHZ been VBN given VVN a DT personal JJ relevance NN that WDT suggests VVZ caution NN in IN attempting VVG to TO interpret VV any DT event NN in IN which WDT one PP was VBD personally RB involved VVN . SENT The DT document NN advocating VVG a DT celebration NN of IN togetherness NN , , written VVN with IN a DT friend NN one CD spring NN afternoon NN in IN 1981 CD , , which WDT some RB have VHP said VVD was VBD the DT first JJ burst NN of IN energy NN that WDT led VVD directly RB to TO Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP , , is VBZ a DT starting VVG point NN I PP returned VVD to TO for IN this DT study NN and CC truly RB began VVD to TO know VV for IN the DT first JJ time NN . SENT Self NN and CC non JJ self NN were VBD not RB easily RB separated VVN . SENT One CD sense NN of IN my PP$ subjective JJ problem NN in IN studying VVG this DT particular JJ festival NN , , its PP$ genesis NN , , and CC its PP$ intended JJ and CC unintended JJ meanings NNS was VBD suggested VVN by IN Milan NP Kundera NP in IN Laughable JJ Loves NP . SENT Man NN passes VVZ through IN the DT present NN with IN his PP$ eyes NNS blindfolded VVD . SENT He PP is VBZ permitted VVN merely RB to TO sense NN and CC guess VVP at IN what WP he PP is VBZ actually RB experiencing VVG . SENT Only RB later RBR when WRB the DT cloth NN is VBZ untied VVN can MD he PP glance NN at IN the DT past NN and CC find VV out RP what WP he PP has VHZ experienced VVN and CC what WP meaning NN it PP had VHD . SENT 8 CD My NP glance NN Chapter NP III NP back RB to TO 198 CD O NN 81 CD , , a DT period NN that WDT led VVD to TO Chattanooga's NP renewal NN of IN a DT town NN festival NN in IN 1982 CD and CC that WDT also RB generated VVD significant JJ debate NN about IN the DT nature NN of IN festival NN , , can MD be VB viewed VVN as IN demonstrating VVG the DT actual JJ public NN and CC private JJ participation NN process NN by IN which WDT a DT new JJ space NN was VBD made VVN for IN a DT festival NN intended VVN to TO be VB different JJ from IN any DT in IN the DT city's JJ recent JJ experience NN . SENT This DT collective JJ community NN composition NN period NN resembles VVZ the DT anthropological JJ description NN of IN liminal JJ time NN and CC space NN . SENT Yet CC Riverbend NP soon RB departed VVD from IN its PP$ original JJ objectives NNS , , and CC the DT imaginative JJ outpouring NN of IN local JJ creative JJ energy NN that WDT might MD have VH been VBN has VHZ been VBN forgotten VVN by IN many JJ of IN us PP who WP were VBD involved VVN at IN the DT time NN . SENT Most JJS records NNS of IN such JJ questioning VVG periods NNS of IN civic JJ ferment NN , , which WDT also RB apparently RB occurred VVN in IN Charleston NP , , can MD be VB lost VVN to TO future JJ scholars NNS because IN it PP appears VVZ the DT institutions NNS that WDT emerge VVP from IN this DT in IN between IN zone NN become VVN dominant JJ and CC tend VVP to TO repress VV knowledge NN of IN other JJ forms NNS that WDT might MD have VH emerged VVN and CC possibly RB would MD have VH threatened VVN the DT present JJ dominant JJ entity NN . SENT It PP is VBZ my PP$ hope NN that IN the DT questioning JJ attitude NN that WDT produced VVD Riverbend NP will MD continue VV and CC that IN this DT study NN will MD contribute VV to TO that DT festival NN spirit NN of IN inquiry NN . SENT One CD example NN of IN such JJ continuing JJ curiosity NN about IN the DT possibility NN of IN a DT special JJ festival NN spirit NN led VVN to TO my PP$ participation NN in IN a DT type NN of IN festival NN predicted VVN from IN the DT analysis NN but CC not RB experienced VVN or CC noticed VVN in IN the DT literature NN . SENT I PP was VBD exposed VVN to TO a DT new JJ kind NN of IN festival NN when WRB several JJ members NNS of IN the DT Chattahoochee NP Country NP Dancers NNS New NP England NP contra NP dancing NN group NN in IN Atlanta NP , , after IN hearing NN of IN the DT ideas NNS presented VVD here RB , , said VVD they PP thought VVD the DT bi NP annual JJ Black NP Mountain NP traditional JJ music NN and CC dance NN festival NN was VBD very RB different JJ from IN the DT examples NNS I PP had VHD mentioned VVN . SENT This DT festival NN , , located VVN at IN a DT church NN camp NN and CC lake NN near IN the DT Black NP Mountain NP community NN some DT ten CD miles NNS west JJ of IN Ashville NP , , North NP Carolina NP , , was VBD in IN its PP$ eleventh JJ year NN in IN May NP 1989 CD . SENT Although IN some DT of IN its PP$ features NNS are VBP characteristic JJ of IN any DT festival NN , , its PP$ apparent JJ lack NN of IN political JJ , , commercial JJ , , or CC religious JJ purpose NN suggests VVZ there EX could MD be VB a DT festival NN based VVN on IN the DT play NN principle NN as IN described VVN by IN J NP . SENT Huizinga's NNS work VVP on IN the DT play NN element NN in IN culture NN and CC J NP . SENT Pieper's NP theory NN of IN festival NN . SENT It PP represents VVZ a DT festival NN theater NN in IN which WDT various JJ types NNS of IN folk NN group NN dancing NN and CC even RB modern JJ couples NNS swing VVP dancing NN are VBP its PP$ primary JJ purpose NN , , as RB opposed VVN to TO civic JJ image NN building NN , , increasing VVG tourism NN , , or CC riverfront NN development NN . SENT However RB , , attendance NN is VBZ almost RB completely RB white JJ , , which WDT suggests VVZ the DT hidden JJ racist JJ effect NN of IN traditional JJ heritage NN festivals NNS . SENT More JJR information NN is VBZ needed VVN to TO explore VV this DT alternative JJ festival NN form NN . SENT however RB , , conversations NNS with IN one CD of IN Black NP Mountain's NP founders NNS , , the DT popular JJ contra NP dance NN caller NN Fred NP Park NP , , make VVP it PP clear JJ that IN large JJ numbers NNS of IN participants NNS are VBP discouraged VVN in IN that IN the DT festival NN is VBZ no DT longer RB advertised VVN and CC , , to TO prevent VV overcrowded VVN dance NN floors NNS , , attendance NN is VBZ now RB limited VVN . SENT Park NP is VBZ one CD of IN the DT festival's JJ sources NNS of IN artistic JJ energy NN , , probably RB the DT equivalent NN of IN Charleston's NP Menotti NP . SENT his PP$ choreography NN , , or CC calling VVG , , is VBZ regarded VVN as IN a DT special JJ event NN , , much RB as IN Menotti's NP directing VVG of IN an DT opera NN is VBZ of IN unusual JJ interest NN . SENT Park's NP views NNS on IN the DT festival NN and CC my PP$ participation NN in IN it PP strongly RB suggest VVP that IN no DT purpose NN other JJ than IN play NN or CC pleasure NN explains VVZ the DT growing VVG popularity NN of IN this DT alternative NN to TO what WP is VBZ termed VVN in IN this DT study NN a DT political JJ or CC propagandistic JJ festival NN theater NN . SENT The DT Black NP Mountain NP Festival NP of IN Traditional NP Music NP and CC Dance NP announced VVD The DT Black NP Mountain NP New NP World NP Festival NP to TO follow VV its PP$ customary JJ weekend NN program NN for IN May NP 1990 CD . SENT It PP advertised VVD a DT celebration NN of IN contemporary JJ culture NN as IN influenced VVN by IN global JJ communication NN with IN contemporary JJ music NN , , all DT kinds NNS of IN dance NN , , new JJ games NNS , , group NN art NN , , environmentally RB sound JJ technology NN , , and CC surprises NNS . SENT The DT emergence NN of IN a DT festival NN of IN differences NNS from IN a DT successful JJ festival NN of IN sameness NN is VBZ suggested VVN by IN this DT development NN , , one NN that WDT could MD also RB occur VV in IN similar JJ heritage NN festivals NNS such JJ as IN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP . SENT It PP should MD be VB recognized VVN that IN the DT uncertainty NN of IN social JJ effects NNS in IN this DT and CC similar JJ heritage NN festivals NNS precludes VVZ simplistic JJ conclusions NNS about IN such JJ complex JJ cultural JJ practices NNS . SENT Acknowledgements NNS My PP$ curiosity NN about IN festivals NNS started VVN with IN a DT visit NN to TO Charleston's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT Festival NN in IN 198 CD O NN , , after IN reading VVG a DT newspaper NN article NN about IN its PP$ effects NNS on IN the DT city NN . SENT That DT visit NN led VVD to TO a DT visit NN to TO the DT 198 CD O NP Salzburg NP Festival NP . SENT During IN the DT 198 CD Os NN , , I PP was VBD able JJ to TO return VV to TO Charleston's NP evolving VVG festival NN and CC experience VV the DT power NN of IN that DT city's NNS and CC its PP$ festival's JJ artistic JJ magic NN . SENT Soon RB after IN I PP began VVD graduate JJ study NN at IN Emory NP University NP in IN January NP of IN 1985 CD , , Dr NP . SENT Edna NP Bay NP , , Associate NP Dean NP of IN Emory's NP Graduate NP Institute NP of IN Liberal NP Arts NP , , suggested VVD that IN in IN view NN of IN my PP$ experience NN in IN Chattanooga NP , , I PP might MD consider VV the DT study NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT In IN the DT summer NN of IN 1985 CD , , while IN a DT student NN in IN Emory's NP British NP Studies NPS program NN at IN University NP College NP , , Oxford NP , , I PP visited VVD several JJ British JJ festivals NNS and CC began VVD the DT formal JJ research NN for IN this DT study NN . SENT In IN 1986 CD I PP visited VVD Chicago's NP Ravinia NP Festival NP and CC other JJ Chicago NP urban JJ festivals NNS . SENT In IN 1987 CD I PP visited VVD the DT festivals NNS of IN Stratford NP , , Ontario NP . SENT the DT Chautauqua NP Institution NP at IN Jamestown NP , , New NP York NP , , and CC Artpark NP , , at IN Niagara NP Falls NP , , New NP York NP . SENT I PP attended VVD all DT but CC one CD of IN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP festivals NNS . SENT Without IN the DT assistance NN of IN the DT leaders NNS and CC busy JJ staff NN members NNS of IN these DT festivals NNS , , this DT work NN could MD not RB have VH been VBN written VVN . SENT I PP thank VVP them PP all RB for IN giving VVG me PP precious JJ moments NNS during IN their PP$ busiest JJS time NN for IN answering VVG questions NNS , , for IN admission NN to TO festival NN events NNS , , and CC for IN their PP$ encouragement NN in IN exploring VVG the DT art NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT A DT 1985 CD Emory NP University NP seminar NN , , Toward IN an DT Archeology NN of IN Modern NP European NP Theater NP , , offered VVN by IN Professor NP Timothy NP J NP . SENT Reiss NP now RB chair NN of IN comparative JJ literature NN at IN New NP York NP University NP , , provided VVD my PP$ first JJ exposure NN to TO various JJ semiotic JJ and CC drama NN theories NNS that WDT offered VVD a DT conceptual JJ language NN suitable JJ for IN beginning VVG an DT analysis NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT Professor NP Reiss NP tolerance NN for IN my PP$ limited JJ understanding NN of IN these DT vast JJ fields NNS of IN knowledge NN and CC his PP$ endless JJ patience NN with IN my PP$ curiosity NN about IN semiotics NNS as IN a DT possible JJ extension NN of IN my PP$ background NN in IN communication NN studies NNS provided VVD the DT personal JJ and CC scholarly JJ leadership NN needed VVN to TO pursue VV the DT topic NN of IN festivals NNS to TO the DT end NN of IN the DT beginning NN that IN this DT dissertation NN represents VVZ . SENT To TO him PP and CC the DT other JJ two CD readers NNS of IN this DT work NN , , Robert NP Detweiler NP of IN Emory NP University's NP Graduate NP Institute NP of IN Liberal NP Arts NPS , , and CC Robert NP Segrest NP of IN the DT University NP of IN Florida's NP Department NP of IN Architecture NP , , I PP wish VVP to TO express VV my PP$ appreciation NN for IN their PP$ assistance NN , , patience NN , , and CC understanding VVG during IN the DT slow JJ genesis NN and CC development NN of IN these DT ideas NNS . SENT The DT counsel NN of IN Professor NP Monica NP Rector NP , , a DT good JJ friend NN and CC colleague NN in IN semiotics NNS , , and CC was VBD extremely RB helpful JJ in IN the DT early JJ formulation NN of IN the DT study NN and CC in IN suggesting VVG an DT earlier JJR title NN for IN it PP , , Writing VVG Festival NP . SENT Writing VVG on IN Festival NP , , which WDT suggests VVZ the DT postmodernist NN character NN of IN a DT larger JJR work NN yet RB to TO be VB written VVN . SENT I PP especially RB thank VVP my PP$ parents NNS , , Doris NP and CC Neal NP Hetzler NP , , for IN making VVG it PP possible JJ for IN me PP to TO take VV time NN away RB from IN business NN and CC farm NN activities NNS for IN this DT research NN . SENT Several JJ business NN associates NNS , , particularly RB William NP Krause NP , , David NP N NP . SENT Brooks NP , , Jr NP . SENT , , and CC Grant NP Tuttle NP of IN McKee NP Baking VVG Company's NP purchasing NN department NN , , were VBD especially RB tolerant JJ of IN those DT occasions NNS when WRB I PP was VBD not RB present JJ to TO conduct VV business NN as IN usual JJ . SENT their PP$ support NN generated VVD the DT income NN without IN which WDT this DT work NN would MD not RB have VH been VBN written VVN . SENT The DT editorial JJ assistance NN and CC encouragement NN of IN Dorothy NP DuBose NP in IN particular JJ as RB well RB as IN Tanya NP Augsburg NP and CC Charles NP Sills NP of IN Emory NP University's NP Graduate NP Institute NP of IN Liberal NP Arts NP in IN reviewing VVG both CC the DT substance NN and CC style NN of IN drafts NNS of IN this DT work NN was VBD much RB needed VVN and CC appreciated VVN . SENT Finally RB , , I PP wish VVP to TO acknowledge VV the DT stimulation NN , , help VV , , and CC encouragement NN of IN professors NNS , , colleagues NNS , , festival NN lovers NNS , , musicians NNS , , friends NNS , , and CC relatives NNS who WP contributed VVD directly RB or CC indirectly RB to TO this DT work NN . SENT They PP include VVP . SENT Edna NP G NP . SENT Bay NP , , Fred NP Berringer NP , , Paul NP Bouissac NP , , Daniel NP Bowles NP , , Rene NP Brachfeld NP , , John NP Bugge NP , , David NP Darling NP , , Catherine NP Eagar NP , , Dorinda NP Evans NP , , Elizabeth NP Farr NP , , John NP Farr NP , , Jean NP Claude NP Gardin NP , , Doris NP Sorrel NP Hays NP , , Joan NP E NP . SENT Hetzler NP , , Morris NP C NP . SENT Hetzler NP , , William NP R NP . SENT Hetzler NP , , Bernard NP Holland NP , , Deanne NP Irvine NP , , J NP . SENT Nelson NP Irvine NP , , Art NP Jennings NP , , J NP . SENT Kenneth NP Kansas NP , , Gianni NP Longo NP , , John NP T NN . SENT Lupton NP , , Vernon NP Magnuson NP , , Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , Linda NP Metcalf NP , , Denis NP Mickiewicz NP , , Carol NP Miles NP , , Sharon NP Mills NP , , Deaderick NP Montague NP , , Will NP Montague NP , , Jack NP Murrah NP , , Charlotte NP Muse NP , , Fred NP Park NP , , W NP . SENT A DT . SENT Bryan NP Patten NP , , Z NP . SENT Cartter NP Patten NP , , Robert NP A NP . SENT Paul NP , , David NP Rawle NP , , Monica NP Rector NP , , Nigel NP Redden NP , , Joseph NP P NN . SENT Riley NP , , Jr NP . SENT , , Arthur NP Rivituso NP , , Eloise NP Robbins NP , , Frank NP M NP . SENT Mickey NP Robbins NP , , III NP , , Dalton NP Roberts NP , , Sally NP Robinson NP , , Samuel NP Robinson NP , , Charles NP A NP . SENT Rose NP , , Thomas NP Sebeok NP , , Toby NP Simon NP , , Bruce NP Storey NP , , Albert NP J NP . SENT Sullivan NP , , Allen NP Tullos NP , , Charles NP S NP . SENT Wadsworth NP , , and CC Dana NP F NP . SENT White NP . SENT Special JJ appreciation NN is VBZ due JJ to TO Dr NN . SENT Theodore NP S NP . SENT Stern NP , , Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT s PP first RB board NN chairman NN , , for IN granting VVG permission NN to TO reproduce VV the DT transcript NN of IN his PP$ complete JJ story NN of IN the DT founding NN of IN Charleston's NP festival NN , , and CC also RB to TO him PP and CC to TO Mayor NP Joseph NP P NN . SENT Riley NP , , Jr NP . SENT , , for IN hosting VVG the DT Chattanooga NP Friends NPS of IN the DT Festival NP group's NN visit NN to TO Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT in IN 1981 CD . SENT NOTES NNS CHAPTER NN I NN TIME NN AND CC PLACE NN OF IN DIFFERENCES NNS . SENT THE DT IDEA NN OF IN A DT FESTIVAL NN THEATER NN Stories NP of IN Origin NN The DT basic JJ desire NN to TO festival NN is VBZ not RB unlike IN the DT social JJ impulse NN that IN for IN uncertain JJ motives NNS makes VVZ one PP ask VV , , What WP if IN we PP had VHD a DT party NN . SENT Such PDT a DT fragile JJ impulse NN may MD be VB killed VVN by IN such JJ thoughts NNS as RB . SENT What WP if IN nobody NN came VVD . SENT How WRB do VVP we PP pay VV for IN it PP . SENT What WP if IN it PP rains NNS . SENT Where WRB will MD they PP park VV . SENT Only RB a DT strong JJ purpose NN can MD overcome VV such JJ reasonable JJ anxieties NNS . SENT The DT simple JJ urge NN to TO overcome VV isolation NN , , alienation NN , , and CC simple JJ loneliness NN may MD drive VV the DT urge NN to TO have VH a DT party NN , , to TO festival NN . SENT For IN example NN , , Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , founder NN of IN the DT Spoleto NN festivals NNS , , seems VVZ to TO have VH drawn VVN upon IN his PP$ festivals NNS as IN a DT source NN of IN renewed JJ personal JJ artistic JJ energy NN . SENT His PP$ actions NNS could MD be VB interpreted VVN as IN a DT way NN of IN justifying VVG his PP$ own JJ existence NN as IN an DT artist NN , , as RB well RB as IN a DT political JJ step NN toward IN proving VVG the DT value NN of IN artists NNS in IN general NN . SENT He PP has VHZ said VVD that IN he PP felt VVD his PP$ creative JJ life NN was VBD at IN an DT end NN in IN his PP$ forties NNS , , when WRB he PP turned VVD to TO the DT work NN of IN bringing VVG life NN to TO the DT village NN of IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , using VVG art NN to TO show VV the DT power NN of IN art NN . SENT 9 CD One CD of IN Menotti's NP reasons NNS for IN intervening VVG in IN the DT affairs NNS of IN the DT small JJ Italian JJ village NN was VBD that IN he PP wanted VVD to TO prove VV art NN was VBD not RB only RB an DT after IN dinner NN mint NN but CC that IN it PP could MD be VB the DT main JJ meal NN itself PP , , not RB the DT soup NN but CC the DT main JJ course NN . SENT 10 CD Menotti's NP anecdote NN illustrates VVZ what WP might MD be VB called VVN a DT creation NN myth NN or CC a DT story NN of IN origin NN that WDT emerges VVZ over IN time NN as IN a DT simple JJ story NN told VVD over RP and CC over RP in IN the DT festival NN programs NNS and CC in IN the DT news NN media NNS . SENT In IN the DT few JJ complete JJ histories NNS of IN the DT international JJ arts NNS festivals NNS , , such JJ as IN Gallup's NP recent JJ Salzburg NP Festival NP , , 11 CD a DT recurring VVG issue NN is VBZ the DT public NN questioning VVG of IN the DT original JJ idea NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT Festival NN officials NNS and CC critics NNS frequently RB ask VVP whether IN previous JJ , , current JJ , , and CC future JJ programming NN is VBZ true JJ to TO the DT original JJ idea NN . SENT In IN Salzburg's NP case NN the DT original JJ idea NN was VBD to TO stage VV a DT medieval JJ play NN in IN front NN of IN the DT scenic JJ town's NNS beautiful JJ cathedral NN . SENT Today's NP musical JJ emphasis NN on IN Mozart NP evolved VVD later RBR , , although IN late JJ nineteenth JJ century NN festival NN efforts NNS there RB did VVD include VV Mozart NP . SENT The DT shape NN and CC character NN of IN that DT idea NN remains VVZ the DT core NN of IN one CD of IN the DT world's JJ great JJ art NN and CC music NN festivals NNS . SENT It PP suggests VVZ that IN such JJ stories NNS of IN origin NN , , which WDT in IN this DT case NN emphasize VV the DT town's JJ physical JJ beauty NN as IN a DT theater NN , , can MD provide VV an DT access NN point NN for IN understanding VVG the DT multiple JJ meanings NNS of IN these DT unique JJ social JJ institutions NNS in IN other JJ times NNS and CC places NNS . SENT Similar JJ creation NN myths NNS are VBP found VVN in IN stories NNS of IN the DT origin NN of IN other JJ festivals NNS , , whose WP$ actual JJ founding NN events NNS have VHP been VBN obscured VVN by IN time NN , , publicity NN agents NNS , , or CC new JJ masters NNS . SENT Who WP cares VVZ about IN the DT truth NN . SENT a DT cynic JJ might MD ask VV . SENT Leave VV sleeping VVG dogs NNS alone RB , , an DT investor NN in IN property NN adjacent JJ to TO a DT festival NN once RB said VVD privately RB during IN an DT interview NN for IN this DT study NN . SENT A DT practical JJ reply NN is VBZ that IN some DT important JJ lesson NN might MD be VB learned VVN by IN taking VVG a DT closer JJR look NN at IN why WRB and CC how WRB new JJ social JJ entities NNS emerged VVD from IN the DT chaotic JJ soup NN of IN times NNS past JJ , , a DT lesson NN or CC two CD that WDT might MD have VH value NN when WRB similar JJ choices NNS again RB will MD exist VV . SENT An DT equally RB practical JJ reply NN is VBZ that IN such JJ stories NNS of IN origin NN are VBP interesting JJ and CC pleasurable JJ in IN themselves PP as IN an DT art NN form NN and CC need VV no DT other JJ justification NN for IN their PP$ telling VVG . SENT For IN a DT critic NN , , the DT importance NN of IN the DT text NN of IN a DT creation NN myth NN , , and CC its PP$ expression NN in IN the DT festival NN itself PP and CC its PP$ brochures NNS , , is VBZ that IN it PP functions NNS as IN a DT steering VVG device NN for IN continuing VVG the DT festival NN in IN the DT direction NN its PP$ various JJ shapers NNS intended VVD . SENT Why WRB a DT festival NN in IN Charleston NP . SENT The DT actual JJ answers NNS vary VVP widely RB . SENT Well RB , , Mr NP . SENT Menotti NP wanted VVD a DT nice JJ place NN to TO have VH a DT festival NN . SENT Menotti NP said VVD our PP$ city NN was VBD an DT art NN form NN in IN itself PP . SENT A DT friend NN of IN Menotti's NP persuaded VVD him PP to TO come VV here RB . SENT The DT National NP Endowment NP said VVD to TO spend VV tax NN money NN on IN artists NNS in IN America NP , , not RB on IN going VVG to TO Italy NP . SENT Maestro NN Menotti NP wanted VVD to TO show VV that DT artists NNS are VBP valuable JJ to TO society NN and CC should MD be VB given VVN better JJR treatment NN . SENT Art NP should MD not RB be VB an DT after IN dinner NN mint NN but CC the DT main JJ meal NN . SENT This DT last JJ statement NN was VBD the DT reason NN most RBS frequently RB mentioned VVN in IN the DT 1986 CD 88 CD Charleston NP interviews NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ apparently RB not RB recorded VVN anywhere RB , , not RB even RB in IN an DT informal JJ history NN , , that IN one CD powerful JJ local JJ citizen NN did VVD his PP$ best JJS to TO keep VV the DT festival NN out RP of IN Charleston NP . SENT 12 CD Possibly RB this DT incident NN is VBZ one CD reason NN that IN , , after IN eleven NN years NNS , , no DT official JJ Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT history NN exists VVZ . SENT A DT deeper JJR probe NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT reveals VVZ several JJ complicated JJ stories NNS . SENT a DT mayor NN who WP assumed VVD responsibility NN for IN the DT festival NN when WRB it PP appeared VVD doomed VVN . SENT Menotti NP as IN a DT famous JJ artist NN fighting VVG inexperienced JJ if IN well RB meaning VVG local JJ control NN of IN artistic JJ performances NNS . SENT Frances NP Edmunds NP , , a DT strong JJ architectural JJ preservationist NN , , who WP became VVD a DT strong JJ supporter NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT s PP changes VVZ . SENT It PP would MD have VH been VBN more RBR probable JJ that IN some DT of IN those DT Charlestonians NP most RBS involved JJ , , such JJ as IN the DT mayor NN and CC a DT college NN president NN and CC a DT preservationist NN who WP had VHD the DT most RBS to TO fear VV from IN the DT coming VVG of IN a DT new JJ , , foreign JJ , , thing NN , , would MD have VH been VBN intimidated VVN successfully RB by IN the DT powerful JJ opposition's NNS predictable JJ warnings NNS of IN harmful JJ effects NNS for IN the DT historic JJ community NN . SENT From IN this DT perspective NN the DT presence NN of IN a DT Menotti NP , , an DT experienced JJ composer NN and CC festival NN artistic JJ director NN who WP was VBD and CC remains VVZ the DT principal JJ designer NN of IN the DT festival NN , , suggests VVZ a DT study NN of IN the DT festival's JJ story NN of IN origin NN as IN a DT starting VVG point NN in IN understanding VVG not RB only RB what WP happened VVD and CC why WRB , , but CC also RB what WP the DT meanings NNS of IN this DT series NN of IN events NNS signify VV . SENT The DT examples NNS of IN the DT written VVN and CC recollected VVN stories NNS of IN origin NN from IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP festivals NNS provide VVP the DT critical JJ textual JJ foundation NN on IN which WDT to TO build VV more RBR fully RB developed VVN interpretations NNS of IN these DT festivals NNS and CC their PP$ multiple JJ meanings NNS . SENT Official JJ stories NNS of IN origin NN of IN a DT festival NN , , and CC possibly RB those DT of IN similar JJ social JJ structures NNS , , can MD be VB contradictory JJ in IN the DT written VVN and CC recalled VVN record NN . SENT The DT participants NNS often RB have VHP differing VVG recollections NNS of IN these DT emotional JJ times NNS . SENT The DT records NNS of IN Charleston's NP and CC Chattanooga's NP festival NN productions NNS suggest VVP that IN several JJ true JJ histories NNS of IN these DT mythic JJ moments NNS can MD co NP exist VVP without IN any DT reconciliation NN possible JJ . SENT The DT questions NNS that WDT emerge VVP from IN this DT perspective NN have VHP far RB reaching VVG public JJ implications NNS that WDT merit VVP careful JJ consideration NN . SENT Of IN the DT three CD elements NNS chosen VVN for IN analysis NN , , one CD principal NN concern NN is VBZ the DT use NN and CC abuse NN of IN art NN power NN , , as IN Charleston's NP mayor NN see VVP Chapter NP II NP has VHZ termed VVN his PP$ belief NN in IN the DT positive JJ effects NNS of IN art NN and CC artists NNS . SENT Art NP Power NP and CC the DT Element NN of IN the DT Artistic JJ Director NP Why WRB would MD anyone NN fear NN Menotti's NP festival NN or CC resist VV giving VVG power NN to TO an DT artistic JJ director NN at IN a DT festival's JJ inception NN . SENT One CD explanation NN can MD be VB found VVN in IN The DT Illusion NN of IN Power NP , , where WRB Stephen NP Orgel NP describes VVZ a DT subtle JJ artistic JJ problem NN of IN audience NN participation NN in IN the DT court NN masque NN of IN James NP I NP of IN England NP . SENT The DT climactic JJ moment NN of IN the DT masque NN was VBD nearly RB always RB the DT same JJ . SENT the DT fiction NN opened VVD outward RB to TO include VV the DT whole JJ court NN , , as IN masquers NNS descended VVD from IN pageant NN car NN or CC stage NN and CC took VVD partners NNS from IN the DT audience NN . SENT What WP the DT noble JJ spectator NN watched VVD , , he PP ultimately RB became VVD . SENT The DT greatest JJS problems NNS in IN such PDT a DT form NN are VBP posed VVN by IN protocol NN . SENT Masquers NNS are VBP not RB actors NNS . SENT a DT lady NN or CC gentleman NN participating VVG in IN a DT masque NN remains VVZ a DT lady NN or CC a DT gentleman NN , , and CC is VBZ not RB released VVN from IN the DT obligation NN of IN observing VVG all PDT the DT complex JJ rules NNS of IN behavior NN at IN court NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT But CC playing VVG a DT part NN , , becoming VVG an DT actor NN or CC actress NN , , constitutes VVZ an DT impersonation NN , , a DT lie NN , , a DT denial NN of IN the DT true JJ self NN . SENT Prynne's NNS work VVP on IN The DT Scourge NN of IN Players NNS in IN 1633 CD spoke VVD for IN many JJ in IN viewing VVG the DT woman NN actors NNS as IN notorious JJ whores NNS . SENT Now RB for IN speaking VVG roles NNS professionals NNS had VHD to TO be VB used VVN and CC this DT meant VVN that IN the DT form NN , , composite JJ by IN nature NN , , was VBD in IN addition NN divided VVN between IN players NNS and CC masquers NNS , , actors NNS and CC dancers NNS . SENT 13 CD The DT masque NN form NN developed VVN for IN James NP I PP and CC his PP$ queen NN rapidly RB separated VVN into IN two CD sections NNS . SENT The DT first JJ , , called VVD the DT antimasque NN , , was VBD performed VVN by IN professionals NNS , , and CC presented VVD a DT world NN of IN disorder NN or CC vice NN , , everything NN that IN the DT ideal JJ world NN of IN the DT second JJ , , the DT courtly JJ main JJ masque NN , , was VBD to TO overcome VV and CC to TO supercede VV . SENT 14 CD The DT parallel NN between IN the DT festival NN and CC the DT fringe NN festivals NNS that WDT often RB evolved VVD suggests VVZ the DT antimasque NN character NN of IN the DT fringe NN , , which WDT the DT main JJ festival NN must MD dominate VV . SENT Orgel NP also RB notes VVZ in IN this DT discussion NN of IN the DT masque NN that IN Renaissance NP festivals NNS were VBD the DT province NN of IN the DT greatest JJS artists NNS of IN the DT age NN . SENT He PP points VVZ out RP that IN the DT age NN believed VVN in IN the DT power NN emphasis NN of IN art NN to TO persuade VV , , transform VV , , preserve VV , , and CC masques NNS could MD no RB more RBR be VB dismissed VVN as IN flattery NN than IN could MD portraits NNS . SENT Shakespeare's NP The NP Tempest NP , , he PP argues VVZ , , illustrates VVZ the DT use NN of IN art NN to TO create VV belief NN , , a DT process NN that WDT appears VVZ to TO be VB a DT similarity NN between IN that DT age NN and CC the DT current JJ age NN of IN carefully RB staged VVN political JJ television NN spectacle NN . SENT The DT action NN of IN Prospero's NP masque NN within IN the DT play NN is VBZ cited VVN to TO show VV that IN it PP is VBZ Prospero's NP unique JJ vision NN and CC quality NN of IN mind NN that WDT have VHP been VBN controlling VVG steering VVG the DT play NN . SENT In IN an DT obvious JJ way NN that IN power NN is VBZ the DT power NN of IN imagination NN , , but CC only RB if IN we PP take VVP all PDT the DT terms NNS of IN the DT phrase NN literally RB . SENT Imagination NN here RB is VBZ real JJ power NN . SENT to TO rule VV , , to TO control VV and CC order VV the DT world NN , , to TO change VV or CC subdue VV other JJ men NNS , , to TO create VV . SENT and CC the DT source NN of IN the DT power NN is VBZ imagination NN , , the DT ability NN to TO make VV images NNS , , to TO project VV the DT workings NNS of IN the DT mind NN outward RB in IN a DT physical JJ active JJ form NN , , to TO actualize VV ideas NNS , , to TO conceive VV actions NNS . SENT The DT mind NN for IN Prospero NP , , then RB , , is VBZ an DT active JJ and CC ongoing JJ faculty NN not RB , , that WDT is VBZ , , a DT contemplative JJ one NN and CC the DT relation NN between IN his PP$ art NN and CC his PP$ power NN is VBZ made VVN very RB clear JJ by IN the DT play NN . SENT 15 CD In IN the DT most RBS literal JJ sense NN , , then RB , , it PP is VBZ making VVG believe VV that DT makes VVZ belief NN , , the DT artist NN acting VVG upon IN the DT world NN , , not RB within IN it PP in IN a DT discourse NN of IN hidden JJ power NN . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT true JJ tribute NN to TO the DT idea NN that IN making VVG believe VVP makes VVZ belief NN , , that DT art NN power NN does VVZ translate VV into IN real JJ power NN . SENT From IN this DT perspective NN , , it PP seems VVZ clear JJ why WRB business NN executives NNS in IN Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP and CC even RB ancient JJ Athens NP 16 CD would MD fear VV the DT coming VVG of IN a DT Prospero NP before IN their PP$ plans NNS were VBD fixed VVN . SENT That IN their PP$ festival's JJ stories NNS of IN origin NN leave VV out RP this DT part NN of IN the DT story NN is VBZ not RB surprising JJ . SENT what WP is VBZ surprising JJ is VBZ the DT extraordinary JJ fact NN not RB of IN critical JJ acclaim NN of IN the DT Charleston NP festival NN but CC that IN it PP ever RB was VBD born VVN . SENT The DT Chattanooga NP festival NN of IN , , to TO be VB brief JJ , , sameness NN was VBD predictable JJ . SENT the DT Charleston NP festival NN of IN , , for IN a DT short JJ label NN , , differences NNS was VBD unexpected JJ and CC unlikely JJ in IN such PDT a DT tradition NN conscious JJ city NN . SENT One PP can MD speculate VV that IN the DT composer NN and CC impresario NN in IN Menotti NP was VBD not RB unaware JJ of IN the DT inherent JJ tensions NNS involved VVN in IN bringing VVG an DT avant JJ garde NN festival NN to TO such JJ a DT community NN . SENT More RBR likely JJ it PP was VBD the DT expectant JJ civic JJ leadership NN that WDT was VBD unaware JJ of IN the DT onslaught NN of IN the DT new JJ about RB to TO launch VV itself PP from IN their PP$ city NN . SENT As RB can MD be VB seen VVN from IN recollections NNS of IN a DT leading JJ banker's NN reaction NN after IN visiting VVG the DT Spoleto NN , , Italy NP , , festival NN see VVP Chapter NP II NP , , some DT local JJ civic JJ leaders NNS apparently RB viewed VVD this DT new JJ thing NN more RBR as IN a DT beast NN slouching VVG toward IN Charlestontown NP to TO be VB born VVN , , to TO paraphrase VV a DT line NN from IN Yeats NP The DT Second JJ Coming VVG , , where WRB traditional JJ practices NNS would MD fall VV apart RB and CC the DT center NN would MD not RB hold VV . SENT It PP was VBD to TO mean VV the DT opening NN of IN new JJ spaces NNS where WRB the DT artist NN would MD hold VV center NN stage NN . SENT The DT Element NN of IN the DT Empty JJ Space NN If IN the DT category NN of IN artistic JJ director NN as IN a DT primary JJ source NN of IN artistic JJ imagination NN emerges VVZ as IN a DT basic JJ festival NN function NN , , regardless RB of IN whether IN such PDT a DT person NN is VBZ in IN fact NN present JJ or CC absent JJ , , then RB the DT element NN of IN the DT surrounding VVG physical JJ environmental JJ frame NN that WDT attracts VVZ artistic JJ interest NN requires VVZ examination NN . SENT It PP appears VVZ that IN the DT festival's NNS ideological JJ and CC physical JJ space NN itself PP functions NNS as IN a DT type NN of IN liminal JJ time NN and CC space NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , a DT social JJ practice NN existing VVG as IN a DT gap NN or CC overlap VV among IN the DT network NN of IN formal JJ institutions NNS and CC social JJ structures NNS . SENT 17 CD This NP has VHZ the DT effect NN of IN making VVG a DT festival NN a DT background NN framing NN device NN , , no DT more RBR noticeable JJ than IN a DT proscenium NN arch NN in IN traditional JJ stage NN design NN , , yet RB no DT less RBR powerful JJ in IN shaping VVG the DT relations NNS of IN elements NNS within IN the DT frame NN , , requiring VVG only RB a DT director NN as IN Peter NP Brook NP has VHZ implied VVN in IN the DT first JJ word NN , , I PP , , of IN the DT beginning VVG pages NNS of IN his PP$ discussion NN in IN The DT Empty JJ Space NN . SENT I PP can MD take VV any DT empty JJ space NN and CC call VV it PP a DT bare JJ stage NN . SENT A DT man NN walks VVZ across IN this DT empty JJ space NN whilst IN someone NN else RB is VBZ watching VVG him PP , , and CC this DT is VBZ all PDT that DT is VBZ needed VVN for IN an DT act NN of IN theatre NN to TO be VB engaged VVN . SENT 18 CD The DT opening NN and CC closing NN statements NNS of IN any DT work NN of IN art NN or CC criticism NN cannot NN be VB taken VVN casually RB and CC , , as IN a DT successful JJ director NN , , Brook NP should MD be VB taken VVN literally RB in IN this DT observation NN . SENT Brook's NP empty JJ space NN term NN has VHZ been VBN cited VVN by IN many JJ . SENT A DT significant JJ use NN of IN the DT idea NN , , which WDT will MD be VB explored VVN further RBR in IN the DT final JJ chapter NN , , is VBZ found VVN in IN its PP$ development NN as IN a DT key JJ concept NN by IN Nggi NP wa NP Thiong'o NP s PP Decolonizing VVG the DT Mind NN . SENT Drama NN in IN pre NP colonial NN Kenya NP . SENT . SENT . SENT could MD take VV place VV anywhere RB wherever WRB there EX was VBD an DT empty JJ space NN , , to TO borrow VV the DT phrase NN from IN Peter NP Brook NP . SENT The DT empty JJ space NN , , among IN the DT people NNS , , was VBD part NN of IN that DT tradition NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Both CC the DT missionaries NNS and CC the DT colonial JJ administration NN used VVD the DT school NN system NN to TO destroy VV the DT concept NN of IN the DT empty JJ space NN among IN the DT people NNS by IN trying VVG to TO capture VV and CC confine VV it PP in IN government NN supervised VVD urban JJ community NN halls NNS , , schoolhalls NNS , , churchbuildings NNS , , and CC in IN actual JJ theatre NN buildings NNS with IN the DT proscenium NN stage NN . SENT Between IN 1952 CD and CC 1962 CD the DT empty JJ space NN was VBD even RB confined VVN behind IN barbed JJ wire NN in IN prisons NNS and CC detention NN camps NNS where WRB the DT political JJ detainees NNS and CC prisoners NNS were VBD encouraged VVN to TO produce VV slavishly RB pro JJ colonial NN and CC anti JJ Mau NP Mau NP propaganda NN plays VVZ . SENT 19 CD That IN the DT space NN must MD first RB be VB empty JJ to TO serve VV as IN a DT bare JJ stage NN seems VVZ an DT obvious JJ point NN . SENT Any DT empty JJ space NN , , Brook NP said VVD , , not RB any DT empty JJ theater NN . SENT Therefore RB , , we PP will MD have VH to TO admit VV even RB a DT barren JJ desert NN as IN a DT possible JJ stage NN . SENT It PP need MD not RB be VB filled VVN with IN props NNS rocks NNS , , trees NNS , , boxes NNS , , rubble NN , , or CC even RB dead JJ bodies NNS to TO do VV its PP$ work NN as IN a DT bare JJ stage NN . SENT However RB , , it PP becomes VVZ a DT bare JJ stage NN , , a DT theater NN or CC place NN for IN seeing VVG in IN the DT Greek JJ sense NN , , only RB when WRB the DT I NN , , the DT imagining VVG , , creative JJ I NN , , chooses VVZ to TO name VV the DT empty JJ space NN a DT bare JJ stage NN so IN that DT one CD person NN can MD view VV another DT on IN it PP . SENT It PP follows VVZ then RB that IN the DT creative JJ mind NN of IN this DT artistic JJ practice NN , , any DT artistic JJ director NN , , requires VVZ only RB that IN a DT space NN be VB unfilled JJ to TO have VH the DT potential NN of IN a DT theatrical JJ space NN , , a DT bare JJ stage NN that WDT can MD be VB filled VVN with IN some DT meaning NN . SENT That IN we PP as IN artists NNS and CC spectators NNS alike RB respond VVP not RB only RB to TO the DT stage NN scenery NN but CC also RB to TO the DT physical JJ and CC symbolic JJ environmental JJ context NN around IN us PP has VHZ been VBN noted VVN by IN no DT less JJR a DT master NN of IN political JJ drama NN than IN Winston NP Churchill NP , , who WP is VBZ quoted VVN on IN a DT poster NN in IN the DT office NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT assistant JJ director NN , , Carmen NP Kovens NP , , as IN saying VVG , , We PP shape VVP our PP$ buildings NNS and CC thereafter RB they PP shape VVP us PP . SENT The DT function NN of IN contextual JJ empty JJ space NN will MD be VB a DT key JJ issue NN in IN this DT effort NN to TO understand VV better VV what WP these DT two CD festivals NNS are VBP and CC what WP they PP do VVP . SENT One PP could MD paraphrase VV Churchill's NP statement NN for IN this DT study NN as RB . SENT We PP shape VVP our PP$ festivals NNS and CC thereafter RB they PP shape VVP us PP . SENT Just RB as IN we PP forget VVP to TO notice VV our PP$ buildings NNS , , we PP forget VVP to TO notice VV our PP$ festivals NNS and CC similar JJ shaping VVG contexts NNS , , not RB as IN environments NNS that WDT actually RB determine VVP our PP$ beliefs NNS but CC as IN powerful JJ theatrical JJ arenas NNS that WDT unobtrusively RB shape VVP our PP$ ideas NNS about IN what WP objects NNS are VBP like IN and CC unlike IN , , about IN what WP , , for IN example NN , , colors NNS of IN persons NNS belong VVP together RB or CC are VBP kept VVN separate JJ . SENT We PP may MD say VV provisionally RB that DT Aristotle NN was VBD correct JJ in IN noting VVG that IN festive JJ effects NNS produced VVN by IN the DT mise NN en IN sc NN ne RB put VVD one NN at IN the DT mercy NN of IN the DT technicians NNS , , especially RB at IN an DT outdoor JJ festival NN , , but CC that WDT , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , the DT setting VVG design NN can MD be VB a DT highly RB artistic JJ element NN for IN some DT directors NNS skilled JJ in IN this DT medium NN . SENT Menotti's NP town NN festivals NNS , , from IN this DT perspective NN , , can MD be VB regarded VVN , , in IN the DT view NN of IN the DT Spoleto NN festival NN general JJ manager NN in IN 1986 CD , , as IN a DT seventeen CD day NN performance NN work NN on IN the DT city NN stage NN , , which WDT would MD go VV far RB in IN explaining VVG why WRB this DT modern JJ Prospero NP sought VVD an DT American JJ city NN that WDT was VBD an DT art NN work NN in IN itself PP . SENT The DT empty JJ space NN was VBD as RB important JJ as IN its PP$ performances NNS , , all DT mise NN en IN sc NN ne RB with IN form NN and CC content NN inseparable JJ . SENT Festivals NNS , , then RB , , can MD be VB classified VVN as IN a DT form NN of IN meaning VVG making VVG theater NN in IN bounded VVN spaces NNS . SENT The DT emphasis NN is VBZ on IN the DT visual JJ frame NN and CC the DT special JJ character NN of IN the DT space NN , , which WDT apparently RB define VV the DT type NN of IN festival NN just RB as IN the DT shape NN of IN the DT stage NN has VHZ defined VVN various JJ types NNS of IN theater NN as IN open JJ air NN , , in IN the DT round NN , , proscenium NN arch NN , , and CC thrust NN stage NN . SENT The DT Element NN of IN Purpose NN The DT physical JJ nature NN of IN the DT festival NN theater NN , , although IN an DT important JJ element NN in IN circumscribing VVG its PP$ particular JJ empty JJ space NN , , appears VVZ to TO be VB only RB one CD primary JJ form NN of IN classification NN . SENT The DT intentions NNS of IN its PP$ creators NNS form VVP another DT classification NN category NN . SENT From IN this DT view NN the DT theater NN has VHZ been VBN labeled VVN one CD of IN cruelty NN , , absurdity NN , , essence NN , , alienation NN , , and CC so RB on IN , , generally RB based VVN on IN the DT dramatist's JJ apparent JJ intention NN . SENT A DT close JJ examination NN of IN the DT written JJ record NN from IN the DT creative JJ process NN followed VVN by IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP festival NN organizers NNS reveals VVZ a DT misunderstanding NN , , often RB a DT source NN of IN tension NN , , about IN the DT subtle JJ differences NNS of IN goals NNS , , methods NNS , , and CC ends VVZ or CC , , in IN other JJ terms NNS , , intentions NNS , , functions NNS , , and CC effects NNS . SENT Brook's NNS view VVP of IN the DT deadly JJ , , holy JJ , , rough JJ , , immediate JJ theater NN is VBZ grounded VVN on IN the DT effect NN , , not RB just RB on IN audience NN response NN but CC on IN active JJ participation NN . SENT He PP says VVZ near IN his PP$ conclusion NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT we PP can MD see VV that IN without IN an DT audience NN there EX is VBZ no DT goal NN , , no DT sense NN . SENT What WP is VBZ an DT audience NN . SENT In IN the DT French JJ language NN amongst IN the DT different JJ terms NNS for IN those DT who WP watch VVP , , for IN public NN , , for IN spectator NN , , one CD word NN stands VVZ out RP , , is VBZ different JJ in IN quality NN from IN the DT rest NN . SENT Assistance NN I PP watch VVP a DT play NN . SENT j NN assiste NN une NN pi NN ce NNS . SENT To TO assist VV the DT word NN is VBZ simple JJ . SENT it PP is VBZ the DT key NN . SENT 20 CD From IN this DT perspective NN Brook's NP empty JJ space NN has VHZ not RB only RB the DT three CD primary JJ elements NNS of IN director NN , , stage NN , , and CC actor NN but CC also RB a DT fourth JJ , , an DT audience NN of IN watchers NNS , , or CC , , in IN his PP$ precise JJ sense NN , , assisters NNS . SENT For IN the DT festival NN without IN an DT audience NN there EX is VBZ no DT goal NN , , no DT sense NN . SENT Festivals NNS can MD be VB defined VVN provisionally RB as IN an DT essentially RB theatrical JJ genre NN of IN artistic JJ multi NNS functional JJ structures NNS composed VVN of IN context NN , , text NN , , and CC subtext NN artistic JJ in IN terms NNS of IN the DT medium NN and CC effect NN if IN not RB necessarily RB in IN terms NNS of IN a DT more RBR political JJ or CC social JJ intention NN . SENT Most RBS traditional JJ literary JJ , , semiotic JJ , , and CC structural JJ analyses NNS of IN artistic JJ works NNS have VHP focused VVN on IN these DT three CD dimensions NNS as IN separate JJ entities NNS , , with IN the DT written VVN text NN receiving VVG emphasis NN as IN the DT primary JJ meaning NN making VVG code NN . SENT However RB , , less JJR attention NN has VHZ been VBN given VVN to TO the DT problem NN posed VVN by IN the DT possibility NN that IN contexts NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT court NN itself PP , , can MD be VB the DT product NN of IN the DT artistic JJ imagination NN as IN much JJ as IN texts NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT actual JJ masques NNS , , and CC their PP$ underlying JJ structural JJ subcodes NNS , , or CC subtexts NNS , , such JJ as IN Prospero's NP masque NN . SENT What WP is VBZ most RBS noticeable JJ is VBZ that IN the DT festival NN operates VVZ , , or CC functions NNS , , whether IN consciously RB intended VVN or CC not RB by IN its PP$ creators NNS and CC administrators NNS , , as IN a DT container NN of IN signifiers NNS from IN which WDT any DT traditional JJ unity NN of IN action NN is VBZ often RB absent JJ at IN the DT programming NN textual JJ level NN but CC appears VVZ upon IN careful JJ examination NN to TO be VB present JJ at IN the DT contextual JJ level NN . SENT Within IN this DT frame NN , , as RB will MD be VB described VVN in IN Chapters NNS II NP and CC III NP , , the DT founders NNS intentions NNS shape VVP a DT signifying VVG practice NN with IN a DT clear JJ unity NN of IN action NN , , where WRB the DT essential JJ structural JJ logic NN springs VVZ from IN the DT range NN of IN textual JJ differences NNS . SENT The DT logic NN of IN seemingly RB incompatible JJ features NNS can MD be VB noted VVN in IN complaints NNS about IN a DT festival NN . SENT A DT recent JJ history NN , , for IN example NN , , has VHZ reported VVN two CD seemingly RB inappropriate JJ elements NNS in IN Austria's JJ elitist NN Salzburg NP Festival NP , , one CD a DT carnival NN atmosphere NN and CC the DT other JJ an DT anti JJ festival NN protest NN . SENT In IN past JJ decades NNS many JJ critics NNS decried VVD Salzburg NP snobbishness NN . SENT now RB they PP moan VV about IN the DT city's JJ carnival NN atmosphere NN brought VVD about RB by IN the DT advent NN of IN mass JJ tourism NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Most JJS of IN these DT tourists NNS will MD never RB set VV foot NN in IN a DT concert NN anywhere RB but CC they PP make VVP life NN uncomfortable JJ for IN those DT who WP will MD , , and CC destroy VV the DT intimacy NN and CC charm NN which WDT are VBP Salzburg's NP trump NN cards NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT In IN Salzburg NP this DT protest NN in IN 1971 CD against IN the DT older JJR generation NN took VVD the DT form NN of IN the DT creation NN of IN an DT anti JJ Festival NP , , Die VVP Szene NP de NP Jugend NP , , which WDT as IN its PP$ title NN implies VVZ , , was VBD aimed VVN at IN the DT youth NN of IN Salzburg NP who WP loved VVD art NN and CC despised VVN the DT bourgeoisie NNS who WP paid VVD a DT fortune NN for IN their PP$ tickets NNS . SENT The DT anti JJ Festival NP took VVD to TO the DT streets NNS , , put VVN on IN outdoor JJ plays NNS , , operas NNS , , dances NNS and CC poetic JJ recitations NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT As IN time NN went VVD on IN , , the DT anger NN of IN the DT locals NNS subsided VVD , , the DT Szene NP became VVD more RBR organized VVN and CC inevitably RB less RBR shocking JJ and CC the DT city NN began VVD to TO grant VV it PP small JJ subsidies NNS . SENT Ironically RB , , it PP is VBZ now RB advertised VVN in IN the DT brochure NN of IN the DT Festival NP which WDT it PP was VBD created VVN to TO mock JJ . SENT 21 CD The DT idea NN of IN an DT anti JJ festival NN , , a DT term NN some DT Austrian JJ sources NNS dispute NN , , 22 CD emerging VVG within IN this DT elitist NN summer NN music NN festival NN and CC then RB becoming VVG advertised VVN in IN the DT main JJ festival's NN brochure NN makes VVZ less RBR aesthetic JJ sense NN when WRB the DT festival NN is VBZ seen VVN as IN a DT collection NN of IN discrete JJ performances NNS than IN when WRB a DT larger JJR contextual JJ aesthetic JJ logic NN is VBZ assumed VVN in IN which WDT the DT contextual JJ trump NN cards NNS of IN charm NN and CC intimacy NN are VBP juxtaposed VVN within IN a DT carnivalesque NN atmosphere NN . SENT The DT possibility NN of IN isolating JJ three CD levels NNS of IN context NN , , text NN , , and CC subtext NN can MD lead VV to TO a DT new JJ textual JJ interpretation NN of IN the DT many JJ meanings NNS created VVN by IN emerging VVG , , conflicting VVG voices NNS within IN encrusted VVN performance NN categories NNS and CC traditions NNS . SENT The DT extent NN of IN the DT presence NN or CC absence NN of IN these DT voices NNS of IN difference NN appears VVZ to TO be VB the DT key JJ code NN determining VVG when WRB a DT social JJ practice NN becomes VVZ a DT festival NN . SENT Even RB the DT word NN festival NN itself PP has VHZ powerful JJ meaning NN . SENT This DT is VBZ seen VVN in IN its PP$ many JJ commercial JJ appropriations NNS for IN shopping NN malls NNS , , newspaper NN advertising NN sections NNS , , a DT used VVN car NN lot's NNS festival NN of IN values NNS , , and CC even RB by IN extremist NN festivals NNS of IN racial JJ , , ethnic JJ , , and CC religious JJ heritage NN . SENT Of IN deeper JJR interest NN for IN this DT study NN are VBP the DT specific JJ elements NNS of IN the DT festival NN theatrical JJ practice NN that WDT possess VVP such JJ borrowing NN power NN . SENT Commercial JJ users NNS may MD not RB appreciate VV the DT significance NN of IN the DT idea NN of IN encouragement NN of IN differences NNS that WDT provides VVZ the DT foundation NN of IN their PP$ commercial JJ exploitation NN of IN the DT practice NN . SENT As RB with IN any DT powerful JJ technology NN , , we PP can MD wish VV at IN times NNS that IN its PP$ nature NN were VBD a DT better RBR kept VVN secret NN . SENT the DT evidence NN is VBZ clear JJ that IN Nazi JJ propagandists NNS understood VVD the DT belief NN making VVG power NN of IN art NN and CC festive JJ spectacle NN as IN a DT form NN of IN political JJ theater NN a DT frightenly RB effective JJ modern JJ theater NN of IN power NN when WRB its PP$ purpose NN is VBZ revealed VVN . SENT Without IN in IN any DT way NN restricting VVG the DT artistic JJ concept NN , , we PP may MD refer VV to TO stage NN and CC screen NN as IN effective JJ instruments NNS of IN nationalist JJ education NN . SENT In IN so RB doing VVG , , we PP transcend VV the DT colorless JJ concept NN of IN the DT moral JJ institution NN , , which WDT permits VVZ extremely RB free JJ interpretations NNS of IN esthetics NN and CC substance NN , , and CC depend VV entirely RB on IN the DT objective NN to TO be VB achieved VVN emphasis NN mine NN , , because IN the DT concepts NNS and CC principles NNS of IN ethics NNS are VBP open JJ to TO argument NN as IN long JJ as IN these DT ethics NNS are VBP concealed VVN within IN the DT folds NNS of IN a DT meaningless JJ creation NN of IN such JJ concepts NNS . SENT The DT problem NN is VBZ clearly RB defined VVN , , however RB , , as RB soon RB as IN we PP designate VV as IN good JJ everything NN which WDT serves VVZ the DT interest NN of IN the DT nation NN and CC as IN harmful JJ everything NN that WDT is VBZ detrimental JJ to TO that DT interest NN emphasis NN mine NN . SENT Dramatic JJ art NN within IN its PP$ various JJ forms NNS grew VVD out RP of IN political JJ needs NNS as IN in IN the DT Greek JJ City NP State NP Polis NN or CC out RB of IN devotional JJ needs NNS as IN in IN the DT case NN of IN the DT Greek JJ tragedy NN , , and CC finally RB it PP developed VVD through IN the DT desire NN of IN the DT masses NNS for IN entertainment NN comedy NN . SENT Today NN , , the DT devotional JJ need NN of IN the DT masses NNS is VBZ no DT longer RB satisfied VVN by IN the DT theater NN but CC finds VVZ expression NN in IN the DT great JJ devotional JJ mass NN demonstrations NNS of IN revolutionary JJ National NP Socialism NN which WDT dominates VVZ the DT picture NN of IN our PP$ day NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT It PP is VBZ certain JJ that IN under IN present JJ conditions NNS the DT theater NN will MD continue VV to TO depend VV on IN financial JJ support NN and CC government NN subsidies NNS . SENT This DT fact NN alone RB opens VVZ the DT way NN for IN complete JJ control NN and CC planned JJ direction NN , , thereby RB eliminating VVG the DT need NN for IN actual JJ censorship NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Such JJ achievements NNS place VVP the DT artist NN above IN the DT politician NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT He PP is VBZ endowed VVN with IN the DT power NN of IN awakening NN , , quickening VVG , , and CC actually RB forming VVG those DT profound JJ forces NNS which WDT constitute VVP the DT nation's NNS soul NN , , whereas IN the DT calculating VVG politician NN is VBZ merely RB left VVN to TO act VV as IN guide NN and CC leader NN . SENT 23 CD Images NNS from IN actual JJ footage NN of IN Nazi JJ devotional JJ mass NN demonstrations NNS in IN Triumph NN of IN the DT Will MD reach VV most JJS persons NNS at IN some DT deep JJ emotional JJ level NN . SENT Only RB by IN questioning VVG the DT purpose NN of IN such JJ demonstrations NNS of IN unity NN and CC sameness NN can MD their PP$ true JJ functioning NN be VB revealed VVN for IN critical JJ inquiry NN . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN more JJR than IN passing VVG interest NN to TO note VV that IN the DT word NN festival NN does VVZ not RB appear VV in IN this DT early JJ Nazi JJ document NN . SENT It PP was VBD not RB until IN the DT late JJ 193 CD Os NN that IN the DT Nazis NPS appropriated VVD the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP and CC paraded VVD its PP$ openness NN before IN the DT world NN , , a DT dramatic JJ story NN told VVD in IN the DT Sound NN of IN Music NN film NN and CC in IN Gallup's NP A DT History NN of IN the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP . SENT Functions NNS Mode NP of IN Analysis NP What WP is VBZ a DT festival NN . SENT One CD method NN of IN defining VVG a DT complex JJ cultural JJ practice NN such JJ as IN festival NN is VBZ to TO search VV for IN equivalent JJ terms NNS that WDT describe VVP its PP$ purpose NN and CC effects NNS , , which WDT is VBZ a DT method NN of IN classification NN by IN the DT external JJ qualities NNS of IN a DT signifying VVG practice NN . SENT Standard JJ dictionary NN and CC encyclopedia NN definitions NNS of IN the DT word NN festival NN and CC related JJ terms NNS include VVP both DT descriptive JJ and CC active JJ elements NNS . SENT Used VVN as IN an DT adjective NN , , festival NN means VVZ joyous JJ , , mirthful JJ , , gay JJ . SENT Used VVN as IN a DT noun NN , , festival NN signifies VVZ celebration NN , , entertainment NN , , or CC series NN of IN performances NNS of IN a DT certain JJ kind NN , , often RB held VVN periodically RB , , such JJ as IN a DT Bach NP festival NN . SENT The DT related JJ term NN festivity NN includes VVZ those DT same JJ qualities NNS as RB well RB as IN merriment NN or CC things NNS done VVN in IN celebration NN . SENT A DT celebration NN is VBZ an DT action NN to TO praise VV , , extol VV , , commemorate VV , , glorify VV , , or CC honor NN . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB an DT action NN to TO observe VV a DT holiday NN or CC an DT anniversary NN with IN festivities NNS or CC to TO have VH a DT convivial JJ good JJ time NN . SENT The DT sense NN of IN deliberately RB constructed VVN meaning NN signified VVD by IN celebration NN is VBZ not RB the DT same JJ as IN the DT more RBR diverse JJ set NN of IN phenomena NNS signified VVD by IN festival NN . SENT Carnival NP is VBZ a DT term NN closely RB associated VVN with IN festival NN in IN the DT sense NN of IN a DT revelry NN or CC time NN of IN revelry NN , , festivity NN , , merry JJ making NN , , or CC an DT entertainment NN with IN side NN shows NNS , , rides NNS , , or CC games NNS . SENT it PP can MD be VB an DT activity NN usually RB operated VVD as IN a DT commercial JJ enterprise NN by IN social JJ or CC charitable JJ organizations NNS . SENT The DT Latin JJ term NN , , carnem NN levare NN , , means VVZ to TO remove VV meat NN , , which WDT is VBZ associated VVN with IN the DT period NN of IN feasting VVG and CC fasting VVG just RB before IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT Lenten JJ season NN , , of IN which WDT Mardi NP Gras NP is VBZ the DT last JJ day NN . SENT Another DT related JJ activity NN , , fair JJ , , is VBZ a DT gathering NN of IN people NNS held VVN at IN regular JJ intervals NNS for IN barter NN and CC sale NN of IN goods NNS . SENT A DT fair NN also RB can MD be VB a DT festival NN or CC carnival NN where WRB there EX is VBZ entertainment NN and CC things NNS are VBP sold VVN , , such JJ as IN a DT bazaar NN for IN charity NN . SENT A DT fair NN can MD be VB an DT exhibition NN , , often RB competitive JJ , , of IN manufactured VVN products NNS with IN various JJ amusement NN facilities NNS and CC educational JJ displays NNS . SENT Exposition NN normally RB describes VVZ a DT large JJ public JJ fair NN or CC show NN , , often RB international JJ in IN scope NN . SENT its PP$ related JJ meaning NN in IN literature NN and CC music NN suggests VVZ information NN or CC meaning NN brought VVD out RP that DT was VBD not RB previously RB present JJ . SENT A DT simplifying VVG commonality NN is VBZ not RB easily RB perceived VVN . SENT People NNS closely RB gathered VVD together RB for IN a DT brief JJ time NN in IN a DT small JJ space NN with IN a DT specific JJ goal NN of IN new JJ experience NN is VBZ a DT working VVG definition NN that WDT comes VVZ near JJ to TO abstracting VVG all DT but CC one CD element NN of IN these DT various JJ standard JJ definitions NNS of IN such JJ social JJ practices NNS . SENT The DT exception NN is VBZ a DT purpose NN that WDT seemingly RB is VBZ no DT purpose NN at IN all DT . SENT play NN joy NN , , mirth NN , , revelry NN , , merry JJ making NN , , entertainment NN . SENT However RB , , is VBZ this DT purpose NN possibly RB a DT hidden JJ effect NN masked VVN by IN the DT language NN of IN acceptable JJ intentions NNS . SENT A DT broader JJR defining VVG mode NN is VBZ required VVN to TO address VV such PDT a DT semiotic JJ problem NN in IN which WDT knowledge NN of IN what WP is VBZ knowable JJ is VBZ grounded VVN in IN the DT limitation NN of IN language NN itself PP . SENT The DT question NN remains VVZ , , therefore RB , , how WRB does VVZ one PP define VV a DT festival NN and CC similar JJ signifying VVG practices NNS in IN addition NN to TO labeling VVG its PP$ apparent JJ aims NNS or CC effects NNS . SENT Is VBZ there RB a DT definition NN process NN less RBR dependent JJ on IN subjective JJ views NNS and CC desires NNS . SENT To TO ask VV , , What WP is VBZ a DT festival NN . SENT generates VVZ as IN many JJ responses NNS as IN there EX are VBP festivals NNS themselves PP . SENT Neither CC fair JJ nor CC carnival NN , , neither DT jamboree NN nor CC jubilee NN , , the DT diversity NN of IN festival NN defies VVZ easy JJ classification NN and CC definition NN by IN the DT tools NNS of IN familiar JJ language NN . SENT One PP is VBZ tempted VVN to TO reply VV that IN we PP cannot NN know VV what WP any DT thing NN is VBZ through IN our PP$ existing JJ , , subjective JJ linguistic JJ filters NNS . SENT However RB , , functional JJ linguistic JJ filters NNS suitable JJ for IN a DT particular JJ object NN and CC signifying VVG practice NN can MD be VB derived VVN from IN a DT sampling NN of IN thoughts NNS from IN those DT closest JJS to TO the DT practice NN . SENT This DT is VBZ an DT approach NN derived VVN from IN Vladimir NP Propp's NP advice NN in IN Morphology NN of IN the DT Folktale NN to TO extract VV classification NN from IN the DT material NN itself PP . SENT 24 CD Following VVG this DT method NN , , Vincent's NP late JJ nineteenth JJ century NN functions NNS characterization NN of IN the DT influential JJ Chautauqua NP Institution NP , , one CD of IN the DT oldest JJS American JJ summer NN arts NNS festivals NNS , , provides VVZ an DT initial JJ interpretive JJ classification NN . SENT Through IN this DT template NN , , festivals NNS can MD be VB viewed VVN as IN unique JJ places NNS waiting VVG for IN a DT set NN of IN ideals NNS expressed VVN through IN the DT force NN of IN the DT artists NNS and CC participants NNS . SENT 25 CD A DT sense NN of IN the DT thought NN represented VVD by IN these DT three CD functions NNS categories NNS place NN , , ideal NN , , force NN and CC their PP$ interrelationships NNS can MD be VB gleaned VVN from IN a DT few JJ samples NNS of IN the DT written VVN and CC recorded VVN words NNS of IN a DT few JJ visionaries NNS involved VVN in IN the DT creation NN and CC evolution NN of IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT As IN an DT always RB incomplete JJ archaeology NN of IN past JJ civilizations NNS can MD be VB constructed VVN from IN pot NN fragments NNS , , so RB a DT partial JJ archaeology NN of IN festivals NNS can MD be VB constructed VVN from IN bits NNS and CC pieces NNS of IN fragmentary JJ evidence NN we PP find VVP in IN various JJ statements NNS made VVN about IN this DT festival NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT an DT example NN and CC inspiration NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT breeding VVG ground NN for IN undesirables NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT reflects VVZ the DT culture NN of IN the DT times NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT 35 CD O NN million CD dollars NNS to TO this DT area NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT a DT long RB drawn VVN out IN Robert NP Wilson NP piece NN a DT twenty CD four CD hour NN , , seventeen CD day NN piece NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT joy NN and CC pleasure NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT musicians NNS and CC actors NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT feed NN off IN each DT other's JJ inspirations NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT convince VV hardnosed JJ businessmen NNS that IN there EX is VBZ some DT financial JJ benefit NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT for IN the DT joy NN of IN it PP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT a DT social JJ and CC political JJ message NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT not RB very RB sympathetic JJ to TO bringing VVG art NN to TO the DT people NNS . SENT From IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT interviews NNS , , 1986 CD . SENT Economic JJ and CC aesthetic JJ purposes NNS and CC effects NNS , , underlying VVG social JJ and CC political JJ functions NNS all RB are VBP mixed VVN in IN this DT sampling NN of IN comments NNS made VVN from IN 1958 CD to TO 1988 CD in IN interviews NNS and CC written VVN statements NNS about IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti's NP Italian NP , , American NP , , and CC Australian JJ Spoleto NN festivals NNS . SENT This DT selection NN of IN seemingly RB contradictory JJ statements NNS suggests VVZ that IN it PP is VBZ futile JJ to TO search VV for IN a DT unity NN , , or CC single JJ overall JJ theme NN , , in IN the DT inherently RB plural JJ textual JJ structures NNS of IN festivals NNS . SENT Even RB the DT idea NN of IN a DT textual JJ unitary JJ theme NN seems VVZ problematic JJ . SENT Unlike IN a DT carnival's JJ historic JJ relationship NN to TO the DT Catholic JJ church's NNS Lenten JJ season NN , , festivals NNS often RB lack VVP a DT defining VVG opposition NN such JJ as IN is VBZ found VVN in IN Bakhtin's NP official JJ unofficial JJ carnival NN dichotomy NN . SENT However RB , , one CD key NN to TO defining VVG a DT festival NN by IN its PP$ social JJ functions NNS is VBZ found VVN in IN Bakhtin's NP view NN of IN a DT festival's JJ absence NN of IN footlights NN . SENT The DT absence NN of IN clearly RB established VVN footlights NN is VBZ characteristic JJ of IN all DT popular JJ festive JJ forms NNS . SENT The DT utopian JJ truth NN is VBZ enacted VVN in IN life NN itself PP . SENT For IN a DT short JJ time NN this DT truth NN becomes VVZ to TO a DT certain JJ extent NN a DT real JJ existing JJ force NN . SENT 26 CD This NP suggests VVZ the DT possibility NN of IN a DT theater NN veiled VVN with IN multiple JJ scrims NNS that WDT can MD be VB drawn VVN to TO reveal VV the DT puppeteer NN at IN work NN . SENT A DT study NN of IN the DT world NN of IN Menotti NP , , as RB one CD of IN the DT more RBR successful JJ festival NN puppeteers NNS , , offers VVZ the DT potential NN for IN valuable JJ insight NN into IN the DT backstage RB arena NN of IN one CD of IN these DT city NN operas NNS where WRB footlights NN cast VVD no DT shadows NNS . SENT A DT functions NNS mode NN of IN revealing VVG a DT festival's JJ nature NN and CC possible JJ meanings NNS can MD be VB derived VVN from IN the DT social JJ , , political JJ , , economic JJ , , and CC religious JJ signification NN and CC communication NN functions NNS performed VVD . SENT In IN addition NN to TO key JJ phrases NNS from IN festival NN creators NNS and CC managers NNS , , a DT broader JJR sense NN of IN festival NN compiled VVN from IN standard JJ reference NN works NNS can MD suggest VV functional JJ categories NNS . SENT One CD function NN is VBZ that IN of IN a DT ritual NN celebration NN , , or CC reenactment NN during IN certain JJ periods NNS or CC times NNS that WDT anticipate VVP events NNS or CC seasons NNS agricultural JJ , , religious JJ , , or CC socio NN cultural JJ , , that WDT give VVP meaning NN and CC cohesiveness NN to TO an DT individual NN within IN a DT community NN . SENT These DT days NNS or CC periods NNS generally RB originated VVP in IN religious JJ celebrations NNS , , and CC there EX are VBP ritual NN commemorations NNS that WDT usually RB include VVP sacred JJ community NN meals NNS . SENT In IN this DT sense NN , , the DT festival NN can MD be VB understood VVN as IN a DT social JJ device NN functioning VVG to TO make VV certain JJ meanings NNS sacred JJ , , therefore RB untouchable JJ , , or CC magical JJ . SENT The DT time NN space NN in IN which WDT the DT festival NN is VBZ situated VVN is VBZ bounded VVN in IN this DT sense NN and CC temporarily RB placed VVD off RP limits NNS from IN more JJR secular JJ purposes NNS . SENT Admission NN into IN this DT marked JJ space NN is VBZ governed VVN by IN various JJ devices NNS , , and CC a DT wide JJ range NN of IN social JJ behavior NN is VBZ temporarily RB allowed VVN . SENT A DT festival's JJ potential JJ range NN of IN functions NNS becomes VVZ determined VVN by IN the DT particularities NNS of IN its PP$ space NN , , and CC the DT purposes NNS and CC power NN of IN the DT individuals NNS who WP control VVP the DT uses NNS of IN the DT marked JJ space NN . SENT For IN example NN , , following VVG the DT original JJ objectives NNS , , the DT Chattanooga NP Riverbend NP Festival NP has VHZ made VVN its PP$ site NN , , the DT Ross's NP Landing NP public JJ park NN at IN the DT riverfront NN where WRB the DT city NN began VVD , , a DT special JJ place NN . SENT It PP has VHZ been VBN consecrated VVN by IN several JJ hundred CD thousand CD festivallers NNS for IN seven CD years NNS . SENT Now RB that IN Chattanooga's NP commercial JJ developers NNS have VHP claimed VVN the DT festival's NNS surrounding VVG riverpark NN area NN for IN a DT privately RB operated VVN complex JJ with IN a DT hotel NN , , offices NNS , , and CC an DT aquarium NN , , its PP$ public JJ availability NN for IN the DT festival NN is VBZ uncertain JJ . SENT This DT economic JJ development NN became VVD the DT primary JJ goal NN of IN the DT festival's JJ financial JJ backers NNS , , a DT driving NN impulse NN that WDT lay VVD in IN part NN behind IN the DT economic JJ exploitation NN of IN the DT original JJ Riverbend NP Festival NP idea NN . SENT Several JJ conflicting JJ views NNS of IN this DT use NN of IN the DT art NN of IN the DT festival NN can MD be VB defended VVN . SENT One PP could MD argue VV that IN this DT one CD festival NN was VBD successful JJ and CC that WDT it PP reached VVD its PP$ goal NN of IN making VVG its PP$ location NN more RBR meaningful JJ to TO purchasers NNS and CC thereby RB more RBR valuable JJ to TO its PP$ private JJ investors NNS . SENT Or CC one PP could MD argue VV that IN selfish JJ entrepreneurs NNS captured VVD a DT valuable JJ public JJ property NN and CC deconsecrated VVD the DT people's NP park NN . SENT Other JJ interpretations NNS can MD be VB advanced VVN and CC defended VVN . SENT However RB , , neither CC stated JJ objectives NNS nor CC arguable JJ effects NNS adequately RB probe VVP the DT depths NNS of IN the DT festival's JJ multiple JJ dimensions NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT deliberate JJ intention NN of IN tying VVG the DT festival NN to TO development NN of IN the DT water NN frontage NN 27 CD could MD have VH had VHN a DT significance NN a DT textual JJ implication NN much RB deeper RBR than IN mere JJ reward NN to TO private JJ investors NNS . SENT Overarching VVG any DT specific JJ function NN is VBZ the DT contextual JJ logic NN of IN any DT complex JJ signifying VVG practice NN such JJ as IN a DT festival NN . SENT Logic NN in IN this DT sense NN is VBZ the DT system NN of IN principles NNS underlying VVG any DT art NN or CC science NN , , rather RB than IN the DT more RBR precise JJ meaning NN of IN a DT science NN of IN correct JJ reasoning NN . SENT In IN this DT sense NN , , the DT kindred JJ entities NNS of IN festival NN , , carnival NN , , and CC fair JJ are VBP a DT logos NNS , , in IN the DT Greek JJ sense NN of IN a DT combined JJ form NN of IN word NN , , speech NN , , and CC discourse NN . SENT The DT festival NN logos NNS , , then RB , , provides VVZ logodaedaly RB , , a DT playing NN with IN signs NNS symbols NNS or CC objects NNS in IN close JJ spatial JJ and CC temporal JJ proximity NN functioning VVG as IN a DT theater NN to TO transform VV meanings NNS . SENT This DT provides VVZ the DT festival NN forms's NNS contextual JJ logic NN of IN diversity NN , , difference NN , , chaos NN , , disorder NN , , inversion NN , , nonsense NN . SENT In IN all PDT this DT the DT space NN exists VVZ for IN free JJ play NN , , for IN randomness NN , , for IN unexpected JJ outcomes NNS . SENT The DT festival NN provides VVZ a DT model NN of IN logic NN for IN accepting VVG the DT arbitrariness NN of IN life NN . SENT we PP learn VVP to TO tolerate VV as RB normal JJ the DT great JJ range NN of IN diversity NN contained VVN within IN its PP$ time NN and CC space NN . SENT Function NN , , then RB , , is VBZ meant VVN to TO signify VV that IN specific JJ and CC particular JJ action NN observed VVD in IN an DT activity NN that WDT connects VVZ it PP to TO its PP$ physical JJ and CC imaginative JJ environment NN . SENT The DT special JJ logical JJ context NN of IN an DT action's NNS function NN defines VVZ the DT activity NN , , enabling VVG identification NN not RB only RB by IN its PP$ purposes NNS or CC effects NNS alone RB . SENT For IN instance NN , , a DT tractor's JJ steering NN wheel NN has VHZ the DT function NN of IN controlling VVG the DT direction NN of IN the DT machine NN . SENT within IN this DT mechanical JJ structure's NNS contextual JJ logic NN , , the DT steering NN wheel NN must MD be VB connected VVN to TO at IN least JJS one CD wheel NN . SENT The DT machine's NNS logic NN requires VVZ this DT function NN if IN any DT change NN in IN direction NN is VBZ possible JJ . SENT Similarly RB , , a DT festival's JJ artistic JJ director NN , , general JJ manager NN , , or CC board NN chairperson NN controls VVZ its PP$ direction NN . SENT This DT person NN or CC persons NNS must MD be VB connected VVN to TO those DT performance NN activities NNS that WDT point VVP the DT festival NN in IN its PP$ particular JJ direction NN . SENT The DT evidence NN from IN the DT festivals NNS examined VVN is VBZ that IN the DT artistic JJ director NN provides VVZ precision NN steering NN . SENT The DT absence NN of IN either DT precise JJ function NN , , steering VVG wheel NN or CC artistic JJ director NN both CC customarily RB present JJ according VVG to TO the DT current JJ practice NN and CC logic NN of IN both DT structures NNS would MD invite VV attention NN to TO what WP , , if IN any DT , , alternative JJ devices NNS for IN direction NN setting NN are VBP functioning VVG . SENT Awareness NN and CC naming VVG of IN the DT functioning VVG level NN of IN such JJ features NNS within IN a DT structure's NNS logic NN makes VVZ possible JJ a DT representation NN of IN the DT broader JJR contextual JJ logic NN in IN which WDT various JJ key JJ devices NNS or CC elements NNS operate VVP . SENT A DT deeper JJR understanding NN of IN a DT festival's NNS meaning VVG and CC meaning VVG making VVG process NN , , then RB , , comes VVZ from IN a DT semiotic JJ representation NN of IN three CD interdependent JJ qualities NNS . SENT intent NN , , function NN , , and CC effect NN . SENT This DT critique NN of IN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP and CC Charleston's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT applies VVZ this DT idea NN and CC its PP$ practical JJ application NN . SENT It PP is VBZ this DT idea NN of IN examining VVG unnoticed JJ functions NNS that WDT enables VVZ the DT observer NN to TO peer VV beyond IN idealistic JJ or CC misleading JJ intentions NNS as IN well RB as RB accidental JJ , , random JJ effect NN and CC to TO draw VV tentative JJ conclusions NNS about IN the DT signifying VVG discourse NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT This DT approach NN gives VVZ rise NN , , for IN example NN , , to TO the DT possibility NN mentioned VVN above IN that DT festivals NNS act VVP as IN powerful JJ integrating VVG or CC segregating VVG media NNS , , or CC as IN media NNS that WDT perform VVP both CC these DT and CC other JJ functions NNS . SENT Yet CC festival NN designers NNS may MD have VH had VHN no DT such JJ idea NN in IN mind NN , , and CC may MD even RB deny VV that WDT festivals NNS integrate VV or CC segregate VV disparate JJ elements NNS of IN a DT community NN , , that WDT festivals NNS portray VVP the DT desirability NN of IN social JJ differences NNS , , or CC that IN they PP reinforce VVP ethnic JJ samenesses NNS . SENT As IN communication NN media NNS , , it PP may MD be VB that IN certain JJ festivals NNS speed VV up RP a DT surfacing VVG of IN new JJ art NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , representations NNS of IN new JJ ways NNS of IN seeing VVG , , even RB when WRB planners NNS are VBP convinced VVN the DT event NN is VBZ nothing NN more JJR than IN a DT giant JJ urban JJ block NN party NN , , as IN one CD Riverbend NP president NN claimed VVD . SENT 28 CD A NP decoding VVG of IN these DT patterns NNS of IN functions NNS can MD portray VV a DT reality NN formerly RB out RB of IN sight NN in IN which WDT both CC the DT modern JJ as RB well RB as IN the DT Renaissance NP festival NN can MD be VB seen VVN , , in IN British JJ historian NN Roy NP Strong's NP metaphor NN , , as IN a DT theater NN of IN power NN . SENT 29 CD Although IN the DT similarity NN of IN functions NNS of IN fifteenth JJ and CC twentieth JJ century NN forms NNS of IN festival NN practice NN is VBZ uncertain JJ , , Strong's NP analysis NN points NNS to TO a DT theater NN that WDT combines VVZ various JJ practices NNS of IN power NN economic JJ , , political JJ , , artistic JJ , , special JJ interest NN . SENT This DT possible JJ parallel NN suggests VVZ it PP is VBZ especially RB important JJ to TO question VV the DT nature NN of IN the DT interpretive JJ template NN or CC grid NN or CC contextual JJ logic NN through IN which WDT this DT theater NN imposes VVZ its PP$ power NN . SENT The DT functions NNS template NN is VBZ one CD such JJ grid NN that WDT directs VVZ one's JJ attention NN to TO offstage JJ forces NNS , , activities NNS , , and CC aims VVZ . SENT Perspectives NNS and CC Semantic JJ Framing VVG Various JJ semiotic JJ and CC structural JJ analysis NN constructs NNS provide VVP the DT primary JJ perspectives NNS for IN development NN of IN a DT critical JJ inquiry NN of IN festival NN practice NN . SENT Eco NP , , in IN particular JJ , , has VHZ offered VVN a DT workable JJ explanation NN of IN the DT mechanism NN of IN context NN as IN one CD of IN the DT multiple JJ structural JJ levels NNS of IN festivals NNS in IN terms NNS of IN overcoding NN , , undercoding NN , , and CC extracoding NN operations NNS . SENT Overcoded JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT entities NNS float VVP so RB to TO speak VV among IN the DT codes NNS , , on IN the DT threshold NN between IN convention NN and CC innovation NN . SENT It PP is VBZ by IN a DT slow JJ and CC prudent JJ process NN that IN a DT society NN admits VVZ them PP to TO the DT ranks NNS of IN the DT rules NNS upon IN which WDT it PP bases VVZ its PP$ own JJ very JJ raison NN d SYM tre NN . SENT Frequently RB a DT society NN does VVZ not RB recognize VV overcoded JJ rules NNS that IN in IN fact NN allow VVP the DT social JJ exchange NN of IN signs NNS . SENT A DT typical JJ example NN is VBZ provided VVN by IN the DT narrative JJ rules NNS , , as RB outlined VVN by IN Propp NP . SENT . SENT . SENT the DT plot NN laws NNS introduced VVN by IN Propp NP were VBD an DT abductive JJ proposal NN that WDT brought VVD to TO light VV the DT existence NN of IN an DT overcoded JJ language NN . SENT These DT laws NNS are VBP now RB universally RB accepted VVN as IN the DT items NNS of IN a DT recognized VVN narrative NN subcode NN . SENT 30 CD If IN festivals NNS can MD be VB viewed VVN as IN overcoded JJ entities NNS on IN the DT threshold NN between IN convention NN and CC innovation NN , , an DT unrecognized JJ rule NN making VVG operation NN simultaneously RB indexical JJ , , iconic JJ , , and CC symbolic JJ that DT allows VVZ the DT social JJ exchange NN of IN signs NNS , , then RB it PP is VBZ reasonable JJ to TO ask VV whether IN potential JJ laws NNS of IN an DT accepted VVN , , recognized VVN narrative JJ subcode NN for IN festivals NNS can MD be VB identified VVN . SENT As IN Eco NP has VHZ argued VVN above RB , , Frequently RB a DT society NN does VVZ not RB recognize VV overcoded JJ rules NNS that IN in IN fact NN allow VVP the DT social JJ exchange NN of IN signs NNS . SENT Eco NP could MD have VH been VBN speaking VVG of IN festivals NNS as IN overcoded JJ rules NNS , , entities NNS that WDT float VVP so RB to TO speak VV among IN the DT codes NNS , , on IN the DT threshold NN between IN convention NN and CC innovation NN . SENT It PP is VBZ by IN a DT slow JJ and CC prudent JJ process NN that IN a DT society NN admits VVZ them PP to TO the DT ranks NNS of IN the DT rules NNS upon IN which WDT it PP bases VVZ its PP$ own JJ very JJ raison NN d SYM tre NN . SENT This DT would MD lend VV support NN for IN a DT form NN of IN Brechtian JJ theater NN that IN functions NNS as IN a DT political JJ and CC social JJ act NN whose WP$ goal NN seems VVZ both CC to TO place VV in IN question NN or CC to TO counteract VV the DT other JJ form NN of IN theater NN the DT Artaudian JJ metaphysical JJ theater NN , , and CC to TO oppose VV and CC change VV actual JJ social JJ reality NN . SENT From IN being VBG an DT analysis NN of IN codes NNS of IN action NN , , indeed RB , , it PP becomes VVZ an DT effort NN to TO produce VV real JJ social JJ praxis NN , , and CC within IN a DT history NN for IN which WDT the DT human JJ individual NN as IN an DT authentic JJ participant NN in IN the DT social JJ collectivity NN will MD itself PP be VB responsible JJ . SENT 31 RB The DT Nazi JJ view NN of IN art NN and CC theater NN can MD be VB viewed VVN in IN light NN of IN this DT perspective NN on IN the DT importance NN of IN goals NNS and CC purposes NNS . SENT The DT question NN , , it PP seems VVZ , , is VBZ not RB whether IN art NN forms NNS have VHP a DT purpose NN but CC rather RB what WP that DT purpose NN is VBZ . SENT In IN a DT final JJ note NN to TO his PP$ chapter NN on IN the DT theory NN of IN codes NNS , , Eco NP also RB points VVZ to TO what WP is VBZ a DT basic JJ contention NN regarding VVG festivals NNS as IN meaning VVG making VVG artistic JJ contexts NNS , , or CC circumstances NNS . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ one CD aspect NN which WDT is VBZ more RBR interesting JJ from IN the DT semiotic JJ point NN of IN view NN , , according VVG to TO which WDT the DT circumstance NN can MD become VV an DT intentional JJ element NN of IN communication NN . SENT If IN the DT circumstance NN helps VVZ one PP to TO single VV out RP the DT subcodes NNS by IN means NNS of IN which WDT the DT messages NNS are VBP disambiguated VVN this DT means NNS that WDT , , rather RB than IN change NN messages NNS or CC control VV their PP$ production NN , , one PP can MD change VV their PP$ content NN by IN acting VVG on IN the DT circumstances NNS in IN which WDT the DT message NN will MD be VB received VVN . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT revolutionary JJ aspect NN of IN a DT semiotic JJ endeavor NN . SENT In IN an DT era NN in IN which WDT mass JJ communication NN often RB appears VVZ as IN the DT manifestation NN of IN a DT domination NN which WDT makes VVZ sure JJ of IN social JJ control NN by IN planning VVG the DT sending VVG of IN messages NNS , , it PP remains VVZ possible JJ as RB in IN an DT ideal JJ semiotic JJ guerilla NN warfare NN to TO change VV the DT circumstances NNS in IN the DT light NN of IN which WDT the DT addressees NNS will MD choose VV their PP$ own JJ ways NNS of IN interpretation NN . SENT In IN opposition NN to TO a DT strategy NN of IN coding VVG , , which WDT strives VVZ to TO render VV messages NNS redundant JJ in IN order NN to TO secure VV interpretation NN according VVG to TO pre NP established VVN plans NNS , , one PP can MD trace VV a DT tactic NN of IN decoding VVG where WRB the DT message NN as IN expression NN form NN does VVZ not RB change VV but CC the DT addressee NN rediscovers VVZ his PP$ freedom NN of IN decoding VVG . SENT 32 CD In IN summary NN , , the DT festival NN theater NN can MD be VB seen VVN as IN a DT deliberate JJ framing NN device NN in IN which WDT not RB only JJ context NN , , or CC circumstance NN , , but CC also RB texts NNS and CC subtexts NNS are VBP in IN artistic JJ free JJ play NN , , where WRB participating VVG spectators NNS are VBP addressees NNS in IN potential JJ opposition NN to TO senders NNS sponsors NNS and CC performers NNS in IN a DT dramatic JJ semiotic JJ guerilla NN war NN in IN the DT time NN and CC space NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT A DT view NN of IN homo NN ludens NNS , , humans NNS at IN play NN , , as RB yet RB has VHZ no DT place NN in IN this DT general JJ construction NN of IN what WP appears VVZ to TO be VB little RB more JJR than IN a DT Darwinian JJ theater NN of IN power NN . SENT However RB , , a DT space NN must MD be VB reserved VVN in IN the DT concluding VVG remarks NNS for IN evidence NN that IN a DT festival's JJ multi NNS functionality NN also RB can MD be VB a DT time NN and CC space NN for IN no DT other JJ purpose NN but CC play NN , , pleasure NN , , romance NN , , jouissance NN . SENT For IN no DT other JJ reason NN than IN the DT several JJ millions NNS of IN dollars NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN spent VVN on IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP festivals NNS since IN their PP$ beginning NN , , this DT issue NN could MD be VB regarded VVN as RB worthy JJ of IN careful JJ study NN . SENT Also RB , , the DT shape NN , , form NN , , and CC evolution NN of IN the DT empty JJ urban JJ theater NN deserves VVZ thoughtful JJ attention NN as IN , , in IN Menotti's NP phrase NN , , an DT art NN form NN in IN itself PP . SENT However RB , , beyond IN the DT economic JJ and CC physical JJ environment NN is VBZ the DT interplay NN of IN the DT force NN of IN one CD or CC several JJ individuals NNS festival NN vision NN with IN the DT forces NNS of IN resistance NN and CC reaction NN . SENT This DT process NN , , in IN Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP at IN least JJS , , was VBD a DT behind IN the DT scenes NNS , , winner NN take VVP all DT struggle NN for IN dominance NN . SENT In IN such PDT an DT extreme JJ set NN of IN oppositions NNS lies VVZ the DT interest NN and CC value NN of IN comparing VVG Charleston's NP and CC Chattanooga's NP tale NN of IN two CD festivals NNS . SENT Possibly RB the DT narrative NN reflects VVZ a DT larger JJR tale NN of IN two CD cities NNS and CC how WRB other JJ forgotten JJ or CC repressed JJ festival NN stories NNS were VBD still RB born VVN or CC aborted VVN . SENT That DT story NN , , however RB , , would MD require VV social JJ science NN and CC economic JJ methodology NN not RB yet RB developed VVN , , and CC would MD need VV not RB only RB an DT enormous JJ budget NN but CC also RB a DT nonexistent JJ , , yet RB emerging VVG conviction NN , , that IN the DT festival NN is VBZ important JJ enough RB to TO justify VV significant JJ public JJ and CC private JJ analysis NN . SENT Implications NNS of IN Festivals NNS Viewed VVN As IN a DT Place NN of IN the DT Different JJ In IN light NN of IN this DT introductory JJ framing NN of IN the DT subject JJ and CC several JJ approaches NNS to TO it PP , , Strong's NP view NN of IN the DT mirroring VVG function NN of IN a DT Renaissance NP festival NN takes VVZ on IN new JJ significance NN . SENT Revamped VVN medieval JJ romance NN , , the DT imagery NN of IN Sacred NP Empire NP , , of IN Christianity NN and CC classical JJ myth NN and CC history NN provided VVD the DT absolutist NN monarch NN with IN an DT encyclopedia NN of IN universally RB understood VVN symbols NNS with IN which WDT to TO promote VV his PP$ rule NN . SENT 33 CD Promoting VVG his PP$ rule NN is VBZ a DT much RB more RBR interventionist JJ function NN of IN a DT festival NN theater NN than IN merely RB presenting VVG allegories NNS of IN the DT times NNS . SENT So RB also RB do VV contemporary JJ festivals NNS provide VVP state NN , , corporation NN , , university NN , , and CC church NN with IN an DT encyclopedia NN of IN universally RB understood VVN symbols NNS that WDT compose VV the DT contemporary JJ American JJ city NN festival's NNS mise NN en IN sc NN ne RB and CC that RB actively RB promote VV the DT wishes NNS and CC desires NNS of IN civic JJ rulers NNS . SENT What WP the DT overall JJ consequences NNS of IN such PDT an DT encyclopedia NN of IN symbolic JJ signs NNS , , if IN it PP exists VVZ at IN all DT , , might MD be VB is VBZ a DT matter NN that WDT would MD require VV significant JJ research NN resources NNS and CC new JJ methodology NN for IN the DT numerous JJ festival NN materials NNS and CC studies NNS available JJ for IN review NN . SENT The DT power NN of IN the DT new JJ technological JJ theaters NNS of IN public JJ media NNS in IN contemporary JJ society NN is VBZ such JJ that IN the DT potential JJ new JJ insights NNS into IN the DT imagistic JJ nature NN of IN human JJ communication NN processes NNS may MD justify VV the DT costs NNS . SENT The DT well RB documented VVN history NN of IN forms NNS of IN theater NN from IN Aristotle NP to TO Shakespeare NP to TO Artaud NP to TO Brecht NP to TO Tyrone NP Guthrie NP is VBZ evidence NN of IN the DT importance NN of IN the DT physical JJ element NN in IN the DT dramatic JJ meaning NN making VVG process NN . SENT Salzburg NP opened VVD in IN 192 CD O NN with IN an DT outdoor JJ performance NN of IN Hofmannsthal's NP Everyman NP morality NN play NN on IN a DT temporary JJ stage NN in IN front NN of IN the DT main JJ cathedral NN . SENT Like IN Menotti NP , , the DT director NN saw VVD the DT town NN as IN potential JJ theater NN . SENT If IN a DT society NN believes VVZ that DT such JJ make NN believe VVP literally RB makes VVZ belief NN , , then RB a DT theoretical JJ door NN is VBZ ajar JJ through IN which WDT can MD be VB glimpsed VVN the DT possibility NN of IN new JJ insights NNS into IN the DT nature NN and CC function NN of IN the DT creative JJ and CC communication NN processes NNS by IN which WDT the DT social JJ exchange NN of IN signs NNS occurs VVZ in IN festivals NNS and CC related JJ genres NNS . SENT If IN no DT sign NN exists VVZ out RP of IN context NN , , then RB attention NN must MD be VB focused VVN on IN the DT actual JJ mechanisms NNS of IN the DT sign NN context NN relationship NN and CC the DT possibility NN of IN a DT shift NN from IN a DT one CD way NN , , ethnocentric JJ sender NN receiver NN communication NN model NN to TO a DT helical JJ , , multi NNS dimensional JJ , , contextual JJ reception NN model NN . SENT Attempts NNS at IN construction NN of IN a DT semiotic JJ of IN festival NN , , an DT overall JJ picture NN of IN festivals NNS , , as IN Strong JJ suggested VVD , , should MD produce VV syntheses NNS that WDT will MD increase VV understanding NN of IN basic JJ aspects NNS of IN the DT stupendous JJ development NN of IN festivals NNS and CC of IN their PP$ resurgence NN in IN shaping VVG as RB well RB as RB in IN mirroring VVG their PP$ eras NNS as IN truly RB unusually RB powerful JJ signs NNS of IN the DT times NNS . SENT Or CC , , as RB one CD drama NN scholar NN has VHZ worded VVN the DT issue NN of IN the DT nature NN and CC function NN of IN a DT festival NN theater NN so RB precisely RB . SENT The DT Brechtian JJ theater NN . SENT . SENT . SENT goes VVZ toward IN a DT social JJ realism NN and CC a DT socio NN political JJ practice NN . SENT It PP proceeds VVZ from IN an DT analysis NN of IN social JJ and CC other JJ codes NNS as RB found VVD in IN positivism NN and CC capitalism NN , , toward IN their PP$ setting NN into IN crisis NN . SENT This DT eventually RB leads VVZ to TO a DT theatre NN as IN a DT political JJ and CC social JJ act NN whose WP$ goal NN seems VVZ both CC to TO place VV into IN question NN or CC to TO counteract VV the DT other JJ form NN of IN theatre NN , , and CC to TO oppose VV and CC change VV actual JJ social JJ reality NN . SENT 34 CD The DT evidence NN that WDT follows VVZ suggests VVZ that IN the DT modern JJ arts NNS festival NN , , exemplified VVN by IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , has VHZ evolved VVN into IN just RB such PDT a DT Brechtian JJ theater NN with IN political JJ , , social JJ , , environmental JJ , , economic JJ , , and CC theological JJ implications NNS so RB powerful JJ that IN Eco's NP term NN of IN an DT emerging VVG guerilla NN semiotic JJ warfare NN is VBZ no DT understatement NN . SENT The DT written VVN and CC recollected VVN intentions NNS of IN the DT founders NNS of IN the DT two CD festivals NNS in IN Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP leave VVP little JJ doubt NN that IN both DT festivals NNS were VBD a DT socio NN political JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT effort NN to TO oppose VV and CC change VV actual JJ social JJ reality NN . SENT In IN the DT Riverbend NP case NN , , however RB , , the DT initial JJ emergence NN of IN a DT Brechtian JJ theater NN was VBD suppressed VVN by IN the DT use NN of IN a DT more RBR dominant JJ form NN of IN the DT very RB same JJ ideological JJ practice NN that IN its PP$ founders NNS intended VVN to TO place VV into IN question NN . SENT If IN these DT views NNS appear VVP paradoxical JJ , , they PP represent VVP the DT actual JJ events NNS described VVN in IN the DT following VVG two CD chapters NNS . SENT They PP suggest VVP that IN a DT broader JJR semiotic JJ perspective NN is VBZ required VVN for IN extended JJ analysis NN of IN their PP$ meanings NNS and CC implications NNS . SENT This DT new JJ but CC very RB old JJ social JJ theater NN could MD be VB called VVN Menottian NP , , the DT reasons NNS for IN which WDT should MD be VB clear JJ in IN the DT following VVG chapter NN . SENT Maestro NN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti's NP festivals NNS appear VVP to TO be VB a DT new JJ genre NN of IN theatrical JJ practice NN incorporating VVG the DT Aristotelian JJ illusory JJ stage NN , , the DT Artaudian NP metaphysical JJ , , imagistic JJ dramatic JJ event NN , , and CC the DT Brechtian JJ arena NN of IN political JJ and CC social JJ action NN . SENT That IN this DT metaphor NN has VHZ the DT plurality NN of IN a DT three CD ring NN circus NN is VBZ understandable JJ in IN view NN of IN the DT differences NNS contained VVN within IN the DT festival NN theater NN . SENT It PP is VBZ possible JJ that WDT festival NN is VBZ the DT general JJ historical JJ class NN of IN which WDT theater NN is VBZ a DT sub NN genre NN . SENT however RB , , little JJ festival NN theory NN exists VVZ to TO support VV this DT claim NN and CC thus RB drama NN theory NN must MD suffice VV for IN this DT initial JJ study NN . SENT The DT possibility NN that IN the DT festival NN is VBZ a DT primary JJ class NN of IN social JJ practice NN is VBZ suggested VVN by IN noting VVG that IN in IN my PP$ newspaper NN clipping VVG files NNS on IN festivals NNS there EX is VBZ a DT Festival NP of IN Circuses NNS , , but CC to TO date VV no DT circus NN of IN festivals NNS has VHZ come VVN to TO my PP$ attention NN . SENT The DT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT had VHD a DT small JJ circus NN during IN 1986 CD and CC 1988 CD , , a DT circus NN enjoyed VVN by IN children NNS and CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN by IN attentive JJ adults NNS . SENT It PP was VBD a DT delightful JJ parody NN of IN the DT nineteenth JJ century NN political JJ circuses NNS that WDT told VVD immigrants NNS how WRB lucky JJ they PP were VBD to TO be VB Americans NNS . SENT In IN 1986 CD everyone NN laughed VVN with IN the DT children NNS when WRB four CD horses NNS balked VVD at IN coming VVG through IN the DT tent NN door NN all RB at IN once RB and CC lost VVD their PP$ riders NNS . SENT only RB later RBR did VVD the DT audience NN learn VVP that IN this DT was VBD not RB part NN of IN the DT script NN . SENT Planned JJ or CC random JJ , , it PP worked VVD , , an DT expression NN of IN what WP Charles NP Wadsworth NP termed VVD art NN as IN organized JJ surprise NN , , where WRB even RB the DT mishaps NNS appear VVP to TO be VB part NN of IN the DT play NN . SENT Too RB much RB in IN too RB small JJ a DT space NN , , or CC the DT inverse NN , , often RB is VBZ a DT source NN of IN the DT tension NN that WDT provokes VVZ laughter NN . SENT I PP suspect VVP Maestro NN Menotti NP has VHZ not RB attempted VVN to TO articulate VV fully RB and CC publicly RB in IN his PP$ Italian JJ , , American JJ , , and CC Australian JJ festival NN communities NNS his PP$ vision NN of IN a DT new JJ festival NN theater NN form NN of IN civic JJ opera NN , , in IN which WDT all DT these DT small JJ worlds NNS are VBP a DT living NN theater NN that WDT has VHZ so RB much RB artistic JJ diversity NN in IN so RB many JJ small JJ spaces NNS , , or CC so RB much RB commercial JJ sameness NN in IN one CD relatively RB small JJ space NN , , as RB evolved VVN in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT As IN the DT next JJ chapter NN on IN Menotti's NP festival NN in IN Charleston NP with IN its PP$ forerunner NN in IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , describes VVZ , , Menotti NP and CC his PP$ brilliant JJ associates NNS have VHP left VVN some DT signs NNS along IN the DT trail NN for IN others NNS to TO decode VV in IN learning VVG how WRB his PP$ festivals NNS create VV so RB much JJ pleasure NN for IN those DT who WP prepare VVP and CC make VVP the DT pilgrimage NN Tyrone NP Guthrie NP recommended VVD in IN 1953 CD for IN those DT coming VVG to TO the DT Stratford NP Shakespeare NP Festival NP . SENT 35 CD NOTES NNS CHAPTER NN II NP SPOLETO NP FESTIVAL NN U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT . SENT WHERE WRB FOOTLIGHTS NN CAST VVD NO DT SHADOWS NNS Menotti's NP New NP Theater NP The DT development NN of IN Menotti's NP three CD festivals NNS in IN Italy NP , , America NP , , and CC Australia NP is VBZ a DT cultural JJ story NN of IN major JJ importance NN . SENT 36 CD Menotti's NP plan NN to TO create VV a DT festival NN different JJ from IN Salzburg NP and CC Edinburgh NP evolved VVD from IN his PP$ strategy NN of IN viewing VVG art NN as IN the DT main JJ course NN . SENT All DT quoted VVN comments NNS on IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT in IN this DT and CC other JJ chapters NNS are VBP from IN the DT 1986 CD and CC 1988 CD interviews NNS unless IN otherwise RB indicated VVN . SENT 37 CD That IN art NN was VBD not RB merely RB an DT after IN dinner NN mint NN for IN entertainment NN and CC escape VV from IN the DT day's NNS chores NNS was VBD the DT new JJ idea NN Menotti NP brought VVD to TO America NP from IN its PP$ 1958 CD beginning NN in IN a DT small JJ Italian JJ village NN of IN the DT same JJ name NN . SENT Differences NNS are VBP not RB received VVN with IN eagerness NN by IN entrenched JJ interests NNS in IN many JJ communities NNS . SENT differences NNS with IN the DT emotional JJ intensity NN of IN the DT performing VVG arts NNS , , particularly RB when WRB challenging VVG the DT supremacy NN of IN capitalist JJ values NNS , , can MD generate VV equally RB intense JJ responses NNS from IN love NN to TO hate VV . SENT It PP appears VVZ from IN the DT record NN in IN both DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP and CC from IN the DT histories NNS of IN Salzburg NP and CC Stratford NP that IN when WRB a DT major JJ festival NN is VBZ proposed VVN , , powerful JJ political JJ and CC economic JJ forces NNS quickly RB rise VVP in IN reaction NN to TO fears NNS of IN restructuring VVG the DT very JJ identity NN of IN the DT community NN . SENT This DT happened VVD in IN both DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP with IN dramatically RB different JJ consequences NNS . SENT In IN Chattanooga NP , , the DT powerful JJ private JJ citizen NN character NN in IN the DT drama NN probably RB won VVD because IN there EX was VBD no DT powerful JJ public JJ figure NN or CC college NN president NN with IN resources NNS to TO come VV to TO rescue VV the DT stranger's NNS new JJ and CC different JJ idea NN . SENT Many JJ communities NNS have VHP successfully RB driven VVN off RP the DT stranger NN and CC bearer NN of IN new JJ ideas NNS , , as IN Menotti NP could MD be VB portrayed VVN . SENT This DT view NN suggests VVZ the DT special JJ , , albeit IN improbable JJ , , nature NN of IN traditional JJ Charleston NP , , its PP$ visionary JJ mayor NN , , college NN president NN , , and CC preservationist NN , , and CC its PP$ strong JJ municipal JJ governmental JJ political JJ structure NN as IN being VBG more JJR willing JJ and CC able JJ to TO provide VV an DT empty JJ space NN than IN was VBD Chattanooga NP . SENT Charleston NP presented VVD a DT hospitable JJ , , receptive JJ theatrical JJ stage NN for IN Menotti NP to TO present VV a DT seventeen CD day NN , , real JJ life NN opera NN where WRB the DT city NN itself PP is VBZ an DT art NN form NN , , as IN the DT maestro NN was VBD quoted VVN on IN numerous JJ occasions NNS Appendix NN A NP in IN explaining VVG why WRB he PP picked VVD Charleston NP from IN a DT list NN of IN Southern JJ cities NNS proposed VVN by IN his PP$ staff NN and CC the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NPS . SENT This DT aesthetic JJ marriage NN of IN Menotti NP and CC Charleston NP , , artist NN and CC town NN theater NN , , resulted VVN in IN an DT unusual JJ performance NN event NN , , according VVG to TO general JJ manager NN Nigel NP Redden NP in IN a DT l NN 986 CD interview NN . SENT I PP feel VVP that IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP is VBZ not RB like IN other JJ festivals NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB like IN the DT American NP Dance NP Festival NP , , which WDT I PP worked VVD for IN , , or CC the DT Jacob's NP Pillow NP Dance NP Festival NP . SENT I PP have VHP put VVN on IN some DT festivals NNS myself PP one NN called VVN New NP Music NP America NP and CC another DT called VVN New NP Dance NP USA NP . SENT I PP think VVP this DT is VBZ more JJR like IN a DT long RB drawn VVN out IN Robert NP Wilson NP piece NN a DT twenty CD four CD hour NN , , seventeen CD day NN piece NN . SENT Wilson's NP work NN has VHZ been VBN termed VVN a DT theater NN of IN visions NNS , , 38 CD part NN opera NN and CC part NN architecture NN , , sometimes RB lasting VVG a DT day NN or CC more JJR , , such JJ as IN his PP$ epic NN , , as RB yet RB unproduced JJ in IN its PP$ totality NN , , twelve NN hour NN the DT CIVIL JJ warS NNS . SENT a DT tree NN is VBZ best RBS measured VVN when WRB it PP is VBZ down RB . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , Redden NP envisioned VVN a DT Menotti NP operatic JJ production NN enacted VVN throughout IN much RB of IN the DT city NN itself PP . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ a DT Menottian JJ theater NN , , it PP is VBZ one CD with IN few JJ if IN any DT contemporary JJ parallels NNS in IN its PP$ intended JJ multiplicity NN of IN directors NNS , , bare JJ stages NNS , , actors NNS , , and CC audiences NNS . SENT Menotti's NP response NN to TO the DT city NN as IN an DT art NN form NN is VBZ so RB self NN conscious JJ , , so RB deliberate JJ , , it PP is VBZ surprising JJ that IN there EX is VBZ no DT evidence NN of IN a DT Robert NP Wilson NP work NN in IN the DT Spoleto NN festivals NNS to TO date NN . SENT 39 CD Possibly RB , , however RB , , a DT Wilsonian JJ idea NN is VBZ present JJ in IN Menotti's NP town NN theater NN . SENT That IN such PDT a DT complex JJ idea NN could MD not RB be VB readily RB transferred VVN elsewhere RB without IN such PDT a DT creative JJ director NN , , no DT matter NN how WRB spectacular JJ the DT site NN or CC wealthy JJ the DT patron NN , , seems VVZ an DT obvious JJ conclusion NN . SENT Looking VVG at IN the DT design NN and CC boundaries NNS of IN the DT emptiness NN , , one CD gains NNS a DT perspective NN similar JJ to TO that DT of IN seeing VVG negative JJ space NN in IN the DT visual JJ arts NNS field NN . SENT As RB was VBD suggested VVN in IN the DT preceding JJ discussion NN , , both CC an DT ideological JJ and CC physical JJ time NN and CC space NN apparently RB must MD exist VV or CC be VB created VVN , , as IN a DT precondition NN , , before IN other JJ elements NNS of IN the DT festival NN theater NN emerge VV . SENT This DT pattern NN appears VVZ in IN the DT genesis NN and CC evolution NN of IN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT It PP also RB emerges VVZ in IN the DT 1986 CD and CC 1988 CD Charleston NP interviews NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT manager NN of IN the DT Melbourne NP Spoleto NN festival NN , , Colin NP Sturm NP , , noted VVD that IN both DT Spoleto NN , , Italy NP , , and CC Charleston NP were VBD stagnant JJ , , empty JJ spaces NNS that IN Menotti's NP artists NNS brought VVD to TO life NN . SENT Charleston NP Mayor NP Riley NP has VHZ termed VVN this DT art NN power NN . SENT 40 CD Yet RB the DT power NN of IN art NN has VHZ its PP$ limitations NNS when WRB the DT framing NN is VBZ inappropriate JJ . SENT Menotti NP said VVD at IN a DT press NN conference NN at IN Spoleto NP 1988 CD that WDT he PP felt VVD the DT Melbourne NP festival NN was VBD a DT failure NN and CC he PP did VVD not RB feel VV needed VVN there RB . SENT Mayor NP Riley NP quickly RB responded VVD to TO this DT comment NN by IN assuring VVG Menotti NP and CC the DT assembled VVN press NN corps NN the DT maestro NN was VBD very RB much RB needed VVN in IN Charleston NP , , a DT sign NN of IN public JJ support NN signifying VVG public JJ receptiveness NN more RBR than IN courteous JJ display NN of IN official JJ hospitality NN . SENT If IN the DT Australian JJ festival NN the DT first JJ was VBD in IN 1986 CD did VVD not RB go VV well RB for IN Menotti NP , , it PP may MD be VB that IN the DT sheer JJ size NN of IN Melbourne NP prohibited VVD opening VVG up RP the DT space NN for IN his PP$ type NN of IN festival NN . SENT From IN the DT perspective NN of IN the DT importance NN of IN a DT festival's JJ physical JJ setting NN , , assuming VVG the DT necessity NN for IN an DT empty JJ space NN in IN the DT host NN community NN offers VVZ practical JJ reasons NNS for IN exploring VVG the DT success NN or CC failure NN of IN some DT festivals NNS . SENT The DT lack NN of IN ideological JJ empty JJ space NN offers VVZ another DT strategy NN for IN examining VVG the DT deficiencies NNS of IN flawed JJ festivals NNS . SENT Functions NNS of IN a DT Serious NP Festival NP The DT festival's JJ general JJ triadic JJ framework NN has VHZ been VBN presented VVN . SENT a DT place NN , , an DT ideal NN , , a DT force NN . SENT Yet RB a DT festival NN is VBZ difficult JJ to TO represent VV , , as RB noted VVD earlier RBR , , by IN its PP$ visible JJ features NNS . SENT A DT specific JJ central JJ idea NN , , a DT vivid JJ framing NN device NN , , is VBZ needed VVN that IN places NNS a DT festival's NN complexity NN in IN a DT new JJ perspective NN , , a DT frame NN that WDT provides VVZ insight NN into IN the DT basic JJ nature NN , , function NN , , and CC meanings NNS of IN practices NNS such JJ as IN Menotti's NP Spoleto NP festivals NNS . SENT One CD such JJ dominant JJ image NN is VBZ available JJ from IN Stratford's NP first JJ artistic JJ director NN , , Tyrone NP Guthrie NP . SENT To TO what WP did VVD he PP attribute VVP the DT festival's JJ success NN . SENT His PP$ reflections NNS about IN the DT first JJ 1953 CD Stratford NP , , Ontario NP , , festival NN came VVD soon RB after IN directing VVG the DT internationally RB acclaimed JJ productions NNS of IN Richard NP III NP and CC All's NP Well NP That DT Ends NNS Well RB under IN the DT new JJ tent NN with IN its PP$ unusual JJ thrust NN stage NN . SENT This DT was VBD a DT new JJ kind NN of IN theatre NN . SENT . SENT . SENT built VVN for IN the DT new JJ manner NN of IN production NN which WDT was VBD practised VVN there RB . SENT . SENT . SENT , , Robertson NP Davies NP wrote VVD in IN the DT preface NN to TO Renown NN at IN Stratford NP . SENT 41 CD Guthrie NP addressed VVD the DT issue NN of IN the DT value NN of IN a DT festival NN itself PP . SENT In IN conclusion NN I PP want VVP to TO urge VV the DT advantage NN of IN the DT Theatre NP Festival NP over IN just RB having VHG a DT theatre NN which WDT works VVZ week NN in IN , , week NN out RB , , year NN after IN year NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT This DT is VBZ where WRB the DT Festival NP comes VVZ in IN . SENT It PP makes VVZ attendance NN at IN the DT play NN something NN of IN a DT Pilgrimage NN . SENT The DT wise JJ Pilgrim NP will MD not RB be VB in IN too RB much JJ of IN a DT hurry NN . SENT Masterpieces NNS demand VVP respect NN . SENT One PP must MD give VV to TO them PP at IN least JJS the DT same JJ attention NN as RB to TO a DT serious JJ business NN conference NN . SENT One PP must MD be VB prepared VVN to TO do VV some DT homework NN beforehand RB , , some DT meditation NN afterwards RB . SENT A DT Festival NP should MD offer VV , , as IN Salzburg NP , , Edinburgh NP , , and CC Stratford NP , , England NP , , do VVP , , opportunities NNS to TO absorb VV great JJ works NNS of IN art NN in IN an DT appropriate JJ atmosphere NN , , with IN other JJ people NNS of IN similar JJ taste NN bent NN on IN the DT same JJ errand NN . SENT For IN this DT reason NN small JJ , , countrified JJ towns NNS , , where WRB life NN is VBZ comparatively RB calm JJ , , make VV the DT best JJS Festival NP Cities NPS . SENT 42 CD The DT festival NN itself PP can MD become VV a DT community's NNS powerful JJ , , dominating JJ imagistic JJ template NN for IN an DT entire JJ year NN , , much RB like IN Bakhtin's NP argument NN that IN in IN a DT festival NN form NN the DT utopian JJ truth NN is VBZ enacted VVN in IN life NN itself PP and CC for IN a DT short JJ time NN this DT truth NN becomes VVZ to TO a DT certain JJ extent NN a DT real JJ existing JJ force NN . SENT 43 CD A NP serious JJ festival NN functions NNS as IN much RB more JJR than IN a DT device NN for IN the DT development NN of IN increased JJ tourism NN , , new JJ business NN , , or CC civic JJ image NN enhancement NN although IN often RB these DT are VBP its PP$ mixed JJ blessings NNS . SENT Guthrie's NP idea NN of IN a DT festival NN functioning VVG whether IN intended JJ or CC unintended JJ to TO make VV attendance NN at IN an DT arts NNS event NN a DT serious JJ experience NN akin JJ to TO a DT pilgrimage NN with IN some DT homework NN beforehand RB , , some DT meditation NN afterwards RB points VVZ toward IN a DT deeper JJR significance NN of IN the DT potential JJ nature NN and CC function NN of IN the DT festival NN theater NN , , one CD with IN theological JJ overtones NNS of IN belief NN making VVG power NN . SENT And CC his PP$ sensitivity NN to TO the DT value NN of IN a DT suitable JJ festival NN city NN as IN a DT sort NN of IN great JJ cathedral NN , , one CD where WRB a DT festival NN could MD be VB the DT peak NN of IN the DT year NN , , explains VVZ Menotti's NP strong JJ preference NN for IN Charleston's NP eighteenth JJ century NN shell NN over IN other JJ Southeastern NP American NP cities NNS . SENT Here RB the DT urban JJ space NN was VBD less RBR filled VVN , , more RBR open JJ for IN the DT new JJ , , yet RB comparatively RB calm JJ . SENT In IN considering VVG why WRB Menotti's NP festival NN found VVD a DT home NN in IN Charleston NP , , the DT importance NN of IN the DT empty JJ urban JJ contextual JJ frame NN cannot NN be VB overemphasized VVN . SENT In IN the DT essay NN , , Center NP City NP , , Empty JJ Center NP , , in IN Empire NN of IN Signs NNS , , Roland NP Barthes NP saw VVD Tokyo NP as IN offering VVG the DT opposite NN of IN the DT typical JJ Western JJ city NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT in IN accord NN with IN the DT very JJ movement NN of IN Western JJ metaphysics NNS , , for IN which WDT every DT center NN is VBZ the DT site NN of IN truth NN , , the DT center NN of IN our PP$ cities NNS is VBZ always RB full JJ . SENT a DT marked JJ site NN , , it PP is VBZ here RB that IN the DT values NNS of IN civilization NN are VBP gathered VVN and CC condensed JJ . SENT spirituality NN churches NNS , , power NN offices NNS , , money NN banks NNS , , merchandise NN department NN stores NNS , , language NN agoras NNS . SENT caf NN s PP and CC promenades VVZ emphasis NN mine NN . SENT to TO go VV downtown NN or CC to TO the DT center NN city NN is VBZ to TO encounter VV the DT social JJ truth NN , , to TO participate VV in IN the DT proud JJ plentitude NN of IN reality NN . SENT 44 CD Guthrie NP and CC Barthes NP agree VVP with IN the DT notion NN of IN the DT essential JJ character NN of IN the DT physical JJ city NN . SENT Guthrie's NP too RB busy JJ is VBZ Barthes NP always RB full JJ , , a DT city NN of IN presences NNS , , not RB absences NNS where WRB there EX is VBZ room NN for IN the DT new JJ and CC different JJ to TO co NP exist VVP with IN the DT old JJ and CC the DT same JJ . SENT Meaning VVG in IN the DT Western JJ city NN , , functioning VVG as IN an DT ideogram NN , , is VBZ condensed JJ at IN the DT center NN , , where WRB , , predictably RB , , there EX is VBZ little JJ space NN for IN the DT new JJ , , for IN renewed VVN meaning NN . SENT Yet CC festival NN pilgrims NNS seek VVP the DT sacred JJ festival NN space NN , , a DT place NN and CC time NN for IN some DT homework NN beforehand RB , , some DT meditation NN afterwards RB . SENT Significantly RB , , Barthes NP groups NNS language NN with IN agoras NNS , , from IN the DT Athenian JJ chief JJ marketplace NN or CC public JJ square NN , , and CC caf NN s PP and CC promenades NNS . SENT That IN one CD downtown NN center NN site NN holds VVZ the DT social JJ truth NN became VVD the DT central JJ idea NN of IN Chattanooga's NP festival NN , , entirely RB the DT opposite NN of IN the DT ideogram NN of IN Charleston's NP multiple JJ realities NNS and CC truths NNS that WDT emerge VVP from IN its PP$ many JJ indoor JJ and CC outdoor JJ empty JJ spaces NNS . SENT One PP may MD ask VV , , then RB , , where WRB and CC how WRB are NN , , in IN Barthes NP words NNS , , the DT values NNS of IN Western JJ civilization NN gathered VVN and CC condensed JJ . SENT Some DT possible JJ answers NNS to TO this DT significant JJ matter NN are VBP found VVN in IN the DT stories NNS of IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT Chattanooga NP and CC Charleston NP festivals NNS a DT third JJ ideogram NN is VBZ found VVN in IN the DT example NN of IN the DT Chautauqua NP Institution NP , , discussed VVN in IN Chapter NP IV NP . SENT It PP is VBZ from IN this DT perspective NN of IN the DT festival NN as IN ideogram NN , , a DT writing NN that WDT directly RB represents VVZ a DT set NN of IN ideas NNS and CC relationships NNS , , that IN Christopher NP Hunt's NP provocative JJ suggestion NN of IN an DT arts NNS festival NN functioning VVG as IN a DT disguised JJ religious JJ festival NN urging VVG us PP to TO artistic JJ devotion NN strikes NNS close JJ to TO the DT heart NN of IN the DT nature NN and CC function NN of IN any DT serious JJ festival NN . SENT Like IN Northrop NP Frye's NP sense NN of IN the DT Christian NP Bible NP in IN The DT Great NP Code NP , , 45 CD these DT festivals NNS can MD function VV as IN a DT community's JJ imagistic JJ great JJ code NN , , even RB as IN an DT international JJ great JJ code NN , , similar JJ to TO what WP Roy NP Strong JJ described VVD as IN a DT Renaissance NP encyclopedia NN of IN universally RB understood VVN symbols NNS . SENT 46 CD Like IN the DT great JJ religious JJ documents NNS , , to TO which WDT festivals NNS are VBP related VVN historically RB as IN a DT visible JJ expression NN of IN beliefs NNS , , the DT best JJS are VBP few JJ in IN number NN and CC exist VV in IN very RB special JJ places NNS . SENT These DT festivals NNS are VBP special JJ as RB much RB for IN their PP$ place NN as IN for IN their PP$ programming NN , , as IN Christopher NP Hunt NP has VHZ pointed VVN out RP in IN his PP$ programming NN notes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ no DT accident NN that IN the DT great JJ arts NNS festivals NNS of IN the DT world NN Salzburg NP , , Edinburgh NP , , Aix NP en FW Provence NP , , Dubrovnik NP , , Prague NP all RB happen VV in IN cities NNS with IN historic JJ charm NN , , a DT kind NN of IN architectonic JJ intimacy NN that WDT creates VVZ a DT context NN in IN which WDT the DT willing JJ suspension NN of IN disbelief NN can MD most RBS easily RB happen VV . SENT An DT initial JJ concept NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT ideogram NN is VBZ needed VVN , , one CD evolving VVG from IN the DT general JJ premises NNS described VVD previously RB , , but CC one CD more JJR directly RB focused VVN on IN one CD primary JJ function NN of IN a DT successful JJ festival NN theater NN such JJ as IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT It PP is VBZ this DT . SENT Menotti's NP festival NN theater NN can MD be VB viewed VVN as IN a DT cathedral NN for IN the DT making NN of IN belief NN , , a DT church NN in IN itself PP where WRB various JJ fringe NN festivals NNS spring NN up RP as IN carnival NN opposition NN . SENT This DT idea NN of IN a DT festival NN church NN was VBD offered VVN by IN an DT experienced JJ festival NN artistic JJ director NN and CC arts NNS critic NN , , Christopher NP Hunt NP , , in IN introductory JJ comments NNS for IN the DT 1981 CD Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT Official JJ Souvenir NN Program NN . SENT Spoleto NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT is VBZ rather RB different JJ . SENT The DT variety NN and CC range NN of IN these DT programs NNS reflect VVP not RB just RB one CD art NN form NN but CC a DT spectrum NN of IN artistic JJ experience NN . SENT It PP also RB happens VVZ in IN a DT place NN peculiarly RB suited VVN to TO the DT creation NN of IN a DT special JJ atmosphere NN , , a DT place NN to TO which WDT visitors NNS come VVP for IN days NNS or CC a DT week NN at IN a DT time NN and CC not RB just RB for IN the DT evening NN . SENT a DT place NN where WRB the DT residents NNS feel VVP a DT certain JJ pride NN in IN the DT occasion NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Charleston NP is VBZ such JJ a DT place NN , , and CC it PP is VBZ in IN the DT combination NN of IN environment NN , , identity NN of IN audience NN purpose NN , , and CC varied JJ programming NN that IN its PP$ special JJ claim NN to TO distinction NN lies NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT it PP is VBZ the DT context NN that WDT needs VVZ remarking VVG and CC the DT significant JJ fact NN that IN the DT selection NN of IN programs NNS is VBZ unified VVN , , and CC not RB the DT polyglot JJ recipe NN of IN many JJ impresarios NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Not RB that DT everyone NN wants VVZ or CC needs VVZ feel VV obliged VVN to TO have VH their PP$ horizons NNS expanded VVD . SENT a DT truly RB festive JJ atmosphere NN allows VVZ one PP to TO choose VV between IN the DT simplest JJS level NN of IN pleasurable JJ response NN to TO any DT event NN , , and CC the DT most RBS profound JJ . SENT Art NN need VVP not RB only RB be VB about IN Ultimate NP Truths NNS , , nor CC should MD we PP be VB too RB earnestly RB devoted VVN to TO it PP . SENT The DT religious JJ origin NN of IN festivals NNS whether IN the DT Dionysian JJ feasts NNS of IN ancient JJ Greece NP or CC the DT medieval JJ church NN festivals NNS of IN Europe NP does VVZ sometimes RB seem VV to TO have VH made VVN a DT disguised VVN come VVP back RB in IN those DT who WP urge VVP us PP to TO artistic JJ devotion NN . SENT 47 CD Is VBZ Spoleto NP Charleston NP the DT context NN for IN a DT disguised JJ religious JJ festival NN urging VVG us PP to TO artistic JJ devotion NN . SENT A DT tentative JJ answer NN would MD have VH to TO be VB , , yes UH , , but CC more JJR . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT significance NN of IN context NN was VBD noted VVN in IN a DT recent JJ collection NN of IN essays NNS on IN the DT festival NN . SENT Folklorists NNS and CC anthropologists NNS have VHP been VBN increasingly RB aware JJ of IN the DT importance NN of IN context NN in IN the DT events NNS they PP investigate VV , , both CC the DT immediate JJ performative JJ context NN , , and CC the DT abstract JJ context NN of IN the DT worldview NN , , with IN its PP$ set NN of IN norms NNS and CC values NNS that WDT ultimately RB affect VVP all DT social JJ phenomena NNS in IN a DT culture NN . SENT 48 RB This DT broader JJR contextual JJ perspective NN depends VVZ on IN gaining VVG a DT clear JJ understanding NN of IN a DT festival's JJ beginning NN , , its PP$ story NN of IN origin NN , , even RB if IN the DT memories NNS and CC a DT few JJ documents NNS of IN its PP$ founders NNS and CC opponents NNS and CC later RBR key JJ leaders NNS are VBP the DT only RB presently RB reliable JJ available JJ sources NNS of IN what WP happened VVD and CC why WRB . SENT Three CD Basic JJ Elements NNS . SENT Artistic JJ Director NP , , Empty JJ Space NP , , Purposes NP An DT initial JJ set NN of IN categories NNS devised VVN for IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT constructs VVZ a DT basis NN for IN contrast NN with IN the DT Chattanooga NP festival NN . SENT The DT following VVG table NN briefly RB summarizes VVZ several JJ key JJ features NNS of IN the DT 198 CD O NP Festival NP , , which WDT were VBD described VVN in IN the DT May NP 198 CD O NP Chattanooga NP Times NP newspaper NN article NN in IN which WDT Spoleto NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT first JJ came VVD to TO the DT author's JJ attention NN . SENT NAME NN . SENT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT 198 CD O NN TYPE NN . SENT annual JJ multi NNS arts NNS festival NN with IN parallel JJ city NN sponsored VVN Piccolo NP Festival NP MODEL NN . SENT Spoleto NP Festival NP , , Spoleto NP , , Italy NP PURPOSE NN . SENT avant JJ garde NN showcase NN of IN new JJ art NN , , principally RB performance NN works NNS RESULTS NNS . SENT city NN turned VVD into IN cultural JJ mecca NP , , setting VVG for IN premier JJ works NNS , , worldwide JJ acclaim NN , , 25 CD million CD into IN economy NN , , model NN of IN town NN arts NNS festival NN , , expanded VVD local JJ cultural JJ horizons NNS , , turned VVD city NN into IN art NN form NN itself PP , , tell VV the DT world NN about IN Charleston's NP beauty NN and CC ambience NN PROGRAMMING NN . SENT debut NN of IN an DT Arthur NP Miller NP play VV The DT American NP Clock NP , , Bellini's NP opera NN Sonnambula NP , , film NN , , dance NN , , choral NN , , jazz NN , , country NN , , jazz NN , , chamber NN music NN , , folk NN music NN , , art NN exhibitions NNS , , crafts VVZ LOCATION NN AND CC THEATERS NNS . SENT Galliard JJ city NN auditorium NN , , 17 CD th NN century NN Dock NP St NP . SENT Theater NP , , many JJ other JJ downtown NN locations NNS , , some DT outside NN at IN College NP of IN Charleston NP , , Middleton NP Place NP plantation NN BUDGET NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT 6 CD million CD in IN 198 CD O NN INCOME NN SOURCES NNS . SENT ticket NN admissions NNS , , public JJ and CC private JJ donations NNS DURATION NN . SENT seventeen CD days NNS TIME NN . SENT late JJ May NP through IN early JJ June NP SPONSOR NN . SENT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NPS , , City NP of IN Charleston NP , , Festival NP of IN Two CD Worlds NP Foundation NP in IN New NP York NP City NP , , foundations NNS , , corporations NNS , , individual JJ donors NNS MANAGEMENT NN . SENT local JJ board NN headed VVN by IN College NP of IN Charleston NP president NN ARTISTIC JJ DIRECTOR NN . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP WORKERS NPS . SENT paid VVN staff NN , , volunteers NNS AUDIENCE NN . SENT 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP visitors NNS AUDIENCE NN ACCESS NN . SENT traditional JJ ticketed VVN events NNS . SENT free JJ public JJ activities NNS RELATED JJ EVENTS NNS . SENT finale NN at IN Middleton NP Plantation NP FOOD NN . SENT restaurants NNS , , booths NNS at IN plantation NN REACTION NN . SENT worldwide JJ critical JJ acclaim NN PROFIT NN . SENT none NN , , guarantors NNS covered VVD substantial JJ deficit NN 49 CD Following VVG Propp's NP approach NN , , the DT selection NN of IN three CD of IN these DT categories NNS the DT human JJ force NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN , , the DT empty JJ space NN of IN the DT place NN , , and CC the DT purpose NN of IN the DT idea NN was VBD derived VVN largely RB from IN their PP$ repetitive JJ appearance NN in IN the DT transcribed VVN interviews NNS . SENT These DT stories NNS are VBP beginning VVG points NNS for IN selective JJ exploration NN of IN these DT two CD festivals NNS . SENT In IN their PP$ briefest JJS form NN , , these DT categories NNS can MD be VB posed VVN as IN simple JJ questions NNS . SENT Why WRB Menotti NP . SENT Why WRB Charleston NP . SENT Why WRB a DT festival NN . SENT Artistic JJ Director NP . SENT Why WRB Menotti NP . SENT The DT value NN of IN Menotti's NP contribution NN as IN artistic JJ director NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT was VBD emphasized VVN in IN all DT interviews NNS in IN 1986 CD and CC 1988 CD . SENT As IN artistic JJ director NN , , Maestro NN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP generated VVD and CC commissioned VVD original JJ performing NN and CC visual JJ art NN works NNS . SENT Yet RB it PP was VBD his PP$ often RB repeated VVN conception NN of IN seeing VVG the DT city NN as IN an DT art NN form NN in IN itself PP and CC literally RB using VVG empty JJ city NN structures NNS for IN the DT birth NN of IN new JJ art NN that WDT proved VVD most RBS innovative JJ . SENT During IN the DT 1988 CD Spoleto NN festival NN , , for IN example NN , , a DT parking NN garage NN near IN the DT Dock NP Street NP Theater NP was VBD emptied VVN during IN the DT festival NN to TO become VV an DT art NN gallery NN . SENT an DT empty JJ real JJ estate NN office NN became VVD a DT nightspot NN . SENT a DT vacant JJ store NN became VVD a DT restaurant NN . SENT At IN the DT very JJ beginning NN in IN 1958 CD in IN Italy NP , , Menotti NP first RB planned VVD his PP$ chamber NN music NN concerts NNS in IN a DT very RB old JJ church NN in IN Spoleto NP , , a DT small JJ village NN in IN the DT Umbrian JJ Province NP near IN where WRB Hannibal NP crossed VVD the DT Alps NNS , , one PP largely RB left VVD out RP of IN the DT process NN and CC effects NNS of IN industrialization NN . SENT Charles NP Wadsworth NP , , chamber NN music NN host NN and CC pianist NN since IN 1959 CD for IN the DT Italian JJ festival NN , , and CC since IN 1977 CD for IN the DT Charleston NP festival NN , , pointed VVD out RP . SENT Menotti NP said VVD in IN 1958 CD there RB might MD not RB be VB a DT very RB large JJ audience NN , , but CC that IN the DT attendance NN was VBD not RB as RB important JJ as IN providing VVG an DT environment NN in IN which WDT the DT musicians NNS enjoyed VVD playing VVG and CC felt VVD as RB free VV as RB possible JJ to TO perform VV and CC to TO create VV the DT best RBS possible JJ music NN that WDT was VBD in IN them PP . SENT These DT chamber NN music NN concerts NNS proved VVD to TO be VB one CD of IN the DT most RBS delightful JJ parts NNS of IN the DT entire JJ concept NN of IN Spoleto NP in IN Italy NP and CC Charleston NP . SENT Now RB the DT chamber NN events NNS sell VVP out RP quickest JJS of IN all PDT the DT festival NN activities NNS and CC remain VV an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT unique JJ Menotti NP vision NN . SENT Menotti NP also RB made VVD it PP clear JJ that IN the DT emphasis NN was VBD to TO be VB on IN young JJ , , new JJ , , unknown JJ artists NNS who WP would MD be VB given VVN the DT opportunity NN to TO perform VV before IN a DT critical JJ audience NN and CC that IN it PP was VBD important JJ that IN these DT talented JJ musicians NNS feel VVP the DT festival NN was VBD as RB much JJ for IN them PP as RB for IN the DT audience NN . SENT 50 RB This DT continuing VVG emphasis NN on IN the DT value NN of IN the DT artist NN and CC the DT festival NN as IN an DT educational JJ and CC enjoyable JJ experience NN for IN young JJ and CC unknown JJ performers NNS is VBZ one CD key NN to TO the DT critical JJ success NN of IN Charleston's NP festival NN . SENT In IN this DT educational JJ role NN , , a DT qualified JJ , , effective JJ artistic JJ director NN was VBD the DT primary JJ source NN of IN energy NN and CC vision NN in IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Salzburg NP festivals NNS , , which WDT , , like IN other JJ serious JJ town NN arts NNS festivals NNS , , are VBP as RB much JJ summer NN schools NNS for IN artists NNS as IN summer NN diversions NNS for IN audiences NNS . SENT These DT had VHD evolved VVN out RP of IN the DT imagination NN of IN successful JJ artists NNS like IN Menotti NP and CC Reinhardt NP . SENT Chattanooga NP was VBD not RB allowed VVN to TO have VH someone NN in IN such PDT a DT position NN at IN the DT outset NN of IN its PP$ creative JJ process NN for IN reasons NNS that WDT will MD be VB made VVN clear JJ in IN the DT next JJ chapter NN . SENT It PP seems VVZ , , therefore RB , , that IN the DT absence NN or CC presence NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN is VBZ a DT key NN to TO gaining VVG entrance NN into IN a DT broader JJR consideration NN of IN what WP a DT festival NN is VBZ and CC does VVZ in IN its PP$ home NN community NN and CC in IN the DT wider JJR environment NN . SENT Understanding VVG the DT functions NNS and CC individual JJ views NNS of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN or CC directors NNS is VBZ the DT primary JJ key NN to TO understanding VVG the DT nature NN and CC function NN of IN a DT festival NN . SENT Asked VVN what WP he PP would MD advise VV someone NN starting VVG a DT festival NN , , Theodore NP S NP . SENT Stern NP , , the DT first JJ board NN chairman NN , , cited VVD Menotti's NP special JJ role NN . SENT I PP have VHP been VBN asked VVN about IN starting VVG a DT festival NN many JJ , , many JJ times NNS . SENT It PP comes VVZ down RP to TO this DT . SENT You PP need VVP a DT Menotti NP , , who's NNS so RB unusual JJ . SENT He's NP the DT only JJ person NN I PP know VVP who WP knows VVZ all PDT the DT arts NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT He PP knows VVZ music NN . SENT Menotti NP directs VVZ , , he's NNS a DT director NN , , producer NN he's NNS a DT genius NN , , and CC that's NNS why WRB we PP have VHP a DT problem NN in IN trying VVG to TO decide VV what WP happens VVZ after IN Menotti NP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Menotti NP every DT orchestra NN knows VVZ him PP , , the DT theater NN people NNS know VVP him PP , , the DT dance NN people NNS , , the DT opera NN people NNS , , the DT music NN people NNS . SENT What WP makes VVZ the DT festival NN so RB successful JJ . SENT In IN three CD words NNS , , Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP . SENT His PP$ ability NN , , number NN one CD , , to TO direct VV , , his PP$ knowledge NN of IN all DT of IN the DT arts NNS he PP always RB gets VVZ the DT visual JJ artists NNS to TO do VV the DT poster NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT only JJ poster NN ever RB done VVN by IN Henry NP Moore NP , , the DT sculptor NN in IN England NP , , was VBD made VVN for IN Spoleto NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , because IN of IN his PP$ friendship NN with IN Menotti NP . SENT 51 CD Charles NP Wadsworth NP , , who WP began VVD with IN Menotti NP in IN 1959 CD in IN Italy NP , , recalled VVD Menotti's NP early JJ contribution NN in IN bringing VVG the DT force NN of IN art NN power NN to TO the DT small JJ village NN of IN Spoleto NP . SENT Menotti NP , , as IN he PP set VVD out RP to TO present VV a DT festival NN , , and CC for IN me PP what WP made VVD it PP the DT most RBS exciting JJ festival NN that IN I PP know VVP about RB , , set VVD out RP to TO produce VV a DT festival NN which WDT he PP was VBD very RB well RB aware JJ would MD not RB be VB a DT sure JJ fire NN hit VVD . SENT He PP said VVD if IN I'm NP going VVG to TO be VB like IN Edinburgh NP or CC Salzburg NP where WRB all RB I PP do VVP is VBZ bring VV in IN great JJ guest NN artists NNS , , well RB known VVN orchestras NNS presenting VVG repertoires NNS that IN they PP know VVP are VBP going VVG to TO be VB successful JJ , , this DT is VBZ not RB something NN I'm NN at IN all DT interested JJ in IN . SENT I PP feel VVP that IN the DT festival NN must MD be VB a DT creative JJ festival NN , , that WDT it PP must MD be VB willing JJ to TO take VV chances NNS , , it PP must MD be VB willing JJ to TO accept VV the DT fact NN of IN failure NN , , and CC out RB of IN this DT kind NN of IN experimentation NN you're NN going VVG to TO get VV things NNS which WDT are VBP much RB more RBR exciting JJ in IN the DT long JJ run NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP from IN the DT very JJ beginning NN was VBD taking VVG chances NNS on IN artists NNS who WP were VBD unknown JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT But CC there EX was VBD an DT overall JJ artistic JJ view NN of IN what WP was VBD necessary JJ to TO give VV a DT special JJ profile NN to TO the DT festival NN . SENT That DT came VVD from IN Gian NP Carlo NP and CC his PP$ imagination NN , , his PP$ faith NN in IN brilliant JJ young JJ people NNS , , and CC in IN the DT creative JJ arts NNS . SENT The DT Spoleto NP Festival NP as IN we PP know VVP it PP would MD not RB have VH been VBN what WP we PP know VVP unless IN there EX had VHD been VBN specifically RB Gian NP Carlo NP . SENT The DT overall JJ artistic JJ view NN bringing VVG a DT special JJ profile NN was VBD that IN of IN extreme JJ diversity NN of IN programming NN that WDT would MD bring VV thousands NNS of IN appreciative JJ arts NNS lovers NNS to TO the DT small JJ village NN . SENT An DT obvious JJ question NN was VBD whether IN arts NNS festival NN , , or CC any DT serious JJ festival NN , , could MD be VB produced VVN without IN an DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT Not RB successfully RB , , said VVD Wadsworth NP . SENT It PP could MD be VB carried VVN off RP maybe RB as IN a DT financially RB successful JJ venture NN by IN a DT businessman NN but CC to TO me PP the DT festival NN should MD be VB much RB more JJR than IN that DT . SENT It PP should MD have VH some DT very RB strong JJ artistic JJ point NN of IN view NN that IN you're NN trying VVG to TO get VV across RP . SENT I PP think VVP you PP need VVP a DT creative JJ mind NN to TO do VV that IN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP would MD have VH no DT interest NN whatsoever RB in IN taking VVG part NN in IN a DT festival NN which WDT was VBD run VVN by IN a DT businessman NN with IN just RB a DT slight JJ speaking NN acquaintance NN with IN the DT arts NNS . SENT Those DT people NNS are VBP the DT kind NN we PP want VVP on IN the DT board NN of IN directors NNS , , who WP can MD say VV , , You're NP the DT artist NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT We PP have VHP to TO raise VV the DT money NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT We PP will MD tell VV you PP how WRB much JJ we PP can MD raise VV and CC how WRB much JJ you PP have VHP to TO spend VV . SENT You PP can MD dream VV and CC tell VV us PP how WRB much JJ you'd NN like IN . SENT Then RB you PP meet VVP somewhere RB in IN the DT middle NN . SENT Finding VVG the DT middle JJ ground NN , , he PP suggested VVD , , was VBD the DT heart NN of IN the DT problem NN . SENT 52 CD Gian NP Carlo NP throughout IN the DT years NNS has VHZ been VBN a DT tough JJ one NN for IN business NN managers NNS to TO deal VV with IN because IN he PP has VHZ dreamed VVN very RB big JJ at IN times NNS with IN budgets NNS that WDT go VVP way NN , , way NN out IN of IN range NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT It PP depends VVZ on IN what WP your PP$ aims NNS are VBP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Art NN is VBZ organized VVN surprises NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT There's RB a DT young JJ man NN named VVN Joshua NP Bell NP . SENT . SENT . SENT he PP came VVD here RB last JJ year NN at IN 17 CD , , and CC he's NNS going VVG to TO set VV the DT world NN on IN fire NN . SENT He'll NN be VB playing VVG today NN at IN the DT Dock NP Street NP Theater NP a DT huge JJ piece NN , , which WDT is VBZ a DT very RB unusual JJ work NN by IN Chausonne NP , , a DT concerto NN for IN violin NN , , piano NN , , and CC string NN quartet NN . SENT he's NNS never RB played VVD it PP publicly RB until IN this DT morning NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Now RB that DT sort NN of IN electricity NN communicates VVZ itself PP . SENT So RB , , that's NNS what WP the DT festival NN means VVZ to TO me PP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP took VVD a DT part NN about IN four CD or CC five CD summers NNS ago RB in IN Miami NP in IN the DT International NP Contemporary NP Arts NPS Festival NP . SENT It PP was VBD run VVN by IN a DT man NN who WP has VHZ a DT great JJ head NN for IN business NN and CC a DT wonderful JJ man NN in IN the DT world NN of IN opera NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT But CC it PP was VBD a DT struggle NN . SENT The DT prices NNS were VBD too RB high JJ for IN people NNS in IN Miami NP to TO pay VV . SENT There EX wasn't VVD the DT basis NN for IN cultural JJ interest NN . SENT So RB it PP was VBD a DT matter NN of IN the DT wrong JJ place NN at IN the DT wrong JJ time NN and CC with IN the DT wrong JJ people NNS . SENT The DT new JJ , , the DT different JJ , , the DT risky JJ , , the DT experimental JJ , , the DT failure NN , , the DT creative JJ , , the DT unsafe JJ , , the DT chancy JJ , , the DT unknown NN , , the DT special JJ , , the DT unordinary JJ , , the DT young JJ , , the DT big JJ dream NN , , the DT surprises NNS , , the DT electricity NN all RB of IN Wadsworth's NP key JJ words NNS point VVP to TO his PP$ experience NN with IN a DT successful JJ festival NN that WDT is VBZ , , to TO paraphrase VV him PP , , a DT matter NN of IN the DT right JJ place NN at IN the DT right JJ time NN with IN the DT right JJ people NNS . SENT If IN , , as IN Wadsworth NP suggested VVD , , art NN is VBZ organized JJ surprise NN , , the DT administrative JJ director NN who WP does VVZ much RB of IN the DT organizing NN could MD be VB expected VVN to TO have VH a DT special JJ insight NN into IN the DT practical JJ workings NNS of IN Menotti's NP seventeen CD day NN performance NN work NN . SENT Although IN not RB involved VVN directly RB in IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT until IN early JJ 1986 CD , , General NP Manger NP Nigel NP Redden NP viewed VVD the DT role NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN as IN providing VVG an DT aesthetic JJ focus NN that WDT makes VVZ the DT arts NNS function VVP as IN a DT means NNS rather RB than IN an DT end NN . SENT The DT real JJ strength NN of IN this DT festival NN is VBZ for IN better JJR or CC worse JJR people NNS have VHP agreed VVN that IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP is VBZ the DT artistic JJ director NN , , that WDT it PP has VHZ an DT artistic JJ focus NN , , and CC that IN he PP should MD be VB in IN charge NN of IN this DT thing NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT He PP makes VVZ compromises NNS , , he PP does VVZ things NNS that IN he PP doesn't VVD want VV to TO do VV , , but CC he's NNS enough RB of IN a DT realist NN and CC enough RB of IN an DT artist NN to TO keep VV the DT whole JJ thing NN going VVG . SENT Redden NP focused VVD on IN the DT reliance NN on IN a DT single JJ mind NN , , a DT potentially RB dangerous JJ political JJ pattern NN if IN participatory NN processes NNS are VBP valued VVN . SENT Modern JJ consensus NN management NN methods NNS and CC jazz NN or CC chamber NN music NN follow VV a DT mode NN in IN which WDT the DT steering NN function NN is VBZ less RBR visible JJ and CC more RBR broadly RB shared VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT coherence NN question NN , , that IN the DT artistic JJ director NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , a DT single JJ mind NN , , can MD give VV the DT festival NN a DT coherence NN that IN it PP might MD not RB have VH otherwise RB . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Not RB necessarily RB that IN an DT artistic JJ director NN has VHZ to TO be VB involved VVN in IN every DT aspect NN of IN what's NNS going VVG on IN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP think VVP that IN a DT festival NN , , in IN order NN to TO be VB significant JJ , , has VHZ to TO have VH some DT idea NN . SENT Usually RB the DT easiest JJS way NN to TO embody VV that DT idea NN is VBZ through IN the DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT And CC it PP should MD be VB an DT artistic JJ idea NN , , not RB an DT extraneous JJ idea NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP think VVP a DT festival NN that WDT has VHZ an DT artistic JJ sense NN has VHZ an DT opportunity NN to TO be VB better JJR than IN the DT other JJ because IN it's NNS serving VVG . SENT I PP mean VVP there's RB a DT kind NN of IN integrity NN that WDT comes VVZ with IN that DT which WDT can't NN come VVN with IN something NN that WDT has VHZ nonartistic JJ motives NNS but CC nonetheless RB achieves VVZ them PP through IN the DT arts NNS . SENT I PP mean VVP the DT arts NNS become VVP a DT means NNS rather RB than IN an DT end NN . SENT One CD inevitable JJ issue NN of IN the DT single JJ mind NN leadership NN model NN was VBD the DT dilemma NN of IN the DT festival's JJ direction NN after IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP is VBZ no DT longer RB connected VVN with IN it PP . SENT Redden NP predicted VVD . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP think VVP we'll NN be VB a DT very RB different JJ festival NN . SENT Because IN I PP think VVP that IN this DT is VBZ more RBR malleable JJ than IN most JJS organizations NNS . SENT It PP really RB can MD be VB very RB different JJ from IN one CD year NN to TO the DT next JJ . SENT There EX are VBP few JJ things NNS that WDT are VBP fixed VVN about IN it PP , , except IN that DT we've NN going VVG to TO stay VV in IN Charleston NP . SENT We're NNS going VVG to TO be VB a DT summer NN festival NN . SENT We're NP probably RB not RB going VVG to TO be VB over IN seventeen CD days NNS long RB . SENT We're NNS going VVG to TO be VB high JJ arts NNS , , whatever WDT that IN means NNS , , and CC that WDT can MD mean VV jazz NN or CC circuses NNS or CC a DT lot NN of IN other JJ things NNS . SENT But CC it PP means VVZ the DT arts NNS . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV what WP it PP would MD be VB like JJ after IN Gian NP Carlo NP . SENT I PP think VVP Gian NP Carlo NP sees VVZ festivals NNS as IN a DT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP think VVP he's NNS an DT impresario NN , , that's NNS what WP he PP feels VVZ his PP$ role NN in IN life NN is VBZ . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP think VVP he's NNS an DT extraordinary JJ impresario NN . SENT He's NNS been VBN an DT extraordinarily RB successful JJ composer NN , , but CC I PP think VVP he PP could MD have VH been VBN a DT . SENT . SENT . SENT lot RB more RBR so RB if IN he PP hadn't NN done VVN these DT festivals NNS . SENT Redden's NP suggestion NN that IN Menotti NP could MD have VH been VBN an DT even RB more RBR successful JJ composer NN if IN he PP hadn't NN done VVN these DT festivals NNS is VBZ offset VVN by IN the DT possibility NN that IN the DT festivals NNS have VHP become VVN major JJ aesthetic JJ compositions NNS , , Wilsonian JJ performance NN works NNS that WDT are VBP new JJ dramas NN in IN renewed JJ town NN theaters NNS . SENT Redden's NP emphasis NN on IN the DT value NN of IN a DT single JJ mind NN in IN producing VVG artistic JJ coherence NN suggests VVZ the DT uniqueness NN of IN the DT Spoleto NN festivals NNS in IN that WDT they PP are VBP not RB primarily RB the DT work NN of IN the DT volunteer NN , , untrained JJ civic JJ committees NNS that WDT shape VVP so RB many JJ commercial JJ town NN festivals NNS . SENT That DT is VBZ not RB to TO say VV that IN the DT volunteer NN spirit NN is VBZ not RB vital JJ to TO such JJ events NNS but CC rather RB to TO emphasize VV that IN its PP$ spirit NN receives VVZ a DT powerful JJ impetus NN from IN the DT vision NN of IN an DT artist NN such JJ as IN Menotti NP . SENT General JJ manager NN Colin NP Sturm NP , , anticipating VVG the DT opening NN of IN his PP$ first JJ Spoleto NN festival NN in IN Melbourne NP in IN September NP 1986 CD , , emphasized VVD the DT special JJ economic JJ value NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN who WP is VBZ skilled JJ in IN the DT art NN of IN entertainment NN . SENT You've NP got VVD two CD types NNS of IN festivals NNS . SENT One NN which WDT is VBZ a DT carnival NN , , summer NN festival NN out IN in IN the DT open JJ , , marching VVG girls NNS , , sports NNS , , swimming NN , , stores NNS selling VVG things NNS in IN the DT street NN . SENT . SENT . SENT That DT can MD be VB done VVN reasonably RB cheaply RB . SENT But CC when WRB you PP start VVP about IN a DT festival NN that WDT means VVZ the DT use NN of IN venues NNS , , halls NNS , , theaters NNS , , bringing VVG people NNS in IN from IN out RB of IN state NN , , entertainments NNS , , and CC so RB on IN , , you're NNS then RB getting VVG into IN the DT entertainment NN business NN . SENT The DT entertainment NN business NN is VBZ a DT very RB expensive JJ and CC very RB specialized JJ , , and CC , , if IN it's NNS going VVG to TO work VV well RB , , almost RB needing VVG a DT genius NN at IN business NN . SENT You PP were VBD saying VVG that IN you PP hadn't NN had VHD an DT artistic JJ director NN at IN Riverbend NP . SENT The DT whole JJ point NN of IN having VHG an DT artistic JJ director NN is VBZ to TO have VH somebody NN who WP is VBZ essentially RB uninterested JJ in IN the DT financial JJ end NN of IN things NNS , , who WP is VBZ looking VVG purely RB at IN what WP is VBZ going VVG to TO work VV in IN a DT general JJ entertainment NN sense NN . SENT And CC you PP then RB have VHP . SENT . SENT . SENT someone NN who WP is VBZ a DT business NN manager NN . SENT Now RB without IN the DT combination NN of IN the DT two CD I PP think VVP you PP run VV a DT risk NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Because IN unless IN you PP can MD sell VV the DT tickets NNS , , you PP are VBP not RB going VVG to TO have VH a DT festival NN that WDT will MD last VV very RB long RB . SENT So RB you PP have VHP to TO look VV at IN your PP$ market NN place NN . SENT As IN a DT market NN place NN , , an DT agora NN , , the DT buying VVG and CC selling VVG of IN ideas NNS is VBZ a DT basic JJ function NN of IN a DT festival NN , , where WRB all DT sorts NNS of IN ideograms NNS can MD compete VV for IN attention NN and CC customers NNS . SENT Overlapping JJ programming NN , , reworked VVN masterpieces NNS , , new JJ labels NNS , , unknown JJ products NNS all RB are VBP part NN of IN the DT festival NN as IN a DT marketplace NN of IN the DT new JJ as RB well RB as IN a DT storehouse NN of IN the DT old JJ . SENT Although IN this DT marketplace NN aspect NN is VBZ not RB a DT primary JJ emphasis NN of IN this DT study NN , , it PP cannot NN be VB ignored VVN if IN the DT basic JJ , , multiple JJ functions NNS of IN a DT festival NN are VBP to TO be VB revealed VVN . SENT The DT special JJ power NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN to TO shape VV the DT festival's JJ aesthetic JJ form NN and CC institutionalize VV its PP$ pattern NN drew VVD the DT attention NN of IN public JJ relations NNS director NN David NP Rawle NP , , the DT long JJ time NN salesperson NN for IN Menotti's NP Charleston NP venue NN . SENT I PP think VVP Spoleto NP would MD continue VV to TO thrive VV without IN Menotti NP because IN part NN of IN his PP$ genius NN is VBZ that IN he PP has VHZ been VBN able JJ to TO institutionalize VV Spoleto NN . SENT It PP is VBZ now RB larger JJR than IN any DT individual NN by IN his PP$ own JJ admission NN . SENT I PP think VVP it PP is VBZ a DT great JJ tribute NN to TO him PP that IN he PP has VHZ been VBN able JJ to TO create VV that DT kind NN of IN institution NN . SENT Whether IN Menotti NP has VHZ been VBN able JJ to TO institutionalize VV his PP$ festivals NNS is VBZ one CD of IN the DT more JJR important JJ questions NNS that IN his PP$ vision NN of IN festival NN leaves VVZ unanswered JJ . SENT The DT maestro NN said VVD at IN a DT 1988 CD press NN conference NN that IN he PP was VBD satisfied VVN with IN the DT present JJ mixture NN of IN art NN forms NNS , , particularly RB with IN the DT avant JJ garde NN programming NN , , which WDT he PP felt VVD had VHD become VVN better RBR accepted VVN by IN audiences NNS in IN recent JJ years NNS . SENT Rawle NP suggested VVD that DT Menotti's NP festival NN ideal NN of IN primary JJ emphasis NN on IN an DT art NN of IN juxtaposed VVN programming NN and CC venues NNS created VVD a DT unique JJ urban JJ environment NN . SENT I PP think VVP that IN he PP felt VVD that DT art NN was VBD , , in IN his PP$ words NNS , , considered VVN too RB often RB as IN an DT after IN dinner NN mint NN and CC that IN it PP ought MD to TO be VB the DT main JJ meal NN , , the DT main JJ course NN . SENT One CD way NN of IN making VVG it PP be VB so RB was VBD to TO create VV a DT festival NN in IN which WDT an DT entire JJ community NN could MD be VB immersed VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ difficult JJ during IN the DT festival NN to TO pick VV up RP a DT newspaper NN , , talk VV to TO an DT individual NN , , visit VV a DT shop NN , , or CC watch VV television NN or CC listen VV to TO radio NN without IN having VHG a DT sense NN of IN Spoleto's NP presence NN . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT joyous JJ celebration NN of IN the DT arts NNS and CC the DT festival NN form NN provides VVZ it PP . SENT Menotti's NP special JJ function NN as IN artistic JJ director NN is VBZ seen VVN in IN the DT image NN Rawle NP evoked VVD of IN bringing VVG an DT entire JJ community NN to TO an DT arts NNS feast NN for IN a DT joyous JJ celebration NN of IN the DT arts NNS as IN an DT ultimate JJ end NN . SENT The DT festival's NN forms VVZ itself PP provide VV a DT complete JJ immersion NN , , a DT term NN suggesting VVG the DT religious JJ overtones NNS of IN a DT serious JJ festival NN noted VVD by IN Tyrone NP Guthrie NP and CC Christopher NP Hunt NP . SENT As IN a DT market NN place NN , , an DT agora NN for IN artists NNS and CC audiences NNS , , what WP is VBZ the DT festival NN form NN but CC a DT theater NN of IN differences NNS with IN , , as IN Bakhtin NP said VVD , , an DT absence NN of IN clearly RB established VVN footlights NN . SENT The DT multi NNS colored VVN lights NNS of IN the DT Christmas NP tree NN are VBP festive JJ , , someone NN observed VVD . SENT 53 CD If IN all PDT the DT lights NNS were VBD one CD color NN , , red JJ perhaps RB , , the DT response NN would MD be VB possibly RB interesting JJ or CC pretty RB but CC probably RB not RB festive JJ . SENT The DT fest NN most RBS often RB appears VVZ as IN the DT root NN word NN of IN social JJ , , religious JJ , , or CC pleasurable JJ activities NNS that WDT mark VVP a DT time NN and CC space NN of IN differences NNS from IN the DT routine NN of IN ordinary JJ life NN . SENT Tension NN springs VVZ from IN Menotti's NP idea NN of IN differences NNS , , contrasts VVZ , , oppositions NNS , , inversions NNS , , pluralities NNS , , diversities NNS , , assortments NNS , , miscellanies NNS , , varieties NNS , , medleys NNS , , divergences NNS , , variances NNS . SENT Unlike IN the DT effect NN of IN modes NNS of IN analysis NN that IN compress NN meaning NN and CC relationships NNS to TO fewer JJR and CC fewer JJR symbols NNS , , the DT effect NN of IN what WP is VBZ festive JJ and CC alive JJ is VBZ the DT expansion NN to TO multiplicity NN , , even RB to TO seemingly RB meaningless JJ diversity NN . SENT It PP is VBZ this DT illusion NN of IN uniqueness NN that WDT endows VVZ any DT festival NN with IN its PP$ appearance NN of IN endless JJ variety NN of IN forms NNS and CC content NN . SENT Yet RB the DT tension NN of IN unlike JJ entities NNS in IN proximity NN , , as RB in IN musical JJ dissonance NN , , creates VVZ interest NN and CC gives VVZ pain NN mixed VVN with IN pleasure NN to TO the DT eye NN and CC ear NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT function NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN to TO mingle VV and CC blend VV the DT elements NNS at IN hand NN without IN fearing VVG or CC rejecting VVG contradiction NN , , inconsistencies NNS , , the DT comfort NN of IN sameness NN , , the DT familiar JJ , , and CC the DT nonthreatening VVG . SENT In IN summary NN , , the DT comments NNS from IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT officials NNS quoted VVN above IN and CC in IN other JJ materials NNS suggest VVP the DT crucial JJ contribution NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN in IN shaping VVG a DT festival NN . SENT open JJ or CC closed VVD to TO the DT new JJ . SENT what WP the DT city NN as IN an DT art NN form NN said VVD to TO Menotti NP . SENT creation NN of IN free JJ environment NN for IN players NNS . SENT play VV for IN each DT other JJ as RB well RB as IN even RB small JJ audiences NNS . SENT young JJ , , new JJ , , unknown JJ artists NNS performing VVG before IN a DT critical JJ audience NN . SENT artistic JJ director NN has VHZ a DT message NN . SENT menotti NP knows VVZ all DT arts NNS and CC all DT artists NNS in IN all DT fields NNS . SENT high JJ failure NN risk NN events NNS . SENT artistic JJ director NN gives VVZ overall JJ artistic JJ view NN to TO give VV special JJ profile NN to TO festival NN , , also RB faith NN in IN brilliant JJ young JJ people NNS and CC in IN creative JJ arts NNS . SENT artistic JJ director NN should MD have VH strong JJ artistic JJ point NN of IN view NN that IN he PP is VBZ trying VVG to TO get VV across RP . SENT need VV creative JJ mind NN more RBR than IN businessman NN mind NN . SENT art NN is VBZ organized JJ surprise NN . SENT agreement NN to TO have VH an DT artistic JJ director NN is VBZ a DT strength NN . SENT an DT artistic JJ director NN provides VVZ focus NN and CC serves VVZ as IN a DT common JJ court NN of IN last JJ resort NN . SENT single JJ mind NN of IN artistic JJ director NN gives VVZ festival NN coherence NN because IN the DT festival NN idea NN is VBZ embodied VVN in IN one CD person's NN mind NN . SENT artistic JJ festival NN has VHZ integrity NN because IN it PP is VBZ serving VVG , , doesn't NNS have VHP nonartistic JJ motives NNS but CC achieves VVZ them PP anyway RB through IN the DT arts NNS . SENT keeping VVG arts NNS end VV rather RB than IN means NNS . SENT Menotti NP is VBZ impresario NN and CC composer NN . SENT people NNS like IN having VHG an DT artistic JJ vision NN even RB if IN they PP disagree VVP . SENT a DT festival NN can MD be VB summer NN carnival NN or CC theatrical JJ entertainment NN . SENT an DT artistic JJ director NN looks VVZ at IN what WP works VVZ purely RB in IN entertainment NN sense NN and CC puts VVZ personal JJ stamp NN on IN festival NN . SENT artistic JJ director NN selects VVZ artistic JJ package NN . SENT Menotti NP wanted VVD to TO make VV art NN the DT main JJ course NN rather RB than IN after IN dinner NN mint NN . SENT created VVN a DT festival NN that IN immersed VVN entire JJ community NN . SENT festival NN form NN provides VVZ joyous JJ celebration NN of IN the DT arts NNS that IN none NN can MD avoid VV during IN festival NN time NN . SENT Menotti NP , , and CC his PP$ message NN and CC vision NN , , is VBZ mentioned VVN frequently RB . SENT the DT value NN of IN the DT individual JJ contribution NN cannot NN be VB diminished VVN . SENT The DT artistic JJ director NN is VBZ performing VVG the DT essential JJ function NN of IN the DT I NN in IN Brooks NP study NN of IN the DT theatrically RB created VVN empty JJ space NN . SENT Regardless RB of IN the DT particular JJ goals NNS , , it PP is VBZ the DT existence NN of IN this DT function NN that WDT endows VVZ the DT festival NN with IN its PP$ potential JJ integrity NN as IN an DT end NN in IN itself PP , , something NN other JJ than IN a DT summer NN carnival NN alone RB , , valuable JJ though IN this DT may MD be VB for IN certain JJ community NN needs NNS . SENT Paradoxically RB , , the DT artistic JJ integrity NN mentioned VVN by IN Redden NP may MD produce VV significant JJ economic JJ benefits NNS that WDT greatly RB exceed VVP productions NNS of IN a DT more RBR commercial JJ , , narrow JJ aim NN . SENT That IN this DT is VBZ not RB the DT normal JJ businessman's NN view NN of IN the DT ends NNS and CC means VVZ of IN art NN is VBZ noted VVN by IN Constance NP Hardinge NP in IN The DT Artistic JJ Director NN from IN the DT National NP Association NP of IN Regional NP Ballet NP handbook NN for IN new JJ ballet NN board NN members NNS . SENT Basically RB our PP$ boards NNS should MD be VB responsible JJ for IN all DT legal JJ and CC organizational JJ activities NNS , , for IN fund NN raising NN , , ticket NN sales NNS and CC public JJ relations NNS . SENT We PP artistic JJ directors NNS are VBP responsible JJ for IN everything NN else RB . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Opinion NN and CC advice NN should MD always RB be VB sought VVN from IN those DT who WP are VBP knowledgeable JJ , , but CC the DT final JJ word NN must MD always RB be VB the DT artistic JJ director's NNS . SENT In IN this DT area NN there EX is VBZ often RB a DT lack NN of IN clarity NN and CC problems NNS arise VVP emphasis NN mine NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT In IN the DT constant JJ daily JJ crises NNS we PP face VVP it PP isn't JJ easy RB to TO remember VV our PP$ real JJ purpose NN . SENT We PP are VBP the DT link NN that WDT holds VVZ illusion NN and CC reality NN together RB for IN future JJ generations NNS emphasis NN mine NN . SENT Artists NNS and CC their PP$ artistic JJ directors NNS , , as IN links NNS holding VVG illusion NN and CC reality NN together RB for IN future JJ generations NNS , , apparently RB provide VV a DT function NN analogous JJ to TO a DT form NN of IN cultural JJ DNA NN not RB often RB experienced VVN by IN the DT ordinary JJ arts NNS patron NN or CC board NN member NN . SENT That IN influential JJ Charlestonians NP , , after IN an DT intense JJ struggle NN , , welcomed VVD the DT contributions NNS of IN Menotti NP , , that WDT they PP shared VVD their PP$ civic JJ power NN to TO such JJ an DT extent NN with IN him PP , , is VBZ in IN retrospect NN an DT extraordinary JJ historical JJ event NN . SENT If IN Charleston's NP festival NN can MD be VB considered VVN the DT American JJ prototype NN of IN a DT new JJ Menottian NP theater NN , , one CD in IN which WDT all DT the DT spatially RB proximate JJ visible JJ world NN is VBZ literally RB a DT stage NN with IN all PDT the DT men NNS and CC women NNS merely RB players NNS , , then RB Shakespeare's NP modest JJ use NN of IN the DT term NN merely RB can MD be VB placed VVN in IN a DT more RBR ironic JJ context NN . SENT These DT dramatic JJ productions NNS , , born VVN out RP of IN a DT sensitive JJ artist's NN response NN to TO an DT empty JJ space NN , , evolve VV into IN powerful JJ meaning NN making VVG devices NNS that IN none NN can MD avoid VV during IN their PP$ run NN nor CC completely RB escape VV before IN and CC after IN . SENT Like IN Christmas NP and CC the DT Fourth JJ of IN July NP , , and CC other JJ great JJ cultural JJ festive JJ rituals NNS , , the DT reach NN of IN their PP$ symbolism NN cannot NN be VB blocked VVN from IN awareness NN without IN deliberate JJ social JJ isolation NN . SENT It PP is VBZ in IN the DT interplay NN of IN the DT I NN as IN artistic JJ director NN , , the DT bare JJ stage NN of IN the DT empty JJ urban JJ form NN , , and CC serious JJ , , purposeful JJ ideas NNS that IN these DT festive JJ theaters NNS of IN power NN are VBP shaped VVN into IN a DT place NN for IN aesthetic JJ play NN . SENT The DT Empty JJ City NP Space NP . SENT Why WRB Charleston NP . SENT If IN the DT discussion NN of IN the DT function NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN could MD be VB expressed VVN at IN its PP$ simplest JJS form NN as IN a DT question NN of IN Why WRB Menotti NP . SENT , , then RB the DT category NN of IN the DT function NN of IN the DT festival's JJ theatrical JJ space NN could MD be VB framed VVN at IN its PP$ most RBS elemental JJ level NN as IN Why WRB Charleston NP . SENT Some DT uncertainty NN about IN who WP did VVD what WP when RB , , where WRB , , why WRB , , and CC how WRB exists VVZ about IN the DT answers NNS to TO this DT question NN . SENT However RB , , underlying VVG these DT disputed VVN facts NNS is VBZ the DT unquestioned JJ dramatic JJ reality NN that IN this DT traditional JJ South NP Carolina NP city NN and CC its PP$ improbable JJ avant JJ garde NN arts NNS festival NN have VHP been VBN engaged VVN in IN a DT special JJ , , intricate JJ relationship NN since IN Menotti NP first RB saw VVD it PP in IN 1976 CD and CC decided VVD to TO look VV no RB further RBR on IN the DT list NN prepared VVN for IN him PP of IN other JJ Southern JJ cities NNS . SENT Redden NP suggested VVD one CD important JJ difference NN in IN Menotti's NP festivals NNS by IN focusing VVG on IN the DT central JJ artistic JJ idea NN behind IN the DT festival NN . SENT I PP think VVP what WP distinguishes VVZ this DT festival NN from IN other JJ festivals NNS , , or CC rather RB from IN some DT other JJ festivals NNS that WDT were VBD started VVN by IN cities NNS , , is VBZ that IN it PP started VVD with IN an DT artistic JJ idea NN rather RB than IN a DT cultural JJ development NN idea NN or CC even RB with IN a DT place NN idea NN . SENT It PP was VBD very RB much JJ about IN artists NNS and CC it PP happened VVD to TO be VB Charleston NP rather RB than IN , , Let's NP take VVP Charleston NP and CC try VV to TO figure VV out RP what WP we PP can MD do VV to TO make VV something NN exciting JJ happen VVP in IN Charleston NP . SENT It PP is VBZ clear JJ enough RB that IN Charlestonians NP did VVD not RB decide VV to TO have VH a DT festival NN and CC find VV an DT artistic JJ director NN and CC staff NN to TO produce VV it PP . SENT What WP is VBZ less RBR clear JJ from IN the DT record NN is VBZ the DT weight NN given VVN to TO the DT three CD types NNS of IN festivals NNS artistic JJ , , cultural JJ development NN , , and CC place NN mentioned VVN by IN Redden NP . SENT Menotti NP had VHD constructed VVN a DT utopian JJ community NN in IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , where WRB the DT artist NN ruled VVD for IN a DT few JJ summer NN weeks NNS , , an DT inversion NN in IN this DT larger JJR sense NN with IN aspects NNS of IN a DT Bakhtinian NP carnival NN reversal NN of IN official NN unofficial JJ . SENT Menotti NP needed VVD a DT special JJ city NN for IN an DT American JJ production NN of IN his PP$ artistic JJ utopia NN . SENT From IN his PP$ statements NNS in IN the DT various JJ Spoleto NN brochures NNS and CC the DT recollections NNS of IN those DT involved VVN in IN the DT American JJ festival NN , , the DT signs NNS point VVP toward IN a DT more RBR complex JJ relationship NN than IN that WDT it PP happened VVD to TO be VB Charleston NP . SENT The DT city's JJ particular JJ character NN was VBD very RB important JJ , , as IN Redden NP explained VVD . SENT I PP think VVP one PP of IN the DT other JJ very JJ key JJ things NNS about IN the DT city NN is VBZ that IN it PP happens VVZ to TO be VB architecturally RB beautiful JJ . SENT that DT is VBZ , , that IN this DT is VBZ a DT place NN that WDT is VBZ an DT appropriate JJ setting NN for IN a DT festival NN that WDT celebrates VVZ those DT areas NNS of IN human JJ imagination NN that WDT are VBP concerned VVN with IN beauty NN and CC with IN some DT of IN the DT intangibles NNS of IN the DT human JJ spirit NN . SENT That DT is VBZ why WRB it PP was VBD started VVN here RB emphasis NN mine NN . SENT Charleston NP was VBD a DT city NN of IN American JJ cultural JJ firsts NNS . SENT first JJ opera NN , , first JJ ballet NN , , first JJ play NN performed VVD . SENT 54 CD It PP was VBD an DT old JJ world NN city NN in IN the DT new JJ world NN . SENT It PP was VBD a DT narrow JJ peninsula NN on IN the DT Atlantic NP seacoast NN . SENT Like IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , it PP had VHD been VBN left VVN out RP of IN much RB of IN the DT South's NP industrialization NN . SENT Its PP$ downtown NN had VHD been VBN preserved VVN in IN a DT state NN resembling VVG the DT original JJ eighteenth JJ century NN seaport NN town NN . SENT Destroyed VVN as IN a DT viable JJ urban JJ center NN by IN the DT Civil NP War NP , , it PP no RB longer RB was VBD a DT city NN of IN firsts NNS of IN any DT kind NN nationally RB or CC regionally RB . SENT Its PP$ civic JJ leaders NNS admitted VVD its PP$ economy NN was VBD stagnant JJ , , dominated VVN by IN the DT huge JJ U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Navy NP base NN . SENT It PP was VBD , , in IN short RB , , an DT urban JJ empty JJ space NN waiting VVG for IN a DT Menotti NP to TO call VV it PP a DT bare JJ stage NN , , to TO fill VV it PP with IN performers NNS , , and CC to TO invite VV an DT audience NN to TO observe VV much RB as IN he PP had VHD done VVN as IN a DT child NN growing VVG up RP in IN Italy NP . SENT 55 CD Other JJ Southern NP festival NN possibilities NNS , , such JJ as IN Winston NP Salem NP , , had VHD some DT of IN the DT qualities NNS he PP sought VVD for IN his PP$ festival NN music NN theater NN . SENT Yet RB none NN except IN Charleston NP had VHD the DT look NN and CC feel VV of IN the DT old JJ European JJ town NN in IN the DT uncivilized JJ American NP South NP , , the DT juxtaposition NN of IN old JJ world NN and CC new JJ world NN architecture NN . SENT Even RB a DT Chattanooga NP , , if IN it PP had VHD made VVN the DT initial JJ list NN , , would MD have VH had VHN more JJR pure JJ dramatic JJ scenery NN with IN its PP$ mountains NNS looking VVG at IN each DT other JJ at IN the DT river's JJ entrance NN from IN the DT Tennessee NP River NP canyon NN . SENT But CC it PP lacked VVD the DT dramatic JJ , , contrasting VVG of IN the DT old JJ . SENT Charleston's NP European NP town NN houses NNS , , empty JJ theaters NNS , , narrow JJ streets NNS , , and CC setting VVG on IN a DT small JJ ocean NN point NN . SENT Charleston NP worked VVD perfectly RB as IN a DT large JJ scale NN thrust NN stage NN , , for IN want VVP of IN a DT more RBR precise JJ term NN . SENT It PP captured VVD its PP$ creator NN , , actors NNS , , and CC audiences NNS for IN a DT magical JJ seventeen CD days NNS in IN late JJ spring NN cruise NN ship NN magic NN , , as IN Redden NP remembered VVD from IN his PP$ youth NN at IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP in IN Italy NP . SENT From IN the DT discussion NN of IN Menotti's NP purposes NNS that WDT follow VVP in IN the DT next JJ section NN , , it PP becomes VVZ evident JJ that IN the DT festival NN idea NN depended VVD on IN the DT nature NN of IN a DT place NN as RB much RB as IN it PP depended VVD on IN what WP Redden NP termed VVD an DT artistic JJ idea NN . SENT It PP seems VVZ that IN , , in IN Redden's NP sense NN , , Menotti's NP Charleston NP festival NN originated VVN as IN an DT intricate JJ , , intertwined VVN artistic JJ idea NN , , place NN idea NN , , and CC cultural JJ development NN idea NN . SENT The DT complexity NN of IN this DT interplay NN is VBZ illustrated VVN by IN comments NNS of IN Mayor NP Joseph NP P NN . SENT Riley NP , , Jr NP . SENT in IN the DT opening NN of IN his PP$ official JJ welcoming VVG statement NN to TO the DT 1978 CD second JJ festival NN program NN . SENT In IN 1941 CD , , Charleston's NP noted VVD artist NN and CC author NN , , Elizabeth NP O'Neill NP Verner NP , , wrote VVD , , in IN Mellowed VVN by IN Time NP , , that WDT Charleston NP is VBZ the DT one CD colonial NN city NN in IN America NP with IN a DT living NN record NN which WDT tells VVZ us PP , , more RBR vividly RB than IN all PDT the DT books NNS and CC all PDT the DT old JJ prints NNS in IN museums NNS can MD ever RB tell VV , , what WP the DT New NP World NP inherited VVD from IN the DT civilization NN of IN the DT ages NNS . SENT We PP started VVD again RB , , not RB to TO destroy VV the DT old JJ law NN , , but CC to TO fulfill VV it PP . SENT Here RB the DT land NN is VBZ speaking VVG put VV your PP$ ear NN to TO the DT ground NN and CC listen VV emphasis NN mine NN . SENT Here RB , , more RBR so RB than IN any DT other JJ colonial NN city NN , , we PP live VVP amidst IN a DT living VVG record NN of IN the DT New NP World's NP inheritance NN from IN the DT old JJ world NN . SENT Our PP$ architecture NN , , our PP$ townscape NN , , our PP$ art NN , , which WDT form VVP the DT setting NN and CC backdrop NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP , , are VBP themselves PP a DT festival NN of IN two CD worlds NNS . SENT 56 CD Riley's NP and CC Verner's NP aesthetic JJ response NN to TO a DT theatrical JJ location NN was VBD not RB a DT new JJ idea NN invented VVN by IN Charleston's NP publicity NN agents NNS . SENT Salzburg NP evoked VVD a DT similar JJ reaction NN . SENT Every DT square NN , , every DT street NN here RB seems VVZ to TO have VH been VBN expressly RB created VVN as IN the DT setting NN for IN a DT play NN , , wrote VVD the DT festival's JJ founder NN and CC artistic JJ director NN , , Max NP Reinhardt NP . SENT 57 RB The DT theatrical JJ city NN spaces NNS described VVN by IN Reinhardt NP apparently RB were VBD strongly RB felt VVN by IN Menotti NP when WRB he PP saw VVD Charleston NP . SENT There EX is VBZ little JJ disagreement NN that IN Charleston NP , , to TO Menotti NP the DT impresario NN , , had VHD the DT theatrical JJ form NN of IN a DT Salzburg NP and CC appeared VVD one CD of IN those DT special JJ works NNS of IN urban JJ art NN . SENT The DT 1986 CD and CC 1988 CD interviews NNS brought VVN out IN the DT importance NN of IN Charleston's NP beckoning VVG theatrical JJ space NN . SENT An DT excerpt NN from IN Stern's NP recollections NNS in IN 1988 CD particularly RB demonstrates VVZ a DT pre NP existing JJ desire NN to TO have VH any DT proposed VVN festival NN match VV the DT city's JJ beauty NN . SENT I PP think VVP the DT fact NN that IN Charleston NP itself PP is VBZ so RB unique JJ , , that IN I PP wanted VVD to TO see VV a DT festival NN here RB to TO match VV it PP , , not RB just RB another DT festival NN . SENT And CC this DT could MD contribute VV to TO the DT well RB being JJ of IN our PP$ community NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP think VVP it PP can MD be VB an DT educational JJ and CC a DT cultural JJ center NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT To TO make VV this DT thing NN an DT artistic JJ success NN , , a DT social JJ success NN , , and CC a DT financial JJ success NN , , certain JJ elements NNS were VBD essential JJ . SENT And CC Charleston NP fitted VVD in IN beautifully RB . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Charleston NP was VBD the DT cultural JJ center NN of IN colonial JJ times NNS . SENT And CC we PP are VBP just RB returning VVG it PP to TO its PP$ former JJ peak NN condition NN . SENT It PP was VBD the DT Charlestonians NP pride NN of IN place NN , , repeatedly RB expressed VVN both CC from IN those DT dedicated VVN to TO bringing VVG in IN Menotti's NP festival NN and CC those DT equally RB dedicated VVN to TO preventing VVG it PP , , that WDT arouses VVZ more JJR than IN superficial JJ interest NN in IN the DT physical JJ environment NN that IN excited JJ Menotti NP and CC the DT many JJ contributors NNS to TO his PP$ dream NN of IN a DT chimerical JJ summer NN village NN for IN artists NNS and CC art NN lovers NNS . SENT Could MD his PP$ Italian JJ creation NN take VV root NN in IN an DT American JJ location NN . SENT One CD answer NN to TO the DT question NN of IN Why WRB Charleston NP . SENT is VBZ found VVN in IN Stern's NP understanding NN of IN Menotti's NP reasons NNS for IN selecting VVG the DT isolated JJ Italian JJ village NN of IN Spoleto NP , , which WDT followed VVD the DT maestro's JJ idea NN of IN finding VVG a DT place NN suitable JJ for IN presenting VVG young JJ American JJ artists NNS to TO European JJ audiences NNS . SENT From IN that DT point NN on IN before IN 1958 CD he PP had VHD to TO find VV a DT place NN to TO have VH this DT festival NN . SENT It PP wasn't VVD the DT cities NNS , , because RB , , he PP says VVZ , , and CC he PP said VVD this DT is VBZ true JJ of IN Charleston NP as IN well RB , , that IN the DT city NN must MD be VB an DT art NN form NN in IN itself PP , , that IN people NNS should MD walk VV around RP the DT city NN as IN well RB as RB enjoy VV the DT festival NN and CC they PP tie VV in IN together RB . SENT they're NN in IN concert NN and CC in IN harmony NN emphasis NN mine NN . SENT He PP chose VVD a DT small JJ town NN in IN Umbrian JJ Province NP , , Spoleto NP , , which WDT historians NNS tell VVP us PP was VBD where WRB Hannibal NP crossed VVD the DT Alps NNS and CC the DT big JJ battle NN was VBD at IN Spoleto NN . SENT Here RB is VBZ an DT old JJ , , old JJ town NN that WDT was VBD bypassed VVN by IN the DT twentieth JJ century NN . SENT It PP has VHZ its PP$ original JJ Etruscan JJ walls NNS , , original JJ forum NN , , theaters NNS , , opera NN houses NNS . SENT It PP was VBD the DT seat NN of IN culture NN of IN the DT Umbrian JJ Province NP . SENT It PP was VBD destitute JJ , , economically RB completely RB depressed VVN . SENT people NNS were VBD leaving VVG . SENT there EX was VBD no DT industry NN . SENT The DT culture NN which WDT could MD be VB presented VVN was VBD nonexistent JJ . SENT So RB he PP selected VVD this DT really RB depressed JJ area NN , , yes RB replying VVG to TO a DT question NN , , like IN a DT theater NN that WDT had VHD been VBN empty JJ for IN many JJ years NNS . SENT After IN nearly RB 2 CD O NN years NNS of IN artistic JJ success NN with IN the DT town NN arts NNS festival NN in IN Spoleto NP , , which WDT became VVD a DT prospering VVG village NN , , Menotti NP and CC American JJ cultural JJ leaders NNS decided VVD that IN a DT similar JJ effort NN should MD be VB attempted VVN in IN this DT country NN . SENT Although IN the DT official JJ story NN of IN federal JJ sponsorship NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT is VBZ undocumented JJ , , the DT basic JJ reasons NNS given VVN by IN Stern NP focus NN on IN the DT need NN for IN an DT appropriate JJ home NN for IN the DT festival NN . SENT The DT United NP States NPS National NP Endowment NP of IN the DT Arts NPS in IN Washington NP approached VVD Menotti NP . SENT . SENT . SENT and CC suggested VVD that IN he PP establish VV a DT Spoleto NP Festival NP in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT . SENT . SENT Menotti NP was VBD placed VVN in IN charge NN of IN trying VVG to TO develop VV a DT plan NN to TO present VV the DT festival NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT The DT general JJ feeling NN of IN the DT bureaucracy NN in IN Washington NP was VBD that IN no DT festival NN existed VVD in IN the DT Southeastern NP United NP States NPS , , and CC that IN this DT festival NN should MD be VB in IN the DT Southeastern NP part NN of IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Menotti NP was VBD asked VVN to TO select VV a DT city NN where WRB this DT festival NN could MD find VV a DT home NN . SENT . SENT . SENT emphasis NN mine NN . SENT He PP decided VVD to TO come VV to TO Charleston NP first JJ , , and CC I PP remember VVP that DT visit NN extremely RB well RB . SENT It PP was VBD before IN the DT Italian JJ festival NN in IN 1975 CD , , because IN Frances NP Edmunds NP knew VVD they PP were VBD going VVG to TO come VV here RB when WRB she PP went VVD over RP there RB . SENT And CC I PP think VVP first RB of IN all DT Menotti NP said VVD , , I PP fell VVD in IN love NN with IN it PP at IN first JJ sight NN . SENT He PP said VVD , , Charleston NP is VBZ an DT artistic JJ form NN in IN itself PP , , and CC that DT is VBZ what WP I PP would MD like VV . SENT But CC he PP was VBD further RBR impressed VVN with IN , , number NN one CD , , the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP because IN if IN we PP could MD have VH the DT festival NN prior RB to TO the DT Italian JJ festival NN we PP would MD need VV dormitory NN space NN for IN over IN 6 CD OO NP artists NNS and CC technicians NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Without IN the DT College NP , , there EX would MD have VH been VBN no DT festival NN , , because IN of IN the DT housing NN situation NN and CC the DT logistic JJ support NN . SENT Menotti NP loved VVD the DT idea NN of IN the DT College NP , , he PP thought VVD the DT festival NN should MD be VB near IN an DT educational JJ institution NN , , he PP loved VVD the DT idea NN of IN the DT historic JJ part NN of IN Charleston NP , , and CC he PP loved VVD the DT idea NN that IN the DT Mayor NP was VBD so RB enthusiastic JJ and CC the DT community NN for IN which WDT he PP spoke VVD . SENT . SENT . SENT emphasis NN mine NN . SENT Then RB , , Mrs NN . SENT Rufus NP Barkley NP , , I'll NP call VVP her PP$ Nella NP for IN short JJ , , became VVD extremely RB interested JJ and CC she PP headed VVD up RP a DT committee NN to TO encourage VV people NNS like IN the DT National NP Endowment NP , , Priscilla NP Morgan NP , , and CC Christopher NP Keene NP to TO select VV Charleston NP as IN a DT place NN for IN the DT festival NN . SENT She PP had VHD various JJ committees NNS , , of IN which WDT I PP was VBD chairman NN of IN what WP you PP might MD call VV a DT logistics NNS committee NN . SENT She PP had VHD a DT fundraising VVG committee NN and CC because IN of IN his PP$ great JJ influence NN and CC political JJ power NN as IN well RB as IN economic JJ power NN , , Hugh NP Lane NP was VBD elected VVN chairman NN of IN this DT committee NN to TO try VV and CC get VV the DT festival NN here RB . SENT It PP is VBZ in IN the DT context NN of IN finding VVG a DT home NN place NN that IN the DT full JJ transcript NN of IN Stern's NP story NN of IN origin NN , , which WDT reflects VVZ his PP$ privileged JJ perspective NN on IN Menotti's NP choice NN of IN Charleston NP and CC on IN the DT events NNS of IN the DT festival's JJ origin NN , , becomes VVZ the DT central JJ narrative NN connecting VVG the DT three CD primary JJ categories NNS of IN this DT analysis NN , , where WRB the DT combining VVG of IN the DT three CD elements NNS of IN place NN , , idea NN , , and CC force VV find VV their PP$ material NN expression NN in IN the DT city's JJ physical JJ reality NN . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT story NN more RBR complex JJ than IN Redden's NP view NN of IN what WP might MD have VH been VBN the DT origin NN of IN a DT festival NN of IN place NN . SENT Let's NNS take VVP Charleston NP and CC try VV to TO figure VV out RP what WP we PP can MD do VV to TO make VV something NN exciting JJ happen VVP in IN Charleston NP . SENT It PP is VBZ an DT account NN of IN the DT combining VVG of IN the DT three CD elements NNS , , where WRB no DT one CD causal JJ factor NN , , such JJ as IN place NN , , can MD be VB isolated VVN from IN others NNS . SENT The DT story NN as RB told VVD by IN Stern NP has VHZ all PDT the DT public JJ drama NN of IN his PP$ wife's JJ description NN of IN waiting VVG for IN the DT black JJ or CC white JJ smoke NN to TO signal VV the DT election NN of IN a DT new JJ Pope NP . SENT His PP$ narration NN of IN how WRB he PP and CC Charleston's NP new JJ mayor NN overcame VVD one CD influential JJ town NN leader's NNS sincere JJ effort NN to TO stop VV the DT festival NN , , following VVG a DT visit NN to TO the DT Italian JJ production NN , , is VBZ the DT key NN to TO understanding VVG the DT necessity NN for IN an DT ideological JJ empty JJ space NN to TO combine VV with IN physical JJ empty JJ spaces NNS . SENT In IN 1976 CD , , Hugh NP Lane NP , , Nella NP Barkley NP , , and CC Mr NP . SENT and CC Mrs NN . SENT Tom NP Stevenson NP went VVD to TO Spoleto NP to TO see VV really RB what WP it PP was VBD all RB about RB . SENT A DT matter NN of IN record NN is VBZ that IN when WRB Hugh NP Lane NP returned VVD to TO Charleston NP , , he PP said VVD he PP would MD have VH nothing NN more JJR to TO do VV with IN it PP . SENT He PP did VVD not RB want VV to TO expose VV the DT citizens NNS of IN Charleston NP to TO people NNS dancing VVG without IN clothes NNS and CC felt VVD that IN the DT people NNS who WP would MD come VV to TO Charleston NP would MD be VB depraved VVN , , queers NNS I PP think VVP he PP used VVD those DT words NNS and CC he PP offered VVD to TO return VV all PDT the DT money NN that IN people NNS had VHD donated VVN to TO this DT effort NN . SENT And CC he PP did VVD . SENT I PP think VVP he PP returned VVD something NN like IN a DT hundred CD thousand CD dollars NNS to TO people NNS because IN he PP had VHD misled VVN them PP . SENT In IN addition NN , , Hugh NP Lane NP said VVD that IN the DT festival NN was VBD not RB economically RB feasible JJ and CC would MD never RB be VB a DT success NN . SENT This DT is VBZ part NN of IN a DT letter NN that IN he PP put VVD in IN writing NN , , which WDT he PP subsequently RB has VHZ regretted VVN but CC not RB denied VVN . SENT He PP was VBD chairman NN of IN the DT board NN of IN the DT C NP S NP bank NN . SENT But CC he PP was VBD the DT head NN of IN everything NN here RB , , head NN of IN the DT United NP Way NP . SENT You PP know VVP , , he PP was VBD number NN one CD citizen NN , , and CC he PP went VVD all RB over IN the DT state NN to TO generate VV these DT contributions NNS . SENT He PP does VVZ speak VV to TO me PP now RB , , but CC he'll RB never RB admit VV the DT festival NN has VHZ done VVN any DT good JJ . SENT Mayor NP Joseph NP Riley NP and CC Stern NP combined VVD their PP$ personal JJ influence NN and CC the DT resources NNS of IN municipal JJ government NN and CC the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP to TO overcome VV powerful JJ private JJ resistance NN that WDT ordinarily RB would MD have VH stopped VVN at IN once RB any DT such JJ major JJ civic JJ initiative NN . SENT It PP was VBD at IN this DT time NN late JJ summer NN 1976 CD that IN Nella NP Barkley NP and CC Hugh NP Lane NP went VVD to TO a DT Festival NP Foundation NP board NN meeting NN in IN New NP York NP , , which WDT Frances NP Edmunds NP attended VVD . SENT I PP can MD only RB give VV hearsay NN information NN , , but CC I PP do VVP know VV that IN prior RB to TO the DT meeting NN Mrs NN . SENT Barkley NP wrote VVD a DT letter NN to TO the DT board NN saying VVG that IN she PP would MD assume VV the DT responsibilities NNS of IN general JJ manager NN for IN 2 CD O NN , , OOO NP a DT year NN , , but CC she PP wanted VVD full JJ authority NN , , full JJ responsibility NN for IN the DT operation NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT That DT letter NN was VBD copied VVN to TO the DT chairman NN of IN the DT Festival NP Foundation NP , , who WP at IN that DT time NN was VBD Ernest NP Hillman NP , , and CC Menotti NP . SENT Frances NP Edmunds NP advised VVD me PP that IN she PP had VHD never RB been VBN more JJR embarrassed JJ at IN a DT meeting NN because IN they PP just RB raked VVD Nella NP over IN the DT coals NNS and CC showed VVD no DT respect NN for IN Hugh NP Lane NP . SENT Menotti NP was VBD particularly RB obnoxious JJ , , and CC said VVD that IN he PP was VBD not RB going VVG to TO give VV up RP any DT authority NN , , that WDT she PP wasn't VVD worth IN the DT 2 CD O NN , , OOO NP she PP was VBD asking VVG . SENT They PP left VVD , , bitter JJ this DT was VBD in IN August NP 1976 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Nella NP and CC Hugh NP Lane NP returned VVD to TO Charleston NP . SENT Nella NP wrote VVD a DT letter NN resigning VVG and CC Hugh NP Lane NP reiterated VVD his PP$ position NN that IN he PP was VBD not RB going VVG to TO subject VV Charlestonians NP to TO be VB a DT breeding VVG place NN for IN undesirables NNS . SENT Now RB this DT withdrawal NN by IN Nella NP and CC Hugh NP Lane NP would MD have VH been VBN catastrophic JJ had VHD not RB the DT Mayor NP called VVD Menotti NP and CC other JJ members NNS of IN the DT board NN of IN the DT Festival NP Foundation NP and CC asked VVD them PP to TO meet VV in IN Charleston NP . SENT . SENT . SENT emphasis NN mine NN . SENT I PP recall VVP the DT meeting NN extremely RB well RB because IN it PP was VBD held VVN in IN the DT President's NP house NN at IN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP in IN September NP of IN 1976 CD . SENT The DT Mayor NP had VHD asked VVN if IN it PP could MD be VB held VVN in IN the DT President's NP house NN at IN the DT College NP . SENT At IN that DT meeting NN , , which WDT was VBD a DT very RB vitriolic JJ meeting NN , , in IN which WDT Mr NP . SENT Lane NP walked VVD out RP with IN Mrs NN . SENT Barkley NP , , the DT Mayor NP stated VVD that IN he PP was VBD convinced VVN that IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP would MD do VV a DT great JJ deal NN for IN Charleston NP , , that WDT he PP disagreed VVD but CC appreciated VVD the DT views NNS of IN the DT dissidents NNS . SENT He PP turned VVD to TO me PP and CC he PP said VVD , , Will MD you PP take VV over RP . SENT I PP said VVD I PP would MD never RB say VV no UH to TO him PP and CC I've NP never RB turned VVD down RP a DT challenge NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT My PP$ wife NN was VBD sitting VVG outside IN the DT dinning VVG room NN where WRB we PP had VHD our PP$ meeting NN . SENT She PP looked VVD out RP of IN the DT window NN and CC saw VVD all PDT these DT TV NN cameras NNS and CC reporters NNS outside IN the DT house NN . SENT she PP stuck VVD her PP$ head NN out RP and CC said VVD , , Are VBP you PP waiting VVG for IN white JJ smoke NN or CC black JJ smoke NN . SENT But CC it PP was VBD all RB over IN the DT press NN . SENT They PP caught VVD Hugh NP Lane NP and CC Nella NP Barkley NP leaving VVG and CC naturally RB they PP were VBD waiting VVG to TO see VV what WP was VBD going VVG to TO happen VV . SENT The DT Mayor NP came VVD out RP and CC said VVD that IN I PP had VHD agreed VVN to TO be VB the DT chairman NN and CC to TO take VV over RP and CC there EX was VBD going VVG to TO be VB a DT Spoleto NN . SENT The DT basic JJ question NN was VBD , , Will MD there RB be VB a DT festival NN in IN Charleston NP . SENT And CC I PP must MD say VV , , it PP was VBD the DT unanimous JJ view NN of IN both CC the DT members NNS of IN the DT Festival NP Foundation NP board NN and CC the DT few JJ Charlestonians NP who WP were VBD there RB that IN we PP should MD have VH it PP , , and CC that IN we PP should MD have VH it PP next JJ year NN in IN 1977 CD . SENT That DT gave VVD us PP nine CD months NNS to TO prepare VV for IN it PP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV what WP the DT records NNS will MD show VV . SENT If IN you PP ask VVP me PP , , and CC I PP leave VVP myself PP out RP of IN it PP , , the DT responsibility NN for IN initially RB setting VVG up RP Spoleto NN fell VVD on IN the DT Mayor NP and CC the DT College NP , , on IN both DT of IN our PP$ willingnesses NNS to TO never RB say VV never RB and CC it PP couldn't NN be VB done VVN . SENT Repeatedly RB , , the DT powerful JJ gravitational JJ field NN of IN the DT physical JJ city NN itself PP surfaced VVD in IN this DT , , in IN other JJ interviews NNS , , in IN program NN statements NNS , , and CC in IN press NN reports NNS . SENT The DT determination NN of IN Mayor NP Riley NP to TO bring VV the DT world NN of IN high JJ performing VVG arts NNS to TO his PP$ town NN against IN the DT explicit JJ wishes NNS of IN a DT powerful JJ business NN leader NN , , the DT combination NN of IN city NN and CC college NN resources NNS , , the DT ambience NN available JJ to TO Menotti NP at IN the DT city's JJ coastal JJ resorts NNS , , the DT fact NN of IN the DT college's JJ availability NN at IN the DT right JJ time NN with IN a DT generous JJ president NN willing JJ to TO do VV far RB more JJR than IN his PP$ share NN , , wealthy JJ donors NNS who WP shared VVD the DT dream NN with IN Menotti NP , , the DT international JJ Spoleto NN festival NN board's NNS willingness NN to TO come VV to TO Charleston NP for IN dialogue NN with IN festival NN supporters NNS , , the DT facilitating VVG role NN of IN the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NPS , , and CC Walter NP Anderson's NP personal JJ encouragement NN all RB reflect VVP an DT extraordinary JJ response NN to TO absence NN . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT response NN much RB like IN Brook's NP view NN of IN the DT seductive JJ empty JJ space NN that IN he PP has VHZ only RB to TO call VV a DT bare JJ stage NN to TO begin VV the DT making NN of IN theater NN . SENT That IN all PDT these DT elements NNS , , not RB any DT one NN of IN them PP , , happened VVD to TO combine VV at IN the DT same JJ time NN was VBD the DT key NN that WDT unlocked VVD the DT magical JJ space NN and CC produced VVD Menotti's NP new JJ theater NN in IN America NP . SENT The DT Element NN of IN Purpose NN . SENT Menotti's NP Festival NP Idea NN If IN Charleston's NP dreamers NNS started VVD with IN an DT image NN of IN a DT festival NN as IN no DT more JJR than IN a DT civic JJ fundraiser NN , , they PP soon RB found VVD out RP , , as IN Stern NP made VVD clear JJ , , that IN Menotti NP had VHD something NN else RB in IN mind NN that WDT would MD introduce VV more JJR diversity NN to TO their PP$ city NN than IN anyone NN could MD have VH imagined VVN in IN their PP$ wildest JJS civic JJ dreaming VVG . SENT The DT unusual JJ nature NN of IN this DT particular JJ festival NN idea NN was VBD noted VVN by IN Stern NP . SENT Previously RB festival NN to TO me PP meant VVD just RB trying VVG to TO fundraise VV . SENT When WRB you PP talk VVP Spoleto NN , , they PP say VVP you PP know VVP that's NNS a DT different JJ kind NN of IN festival NN . SENT Number NN one NN , , it's NN an DT international JJ festival NN . SENT number NN two CD , , we PP are VBP not RB rushing VVG to TO get VV Pavarotti NP , , Domingo NP , , or CC other JJ luminaries NNS but CC Menotti NP has VHZ had VHN the DT ability NN to TO select VV young JJ people NNS who WP are VBP going VVG to TO be VB the DT Pavarotti's NP and CC the DT Domingo's NP . SENT People NNS know VVP that IN they PP can MD expect VV something NN unusual JJ , , different JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT And CC it's NNS different JJ . SENT they PP don't VVD know VV what WP opera NN is VBZ going VVG to TO be VB shown VVN but CC they PP know VVP it's NNS going VVG to TO be VB different JJ . SENT He's NP very RB careful JJ about IN who WP directs VVZ them PP , , produces VVZ them PP , , the DT designer NN . SENT Dance NP , , no DT one NN knows VVZ what's NNS going VVG to TO be VB there RB but CC they PP know VVP it's NNS going VVG to TO be VB different JJ . SENT And CC that IN they PP most RBS probably RB will MD never RB see VV it PP again RB . SENT The DT power NN of IN the DT festival NN imagined VVN by IN Menotti NP demonstrated VVD its PP$ gravitational JJ field NN over IN arts NNS critics NNS , , corporate JJ executives NNS , , and CC performers NNS . SENT Charles NP Wadsworth NP , , immersed VVN in IN both DT festivals NNS from IN their PP$ beginnings NNS , , focused VVN on IN Menotti's NP original JJ idea NN from IN the DT 1958 CD beginning NN in IN Italy NP . SENT When WRB he PP invited VVD me PP in IN 1959 CD to TO start VV a DT series NN of IN chamber NN music NN concerts NNS in IN this DT delicious JJ little JJ seventeenth JJ century NN theater NN , , which WDT seats VVZ about IN 3 CD OO NP to TO 35 CD O NN same JJ as IN this DT theater NN Dock NP Street NP Theater NP , , Charleston NP he PP said VVD , , I PP want VVP these DT concerts NNS to TO be VB different JJ . SENT I PP want VVP you PP to TO be VB sure JJ that IN you PP only RB bring VVP brilliant JJ , , gifted JJ young JJ talents NNS to TO play VV here RB . SENT And CC I PP want VVP you PP to TO be VB sure JJ to TO find VV some DT way NN that IN the DT concerts NNS are VBP informal JJ in IN nature NN . SENT He PP said VVD to TO me PP , , Perhaps RB there RB won't NN be VB anybody NN there RB but CC myself PP and CC a DT few JJ of IN the DT artists NNS working VVG for IN the DT festival NN , , but CC I PP want VVP to TO do VV it PP anyway RB . SENT It'll NN be VB something NN in IN the DT middle NN of IN the DT day NN , , one CD hour NN . SENT And CC it PP was VBD true JJ the DT first JJ few JJ days NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT third JJ summer NN we PP were VBD already RB getting VVG extraordinary JJ acclaim NN from IN everyone NN and CC we PP were VBD fighting VVG them PP off RP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Along IN the DT way NN I PP developed VVD what WP I PP think VVP has VHZ been VBN an DT important JJ factor NN in IN my PP$ end NN of IN things NNS in IN chamber NN concerts NNS , , which WDT made VVD them PP very RB different JJ from IN concerts NNS that WDT went VVD on IN anywhere RB else RB in IN the DT world NN . SENT I PP communicated VVD with IN the DT people NNS verbally RB to TO try VV to TO get VV them PP into IN an DT even RB more RBR relaxed VVN mood NN than IN they PP might MD be VB ordinarily RB . SENT You PP have VHP a DT very RB important JJ factor NN in IN summer NN festivals NNS particularly RB in IN that DT people NNS are VBP free JJ from IN work NN pressures NNS , , daily JJ pressures NNS . SENT They're NP obviously RB somewhere RB to TO have VH a DT good JJ time NN . SENT I PP wanted VVD to TO add VV to TO that DT further RBR by IN getting VVG the DT people NNS so RB relaxed VVD that IN they PP could MD open VV themselves PP to TO the DT performers NNS and CC to TO the DT music NN and CC that IN in IN turn NN would MD create VV a DT special JJ feeling NN among IN the DT performers NNS , , that WDT they PP would MD be VB able JJ to TO give VV in IN a DT very RB free JJ way NN and CC enjoy VV the DT act NN of IN performing VVG . SENT Wadsworth's NP humorous JJ hosting VVG for IN the DT noonday NN concerts NNS is VBZ part NN of IN the DT legend NN of IN the DT Spoletos NP , , a DT radical JJ contrast NN from IN the DT normal JJ framing NN expected VVN for IN chamber NN music NN . SENT He PP was VBD proud JJ of IN this DT contribution NN to TO bringing VVG music NN to TO festival NN audiences NNS . SENT I PP don't VVD care NN whether IN it's JJ avant JJ garde NN or CC early JJ Baroque NN or CC the DT obvious JJ romantics NNS , , I PP think VVP music NN and CC the DT arts NNS must MD communicate VV to TO people NNS on IN a DT gut NN level NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB an DT intellectual JJ pursuit NN , , the DT enjoyment NN of IN chamber NN music NN , , which WDT is VBZ considered VVN by IN many JJ an DT elitist NN form NN . SENT If IN the DT people NNS are VBP uninhibited JJ in IN their PP$ listening NN , , then RB they PP are VBP going VVG to TO be VB able JJ to TO take VV the DT message NN that IN the DT composer NN intended VVD . SENT The DT composer NN is VBZ not RB really RB interested JJ in IN how WRB appreciative JJ people NNS are VBP of IN the DT devices NNS they PP have VHP used VVN in IN getting VVG their PP$ feelings NNS down RB on IN paper NN . SENT So RB this DT created VVD a DT special JJ atmosphere NN in IN a DT festival NN situation NN , , which WDT already RB gives VVZ you PP one CD hand NN up RP . SENT For IN me PP , , it PP was VBD an DT incredible JJ opportunity NN to TO find VV artists NNS who WP I PP thought VVD were VBD great JJ and CC then RB I PP started VVD combining VVG things NNS into IN very RB unusual JJ ways NNS with IN instruments NNS , , voice NN , , percussion NN , , and CC all DT sorts NNS of IN things NNS that WDT would MD create VV stimulation NN in IN the DT listener NN . SENT Wadsworth NP explained VVD the DT special JJ purpose NN Menotti NP had VHD in IN mind NN , , which WDT led VVD directly RB to TO the DT combining VVG function NN of IN the DT Spoleto NN festivals NNS , , bringing VVG to TO mind VV Brook's NP earlier RBR quoted VVN remark NN about IN the DT role NN of IN the DT audience NN as IN artists NNS assisting VVG in IN the DT performance NN , , in IN the DT birth NN of IN meaning NN . SENT The DT festival NN is VBZ unique JJ and CC different JJ from IN almost RB all DT other JJ festivals NNS because IN from IN the DT very RB beginning VVG Gian NP Carlo NP wanted VVD all DT of IN the DT arts NNS to TO be VB represented VVN so RB that IN the DT musicians NNS and CC the DT actors NNS could MD all RB feed VV off RP each DT other's JJ inspirations NNS and CC it PP would MD bring VV a DT certain JJ excitement NN to TO my PP$ work NN . SENT One CD summer NN in IN Spoleto NP he PP had VHD an DT extraordinary JJ series NN of IN poetry NN readings NNS , , so RB you PP had VHD Ferlingetti NP from IN the DT West NP Coast NP there RB , , and CC Kerouac NP , , and CC Ezra NP Pound NP on IN the DT same JJ afternoon NN reading NN from IN his PP$ works NNS . SENT For IN me PP to TO have VH Ezra NP Pound NP coming VVG in IN my PP$ concert NN it PP can't VVD help VV but CC create VV electricity NN , , or CC to TO see VV Visconte NP there RB in IN the DT box NN . SENT We PP all RB found VVD we PP were VBD exciting JJ each DT other JJ by IN what WP we PP did VVD . SENT Wadsworth NP focused VVD on IN the DT sameness NN difference NN issue NN in IN pointing VVG out RP the DT success NN of IN the DT tradition NN of IN single JJ discipline NN festivals NNS , , suggesting VVG the DT aesthetic JJ backdrop NN against IN which WDT the DT Spoleto NN festivals NNS differentiate VV themselves PP . SENT The DT ones NNS in IN this DT country NN which WDT are VBP the DT most RBS successful JJ are VBP the DT ones NNS which WDT usually RB lean VVP towards IN one CD discipline NN , , rather RB than IN all PDT the DT disciplines NNS , , as IN the DT Marlborough NP Festival NP is VBZ only RB chamber NN music NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Tanglewood NP is VBZ a DT great JJ festival NN but CC it's NNS all DT orchestral JJ stuff NN and CC it PP is VBZ repertoire NN they PP have VHP been VBN playing VVG in IN the DT regular JJ year NN . SENT but CC it's NNS a DT beautiful JJ place NN to TO sit VV on IN the DT lawn NN and CC listen VV to TO the DT music NN . SENT The DT place NN is VBZ terribly RB important JJ in IN terms NNS of IN summer NN festivals NNS emphasis NN mine NN . SENT In IN this DT country NN there EX are VBP not RB other JJ festivals NNS like IN Spoleto NP , , which WDT really RB sets VVZ it PP apart RB . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT the DT Edinburgh NP Festival NP or CC some DT of IN the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP is VBZ more RBR the DT kind NN of IN festival NN we PP are VBP doing VVG here RB . SENT At IN Salzburg NP you PP have VHP Karajan NP , , who WP is VBZ an DT extraordinarily RB strong JJ personality NN who WP has VHZ been VBN guiding VVG that IN one CD for IN a DT number NN of IN years NNS . SENT That DT is VBZ usually RB the DT case NN . SENT As IN a DT place NN , , an DT ideal NN , , and CC a DT force NN , , Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT unquestionably RB is VBZ an DT exceptional JJ success NN as IN a DT town NN festival NN , , possibly RB a DT new JJ form NN of IN festival NN that WDT evolved VVD in IN its PP$ habitat NN to TO meet VV the DT changing VVG needs NNS of IN a DT new JJ era NN . SENT Wadsworth NP stressed VVD the DT high JJ risk NN of IN failure NN associated VVN with IN Menotti's NP idea NN of IN festival NN . SENT The DT idea NN of IN Gian NP Carlo NP to TO have VH an DT orchestra NN made VVD up RP of IN young JJ students NNS or CC people NNS who WP have VHP just RB graduated VVN these DT hundred CD people NNS have VHP been VBN called VVN from IN student NN bodies NNS all RB over IN the DT country NN , , that IN to TO me PP is VBZ one CD of IN the DT exciting JJ things NNS about IN this DT festival NN . SENT There EX is VBZ not RB that DT kind NN of IN chance NN taking VVG in IN other JJ places NNS . SENT Colin NP Sturm's NP managerial JJ perspective NN balanced VVN the DT necessity NN of IN blending VVG the DT aesthetic JJ and CC economic JJ ingredients NNS involved VVN in IN producing VVG Menotti's NP unique JJ vision NN of IN an DT artist's NNS utopia NN . SENT Sturm NP stressed VVD knowing VVG the DT purpose NN of IN a DT festival NN . SENT To TO start VV from IN the DT beginning NN you've NN got VVD to TO make VV an DT assessment NN of IN the DT purposes NNS of IN a DT festival NN . SENT A DT festival NN has VHZ two CD important JJ foundation NN stones NNS . SENT They're NN part NN of IN the DT total JJ structure NN . SENT Without IN them PP both CC being JJ effective NN you PP haven't VVD got VVD a DT festival NN that WDT will MD work VV . SENT The DT first JJ part NN of IN a DT festival NN structure NN is VBZ whether IN the DT community NN wants VVZ it PP . SENT If IN it's NNS not RB bubbling VVG up RP from IN the DT community NN , , it's NNS going VVG to TO automatically RB fail VV . SENT You PP cannot NN impose VV something NN of IN this DT sort NN onto IN a DT community NN from IN above RB . SENT Spoleto NP was VBD started VVN by IN an DT idea NN from IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , which WDT came VVD from IN his PP$ friend NN , , the DT American NP composer NN Sam NP Barber NP , , who WP said VVD , , when WRB they PP were VBD both DT young JJ men NNS , , that DT art NN should MD not RB be VB just RB the DT froth NN on IN the DT top NN of IN the DT main JJ soup NN , , that WDT it PP should MD have VH a DT concrete JJ , , measurable JJ effect NN in IN a DT community NN . SENT To TO test VV that IN as IN a DT premise NN , , they PP both CC looked VVD for IN a DT town NN in IN Italy NP and CC in IN the DT States NNS they PP were VBD looking VVG in IN both DT places NNS , , but CC they PP found VVD quickest JJS a NN town NN in IN Italy NP which WDT was VBD absolutely RB on IN its PP$ beam NN ends VVZ . SENT Its PP$ population NN consisted VVD of IN very RB elderly JJ and CC very RB young JJ people NNS . SENT All PDT the DT young JJ , , middle JJ age NN groups NNS had VHD to TO leave VV because IN there EX was VBD no DT work NN , , no DT money NN . SENT Unemployment NN was VBD something NN like IN 6 CD O NN percent NN . SENT So RB they PP thought VVD that IN if IN they PP were VBD going VVG to TO prove VV their PP$ premise NN , , then RB the DT festival NN would MD have VH to TO do VV things NNS that IN in IN a DT commercial JJ sense NN were VBD good JJ . SENT So RB when WRB they PP suggested VVD this DT to TO the DT city NN fathers NNS , , they PP grabbed VVD at IN the DT chance NN to TO try VV anything NN . SENT Therefore RB , , my PP$ first JJ point NN was VBD that IN the DT community NN wanted VVD it PP , , what WP community NN that WDT was VBD there RB . SENT The DT end NN result NN is VBZ that DT Spoleto NN is VBZ a DT thriving JJ little JJ city NN as IN a DT direct JJ input NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT It PP brings VVZ lots NNS of IN tourism NN into IN the DT place NN . SENT There's RB been VBN a DT great JJ deal NN of IN building NN and CC regeneration NN of IN the DT medieval JJ buildings NNS has VHZ been VBN carried VVN out RP with IN public JJ money NN from IN taxes NNS that IN the DT money NN has VHZ generated VVN . SENT So RB there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT measurable JJ effect NN . SENT The DT improvement NN in IN beneficial JJ life NN style NN through IN the DT arts NNS is VBZ enormous JJ . SENT The DT other JJ approach NN is VBZ the DT sort NN of IN festival NN which WDT is VBZ an DT area NN grouping NN of IN people NNS who WP are VBP going VVG to TO put VV their PP$ hands NNS into IN their PP$ own JJ pockets NNS , , do VVP a DT great JJ deal NN of IN voluntary JJ work NN themselves PP , , and CC probably RB have VH a DT ball NN . SENT But CC it'll JJ stay NN at IN that DT particular JJ level NN . SENT In IN Australia NP , , we PP think VVP of IN this DT as IN the DT Scout NP All DT complex NN , , you PP know VVP . SENT The DT Boy NP Scouts NNS are VBP a DT nice JJ worthwhile JJ community NN activity NN . SENT the DT parents NNS of IN the DT kids NNS get VVP together RB once RB a DT month NN or CC whatever WDT you've NN got VVD an DT activity NN which WDT brings VVZ the DT community NN together RB for IN that DT particular JJ purpose NN . SENT The DT critical JJ role NN of IN the DT local JJ governmental JJ structure NN , , and CC its PP$ particular JJ leadership NN , , was VBD , , Sturm NP felt VVD , , much RB more RBR important JJ in IN creating VVG the DT political JJ environment NN in IN which WDT a DT festival NN could MD flourish VV . SENT Although IN Charleston NP Mayor NP Riley's NP key JJ political JJ role NN has VHZ not RB been VBN stressed VVN in IN this DT analysis NN , , it PP seems VVZ the DT only JJ indispensable JJ factor NN that WDT explains VVZ why WRB Menotti NP was VBD given VVN the DT power NN to TO shape VV a DT festival NN . SENT Without IN Riley NP , , Charleston NP would MD not RB have VH had VHN a DT festival NN , , or CC at IN least JJS , , as IN Stern's NP story NN makes VVZ clear JJ , , probably RB not RB with IN someone NN like IN Menotti NP in IN charge NN of IN the DT imagination NN department NN . SENT 58 CD Finally RB , , what WP is VBZ the DT basic JJ purpose NN of IN Spoleto NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT as IN seen VVN by IN current JJ management NN . SENT Nigel NP Redden NP called VVD attention NN to TO the DT basic JJ artistic JJ aim NN , , where WRB the DT mix NN was VBD important JJ . SENT differences NNS suffice VV for IN the DT idea NN that IN Menotti NP transported VVD from IN Italy NP to TO America NP . SENT The DT thing NN that IN I PP think VVP is VBZ crucial JJ about IN the DT history NN of IN this DT festival NN is VBZ that IN it PP started VVD from IN an DT artistic JJ idea NN , , which WDT was VBD basically RB to TO give VV Italian JJ audiences NNS a DT sense NN of IN what WP American JJ artists NNS were VBD doing VVG . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT He PP also RB wanted VVD to TO create VV a DT kind NN of IN sort NN of IN artist's NNS colony NN , , that WDT it PP very RB much RB was VBD about IN artists NNS , , artists NNS working VVG together RB and CC artists NNS seeing VVG each DT other's NNS work NN that WDT was VBD very RB much RB an DT aspect NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT I PP think VVP it PP left VVD from IN that IN pretty RB quickly RB , , that WDT is VBZ , , it PP became VVD much RB more RBR a DT festival NN about IN performances NNS , , a DT festival NN about IN doing VVG specific JJ events NNS but CC always RB the DT mix NN was VBD important JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT There EX are VBP advantages NNS to TO the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP . SENT Spoleto NP is VBZ a DT more RBR compact JJ town NN . SENT it's NNS also RB got VVD a DT center NN , , which WDT this DT town NN doesn't NN have VHP . SENT There EX isn't VVD a DT place NN as IN a DT tourist NN that IN you PP would MD go VV to TO . SENT in IN Italy NP there EX definitely RB is VBZ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT There's RB magic JJ in IN Spoleto NN the DT cruise NN ship NN magic JJ that IN I PP think VVP festivals NNS bring VV emphasis NN mine NN . SENT All PDT these DT people NNS descend VV on IN a DT place NN that WDT is VBZ beautiful JJ for IN a DT specific JJ period NN of IN time NN and CC they PP all RB have VHP these DT wonderful JJ magical JJ experiences NNS together RB . SENT And CC , , they PP fall VVP in IN love NN and CC they PP have VHP affairs NNS and CC they PP have VHP fights NNS and CC they PP meet VVP people NNS who WP become VVP bosom NN buddies NNS for IN two CD weeks NNS and CC who WP they PP never RB see VVP again RB . SENT On IN a DT human JJ level NN that's NNS very RB important JJ . SENT it's NNS extracting VVG you PP from IN your PP$ daily JJ life NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Artists NNS are VBP the DT key NN to TO the DT whole JJ thing NN . SENT Redden NP saw VVD a DT complex JJ relationship NN between IN economic JJ development NN and CC arts NNS , , between IN the DT confusion NN of IN the DT ends NNS and CC means VVZ of IN art NN . SENT 59 CD This NP is VBZ an DT arts NNS festival NN and CC the DT arts NNS come VVP first JJ in IN this DT festival NN . SENT Not RB Charleston NP , , not RB economic JJ development NN , , not RB even RB paying VVG the DT bills NNS , , although IN obviously RB you PP have VHP to TO pay VV the DT bills NNS to TO keep VV going VVG . SENT But CC if IN the DT only JJ reason NN we PP are VBP keeping VVG going VVG is VBZ to TO pay VV the DT bills NNS , , then RB frankly RB we PP would MD all RB quit VV . SENT There EX would MD be VB nothing NN here RB . SENT All PDT these DT things NNS are VBP very RB fragile JJ . SENT I PP mean VVP this DT exists VVZ only RB in IN the DT mind NN . SENT I PP mean VVP this DT is VBZ a DT conceptual JJ piece NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT in IN a DT way NN it's NNS a DT performance NN art NN work NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT So IN our PP$ integrity NN in IN terms NNS of IN artists NNS has VHZ to TO be VB the DT founding JJ supposition NN . SENT Without IN that DT precondition NN , , there's RB no DT point NN in IN talking VVG about IN the DT other JJ things NNS . SENT He PP noted VVD , , as IN Tyrone NP Guthrie NP had VHD pointed VVN out RP , , that IN a DT big JJ city NN and CC a DT serious JJ arts NNS festival NN are VBP incompatible JJ , , leading VVG to TO a DT cultural JJ tourism NN activity NN in IN which WDT art NN is VBZ used VVN to TO entice VV the DT tourists NNS and CC generate VV money NN making VVG events NNS . SENT The DT LA NP Olympic NP Arts NPS Festival NP was VBD very RB influential JJ in IN the DT way NN people NNS are VBP thinking VVG of IN festivals NNS in IN this DT country NN . SENT It's NP not RB our PP$ way NN of IN thinking VVG of IN festivals NNS . SENT it PP is VBZ a DT big JJ city NN way NN and CC I PP think VVP it's NNS the DT antithesis NN of IN what WP this DT festival NN is VBZ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Cultural JJ tourism NN is VBZ a DT big JJ issue NN right NN now RB and CC obviously RB cultural JJ tourism NN is VBZ something NN that's NNS gone VVN on IN in IN Europe NP forever RB . SENT People NNS , , Americans NNS , , have VHP gone VVN to TO Europe NP for IN cultural JJ reasons NNS and CC people NNS have VHP visited VVN America NP for IN geographic JJ reasons NNS . SENT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT s PP prime JJ constituency NN , , Redden NP said VVD , , is VBZ the DT larger JJR arts NNS community NN of IN critics NNS and CC audiences NNS , , the DT argument NN being VBG that IN if IN this DT higher JJR goal NN is VBZ reached VVN then RB the DT Charleston NP community NN will MD be VB pleased VVN . SENT Yet CC Redden NP intended VVD to TO protect VV the DT festival's JJ contextual JJ intimacy NN from IN mass JJ media NNS demands NNS . SENT I PP think VVP it's NNS extremely RB important JJ that IN we PP do VVP things NNS that WDT have VHP a DT kind NN of IN intimacy NN and CC scale NN that WDT is VBZ human JJ . SENT because IN I PP don't VVD think VV two CD million CD has VHZ anything NN to TO do VV with IN the DT human JJ scale NN at IN all DT . SENT And CC I PP don't VVD think VV it's NNS a DT question NN of IN being VBG elite JJ or CC exclusive JJ . SENT I PP think VVP its PP$ a DT question NN of IN doing VVG something NN that WDT is VBZ worthwhile JJ . SENT The DT kind NN of IN things NNS we're NNS doing VVG are VBP not RB things NNS that WDT should MD be VB looked VVN at IN in IN five CD minute JJ doses NNS in IN between IN flipping VVG channels NNS , , having VHG dinner NN , , having VHG telephone NN calls NNS . SENT That's NNS not RB what WP we PP should MD be VB doing VVG because IN these DT are VBP serious JJ things NNS that WDT do VVP need VV to TO be VB given VVN serious JJ attention NN that IN you PP can MD give VV when WRB you PP are VBP in IN the DT theater NN emphasis NN mine NN . SENT In IN Redden's NP portrayal NN of IN the DT idea NN and CC purposes NNS of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT and CC the DT Italian JJ festival NN is VBZ found VVN the DT heart NN of IN Menotti's NP theater NN festival NN of IN differences NNS . SENT It PP adds VVZ to TO the DT city's JJ cultural JJ treasures NNS , , to TO its PP$ citizens NNS knowledge NN and CC storehouse NN of IN images NNS , , to TO its PP$ place NN as IN a DT primary JJ destination NN for IN critic NN and CC tourist NN alike RB , , to TO a DT home NN for IN a DT serious JJ encounter NN with IN the DT creations NNS of IN artistic JJ professionals NNS in IN many JJ fields NNS . SENT Stern NP saw VVD the DT main JJ idea NN of IN the DT festival NN he PP helped VVD create VV with IN the DT prevailing JJ Aristotelian JJ view NN of IN the DT theater NN as IN a DT mirror NN of IN the DT times NNS . SENT A DT festival NN reflects VVZ the DT culture NN of IN the DT times NNS , , particularly RB a DT comprehensive JJ festival NN such JJ as IN Spoleto NP . SENT It PP reflects VVZ all DT of IN the DT different JJ art NN forms NNS in IN existence NN at IN that DT time NN . SENT We PP have VHP modern JJ dance NN , , classical JJ dance NN , , opera NN , , chamber NN music NN , , theater NN , , mime VV all PDT the DT existing JJ art NN forms NNS . SENT Behind IN these DT forms NNS are VBP purposive JJ , , forceful JJ individuals NNS such JJ as IN Menotti NP , , Mayor NP Riley NP , , and CC Stern NP himself PP . SENT Stern NP quickly RB accepted VVD the DT idea NN of IN a DT festival NN of IN diversity NN , , as IN he PP put VVP it PP , , combined VVN with IN a DT city NN that WDT was VBD an DT art NN form NN in IN itself PP an DT empty JJ space NN ready JJ to TO be VB called VVN a DT bare JJ stage NN and CC the DT show NN opened VVD in IN May NP 1977 CD . SENT Stern NP recalled VVD that DT extraordinary JJ event NN . SENT The DT first JJ festival NN was VBD one CD of IN the DT most RBS successful JJ festivals NNS . SENT We PP had VHD the DT Zulu NP Dancers NNS , , which WDT had VHD appeared VVN at IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , before RB , , and CC they PP were VBD a DT tremendous JJ hit NN . SENT We PP had VHD a DT dance NN gala NN , , which WDT featured VVD Alicia NP Alonzo NP and CC Gudenov NP . SENT The DT Zulu NP dancers NNS and CC the DT finale NN at IN Middleton NP Gardens NPS , , with IN fireworks NNS , , stand VVP out RP in IN my PP$ mind NN as IN most RBS memorable JJ . SENT At IN the DT finale NN we PP had VHD the DT orchestra NN at IN the DT finger NN lakes NNS . SENT We PP had VHD the DT 1812 CD Overture NN , , and CC we PP had VHD the DT Citadel NP cadets NNS re IN enact VV the DT final JJ shelling VVG of IN Moscow NP actually RB firing VVG their PP$ cannon NN , , which WDT was VBD followed VVN by IN a DT magnificent JJ fireworks NNS display VVP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT We PP had VHD at IN the DT opening NN ceremonies NNS a DT major JJ speaker NN with IN the DT governor NN and CC the DT mayor NN always RB attending VVG and CC some DT extraordinary JJ event NN , , surprising VVG the DT audience NN . SENT One CD of IN these DT was VBD the DT Flying NP Wallenders NP , , a DT circus NN tightrope NN group NN , , and CC we PP had VHD them PP go VV from IN City NP Hall NP over IN a DT tightrope NN to TO the DT Federal NP Building NP . SENT We PP always RB have VHP puppets NNS , , brass NN quintets NNS , , and CC also RB singing VVG stars NNS like IN Esther NP Hines NP singing VVG the DT Star NP Spangled VVD Banner NP . SENT We PP didn't VVD know VV what WP would MD happen VV . SENT We PP had VHD the DT leading JJ citizen NN of IN Charleston NP say VVP it PP could MD never RB succeed VV . SENT But CC Mayor NP Riley NP was VBD just RB elected VVN to TO his PP$ fourth JJ term NN . SENT His PP$ opposition NN ran VVD against IN it PP costs VVZ from IN the DT local JJ area NN . SENT The DT interplay NN of IN place NN , , ideal NN , , and CC force NN created VVD an DT unusual JJ combination NN of IN effects NNS , , said VVD David NP Rawle NP , , who WP stressed VVD the DT idea NN of IN diversity NN and CC differences NNS in IN the DT festival's JJ presentations NNS . SENT The DT special JJ economic JJ significance NN of IN Spoleto NP to TO Charleston NP is VBZ it PP has VHZ in IN its PP$ nine CD years NNS contributed VVD about RB 35 CD O NN million CD dollars NNS spending VVG directly RB and CC indirectly RB to TO this DT area NN . SENT Secondly RB , , it PP has VHZ attracted VVN companies NNS that WDT wanted VVD to TO move VV here RB because IN of IN the DT quality NN of IN life NN that IN Spoleto NP has VHZ helped VVN catalyze VV . SENT Thirdly RB , , it PP has VHZ helped VVN boost VV the DT economic JJ vitality NN of IN the DT other JJ arts NNS organizations NNS . SENT Politically RB , , it PP has VHZ opened VVN up RP people's NP minds NNS to TO a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN ideas NNS and CC cultural JJ influences NNS because IN it PP is VBZ so RB international JJ in IN its PP$ presentation NN . SENT Aesthetically RB , , it PP is VBZ the DT perfect JJ complement VV to TO Charleston NP because IN Charleston NP itself PP is VBZ an DT art NN form NN . SENT Whether IN these DT effects NNS were VBD planned VVN from IN Spoleto NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT s PP inception NN or CC merely RB random JJ but CC probable JJ consequences NNS from IN small JJ changes NNS is VBZ not RB knowable JJ . SENT Few JJ Charlestonians NP would MD disagree VV that IN Menotti's NP avant JJ garde NN festival NN of IN all PDT the DT arts NNS and CC the DT city's NNS parallel JJ Piccolo NP Festival NP have VHP boosted VVN the DT economy NN and CC the DT arts NNS . SENT That IN the DT festival NN has VHZ opened VVN minds NNS to TO broader JJR ideas NNS is VBZ an DT issue NN that WDT would MD produce VV more JJR debate NN within IN the DT community NN , , judging VVG from IN Mayor NP Riley's NP 1987 CD political JJ opposition NN and CC its PP$ use NN of IN the DT festival NN as IN a DT major JJ campaign NN issue NN . SENT Difference NN and CC Sameness NN Spoleto NN Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT is VBZ a DT very RB complex JJ idea NN . SENT Its PP$ multiple JJ mirroring VVG function NN of IN Menotti NP the DT person NN , , Charleston NP the DT place NN , , and CC Spoleto NP the DT idea NN was VBD touched VVN upon RP by IN David NP Rawle NP in IN explaining VVG why WRB this DT particular JJ festival NN was VBD different JJ from IN others NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT reflection NN of IN the DT artistic JJ direction NN of IN its PP$ founder NN and CC it PP is VBZ a DT reflection NN of IN the DT Charleston NP community NN . SENT And CC it PP is VBZ celebrating VVG the DT beauty NN of IN its PP$ own JJ historic JJ city NN while IN also RB reaching VVG out RP into IN new JJ directions NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT greatest JJS challenge NN is VBZ to TO stand VV up RP from IN others NNS and CC to TO differentiate VV yourself PP . SENT That DT requires VVZ a DT focus NN and CC a DT discipline NN to TO hold VV that DT focus NN . SENT Menotti NP , , Riley NP , , Stern NP , , and CC many JJ Charlestonians NP triumphed VVD and CC successfully RB met VVD that DT challenge NN . SENT They PP did VVD and CC do VVP in IN fact NN allow VVP Charleston NP to TO become VV for IN a DT few JJ weeks NNS each DT year NN a DT breeding VVG ground NN for IN diversity NN , , difference NN , , and CC the DT succession NN from IN the DT old JJ to TO the DT new JJ . SENT The DT sexual JJ metaphor NN seems VVZ especially RB suitable JJ for IN the DT festival NN as IN a DT birth NN place NN of IN the DT new JJ , , and CC for IN thinking VVG about IN festivals NNS lacking VVG such JJ breeding NN grounds NNS of IN diversity NN . SENT NOTES VVZ Chapter NP III NP CHATTANOOGA'S NP RIVERBEND NP FESTIVAL NN . SENT FROM IN A DT THEATER NN OF IN DIFFERENCE NN TO TO A DT THEATER NN OF IN SAMENESS NN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP 60 CD was VBD created VVN out RP of IN the DT interplay NN of IN the DT same JJ three CD elements NNS as IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT . SENT an DT empty JJ space NN , , specific JJ purposes NNS , , and CC an DT artistic JJ force NN . SENT Early RB in IN the DT beginning VVG stages NNS , , however RB , , the DT artistic JJ director NN was VBD removed VVN from IN the DT organizing VVG group's NN agenda NN . SENT The DT aesthetic JJ and CC ideological JJ consequences NNS of IN the DT lack NN of IN the DT force NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN , , such JJ as IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , is VBZ the DT focus NN of IN this DT analysis NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival's NP origin NN . SENT The DT Struggle NN to TO Fill NP the DT City's NP Empty JJ Festival NP Space NP It PP is VBZ doubtful JJ anyone NN can MD present VV a DT story NN of IN origin NN agreeable JJ to TO all DT parties NNS involved VVN in IN the DT founding NN of IN events NNS such JJ as IN Charleston's NP or CC Chattanooga's NP town NN festivals NNS . SENT Various JJ persons NNS in IN Chattanooga NP were VBD struggling VVG to TO fill VV the DT city's NNS empty VVP urban JJ spaces NNS with IN a DT festival NN in IN the DT early JJ 198 CD Os NN . SENT 61 CD Several JJ concerned JJ citizens NNS observed VVD that DT something NN was VBD missing VVG in IN the DT city NN . SENT others NNS sensed VVD the DT empty JJ space NN and CC were VBD working VVG at IN their PP$ own JJ versions NNS of IN what WP to TO put VV in IN this DT felt VVN absence NN , , or CC bare JJ stage NN . SENT Just RB as IN Charleston NP and CC Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , were VBD economically RB depressed VVN and CC had VHD been VBN apparently RB empty JJ or CC little RB used VVN in IN relation NN to TO past JJ periods NNS , , so RB this DT ideological JJ , , political JJ , , aesthetic JJ , , social JJ , , and CC even RB physical JJ space NN in IN Chattanooga NP was VBD unfilled JJ , , analogous JJ to TO an DT empty JJ file NN folder NN with IN nothing NN in IN it PP but CC a DT heading NN whose WP$ reality NN was VBD at IN that DT period NN no RB more RBR than IN the DT category NN itself PP . SENT 62 CD Several JJ community NN groups NNS responded VVD to TO the DT absence NN of IN a DT town NN festival NN . SENT 63 CD One CD effort NN was VBD a DT 1978 CD Allied NP Arts NPS Fund NP document NN , , indicating VVG the DT prevailing VVG fund NN raising VVG festival NN idea NN , , although IN the DT project NN was VBD never RB realized VVN . SENT Another DT was VBD the DT Riverbend NP organizing NN group's NN response NN in IN 198 CD O NN to TO information NN brought VVD from IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT and CC the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP , , which WDT indicated VVD a DT growing VVG curiosity NN about IN the DT general JJ effects NNS of IN town NN festivals NNS . SENT A DT third JJ was VBD the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation's NP interest NN in IN community NN development NN strategies NNS , , such JJ as IN a DT City NP Fair NP , , and CC the DT foundation's JJ 1981 CD Five CD Nights NNS in IN Chattanooga NP summer NN concerts NNS . SENT Finally RB , , a DT reaction NN of IN the DT business NN community NN to TO some DT missing JJ ingredient NN in IN civic JJ life NN was VBD the DT Chamber NP of IN Commerce's NP 1981 CD renewal NN of IN a DT small JJ downtown NN arts NNS festival NN . SENT 64 CD Eventually RB , , the DT collective JJ group NN process NN of IN bounding VVG the DT empty JJ space NN was VBD a DT formal JJ plan NN submitted VVN in IN November NP 1981 CD to TO the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP for IN administrative JJ funding NN . SENT For IN most JJS who WP were VBD involved VVN in IN the DT festival's JJ founding NN events NNS , , this DT was VBD the DT key JJ document NN that WDT synthesized VVD and CC defined VVD the DT empty JJ space NN of IN the DT festival NN theater NN . SENT 65 CD With IN the DT new JJ festival NN group's NNS proposed VVD staffing NN and CC volunteer NN plan NN , , budget NN , , and CC action NN timetable NN , , the DT first JJ phase NN of IN the DT process NN of IN creating VVG , , or CC defining VVG and CC bounding VVG , , the DT empty JJ festival NN space NN , , the DT unfilled JJ theatrical JJ space NN , , was VBD completed VVN . SENT These DT first JJ documents NNS were VBD in IN effect NN a DT series NN of IN scripts NNS and CC revisions NNS for IN the DT social JJ drama NN that WDT would MD become VV the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT As IN one CD musician NN , , Doris NP Hays NP , , had VHD suggested VVN in IN her PP$ proposal NN , , A DT festival NN is VBZ a DT creature NN which WDT needs VVZ to TO fit VV its PP$ habitat NN . SENT The DT new JJ festival NN creature NN responded VVD to TO its PP$ habitat NN , , its PP$ empty JJ space NN , , strongly RB enough RB to TO be VB repeated VVN . SENT and CC it PP has VHZ become VVN community NN ritual NN . SENT If IN it PP had VHD not RB been VBN repeated VVN , , if IN it PP had VHD become VVN an DT occasional JJ pageant NN , , it PP would MD have VH been VBN no RB more JJR than IN a DT one CD time NN theatrical JJ production NN , , such JJ as IN Five CD Nights NNS in IN Chattanooga NP , , which WDT some RB believe VVP , , as RB noted VVD in IN the DT Preface NN , , was VBD the DT first JJ Riverbend NP festival NN . SENT That IN the DT festival NN became VVD ritual NN suggests VVZ it PP met VVD a DT continuing JJ need NN to TO infuse VV a DT temporary JJ empty JJ civic JJ space NN with IN its PP$ energy NN . SENT Yet RB what WP became VVD the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP seems VVZ to TO have VH been VBN a DT masked VVN theatrical JJ structure NN , , a DT masque NN with IN social JJ intent NN , , one CD resembling VVG the DT popular JJ festive JJ form NN absent JJ clearly RB established VVN footlights NN , , in IN Bakhtin's NP sense NN . SENT Apparently RB if IN the DT intent NN is VBZ to TO have VH a DT repetitive JJ , , nonpermanent JJ temporal JJ and CC spatial JJ structure NN , , often RB it PP is VBZ called VVN a DT festival NN , , possibly RB because IN of IN a DT message NN those DT in IN control NN desire NN to TO be VB transmitted VVN or CC reinforced VVN . SENT This DT interpretation NN , , using VVG most JJS of IN the DT key JJ sources NNS from IN that DT period NN excepting IN the DT foundation NN documents NNS , , which WDT were VBD not RB requested VVN for IN this DT exploratory JJ analysis NN , , reinforces VVZ the DT interdependence NN of IN place NN , , ideal NN , , and CC force NN in IN creating VVG the DT nature NN , , functions NNS , , and CC meaning VVG of IN a DT festival NN . SENT These DT three CD crucial JJ elements NNS in IN the DT Charleston NP festival's NN analysis NN appeared VVD to TO be VB as RB fundamental JJ as IN the DT red JJ , , yellow JJ , , and CC blue NN that WDT are VBP the DT primary JJ colors NNS of IN the DT visible JJ spectrum NN . SENT They PP were VBD . SENT Purpose NN . SENT avant JJ garde NN showcase NN of IN new JJ art NN , , principally RB performance NN works VVZ Theaters NNS stages NNS . SENT Galliard JJ city NN auditorium NN , , seventeenth JJ century NN Dock NP St NP . SENT Theater NP , , many JJ other JJ downtown NN locations NNS , , some DT out NN of IN doors NNS at IN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP , , concluding VVG at IN nearby JJ Middleton NP Plantation NP Artistic JJ director NN . SENT composer NN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP The DT difference NN from IN Chattanooga NP in IN purpose NN , , in IN locations NNS , , in IN the DT perceived VVN value NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN all RB suggest VVP that IN the DT initial JJ presence NN or CC absence NN of IN these DT particular JJ elements NNS carry VVP the DT encoded VVN potential NN for IN the DT social JJ construction NN that WDT could MD evolve VV if IN those DT energies NNS remained VVD joined VVN to TO enable VV the DT essential JJ imaginative JJ free JJ play NN associated VVN with IN festival NN . SENT The DT first JJ Chattanooga NP festival NN proposal NN on IN May NP 5 CD , , 1981 CD , , included VVD statements NNS about IN the DT city NN as RB well RB as IN ideas NNS for IN a DT festival NN . SENT It PP expressed VVD the DT basic JJ empty JJ space NN of IN the DT community NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT central JJ but CC repressed JJ document NN that WDT probably RB would MD have VH led VVN to TO a DT festival NN of IN differences NNS had VHD it PP not RB been VBN for IN the DT foundation's JJ intervention NN in IN pursuit NN of IN its PP$ private JJ agenda NN for IN community NN change NN . SENT The DT following VVG excerpts NNS from IN the DT complete JJ document NN author's NNS Riverbend NP materials NNS illustrate VVP the DT relationship NN of IN the DT three CD elements NNS that IN even RB at IN that DT time NN seemed VVD central JJ to TO the DT emergence NN of IN any DT significant JJ festival NN . SENT Empty JJ Space NP . SENT One CD of IN Chattanooga's NP principal JJ problems NNS is VBZ its PP$ sociality NN . SENT Unlike IN the DT citizens NNS of IN many JJ other JJ picturesque JJ cities NNS , , Chattanoogans NNS begin VVP a DT mass JJ exodus NN from IN downtown NN at IN 3 CD . SENT 3 CD O NN every DT afternoon NN . SENT By IN 6 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT the DT center NN of IN the DT city NN is VBZ virtually RB deserted VVN . SENT Why WRB . SENT Because IN very RB little JJ is VBZ happening VVG of IN interest NN . SENT The DT resulting VVG loss NN of IN retail NN and CC tax NN dollars NNS is VBZ considerable JJ . SENT But CC beyond IN the DT loss NN in IN dollars NNS is VBZ a DT loss NN in IN community NN spirit NN and CC pride NN and CC the DT loss NN of IN a DT cohesive JJ urban JJ life NN style NN and CC shared JJ interest NN . SENT By IN one CD definition NN a DT city NN is VBZ a DT focus NN of IN shared JJ interests NNS and CC common JJ concerns NNS . SENT A DT deserted VVN city NN center NN is VBZ a DT tangible JJ sign NN of IN a DT citizenry NN alienated VVN from IN its PP$ city NN . SENT In IN short RB , , the DT potential NN inherent JJ in IN Chattanooga's NP new JJ physical JJ improvements NNS may MD never RB take VV hold NN if IN the DT city NN remains VVZ a DT social JJ desert NN . SENT Some DT have VHP described VVN the DT Chattanooga NP community NN as IN divided VVN , , dispirited VVN , , and CC lacking VVG in IN broadbased VVN social JJ vitality NN . SENT We PP think VVP there EX is VBZ some DT truth NN to TO this DT view NN . SENT A DT key JJ missing JJ ingredient NN is VBZ a DT set NN of IN community NN activities NNS which WDT physically RB pull VVP people NNS of IN different JJ stations NNS in IN life NN together RB . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Purposes NNS . SENT Learning VVG from IN the DT precedents NNS set VVN by IN Charleston NP , , South NP Carolina's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP , , and CC Austria's NP Salzburg NP music NN festival NN , , we PP see VVP no DT reason NN not RB to TO create VV Chattanooga's NP own JJ celebration NN of IN togetherness NN with IN diversity NN through IN a DT quality NN of IN first JJ rate NN artistic JJ expression NN that WDT pulls VVZ the DT community NN together RB and CC attracts VVZ substantial JJ regional JJ and CC possibly RB national JJ interest NN . SENT In IN addition NN to TO this DT idea NN , , the DT celebration NN could MD bring VV together RB , , both DT traditional JJ and CC innovative JJ , , opera NN , , symphony NN , , dance NN , , theater NN , , film NN , , visual JJ exhibits NNS , , regional JJ arts NNS such JJ as IN story NN telling VVG , , gospel NN singing NN , , bluegrass NN music NN , , etc FW . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT We PP prefer VVP celebration NN rather RB than IN festival NN because IN the DT former JJ term NN suggests VVZ a DT specific JJ theme NN while IN the DT latter NN is VBZ more RBR general JJ . SENT A DT celebration NN of IN togetherness NN focuses VVZ directly RB on IN our PP$ main JJ goal NN , , which WDT is VBZ to TO create VV widespread JJ community NN participation NN and CC to TO bring VV diverse JJ ethnic JJ , , social JJ , , religious JJ , , and CC economic JJ groups NNS together RB . SENT Artistic JJ Director NP . SENT Much RB will MD depend VV on IN the DT personality NN and CC vision NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT The DT selection NN of IN this DT individual NN is VBZ the DT key JJ factor NN in IN achieving VVG artistic JJ and CC financial JJ success NN . SENT We PP suggest VVP someone NN equal JJ in IN stature NN to TO Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , artistic JJ director NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP in IN Charleston NP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Rather RB than IN attempting VVG to TO do VV the DT work NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN , , which WDT involves VVZ balancing VVG appropriate JJ programming NN , , availability NN of IN guest NN artists NNS and CC groups NNS , , and CC budgetary JJ realities NNS , , we PP are VBP attaching VVG a DT copy NN of IN the DT Spoleto NN calendar NN as IN an DT example NN of IN what WP is VBZ working VVG well RB now RB in IN Charleston NP and CC with IN modification NN could MD work VV here RB . SENT This DT proposal NN represents VVZ many JJ of IN the DT ideas NNS reflected VVD in IN Charleston's NP festival NN that WDT were VBD attempted VVN in IN Chattanooga's NP first RB 1982 CD festival NN . SENT It PP caught VVD the DT idea NN of IN difference NN , , of IN juxtaposition NN of IN genres NNS , , of IN contrasting VVG styles NNS , , of IN the DT role NN of IN the DT arts NNS as IN an DT energy NN source NN not RB only RB as IN an DT after IN dinner NN mint NN . SENT However RB , , there EX is VBZ no DT substitute NN for IN professional JJ competence NN in IN the DT arts NNS as IN in IN any DT field NN . SENT pop NN singer NN Roberta NP Flack NP was VBD juxtaposed VVN to TO sing VV with IN the DT Chattanooga NP Symphony NP in IN 1982 CD but CC , , it PP was VBD explained VVN later RBR , , the DT festival's JJ business NN staff NN did VVD not RB know VV or CC forgot VVD to TO schedule VV joint JJ rehearsals NNS . SENT Singer NN and CC symphony NN performed VVN in IN sequence NN rather RB than IN together RB . SENT This DT tragi NNS comic JJ miscue NN now RB seems VVZ a DT symbol NN of IN that DT year's NNS preceding VVG and CC continuing VVG ideological JJ struggle NN between IN the DT serious JJ performing VVG arts NNS and CC the DT good JJ time NN entertainment NN arts NNS , , a DT dichotomy NN that IN some DT argued VVN then RB and CC now RB should MD never RB have VH been VBN necessary JJ if IN the DT effort NN had VHD qualified VVN artistic JJ direction NN from IN the DT beginning NN . SENT The DT May NP 5 CD proposal NN met VVN with IN favorable JJ reaction NN from IN the DT foundation NN . SENT The DT organizing VVG group NN , , now RB four CD in IN number NN , , met VVN with IN the DT executive JJ director NN and CC the DT foundation's NNS consultant NN . SENT It PP was VBD decided VVN to TO submit VV a DT planning NN grant NN proposal NN for IN approximately RB 25 CD , , OOO NP . SENT This DT would MD include VV retaining VVG the DT consultant NN to TO research VV a DT variety NN of IN arts NNS festivals NNS , , to TO provide VV travel NN funds NNS for IN local JJ officials NNS to TO visit VV Charleston's NP upcoming JJ Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , to TO prepare VV an DT audiovisual JJ presentation NN to TO communicate VV the DT festival NN idea NN which WDT was VBD not RB accomplished VVN , , and CC to TO provide VV funds NNS for IN other JJ consultants NNS and CC expenses NNS to TO generate VV broadbased VVN community NN understanding NN and CC support NN for IN a DT major JJ arts NNS festival NN . SENT 66 CD After IN this DT was VBD resolved VVN , , it PP was VBD agreed VVN to TO organize VV a DT nonprofit JJ corporation NN , , Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP , , Inc NP . SENT Although IN a DT small JJ legal JJ expense NN for IN incorporating VVG was VBD set VVN aside RP in IN the DT planning NN grant NN , , four CD individuals NNS then RB took VVD it PP upon IN themselves PP as IN volunteers NNS to TO shepherd VV this DT fledgling JJ idea NN through IN its PP$ early JJ and CC tentative JJ steps NNS . SENT The DT rapidly RB expanding VVG group NN represented VVD a DT mixture NN of IN liberal JJ and CC conservative JJ views NNS , , artists NNS and CC non JJ artists NNS , , politicians NNS and CC businessmen NNS , , blacks NNS and CC whites NNS , , old JJ and CC new JJ families NNS , , city NN and CC country NN , , etc FW . SENT Over IN the DT following VVG months NNS , , these DT intentional JJ individual JJ differences NNS were VBD reflected VVN in IN the DT debates NNS , , and CC the DT basic JJ aesthetic JJ philosophy NN of IN the DT initial JJ festivals NNS . SENT 67 CD From IN the DT theoretical JJ perspective NN of IN an DT empty JJ theatrical JJ space NN , , it PP appears VVZ in IN the DT May NP 5 CD proposal NN and CC in IN the DT planning NN grant NN proposal NN that IN the DT organizers NNS confused VVD the DT political JJ function NN , , which WDT was VBD necessary JJ to TO open VV up RP a DT new JJ space NN , , with IN a DT more RBR artistic JJ function NN of IN filling VVG a DT defined VVN theatrical JJ space NN . SENT Yet RB the DT entire JJ Chattanooga NP mise NN en IN sc NN ne RB itself PP was VBD a DT powerful JJ framing NN device NN . SENT In IN this DT proposal NN and CC others NNS as IN well RB , , the DT Charleston NP and CC Salzburg NP view NN of IN the DT city NN as IN a DT stage NN albeit IN a DT bare JJ stage NN became VVD a DT dominant JJ frame NN , , suggesting VVG the DT actual JJ emptiness NN of IN the DT physical JJ Chattanooga NP city NN was VBD itself PP deeply RB felt VVD by IN the DT festival NN dreamers NNS and CC others NNS . SENT What WP appears VVZ in IN retrospect NN to TO have VH been VBN intended VVN as IN a DT participatory NN process NN of IN responding VVG to TO an DT empty JJ space NN was VBD , , not RB surprisingly RB to TO any DT but CC naive JJ dreamers NNS and CC believers NNS , , a DT political JJ process NN that WDT soon RB discovered VVD that IN the DT conceptual JJ space NN was VBD not RB a DT bare JJ stage NN . SENT The DT May NP 5 CD proposal NN was VBD written VVN and CC edited VVN by IN the DT group NN with IN a DT reasonable JJ degree NN of IN awareness NN of IN what WP the DT foundation's NNS goals NNS were VBD and CC of IN what WP its PP$ executive JJ director NN had VHD suggested VVD be VB included VVN . SENT None NN of IN us PP had VHD any DT illusions NNS about IN the DT power NN of IN this DT newly RB active JJ foundation NN , , or CC of IN its PP$ intention NN to TO change VV the DT status FW quo FW in IN the DT city NN . SENT 68 CD Absence NN of IN an DT Artistic JJ Director NP A DT thematic JJ , , selective JJ analysis NN that WDT focuses VVZ attention NN on IN one CD or CC a DT few JJ repeated JJ concerns NNS reflected VVN in IN private JJ documents NNS , , the DT available JJ public JJ record NN , , and CC personal JJ experience NN is VBZ valuable JJ in IN illustrating VVG the DT opening NN of IN ideological JJ and CC physical JJ space NN for IN such PDT a DT new JJ , , different JJ meaning NN and CC practice NN of IN festival NN . SENT From IN a DT chronological JJ outline NN of IN recorded JJ proposals NNS and CC meetings NNS leading VVG up RP to TO the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP , , and CC following VVG it PP , , one CD repetitive JJ issue NN insists VVZ upon IN attention NN . SENT the DT presence NN or CC absence NN of IN Guthrie's NP type NN of IN serious JJ art NN and CC artists NNS within IN a DT festival NN . SENT This DT was VBD a DT major JJ issue NN in IN both CC the DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP productions NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB a DT history NN and CC much RB must MD be VB left VVN out RP of IN the DT study NN . SENT however RB , , the DT explanatory JJ comments NNS in IN the DT endnotes NNS provide VVP in IN part NN the DT context NN essential JJ for IN understanding VVG why WRB certain JJ steps NNS were VBD taken VVN in IN 198 CD O NN 81 CD . SENT As RB noted VVD previously RB , , the DT need NN for IN an DT artistic JJ director NN was VBD included VVN in IN the DT first JJ document NN that WDT outlined VVD the DT philosophy NN and CC approach NN to TO a DT festival NN on IN May NP 5 CD , , 1981 CD , , when WRB a DT 1 CD , , OOO NP , , OOO NP Celebration NN of IN Togetherness NN festival NN was VBD proposed VVN to TO a DT local JJ foundation NN . SENT 69 RB The DT ideological JJ struggle NN between IN art NN for IN a DT few JJ and CC art NN for IN the DT many JJ began VVD at IN this DT point NN . SENT Some DT of IN the DT authors NNS of IN this DT proposal NN argued VVD that IN a DT few JJ artists NNS could MD put VV together RB a DT first JJ class NN festival NN while IN others NNS argued VVD that DT input NN from IN many JJ people NNS was VBD needed VVN if IN Chattanooga NP were VBD to TO have VH a DT successful JJ town NN arts NNS festival NN . SENT This DT crucial JJ issue NN was VBD not RB resolved VVN as IN late JJ as IN 1988 CD , , when WRB a DT comprehensive JJ evaluation NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP was VBD conducted VVN . SENT On IN June NP 3 CD O NN , , the DT idea NN of IN beginning VVG with IN an DT artistic JJ director NN a DT key JJ symbol NN of IN aesthetic JJ purposes NNS was VBD actively RB resisted VVN by IN the DT executive JJ director NN of IN the DT foundation NN by IN far RB the DT dominant JJ foundation NN in IN the DT city NN , , with IN assets NNS of IN approximately RB one CD hundred CD million CD dollars NNS at IN that DT time NN . SENT The DT director NN specified VVN in IN a DT letter NN to TO the DT initial JJ four CD person NN board NN of IN directors NNS that IN the DT hiring NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN at IN this DT time NN would MD be VB a DT serious JJ mistake NN . SENT The DT letter NN said VVD in IN part NN . SENT As IN Sidney's NP list NN indicated VVD , , the DT desire NN to TO hire VV an DT artistic JJ director NN is VBZ a DT priority NN for IN Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP . SENT Yet RB the DT actual JJ discussion NN on IN that DT point NN centered VVN around IN the DT Foundation's NP willingness NN or CC encouragement NN in IN having VHG you PP approach VV other JJ foundations NNS to TO secure VV funds NNS to TO hire VV that DT individual NN . SENT that DT seems VVZ like IN a DT good JJ step NN to TO take VV at IN the DT proper JJ time NN . SENT What WP I PP failed VVD to TO address VV yesterday NN is VBZ my PP$ very RB strong JJ opinion NN that IN the DT hiring NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN at IN this DT time NN would MD be VB a DT serious JJ mistake NN . SENT I PP believe VVP that IN two CD things NNS , , at IN least JJS , , must MD precede VV such PDT a DT move NN . SENT First RB , , the DT planning NN and CC feasibility NN study NN must MD be VB completed VVN and CC its PP$ recommendations NNS and CC implications NNS must MD be VB studied VVN thoroughly RB . SENT Second JJ , , but CC occurring VVG simultaneously RB , , it PP is VBZ imperative JJ that IN the DT Board NP of IN Friends NPS of IN the DT Festival NP be VB expanded VVN , , broadened VVN and CC rather RB dramatically RB diversified JJ . SENT While IN it PP would MD appear VV that DT actions NNS must MD begin VV now RB in IN order NN to TO ensure VV that IN a DT festival NN take VV place NN in IN 1982 CD , , we PP greatly RB prefer VVP that IN your PP$ actions NNS proceed VV on IN a DT logical JJ and CC orderly JJ basis NN which WDT will MD ensure VV that IN a DT festival NN , , once RB created VVN , , exists VVZ on IN an DT annual JJ basis NN for IN a DT number NN of IN years NNS . SENT To TO touch VV all DT of IN the DT necessary JJ bases NNS properly RB might MD or CC might MD not RB take VV quite PDT a DT while NN . SENT 70 RB The DT original JJ idea NN of IN creating VVG an DT artistic JJ festival NN with IN a DT qualified JJ artistic JJ director NN , , which WDT was VBD approved VVN formally RB in IN November NP by IN seminar NN participants NNS and CC consultants NNS , , had VHD hit VVN a DT solid JJ barrier NN to TO its PP$ evolving VVG artistic JJ nature NN . SENT To TO some DT in IN the DT group NN , , later RBR meant VVN too RB late RB . SENT There EX seemed VVD no DT alternative NN except IN to TO drop VV the DT search NN for IN an DT artistic JJ director NN until IN funds NNS as RB well RB as IN support NN were VBD assured VVN . SENT It PP was VBD as RB if IN the DT curtain NN fell VVD before IN the DT play NN began VVD . SENT It PP seems VVZ logical JJ that IN members NNS of IN the DT group NN should MD have VH advised VVN the DT foundation NN that IN the DT project NN was VBD impossible JJ without IN an DT artistic JJ director's NN input NN at IN the DT very JJ beginning NN of IN the DT creative JJ process NN . SENT But CC this DT was VBD not RB done VVN . SENT it PP was VBD a DT significant JJ omission NN and CC error NN of IN judgement NN . SENT 71 CD Today NN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP remains VVZ without IN an DT artistic JJ director NN , , except IN for IN the DT blues NNS programing VVG guidance NN of IN University NP of IN Tennessee NP at IN Chattanooga NP professor NN Russell NP Lindeman NP . SENT It PP is VBZ under IN the DT management NN of IN the DT same JJ business NN person NN , , Bruce NP Storey NP , , who WP produced VVD the DT Lyndhurst NP amenities NNS project NN in IN the DT summer NN of IN 1981 CD , , Five CD Nights NNS in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT It PP now RB appears VVZ , , even RB without IN taking VVG into IN account NN private JJ aspects NNS of IN various JJ individual JJ actions NNS , , that IN what WP seemed VVD to TO be VB at IN the DT time NN an DT inviting VVG bare JJ stage NN had VHD a DT director NN , , script NN , , partial JJ cast NN and CC scenery NN , , and CC was VBD more JJR in IN need NN of IN an DT audience NN than IN creative JJ participation NN . SENT Yet RB an DT actual JJ civic JJ empty JJ space NN beckoned VVD . SENT enthusiasm NN was VBD building VVG . SENT many JJ agreed VVD the DT city NN needed VVD some DT celebration NN of IN itself PP . SENT Almost RB any DT sound NN was VBD better JJR than IN the DT felt VVN silence NN , , almost RB any DT activity NN better RBR than IN the DT obvious JJ empty JJ streets NNS . SENT The DT group NN accepted VVD the DT constraints NNS but CC continued VVD the DT open JJ process NN . SENT The DT strength NN of IN this DT process NN and CC evidence NN of IN continued JJ broad JJ support NN for IN an DT artistic JJ director NN is VBZ seen VVN in IN the DT November NP 23 CD , , 1981 CD proposal's NNS concluding VVG paragraph NN . SENT An DT artistic JJ advisor NN will MD be VB selected VVN immediately RB upon IN approval NN of IN the DT grant NN request NN . SENT The DT exact JJ role NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN will MD depend VV , , in IN part NN , , upon IN the DT individual NN selected VVN , , but CC the DT artistic JJ advisor NN will MD be VB involved VVN in IN all DT artistic JJ decisions NNS for IN the DT festival NN . SENT However RB , , when WRB the DT formal JJ grant NN contract NN with IN a DT 6 CD O NN , , OOO NP check NN was VBD awarded VVN on IN December NP 2 CD for IN a DT Chattanooga NP Festival NP , , the DT foundation NN made VVD doubly RB certain JJ of IN its PP$ intentions NNS regarding VVG artistic JJ direction NN . SENT Description NN . SENT This DT grant NN is VBZ to TO be VB applied VVN to TO the DT administrative JJ costs NNS of IN planning NN , , organizing VVG , , and CC managing VVG a DT Chattanooga NP Festival NP in IN 1982 CD . SENT Special JJ Conditions NNS . SENT This DT grant NN is VBZ conditioned VVN upon IN the DT hiring NN of IN an DT experienced JJ promoter NN whose WP$ track NN record NN in IN local JJ concert NN promotions NNS is VBZ approved VVN by IN the DT Foundation NP . SENT The DT cover NN letter NN also RB stipulated VVD . SENT Additionally RB , , this DT grant NN is VBZ conditioned VVN upon IN Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival's NP employment NN as IN Project NP Director NP an DT individual NN whose WP$ experience NN , , reputation NN and CC track NN record NN as IN a DT promoter NN of IN public JJ events NNS in IN Chattanooga NP is VBZ acceptable JJ to TO the DT Foundation NP . SENT 72 RB The DT sponsoring VVG foundation NN was VBD determined VVN not RB to TO fund VV an DT artistic JJ position NN , , which WDT it PP preferred VVD to TO be VB left VVN to TO another DT foundation NN . SENT It PP would MD fund VV only RB administrative JJ costs NNS of IN 6 CD O NN , , OOO NP . SENT The DT aesthetic JJ issue NN became VVD critical JJ after IN the DT full JJ board NN was VBD created VVN . SENT The DT festival's NNS attorney NN , , J NP . SENT Nelson NP Irvine NP , , advised VVD the DT new JJ president NN and CC executive JJ committee NN in IN a DT memorandum NN on IN March NP 11 CD , , 1982 CD , , of IN the DT threat NN to TO the DT new JJ organization's NN tax NN status NN if IN its PP$ artistic JJ context NN was VBD modified VVN by IN excessively RB commercial JJ objectives NNS . SENT I PP note VVP reference NN to TO the DT statement NN by IN Sid NP Hetzler NP that IN the DT main JJ thrust NN of IN the DT festival NN should MD be VB artistic JJ rather RB than IN commercial NN . SENT I PP think VVP it PP is VBZ important JJ for IN the DT members NNS of IN the DT executive JJ committee NN to TO understand VV that IN the DT tax NN exempt JJ status NN of IN the DT organization NN is VBZ an DT organization NN to TO promote VV the DT arts NNS . SENT Thus RB , , the DT purpose NN of IN the DT organization's JJ activities NNS is VBZ artistic JJ . SENT The DT commercial JJ involvement NN is VBZ only RB incidental JJ insofar RB as IN the DT accomplishment NN of IN promoting VVG the DT arts NNS in IN the DT community NN is VBZ concerned VVN . SENT I PP think VVP this DT is VBZ something NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN understood VVN all RB along RB , , and CC I PP don't VVD think VV it PP needs VVZ further JJR discussion NN but CC I PP wanted VVD to TO remind VV the DT members NNS of IN the DT committee NN of IN this DT and CC the DT context NN in IN which WDT this DT organization NN is VBZ operating VVG . SENT No DT record NN of IN a DT reply NN to TO this DT legal JJ advice NN was VBD found VVN . SENT The DT absence NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN left VVD the DT festival NN without IN its PP$ force NN , , driven VVN only RB by IN its PP$ empty JJ space NN and CC the DT power NN of IN its PP$ idea NN two CD legs NNS of IN a DT three CD legged JJ stool NN , , more JJR than IN a DT little RB wobbly JJ without IN the DT presence NN of IN an DT imaginative JJ artist NN . SENT This DT absence NN led VVN in IN curious JJ directions NNS . SENT because IN arts NNS knowledge NN was VBD an DT essential JJ festival NN ingredient NN , , many JJ experts NNS had VHD to TO be VB consulted VVN to TO help VV educate VV interested JJ local JJ supporters NNS about IN the DT idea NN . SENT The DT Element NN of IN Purpose NN . SENT Festival NP Planning NP Seminars NNS Probably RB the DT festival NN founding NN process's NNS most RBS innovative JJ activity NN were VBD the DT July NP August NP seminars NNS arranged VVD for IN the DT new JJ festival NN board NN and CC prospective JJ board NN members NNS , , persons NNS who WP , , regardless RB of IN their PP$ particular JJ job NN titles NNS , , wealth NN , , or CC beliefs NNS , , were VBD thought VVN by IN the DT four CD organizers NNS to TO be VB receptive JJ generally RB to TO new JJ ideas NNS . SENT 73 CD Four CD seminars NNS for IN the DT new JJ Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP group NN were VBD held VVN for IN approximately RB thirty CD interested JJ persons NNS . SENT Festival NN experts NNS from IN Baltimore NP , , Boston NP , , and CC New NP York NP spoke VVD , , and CC the DT process NN concluded VVD with IN a DT goal NN setting VVG workshop NN and CC party NN . SENT The DT seminars NNS were VBD open JJ , , and CC the DT group NN was VBD encouraged VVN when WRB the DT county NN executive NN , , the DT mayor NN , , and CC several JJ influential JJ commissioners NNS participated VVD at IN the DT beginning VVG and CC ending VVG of IN the DT seminars NNS . SENT All PDT the DT seminar NN speakers NNS stressed VVD the DT importance NN of IN clarifying VVG a DT festival's JJ purposes NNS . SENT At IN the DT final JJ session NN the DT group NN voted VVD not RB to TO choose VV between IN a DT high JJ arts NNS and CC a DT popular JJ festival NN , , which WDT was VBD to TO prove VV a DT false JJ opposition NN in IN theory NN and CC practice NN . SENT The DT consultant's NNS report NN , , The DT Making VVG of IN the DT Festival NP , , concluded VVD that IN in IN America NP there EX were VBD two CD types NNS of IN festivals NNS , , arts NNS and CC urban JJ . SENT 1 LS . SENT Arts NP Festivals NNS , , a DT majority NN of IN which WDT are VBP strictly RB focused VVN on IN music NN and CC created VVN with IN the DT purpose NN of IN presenting VVG unusual JJ high JJ quality NN programs NNS in IN an DT informal JJ setting NN . SENT They PP are VBP usually RB designed VVN to TO attract VV a DT broad JJ local JJ , , national JJ , , and CC sometimes RB international JJ audience NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Urban JJ Festivals NNS , , which WDT are VBP created VVN with IN broad JJ grass NN roots NNS support NN and CC aimed VVN at IN celebrating VVG the DT ethnic JJ , , cultural JJ and CC artistic JJ heritage NN of IN the DT city NN . SENT These DT two CD forms NNS are VBP analyzed VVN separately RB emphasis NN mine NN . SENT Here RB was VBD one CD source NN of IN the DT warring VVG ideologies NNS of IN arts NNS and CC heritage NN distinctions NNS . SENT By IN forcing VVG the DT issue NN into IN separate JJ category NN status NN , , the DT fundamental JJ flaw NN in IN the DT emerging VVG creative JJ process NN developed VVN into IN a DT this NN or CC that DT series NN of IN choices NNS . SENT That DT is VBZ to TO say VV , , the DT group NN was VBD being VBG asked VVN to TO choose VV a DT category NN that WDT was VBD the DT same JJ in IN either DT respect NN , , a DT practice NN that WDT did VVD not RB embrace VV the DT possibility NN of IN different JJ and CC even RB contrasting VVG programming NN in IN the DT same JJ festival NN . SENT Although IN this DT was VBD not RB the DT original JJ idea NN proposed VVN on IN May NP 5 CD , , in IN our PP$ uncertainty NN it PP seemed VVD logical JJ at IN the DT time NN to TO be VB asked VVN to TO select VV a DT festival NN that WDT was VBD all RB of IN one CD kind NN aimed VVN at IN either DT special JJ musical JJ offerings NNS or CC local JJ heritage NN . SENT Eventually RB the DT seminar NN participants NNS voted VVD that IN there EX was VBD no DT need NN to TO exclude VV and CC to TO be VB one CD exclusive JJ type NN of IN festival NN . SENT They PP decided VVD the DT festival NN should MD be VB both DT popular JJ and CC elitist NN , , at IN times NNS expressing VVG dislike NN for IN the DT terms NNS themselves PP and CC their PP$ connotations NNS . SENT 74 CD The NP consultant's NNS report VVP on IN festivals NNS in IN America NP was VBD not RB as RB extensive JJ as IN the DT organizers NNS had VHD hoped VVN , , but CC it PP did VVD outline VV much RB that DT was VBD not RB available JJ to TO us PP in IN any DT other JJ source NN . SENT Its PP$ most RBS significant JJ feature NN was VBD the DT classification NN of IN the DT purposes NNS of IN an DT arts NNS as RB opposed VVN to TO an DT urban JJ festival NN . SENT This DT language NN reflected VVD , , among IN other JJ matters NNS , , the DT foundation NN director's NN attitude NN that WDT inhibited VVD our PP$ search NN for IN an DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT At IN the DT onset NN of IN forming VVG a DT new JJ festival NN , , the DT issue NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN should MD be VB secondary JJ to TO managerial JJ and CC promotional JJ aspects NNS , , unless IN one PP is VBZ readily RB available JJ to TO the DT area NN . SENT The DT artistic JJ director NN can MD come VV later RBR to TO the DT scene NN , , once RB the DT festival NN has VHZ established VVN itself PP emphasis NN mine NN . SENT In IN the DT meantime NN , , artistic JJ decisions NNS can MD be VB made VVN by IN individuals NNS drawn VVN from IN the DT local JJ community NN . SENT 75 CD This DT report NN confused VVD most JJS of IN the DT group NN , , some DT of IN whom WP noted VVD that IN it PP contradicted VVD itself PP in IN several JJ places NNS , , especially RB in IN its PP$ recommendations NNS on IN artistic JJ leadership NN , , where WRB the DT greatest JJS need NN for IN direction NN and CC guidance NN was VBD experienced VVN . SENT In IN the DT second JJ section NN describing VVG an DT urban JJ fair NN , , which WDT was VBD the DT consultant's JJ original JJ idea NN , , the DT report NN recommended VVD . SENT There EX are VBP three CD seats NNS of IN power NN in IN the DT management NN of IN festivals NNS , , the DT artistic JJ director NN , , the DT chairman NN and CC board NN directors NNS , , and CC the DT executive JJ director NN . SENT The DT artistic JJ director NN of IN the DT music NN festival NN should MD be VB a DT natural JJ choice NN , , an DT individual NN with IN ties NNS into IN the DT community NN and CC with IN the DT expertise NN to TO cover VV such PDT a DT position NN . SENT In IN the DT absence NN of IN a DT natural JJ choice NN artistic JJ advisors NNS can MD be VB used VVN . SENT Selected VVN from IN the DT community NN and CC or CC outside JJ , , the DT artistic JJ advisors NNS will MD help VV in IN the DT formulation NN of IN the DT program NN and CC in IN the DT selection NN of IN the DT artists NNS . SENT The DT advisors NNS should MD be VB invited VVN in IN the DT early JJ stages NNS of IN planning VVG and CC should MD be VB selected VVN to TO conform VV with IN the DT thematic JJ requirements NNS of IN the DT festival NN emphasis NN mine NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , for IN an DT urban JJ fair NN the DT report NN advised VVD . SENT Artistic JJ direction NN is VBZ not RB a DT requirement NN for IN the DT urban JJ festival NN . SENT The DT sponsors NNS may MD , , however RB , , want VVP to TO keep VV a DT distance NN from IN the DT process NN of IN selecting VVG performers NNS and CC artists NNS to TO avoid VV recrimations NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ normally RB done VVN through IN the DT creation NN of IN a DT number NN of IN art NN committees NNS each DT devoted VVN to TO a DT specific JJ art NN form NN . SENT Selection NN of IN programs NNS can MD then RB be VB done VVN through IN auditions NNS and CC competitions NNS . SENT 76 RB The DT impending JJ emphasis NN on IN riverfront NN economic JJ development NN , , a DT natural JJ evolution NN from IN this DT particular JJ empty JJ space NN that WDT soon RB became VVD nearly RB an DT exclusive JJ focus NN even RB the DT specific JJ river NN related VVN name NN later RBR adopted VVD was VBD suggested VVN , , was VBD described VVN in IN the DT study's JJ emphasis NN on IN location NN as IN a DT theme NN . SENT A DT theme NN should MD be VB derived VVN from IN the DT objective NN of IN the DT Urban NP Festival NP and CC should MD reflect VV the DT natural JJ attributes NNS , , personality NN and CC reputation NN of IN the DT city NN itself PP . SENT Geographical JJ features NNS could MD play VV a DT great JJ role NN in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT The DT Riverbend NP Festival NP could MD be VB a DT celebration NN of IN the DT history NN of IN the DT community NN through IN the DT role NN played VVN by IN the DT river NN and CC could MD focus VV on IN the DT existing JJ unexploited JJ potential NN of IN the DT river NN , , and CC its PP$ recreational JJ value NN . SENT 77 CD Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT was VBD selected VVN as IN the DT best JJS example NN of IN this DT new JJ generation NN of IN arts NNS festivals NNS . SENT In IN the DT arts NNS section NN , , under IN the DT purpose NN category NN , , the DT report NN explained VVD . SENT Economic JJ and CC community NN considerations NNS are VBP today RB the DT two CD most RBS important JJ objectives NNS set VVN forth RB in IN the DT creation NN of IN new JJ festivals NNS . SENT In IN the DT past NN , , music NN festivals NNS have VHP been VBN implemented VVN for IN the DT fulfillment NN of IN the DT aesthetic JJ and CC musical JJ needs NNS of IN small JJ groups NNS of IN musicians NNS determined VVN to TO look VV for IN new JJ musical JJ challenges NNS and CC the DT enlargement NN of IN their PP$ professional JJ boundaries NNS . SENT It PP did VVD not RB take VV long RB , , however RB , , for IN the DT people NNS involved VVN to TO discover VV their PP$ cultural JJ and CC economic JJ potential NN and CC the DT beneficial JJ impact NN that IN festivals NNS were VBD having VHG on IN the DT cities NNS hosting VVG them PP emphasis NN mine NN . SENT Today NN , , new JJ festivals NNS are VBP designed VVN and CC promoted VVN to TO fully RB realize VV the DT economic JJ potential NN and CC impact NN on IN the DT community NN . SENT The DT Spoleto NP Festival NP is VBZ probably RB the DT best JJS example NN of IN this DT new JJ generation NN of IN festivals NNS emphasis NN mine NN . SENT Spoleto NP is VBZ strongly RB supported VVN by IN the DT city NN leadership NN because IN of IN its PP$ boost NN to TO the DT tourism NN industry NN . SENT Tourism NN is VBZ today NN Charleston's NN fastest JJS growing NN industry NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP and CC the DT other JJ festival NN founders NNS recognized VVN from IN the DT beginning NN the DT essential JJ importance NN of IN involving VVG the DT tourism NN industry NN in IN the DT planning NN and CC promotion NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT Articles NNS about IN Spoleto NN talk NN as IN much JJ about IN Charleston NP as IN the DT festival NN . SENT Applying VVG the DT intent NN , , function NN , , and CC effect NN concepts NNS discussed VVN in IN Chapter NP I PP , , one PP can MD see VV in IN this DT report's JJ premises NNS about IN art NN the DT relationship NN of IN the DT difference NN in IN intent NN and CC effect NN , , and CC a DT sense NN of IN how WRB quickly RB the DT creations NNS of IN artists NNS can MD be VB exploited VVN and CC appropriated VVN . SENT Yet CC Menotti NP created VVD a DT festival NN for IN the DT joy NN of IN it PP , , as IN a DT brief JJ utopia NN for IN artists NNS , , as IN a DT haven NN for IN old JJ and CC new JJ world NN differences NNS not RB as IN a DT commercial JJ Disneyworld NN of IN the DT arts NNS . SENT That DT Spoleto NN was VBD cited VVN by IN the DT foundation's JJ own JJ consultant NN as IN the DT best JJS example NN of IN an DT American JJ festival NN is VBZ a DT powerful JJ comment NN on IN what WP should MD have VH evolved VVN in IN Chattanooga NP but CC was VBD inhibited VVD . SENT But CC did VVD it PP make VV any DT difference NN whether IN Menotti NP created VVD a DT festival NN for IN the DT joy NN of IN it PP or CC solely RB to TO attract VV tourists NNS . SENT As IN Redden NP explained VVD , , in IN Charleston NP the DT original JJ integrity NN of IN the DT artistic JJ idea NN was VBD preserved VVN and CC all DT else RB was VBD a DT consequence NN of IN a DT serious JJ town NN arts NNS festival NN , , which WDT can MD be VB an DT economic JJ bonanza NN but CC as IN a DT by IN product NN and CC not RB as IN a DT main JJ goal NN . SENT Functions NNS of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT Embedded VVN Meanings NNS in IN Two CD Stories NP of IN Origin NN The DT idea NN of IN embedded VVN meanings NNS suggests VVZ the DT hidden JJ functions NNS of IN festivals NNS , , which WDT can MD be VB illustrated VVN with IN two CD stories NNS of IN Riverbend's NP several JJ true JJ stories NNS of IN origin NN . SENT One CD such JJ meaning NN can MD be VB seen VVN in IN an DT analysis NN of IN the DT downtown JJ entertainment NN event NN , , Five CD Nights NNS in IN Chattanooga NP , , mentioned VVN at IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT Preface NN . SENT Another DT is VBZ shown VVN in IN an DT analysis NN of IN a DT alternative JJ festival NN proposal NN from IN Doris NP Hays NP , , a DT musician NN and CC composer NN who WP grew VVD up RP in IN Chattanooga NP and CC now RB lives VVZ in IN New NP York NP City NP but CC who WP has VHZ not RB lost VVN interest NN in IN the DT welfare NN of IN her PP$ Southern JJ hometown NN . SENT During IN the DT mid JJ 1981 CD planning NN and CC research NN for IN a DT festival NN , , the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP directly RB sponsored VVD through IN the DT city NN an DT event NN called VVD Five CD Nights NNS in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT This DT was VBD a DT series NN of IN free JJ downtown NN concerts NNS sponsored VVN by IN the DT city NN and CC funded VVN by IN the DT foundation NN , , apparently RB at IN Longo's NP suggestion NN as IN an DT urban JJ animation NN project NN he PP had VHD developed VVN for IN other JJ cities NNS . SENT The DT 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP musical JJ gift NN to TO the DT city NN drew VVD an DT estimated VVN several JJ hundred CD thousand CD persons NNS to TO the DT city's JJ heart NN , , a DT vacant JJ parking NN lot NN , , in IN the DT late JJ afternoon NN and CC early JJ evening NN over IN a DT period NN of IN five CD weeks NNS . SENT One CD stated JJ purpose NN , , according VVG to TO the DT consultant's JJ assistant NN , , was VBD to TO attract VV different JJ types NNS of IN people NNS to TO each DT show NN and CC to TO persuade VV a DT diverse JJ group NN to TO remain VV in RP or CC return VV to TO downtown NN to TO have VH a DT good JJ time NN . SENT Performers NNS included VVD blues NNS singer NN B NN . SENT B LS . SENT King NP , , Sarah NP Vaughn NP , , Hank NP Williams NP Jr NP . SENT , , a DT well RB known VVN bluegrass NN performer NN , , and CC a DT rock NN group NN . SENT The DT public JJ agenda NN of IN the DT concerts NNS was VBD to TO learn VV whether IN anyone NN would MD come VV in IN to TO the DT city NN at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT work NN day NN , , when WRB normally RB the DT central JJ city NN is VBZ emptied VVN by IN 6 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT The DT hidden JJ agenda NN of IN Five CD Nights NNS in IN Chattanooga NP was VBD to TO see VV whether IN members NNS of IN both DT races NNS 78 CD could MD coexist VV in IN the DT same JJ space NN and CC to TO what WP extent NN audiences NNS would MD differ VV as IN the DT entertainers NNS differed VVD . SENT Predictably RB , , the DT races NNS coexisted VVD . SENT predictably RB , , too RB , , audiences NNS differed VVD . SENT In IN view NN of IN the DT city's JJ past JJ history NN , , there EX was VBD fear NN of IN racial JJ violence NN . SENT Also RB there EX was VBD a DT desire NN to TO show VV other JJ city NN leaders NNS that IN this DT type NN activity NN was VBD a DT positive JJ model NN for IN festivals NNS . SENT No DT one NN knew VVD what WP might MD happen VV when WRB Chattanoogans NP of IN all DT categories NNS of IN skin NN color NN , , income NN groups NNS , , and CC ethnic JJ and CC religious JJ origin NN came VVD together RB and CC were VBD free JJ to TO interact VV on IN a DT mass JJ scale NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , the DT only JJ fight NN reported VVD or CC that IN I PP noticed VVD was VBD between IN two CD black JJ leather NN jacket NN white JJ men NNS arguing VVG about IN a DT woman NN accompanying VVG one CD of IN them PP . SENT Five CD Nights NNS was VBD not RB presented VVN as IN carnival NN , , but CC it PP had VHD overtones NNS of IN carnival NN in IN the DT popular JJ sense NN , , especially RB its PP$ bread NN and CC circus NN rationale NN . SENT Its PP$ purpose NN , , however RB , , was VBD completely RB that IN of IN the DT power NN structure's NN agenda NN for IN community NN change NN . SENT The DT paranoia NN of IN certain JJ leaders NNS was VBD not RB justified VVN . SENT this DT model NN of IN festivalling VVG proved VVN valuable JJ in IN reducing VVG fears NNS of IN the DT crowd NN . SENT Yet CC it PP failed VVD to TO show VV the DT extent NN and CC range NN of IN what WP the DT town NN arts NNS festival NN can MD be VB and CC could MD accomplish VV . SENT And CC it PP may MD have VH reinforced VVN the DT arts NNS patron NN system NN oriented VVN to TO the DT donor's NN needs VVZ rather RB than IN to TO the DT desires NNS of IN audiences NNS and CC performers NNS . SENT This DT segregation NN by IN musical JJ taste NN approach NN continues VVZ in IN the DT Riverbend NP . SENT each DT night NN is VBZ sold VVN to TO a DT local JJ corporation NN , , which WDT receives VVZ the DT advertising NN benefits NNS from IN that DT evening NN and CC is VBZ named VVN in IN the DT program NN . SENT Five CD Nights NNS had VHD some DT positive JJ effects NNS in IN placing VVG emphasis NN on IN the DT performing VVG arts NNS , , and CC on IN the DT music NN form NN of IN art NN power NN to TO attract VV very RB large JJ audiences NNS and CC to TO create VV more JJR community NN interaction NN in IN unused JJ downtown NN space NN . SENT Yet RB this DT model NN may MD collapse VV of IN its PP$ own JJ commercial JJ weight NN as IN an DT advertising NN medium NN when WRB the DT festival NN public JJ park NN is VBZ converted VVN into IN real JJ estate NN projects NNS , , developments NNS described VVD in IN the DT August NP 1988 CD comprehensive JJ study NN as IN having VHG great JJ impact NN on IN the DT festival's JJ site NN . SENT These DT real JJ estate NN plans NNS have VHP become VVN the DT primary JJ goal NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT One CD local JJ businessman NN , , Jack NP McDonald NP , , told VVD me PP in IN 1986 CD he PP expected VVN to TO make VV at IN least JJS a DT million CD dollars NNS from IN his PP$ investments NNS in IN the DT riverfront NN area NN . SENT With IN such PDT an DT incentive NN he PP has VHZ been VBN from IN the DT early JJ years NNS a DT strong JJ supporter NN of IN the DT festival NN in IN organizing VVG sales NNS to TO employers NNS of IN the DT inexpensive JJ admission NN pins NNS . SENT It PP takes VVZ all DT kinds NNS to TO make VV a DT festival NN . SENT however RB , , it PP is VBZ doubtful JJ the DT festival NN would MD have VH continued VVN if IN McDonald NP had VHD not RB developed VVN our PP$ original JJ idea NN of IN one CD pass NN for IN all DT events NNS into IN the DT successful JJ revenue NN source NN it PP has VHZ become VVN . SENT The DT second JJ story NN reveals VVZ the DT repression NN of IN an DT innovative JJ artist's NN response NN to TO Chattanooga's NP empty JJ but CC scenic JJ spaces NNS . SENT At IN our PP$ request NN , , the DT former JJ Chattanoogan NP and CC internationally RB known VVN musician NN Doris NP Hays NP 79 CD offered VVD her PP$ idea NN for IN a DT particularly RB imaginative JJ type NN of IN arts NNS festival NN , , Southern NP Voices NNS . SENT Hays NP provocative JJ , , but CC to TO some DT frightening JJ , , proposal NN briefly NN opened VVD another DT kind NN of IN empty JJ space NN where WRB differences NNS not RB only RB coexist VV but CC thrive VV . SENT Her PP$ October NP proposal NN , , had VHD it PP been VBN followed VVN , , would MD have VH led VVN to TO a DT very RB different JJ festival NN theater NN in IN which WDT the DT work NN of IN artists NNS would MD have VH been VBN celebrated JJ . SENT Copies NNS of IN this DT proposal NN were VBD read VVN by IN several JJ in IN the DT group NN , , but CC her PP$ ideas NNS generally RB evoked VVD fear NN of IN something NN foreign JJ to TO community NN experience NN . SENT Some DT urged VVN support NN for IN her PP$ approach NN as IN a DT part NN of IN a DT festival NN , , but CC without IN success NN . SENT Also RB , , no DT one NN knew VVD how WRB to TO produce VV Southern JJ Voices NNS without IN passing VVG some DT degree NN of IN control NN to TO the DT artist NN . SENT all DT knew VVD by IN then RB the DT foundation's JJ opposition NN to TO that DT direction NN . SENT The DT proposal's JJ poetic JJ quality NN evoked VVD powerful JJ images NNS of IN originality NN seen VVN in IN Charleston NP and CC Salzburg NP , , images NNS now RB part NN of IN the DT forgotten VVN meanings NNS of IN the DT Southern NP Voices NNS Festival NP . SENT Key JJ excerpts NNS from IN the DT proposal NN author's NNS Riverbend NP files NNS indicate VVP the DT power NN of IN the DT physical JJ environment NN and CC the DT idea NN evoked VVN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT A DT Festival NP is VBZ a DT creature NN which WDT needs VVZ to TO fit VV its PP$ habitat NN . SENT And CC , , since IN it PP is VBZ a DT creature NN we PP make VVP , , I PP think VVP of IN what WP kind NN of IN creature NN will MD be VB nurtured VVN by IN the DT locals NNS be VB supported VVN by IN citizens NNS and CC in IN return NN , , full RB grown VVN , , give VV pleasure NN to TO those DT who WP make VV and CC support VV it PP . SENT My PP$ creature NN Festival NP then RB , , is VBZ one NN which WDT has VHZ characteristics NNS of IN the DT local JJ scene NN . SENT It PP sings VVZ . SENT And CC how WRB . SENT This DT Festival NP , , then RB , , should MD always RB have VH a DT chance NN to TO sing VV . SENT Hymn NN sings VVZ , , sacred JJ harp NN sings VVZ , , blues NNS sings VVZ , , country NN music NN sings VVZ , , gospel NN sings VVZ , , massed VVD chorus NN sings VVZ , , special JJ avant JJ garde NN performance NN events NNS sings VVZ my PP$ kind NN of IN singing NN , , orchestra NN chorus NN sings VVZ . SENT One CD of IN the DT first JJ and CC strongest JJS reasons NNS to TO call VV this DT festival NN Southern JJ Voices NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT This DT festival NN creature NN goes VVZ to TO all DT parts NNS of IN the DT city NN as IN I PP see VVP it PP to TO insurance NN companies NNS and CC factories NNS , , to TO the DT courthouse NN lawn NN , , to TO the DT river NN bridge NN , , to TO the DT mountain NN parks NNS , , to TO the DT university NN campus NN , , to TO the DT senior JJ citizen NN center NN , , and CC sings VVZ , , too RB , , with IN the DT people NNS where WRB they PP are VBP . SENT The DT creature NN not RB only RB sings VVZ , , of IN course NN , , it PP dances NNS and CC rhymes VVZ and CC paints NNS pretty RB pictures VVZ and CC makes VVZ marvelous JJ , , outlandish JJ sculptures NNS and CC reads VVZ outrageously RB wonderful JJ poems NNS . SENT This DT festival NN is VBZ of IN the DT city NN and CC of IN the DT region NN , , not RB laid VVN on IN it PP from IN the DT outside NN . SENT It PP has VHZ the DT accent NN of IN many JJ voices NNS of IN the DT region NN . SENT It's NP not RB an DT adopted VVN creature NN , , but CC one CD born VVN of IN the DT existing JJ cultural JJ institutions NNS . SENT a DT fifty CD year NN old JJ orchestra NN , , a DT vital JJ opera NN company NN , , and CC tons NNS of IN singers NNS , , lots NNS of IN fiddlers NNS , , and CC more JJR composers NNS , , writers NNS , , performers NNS of IN all DT kinds NNS than IN the DT majority NN of IN the DT population NN would MD know VV except IN for IN the DT festival NN celebrating VVG their PP$ existence NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Star NP performers NNS come VVP and CC go VVP . SENT They PP are VBP naturally RB a DT part NN of IN this DT festival NN but CC the DT underpinning VVG for IN that DT which WDT is VBZ already RB there RB needs VVZ spotlight NN , , aid NN , , support NN , , and CC moral JJ uplift NN . SENT Past JJ and CC present JJ , , the DT existing JJ , , and CC that IN new JJ to TO be VB added VVN to TO it PP , , all RB are VBP part NN of IN this DT creature NN . SENT The DT past NN in IN the DT form NN of IN a DT living VVG mountain NN tradition NN , , such JJ as IN sacred JJ harp NN and CC fiddling JJ . SENT The DT present NN in IN the DT form NN of IN commissioned VVN art NN works NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP see VVP an DT armada NN of IN pleasure NN boats NNS floating VVG down RP from IN Lake NP Chickamauga NP , , down RB the DT Tennessee NP River NP to TO congregate VV around RP a DT steam NN boat NN at IN the DT wharf NN by IN the DT bridge NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT Chattanooga NP habitat NN was VBD not RB ready JJ for IN this DT meaning NN , , and CC its PP$ local JJ poet NN , , if IN not RB her PP$ prophetic JJ vision NN of IN an DT armada NN of IN pleasure NN boats NNS at IN the DT downtown JJ bridges NNS , , was VBD rejected VVN . SENT The DT ideological JJ nature NN of IN the DT empty JJ space NN already RB had VHD been VBN fixed VVN , , one CD in IN which WDT artists NNS were VBD to TO be VB hired VVN to TO move VV the DT city NN toward IN social JJ and CC economic JJ goals NNS at IN its PP$ riverfront NN . SENT A DT comparison NN between IN this DT and CC the DT original JJ May NP 5 CD proposal NN shows VVZ how WRB the DT work NN of IN the DT artist NN can MD be VB perceived VVN as IN its PP$ own JJ end NN , , not RB as IN a DT means NN to TO an DT end NN external JJ to TO the DT art NN work NN . SENT 80 CD Analysis NN of IN Riverbend NP Objectives NNS The DT information NN from IN consultants NNS , , trips NNS , , speakers NNS , , and CC other JJ documents NNS was VBD summarized VVN by IN a DT volunteer NN seminar NN member NN . SENT 81 RB The DT most RBS important JJ elements NNS in IN that DT report NN are VBP its PP$ list NN of IN objectives NNS , , which WDT can MD be VB seen VVN in IN contrast NN to TO the DT purposes NNS stated VVN and CC implied VVN by IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Salzburg NP models NNS . SENT Those DT original JJ objectives NNS , , which WDT were VBD heatedly RB debated VVN during IN the DT seminars NNS and CC evaluation NN session NN , , included VVD the DT following NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT show VV how WRB arts NNS projects NNS can MD be VB self NN supporting VVG and CC add VV significant JJ new JJ arts NNS events NNS with IN minimum JJ drain NN on IN existing VVG business NN and CC charitable JJ resources NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT provide VV a DT varied JJ series NN of IN high JJ quality NN arts NNS performances NNS and CC activities NNS in IN a DT festival NN setting NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT serve VV as IN a DT cohesive JJ force NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT promote VV artistic JJ activity NN and CC aesthetically RB pleasing JJ events NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT act VV to TO catalyze VV downtown NN and CC riverfront NN revitalization NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT enhance VV benefits NNS from IN tourism NN from IN the DT 1982 CD Knoxville NP World's NP Fair NP . SENT 7 CD . SENT provide VV opportunities NNS for IN various JJ elements NNS of IN the DT community NN to TO interact VV . SENT 8 CD . SENT gain NN national JJ publicity NN for IN the DT city NN and CC its PP$ fine JJ arts NNS support NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT improve VV community NN self NN image NN and CC help NN residents NNS feel VVP good JJ about IN the DT city NN . SENT 1 CD O NN . SENT provide VV opportunities NNS for IN central JJ city NN business NN economic JJ development NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT showcase NN local JJ fine NN arts NNS performers NNS and CC groups NNS . SENT The DT foundation NN consultant's NNS extensive JJ report NN had VHD urged VVN the DT group NN to TO select VV between IN two CD choices NNS , , an DT urban JJ fair NN or CC a DT music NN festival NN . SENT The DT group NN rejected VVD this DT binary JJ proposal NN and CC voted VVD to TO combine VV these DT types NNS into IN one CD festival NN . SENT The DT following VVG analysis NN of IN these DT objectives NNS suggests VVZ that IN the DT arts NNS were VBD gradually RB moved VVN off RP the DT city NN stage NN while IN leaders NNS pretended VVN otherwise RB . SENT These DT written JJ aims NNS provide VVP a DT beginning VVG point NN in IN searching VVG for IN a DT dominant JJ meaning NN expressed VVN by IN a DT festival NN and CC in IN creating VVG a DT semiotic JJ of IN festival NN . SENT Written JJ objectives NNS , , if IN they PP exist VVP , , are VBP one CD valuable JJ source NN of IN intended VVN , , if IN not RB received VVN , , meanings NNS . SENT These DT formal JJ words NNS define VV the DT intended VVN nature NN of IN the DT empty JJ space NN of IN a DT festival NN theater NN within IN the DT chronological JJ sequence NN of IN actions NNS by IN which WDT a DT festival NN space NN is VBZ defined VVN ideologically RB and CC physically RB . SENT The DT meanings NNS of IN Chattanooga's NP new JJ festival NN theatrical JJ space NN were VBD bounded VVN by IN these DT statements NNS that WDT were VBD a DT result NN of IN cooperative JJ group NN action NN . SENT These DT texts NNS are VBP productive JJ for IN study NN because IN they PP reflect VVP not RB an DT individual NN but CC a DT group NN vision NN of IN an DT imagined VVN destination NN , , a DT desired VVN future NN state NN , , a DT fantasy NN not RB yet RB reality NN , , a DT dream NN of IN images NNS to TO come VV , , a DT wish VVP to TO be VB fulfilled VVN , , hopes NNS , , values NNS , , purpose NN , , expectations NNS , , intended JJ results NNS . SENT in IN short JJ , , future JJ . SENT They PP reflect VVP the DT collective JJ intentions NNS of IN the DT particular JJ social JJ group NN , , often RB thought VVD of IN as IN the DT founders NNS of IN the DT original JJ festival NN idea NN . SENT Simultaneously RB , , goal NN statements NNS are VBP refracting VVG powerful JJ institutional JJ and CC individual JJ ideologies NNS , , sources NNS of IN funding NN , , public JJ and CC private JJ interests NNS . SENT Taken VVN as IN a DT whole NN , , they PP represent VVP highly RB compressed VVN meaning NN symbols NNS of IN the DT entire JJ community NN of IN interests NNS , , not RB only RB the DT thoughts NNS of IN those DT few JJ who WP actually RB drafted VVD the DT text NN but CC also RB of IN the DT image NN of IN the DT intended VVN audience NN of IN financial JJ and CC political JJ supporters NNS . SENT Goal NN texts NNS can MD be VB traced VVN in IN their PP$ evolution NN over IN a DT period NN of IN years NNS or CC they PP can MD be VB arranged VVN through IN various JJ schematic JJ categories NNS to TO bring VV out RP underlying JJ functions NNS that WDT generate VVP critical JJ insight NN . SENT In IN 1984 CD or CC 1985 CD , , the DT above JJ goals NNS were VBD re IN coded VVN under IN three CD headings NNS . SENT 1 LS to TO draw VV the DT community NN together RB 3 CD , , 7 CD , , 9 CD . SENT 2 CD to TO present VV the DT arts NNS 11 CD , , 2 CD , , 4 CD . SENT and CC 3 CD to TO promote VV economic JJ development NN 1 CD , , 5 CD , , 1 CD O NN , , 8 CD , , 6 CD . SENT Only JJ goal NN six CD , , related VVN to TO the DT Knoxville NP World's NP Fair NP was VBD changed VVN , , although IN the DT central JJ idea NN was VBD retained VVN , , to TO read VV To TO enhance VV tourism NN in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT Using VVG only RB key JJ words NNS , , the DT new JJ classification NN was VBD . SENT Draw VV the DT community NN together RB serve VVP as IN cohesive JJ force NN increase NN community NN interaction NN improve VV self NN image NN . SENT feel VV good JJ about IN city NN Present VV the DT arts NNS showcase NN local JJ fine NN arts NNS performers NNS provide VVP high JJ quality NN arts NNS performance NN in IN festival NN setting NN promote VV artistic JJ activity NN Promote VV economic JJ development NN demonstrate VVP self NN supporting VVG arts NNS projects NNS avoid VV draining VVG local JJ business NN and CC charitable JJ resources NNS catalyze VV downtown NN and CC riverfront NN revitalization NN promote VV central JJ city NN business NN development NN gain NN national JJ publicity NN for IN city NN and CC its PP$ fine JJ arts NNS enhance VV tourism NN In IN the DT comprehensive JJ 1988 CD evaluation NN of IN Riverbend NP , , these DT three CD primary JJ categories NNS were VBD unchanged JJ . SENT An DT appendix NN briefly RB summarized VVD the DT objectives NNS as RB used VVN by IN the DT study NN team NN . SENT To TO draw VV the DT community NN together RB by IN serving VVG as IN a DT cohesive JJ force NN for IN the DT Chattanooga NP community NN , , by IN providing VVG opportunities NNS for IN the DT various JJ elements NNS of IN the DT community NN to TO interact VV , , and CC by IN improving VVG the DT city's JJ self NN image NN and CC helping VVG residents NNS to TO feel VV good JJ about IN the DT city NN . SENT To TO present VV the DT arts NNS by IN providing VVG a DT showcase NN for IN local JJ fine JJ arts NNS performers NNS and CC groups NNS , , by IN providing VVG a DT varied JJ series NN of IN high JJ quality NN arts NNS performances NNS and CC activities NNS in IN a DT Festival NP setting NN , , and CC by IN promoting VVG artistic JJ activity NN and CC offering VVG aesthetically RB pleasing JJ events NNS . SENT and CC finally RB , , To TO promote VV economic JJ development NN by IN demonstrating VVG ways NNS in IN which WDT arts NNS projects NNS can MD be VB self NN supporting VVG through IN innovative JJ entrepreneurial JJ efforts NNS . SENT And CC , , as IN a DT result NN , , to TO add VV significant JJ new JJ arts NNS events NNS for IN Chattanooga NP with IN a DT minimum JJ drain NN on IN existing VVG business NN and CC charitable JJ resources NNS . SENT by IN acting VVG as IN a DT catalyst NN for IN downtown NN and CC riverfront NN revitalization NN . SENT by IN providing VVG opportunities NNS for IN economic JJ development NN , , particularly RB central JJ city NN businesses NNS . SENT by IN achieving VVG noteworthy JJ national JJ publicity NN for IN the DT city NN and CC its PP$ activities NNS in IN support NN of IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS . SENT and CC by IN enhancing VVG tourism NN in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT These DT objectives NNS have VHP remained VVN largely RB unchanged JJ in IN their PP$ actual JJ wording NN since IN they PP were VBD taken VVN from IN the DT 1981 CD Making VVG of IN the DT Festival NP study NN and CC incorporated VVN into IN the DT final JJ proposal NN for IN the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP . SENT However RB , , the DT 1988 CD evaluation NN recommended VVD several JJ additions NNS that WDT would MD fine RB tune VV these DT objectives NNS . SENT increase NN minority NN participation NN lack NN of IN black JJ involvement NN has VHZ been VBN a DT major JJ problem NN from IN the DT first JJ days NNS of IN the DT festival NN seminars NNS , , recognize VVP the DT volunteer NN role NN , , provide VV new JJ opportunities NNS for IN local JJ performing VVG artists NNS and CC institutions NNS at IN the DT festival NN , , program NN the DT renovated VVN Tivoli NP Theater NP and CC the DT proposed VVN Bessie NP Smith NP Hall NP , , work NN with IN the DT RiverCity NP development NN company NN and CC program NN events NNS on IN the DT river NN before IN , , during IN , , and CC after IN developments NNS are VBP completed VVN , , help VV RiverCity NP educate VV and CC excite VV residents NNS about IN specific JJ projects NNS such JJ as IN the DT Tennessee NP Aquarium NN , , assist VV RiverCity NN in IN marketing VVG Chattanooga NP , , package NN the DT Bessie NP Smith NP Jazz NN Strut NN for IN national JJ television NN , , balance NN attendance NN levels NNS during IN the DT ten CD days NNS of IN the DT festival NN , , improve VV the DT comfort NN level NN of IN crowds NNS by IN improving VVG the DT site NN appearance NN , , and CC by IN becoming VVG actively RB involved VVN in IN the DT process NN of IN planning VVG the DT new JJ Riverpark NP . SENT These DT additions NNS , , in IN light NN of IN the DT views NNS advanced VVD in IN this DT study NN , , reflect VVP the DT structural JJ flaws NNS of IN what WP is VBZ essentially RB the DT heritage NN festival NN dominated VVN by IN the DT RiverCity NP company NN and CC Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP . SENT No DT mention NN is VBZ made VVN of IN finding VVG qualified JJ artistic JJ leadership NN at IN any DT point NN in IN the DT study NN . SENT Only RB in IN contrast NN to TO a DT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT does VVZ the DT lack NN of IN such JJ leadership NN become VVN noticeable JJ . SENT The DT festival's NNS modified VVN , , three CD part NN classification NN scheme NN resembles VVZ the DT first JJ cut NN of IN a DT structural JJ coding VVG not RB unlike IN Propp's NP grid NN of IN functions NNS in IN folktales NNS . SENT As RB with IN his PP$ folk NN tales NNS , , it PP is VBZ possible JJ to TO arrange VV the DT categories NNS so RB that IN elements NNS in IN them PP illustrate VVP other JJ patterns NNS , , such JJ as IN function NN , , intent NN , , and CC effect NN . SENT Near IN the DT end NN of IN his PP$ analysis NN , , Propp NP observed VVD . SENT The DT constancy NN of IN functions NNS endures VVZ , , permitting VVG us PP to TO also RB introduce VV into IN our PP$ system NN those DT elements NNS which WDT become VVP grouped VVN around IN the DT functions NNS . SENT How WRB does VVZ one PP create VV this DT system NN . SENT The DT best JJS method NN is VBZ to TO make VV up RP tables NNS . SENT 82 CD Propp's NP table NN of IN functions NNS are VBP the DT actions NNS of IN a DT tale NN , , separated VVN from IN who WP acts VVZ . SENT The DT table NN resembles VVZ the DT Riverbend NP Festival's NP unintended JJ but CC apparently RB necessary JJ reductionism NN from IN eleven NN categories NNS to TO three CD . SENT These DT three CD objectives NNS further RBR abstracted VVN and CC classified VVN the DT purpose NN , , or CC intentions NNS , , of IN the DT festival NN and CC defined VVD the DT ideological JJ boundaries NNS of IN the DT imagined VVN festival NN space NN . SENT Although IN the DT words NNS were VBD unchanged JJ , , this DT 1984 CD or CC 1985 CD realignment NN , , upon IN closer JJR scrutiny NN , , reveals VVZ significant JJ differences NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , references NNS to TO art NN and CC artists NNS appear VVP just RB as RB often RB , , five CD times NNS . SENT But CC the DT original JJ text NN refers VVZ to TO these DT terms NNS in IN the DT first JJ two CD , , and CC in IN three CD of IN the DT first JJ four CD , , objectives NNS . SENT The DT first JJ list NN ended VVN by IN eventually RB mentioning VVG fine JJ arts NNS performers NNS . SENT In IN the DT second JJ version NN social JJ functions NNS come VVP first RB , , arts NNS second JJ , , and CC the DT economy NN last JJ . SENT Two CD of IN the DT arts NNS projects NNS now RB fall VVP under IN economic JJ development NN rather RB than IN presenting VVG the DT arts NNS . SENT It PP can MD be VB concluded VVN that IN the DT arts NNS have VHP a DT lowered VVN priority NN in IN the DT second JJ goal NN statement NN . SENT This DT repetitive JJ element NN role NN of IN arts NNS and CC artists NNS signifies VVZ a DT changed VVN view NN of IN the DT artist NN in IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT Evidently RB that DT original JJ dream NN was VBD modified VVN and CC the DT semiotic JJ relationships NNS of IN elements NNS within IN the DT festival NN shifted VVD positions NNS . SENT When WRB the DT analysis NN moves VVZ from IN text NN to TO the DT context NN created VVN by IN the DT objectives NNS , , several JJ reasons NNS for IN the DT changed VVN function NN of IN the DT artist NN are VBP suggested VVN . SENT By IN 1988 CD it PP appears VVZ to TO have VH been VBN recognized VVN that IN local JJ performing VVG artists NNS no RB mention VVP of IN visual JJ artists NNS and CC institutions NNS should MD be VB provided VVN new JJ opportunities NNS at IN the DT festival NN . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ no DT mention NN of IN the DT vital JJ element NN an DT artistic JJ director NN or CC directors NNS that IN virtually RB every DT significant JJ festival NN that WDT respects VVZ the DT serious JJ arts NNS , , which WDT the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP objectives NNS purport NN to TO do VV , , includes VVZ . SENT The DT second JJ list NN of IN objectives NNS re IN codes NNS the DT art NN element NN , , which WDT was VBD nearly RB one CD half NN of IN the DT original JJ eleven NN objectives NNS . SENT A DT defensible JJ conclusion NN is VBZ that IN the DT festival's NNS intended VVD meaning NN has VHZ changed VVN in IN this DT one CD aspect NN , , the DT value NN of IN art NN and CC artists NNS not RB in IN simplistic JJ terms NNS of IN art NN for IN art's JJ sake NN but CC in IN terms NNS of IN the DT larger JJR issue NN of IN the DT actual JJ work NN of IN the DT artist NN in IN this DT community NN . SENT The DT separation NN of IN terms NNS of IN purpose NN , , function NN , , and CC effect NN is VBZ one CD method NN of IN clarifying VVG this DT re NN coding VVG of IN objectives NNS and CC shifting VVG of IN priorities NNS . SENT Language NN of IN purpose NN appears VVZ to TO be VB the DT concrete JJ intellectual JJ act NN that WDT defines VVZ the DT particular JJ character NN of IN any DT new JJ empty JJ space NN , , a DT process NN observable JJ within IN Chattanooga's NP well RB documented VVN making VVG of IN its PP$ festival NN . SENT Purposive JJ terms NNS describe VVP the DT direction NN of IN a DT journey NN and CC not RB the DT mode NN of IN traveling VVG or CC description NN of IN the DT expected VVN destination NN . SENT The DT following VVG key JJ terms NNS were VBD selected VVN from IN both CC the DT original JJ and CC revised VVN list NN of IN objectives NNS . SENT Re NP coded VVN in IN the DT categorical JJ grouping NN below RB , , the DT terms NNS reveal VVP some DT underlying JJ distinctions NNS about IN the DT nature NN of IN this DT festival NN theater NN . SENT Intent JJ purpose NN Function NN how WRB Effect NN result NN draw VV together RB cohesive JJ force NN improve VV self NN image NN present JJ arts NNS elements NNS interact VV feel VV good JJ economic JJ growth NN performances NNS showcase NN artists NNS festival NN setting VVG artistic JJ activity NN catalyst NN self NN supporting VVG arts NNS revive VV downtown NN revive VV riverfront NN central JJ city NN publicity NN enhance VV tourism NN One CD conclusion NN from IN the DT positioning NN of IN the DT revised VVN three CD categories NNS is VBZ that IN a DT higher JJR level NN of IN abstraction NN is VBZ needed VVN to TO express VV the DT purpose NN , , or CC why WRB the DT festival NN is VBZ desired VVN , , suggesting VVG the DT possibility NN of IN unconscious JJ drives NNS not RB easily RB articulated VVN . SENT Second RB , , the DT re NN coded VVN context NN modifies VVZ the DT original JJ meanings NNS , , contradicting VVG festival NN officials NNS recurring VVG statements NNS that IN the DT objectives NNS were VBD not RB changed VVN , , only RB the DT sequence NN . SENT Third LS , , most JJS objectives NNS reflect VVP results NNS , , not RB process NN . SENT to TO specify VV only JJ effects NNS is VBZ to TO risk VV unacceptable JJ methods NNS of IN achieving VVG them PP . SENT Fourth JJ , , the DT functions NNS describe VVP the DT theatrical JJ space NN in IN which WDT the DT journey NN is VBZ made VVN without IN reference NN to TO intent NN or CC effect NN . SENT Fifth NP , , a DT chronological JJ view NN of IN these DT unfolding VVG events NNS reveals VVZ the DT festival's NNS shifting VVG dominant JJ purposes NNS through IN repeated JJ presence NN or CC absence NN of IN signifiers NNS . SENT Finally RB , , if IN , , as IN Bakhtin NP said VVD , , every DT meaning NN will MD have VH its PP$ homecoming NN festival NN , , which WDT is VBZ a DT highly RB visual JJ expression NN of IN the DT forms NNS of IN meanings NNS , , then RB it PP is VBZ possible JJ to TO ask VV . SENT To TO what WP kind NN of IN home NN have VHP the DT meanings NNS of IN this DT festival NN come VVN . SENT Were VBD they PP welcomed VVN . SENT Were VBD they PP rejected VVN . SENT Why WRB . SENT Riverbend NP . SENT Meanings NNS and CC Messages NNS For IN this DT study NN , , the DT remainder NN of IN the DT story NN is VBZ anti NN climatic JJ . SENT The DT officers NNS and CC new JJ board NN members NNS assumed VVD office NN in IN February NP and CC planning NN proceeded VVD . SENT The DT festival NN was VBD held VVN in IN August NP 1982 CD . SENT It PP was VBD preceded VVN by IN in IN home NN chamber NN music NN fundraising VVG events NNS and CC by IN three CD concerts NNS at IN the DT local JJ baseball NN stadium NN . SENT These DT included VVD three CD expensive JJ entertainment NN groups NNS the DT Beachboys NP , , the DT Commodores NNS , , and CC Rick NP Springfield NP and CC festival NN officials NNS expected VVN adequate JJ profits NNS to TO finance VV the DT actual JJ festival NN at IN the DT riverfront NN . SENT Springfield NP alone RB cost VVD 65 CD , , OOO NP . SENT Even RB with IN the DT efforts NNS of IN professional JJ promoters NNS , , the DT Riverbend NP went VVD into IN its PP$ first JJ actual JJ festival NN with IN a DT 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP deficit NN . SENT But CC the DT deficit NN bought VVD an DT enthusiastic JJ and CC excited JJ community NN . SENT the DT festival NN had VHD been VBN born VVN and CC had VHD taken VVN its PP$ first JJ step NN . SENT One CD indication NN of IN the DT general JJ reaction NN to TO the DT Riverbend NP and CC simultaneous JJ Miller NP Park NP and CC Fort NP Wood NP festivals NNS , , even RB with IN its PP$ various JJ difficulties NNS and CC problems NNS , , came VVD from IN an DT editorial NN by IN Pat NP Wilcox NP in IN the DT Chattanooga NP Times NP . SENT After IN a DT week NN of IN music NN and CC fun NN , , the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP is VBZ over RP , , and CC Chattanooga NP can MD luxuriate VV in IN the DT afterglow NN of IN success NN . SENT Sponsoring VVG foundations NNS and CC corporations NNS , , particularly RB the DT Krystal NP Co NP . SENT , , took VVD a DT bet NN on IN Chattanooga NP and CC won VVN . SENT But CC the DT volunteers NNS who WP spent VVD countless JJ hours NNS planning VVG and CC organizing VVG the DT festival NN often RB worked VVD against IN the DT odds NNS of IN disbelief NN . SENT Surveying VVG the DT crowds NNS of IN festival NN goers NNS , , one CD such JJ organizer NN recalled VVD many JJ requests NNS for IN help NN turned VVD down RB simply RB because IN they PP didn't VVD think VV this DT thing NN would MD ever RB happen VV . SENT But CC happen VV it PP did VVD and CC in IN a DT big JJ way NN . SENT Over IN the DT weekend NN the DT Downtown JJ Arts NP Festival NP and CC the DT Fort NP Wood NP neighborhood NN celebration NN added VVD to TO the DT festive JJ fair NN . SENT Together RB , , the DT crowds NNS they PP drew VVD brought VVD all DT downtown NN to TO life NN . SENT Congratulations NNS are VBP in IN order NN for IN the DT believers NNS . SENT They've NP made VVD believers NNS of IN a DT lot NN more JJR folks NNS and CC that WDT bodes VVZ well RB for IN next JJ year NN . SENT Next JJ year NN meant VVD the DT festival NN would MD become VV ritual NN , , repeating VVG its PP$ magical JJ time NN and CC space NN and CC making VVG more JJR believers NNS but CC believers NNS in IN what WP ideas NNS . SENT The DT three CD festivals NNS did VVD not RB coincide VV again RB . SENT such PDT a DT celebration NN of IN togetherness NN was VBD not RB desired VVN by IN the DT various JJ groups NNS involved VVN . SENT Like IN Gargantua NP , , after IN its PP$ birth NN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP grew VVD , , and CC grew VVD , , and CC grew VVD , , and CC appeared VVD likely RB to TO outgrow VV its PP$ cradle NN . SENT In IN 1987 CD nearly RB 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP persons NNS gathered VVD down RP by IN the DT riverside NN to TO hear VV the DT Chicago NP jazz NN group NN perform VV , , where WRB most JJS of IN the DT huge JJ crowd NN could MD enjoy VV the DT performance NN only RB from IN giant JJ loudspeakers NNS and CC videoscreens NNS . SENT The DT few JJ dozen NN who WP gathered VVD to TO hear VV three CD visiting VVG chamber NN musicians NNS at IN the DT new JJ Miller NP Park NP open JJ air NN pavilion NN at IN noon NN and CC sunset NN strained VVN to TO hear VV over RP the DT traffic NN noise NN . SENT Riverbend NP officials NNS could MD not RB put VV the DT musicians NNS in IN any DT one NN of IN several JJ nearby JJ acoustic JJ space NN because IN of IN politics NNS , , the DT chamber NN music NN committee NN had VHD been VBN told VVN at IN its PP$ first JJ and CC only RB meeting VVG several JJ months NNS before RB . SENT By IN 1986 CD , , the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP was VBD shifting VVG almost RB exclusively RB toward IN support NN of IN riverfront NN development NN tasks NNS , , as IN the DT 1988 CD evaluation NN confirmed VVD away RB from IN the DT original JJ objectives NNS . SENT A DT rigidity NN had VHD settled VVN on IN the DT programming NN . SENT There EX were VBD no DT more RBR premier JJ works NNS , , such JJ as IN a DT 1985 CD commissioned VVN work NN for IN fiddle NN and CC orchestra NN by IN New NP England NP composer NN Marie NP Rhines NP , , played VVN on IN the DT river NN barge NN . SENT The DT physical JJ nature NN of IN the DT empty JJ space NN is VBZ a DT critical JJ element NN in IN the DT art NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT Sarah NP Vaughn NP had VHD noted VVN in IN a DT 1981 CD newspaper NN interview NN during IN Five CD Nights NNS that DT music NN is VBZ not RB an DT outdoor JJ sport NN , , suggesting VVG that IN a DT proper JJ acoustic JJ space NN like IN the DT Tivoli NP Theater NP would MD have VH been VBN far RB more JJR appropriate JJ for IN such PDT a DT subtle JJ combination NN of IN fiddle NN and CC orchestra NN . SENT A DT year NN earlier RBR , , Rhines NP had VHD been VBN sponsored VVN by IN the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP as IN an DT artist NN in IN residence NN at IN Baylor NP School NP , , a DT private JJ college NN preparatory JJ high JJ school NN in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT Rhines NP work NN expressed VVD her PP$ scholarly JJ interest NN in IN fiddling VVG and CC in IN Apalachian JJ folk NN tunes NNS pased VVD down RP from IN the DT area's JJ British JJ musical JJ heritage NN . SENT After IN the DT Riverbend NP premier NN , , apparently RB neither DT Rhines NPS nor CC any DT other JJ composer NN was VBD invited VVN to TO prepare VV new JJ compositions NNS . SENT Later RBR that DT year NN , , another DT composer NN from IN Chattanooga NP asked VVD the DT foundation NN for IN production NN support NN of IN a DT new JJ work NN that WDT possibly RB could MD have VH premiered VVD at IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT The DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP representative NN responded VVD that IN it PP no RB longer RBR funded JJ such JJ grants NNS to TO artists NNS it PP does VVZ have VHP a DT program NN of IN individual JJ artist NN grants NNS , , Lyndhurst NP Fellows NP , , but CC applications NNS are VBP not RB accepted VVN . SENT This DT added VVD to TO the DT signs NNS that IN the DT Riverbend NP and CC its PP$ primary JJ sponsor NN finally RB had VHD turned VVN away RB from IN any DT attempt NN to TO follow VV Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT s PP serious JJ programming NN that WDT introduces VVZ the DT new JJ , , different JJ , , and CC unknown JJ to TO the DT community NN . SENT It PP was VBD a DT complete JJ reversal NN from IN the DT limited JJ multi NNS arts NNS efforts NNS of IN the DT 1982 CD through IN 1985 CD programs NNS . SENT It PP could MD be VB written VVN in IN May NP 1986 CD . SENT The DT community NN has VHZ not RB welcomed VVN nor CC encouraged VVN new JJ ideas NNS and CC ways NNS of IN expressing VVG them PP by IN its PP$ artists NNS , , whose WP$ existence NN seemingly RB serves VVZ to TO promote VV economic JJ growth NN and CC attract VV new JJ business NN . SENT Our PP$ leaders NNS talk VVP of IN arts NNS , , not RB artists NNS . SENT The DT campaign NN slogan NN is VBZ a DT pitch NN for IN jobs NNS , , not RB joy NN . SENT The DT pledge NN is VBZ for IN more JJR of IN the DT same JJ , , not RB the DT new JJ , , the DT different JJ , , the DT stimulating JJ . SENT The DT new JJ is VBZ not RB well RB received VVN in IN Chattanooga NP , , and CC it PP may MD be VB that IN the DT absence NN of IN community NN leaders NNS , , with IN a DT few JJ exceptions NNS , , at IN these DT artistic JJ events NNS speaks VVZ eloquently RB . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT It PP is VBZ Sunday's NP announcement NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP schedule NN that WDT makes VVZ this DT fear NN of IN the DT new JJ so RB clear JJ the DT commercial JJ artists NNS , , the DT motor NN boat NN races NNS , , the DT events NNS that WDT are VBP fun NN and CC that DT sell NN pins VVZ but CC that WDT say VVP more JJR of IN the DT same JJ and CC why WRB bother VV to TO some DT known JJ or CC unknown JJ artistic JJ talent NN with IN a DT new JJ , , untested JJ message NN or CC medium NN . SENT Why WRB does VVZ the DT Riverbend NP not RB merit VVP a DT listing NN in IN the DT New NP York NP Times NP summer NN music NN festival NN section NN . SENT What WP is VBZ nearly RB a DT million CD dollars NNS buying VVG for IN our PP$ town NN . SENT It PP is VBZ an DT expensive JJ summer NN block NN party NN , , to TO use VV one CD festival NN president's NNS term NN . SENT If IN a DT Rick NP Montague NP had VHD the DT power NN six CD years NNS ago RB to TO specify VV a DT promoter NN rather RB than IN an DT artistic JJ director NN to TO shape VV the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP , , then RB he PP also RB has VHZ the DT power NN to TO help VV foster VV a DT climate NN of IN innovation NN and CC support NN for IN the DT new JJ sources NNS of IN artistic JJ energy NN without IN which WDT communities NNS stagnate VV and CC decline VV . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT 83 RB The DT extreme JJ range NN of IN favorable JJ and CC unfavorable JJ responses NNS to TO these DT thoughts NNS indicated VVN that IN negative JJ interpretations NNS of IN a DT town NN festival NN can MD generate VV highly RB emotional JJ reactions NNS to TO what WP a DT Lyndhurst NP foundation NN official NN viewed VVN as IN the DT city's JJ annual JJ image NN making VVG set NN of IN activities NNS see VVP Preface NN , , Slack NP article NN . SENT The DT 1988 CD comprehensive JJ Riverbend NP evaluation NN , , funded VVN by IN the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP , , is VBZ outside IN the DT period NN of IN this DT study NN . SENT From IN the DT perspective NN of IN an DT essential JJ empty JJ space NN , , the DT report NN noted VVD that IN the DT economic JJ development NN of IN the DT Riverfront NN Park NP where WRB the DT festival NN is VBZ located VVN would MD displace VV Riverbend NP for IN several JJ years NNS . SENT Such JJ self NN destructive JJ evolution NN of IN this DT commercial JJ festival NN would MD be VB predictable JJ , , based VVN on IN an DT idea NN of IN empty JJ space NN that WDT becomes VVZ filled VVN and CC no DT longer JJR functions NNS as IN a DT theatrical JJ empty JJ space NN where WRB the DT new JJ can MD emerge VV , , where WRB the DT different JJ has VHZ its PP$ first JJ breath NN of IN life NN , , where WRB even RB conflicting JJ voices NNS can MD sing VV their PP$ songs NNS and CC play VV their PP$ works NNS . SENT The DT 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP study NN reinforced VVD the DT idea NN that WDT concluded VVD the DT discussion NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT and CC that DT is VBZ this DT work's JJ thesis NN . SENT difference NN embraces VVZ sameness NN but CC sameness NN rejects VVZ difference NN . SENT In IN summary NN , , a DT broader JJR context NN appropriate JJ for IN a DT larger JJR study NN would MD show VV the DT kind NN of IN urban JJ home NN into IN which WDT the DT evolving VVG meanings NNS of IN festival NN were VBD invited VVN in IN 1981 CD , , and CC would MD show VV specifically RB how WRB the DT various JJ civic JJ forces NNS underlying VVG the DT festival NN bounded VVD a DT newly RB constructed VVN empty JJ space NN in IN the DT organizers NNS collective JJ thinking NN . SENT A DT 1981 CD Allied NP Arts NP fund NN raising VVG study NN contains VVZ detailed JJ documentation NN of IN the DT thinking NN behind IN the DT move NN toward IN centralized JJ control NN of IN the DT museum NN , , symphony NN , , opera NN , , and CC other JJ member NN organizations NNS , , an DT environment NN that WDT opposed VVD the DT idea NN of IN a DT festival NN at IN that DT time NN . SENT The DT written JJ corpus NN of IN material NN accessible JJ for IN this DT study NN that WDT is VBZ , , the DT contextual JJ , , ideological JJ boundaries NNS in IN which WDT most JJS debate NN and CC argument NN occurred VVD points NNS toward IN the DT strong JJ possibility NN that IN these DT meanings NNS of IN Riverbend NP are VBP a DT microcosm NN of IN meanings NNS of IN the DT larger JJR community NN and CC regional JJ and CC national JJ society NN . SENT Although IN two CD different JJ ideas NNS of IN a DT festival NN had VHD surfaced VVN , , one PP called VVD fine JJ arts NNS or CC elitist NN and CC one CD called VVD popular JJ or CC social JJ , , in IN the DT final JJ actual JJ grant NN proposal NN the DT group NN had VHD attempted VVN to TO retain VV both DT elements NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT Hays NP document NN that IN most RBS vividly RB illustrates VVZ the DT difference NN in IN intended VVN festival NN meanings NNS , , ranging VVG from IN a DT social JJ objective NN of IN celebrating VVG togetherness NN to TO aesthetic JJ aims NNS of IN celebrating VVG the DT existence NN of IN local JJ artists NNS . SENT A DT broader JJR conceptual JJ framework NN is VBZ required VVN to TO address VV these DT and CC similar JJ issues NNS . SENT It PP rests VVZ on IN a DT Bakhtinian NP communication NN philosophy NN that WDT fosters VVZ more JJR multiple JJ interpretations NNS throughout IN the DT social JJ communication NN process NN , , where WRB an DT idea NN of IN differences NNS could MD someday RB have VH its PP$ homecoming NN festival NN . SENT NOTES NNS CHAPTER NN IV NP TWO CD TOWNS NNS , , TWO CD FESTIVALS NNS , , MULTIPLE JJ MEANINGS NNS OF IN FESTIVAL NN An DT Arts NP Festival NP Creature NN Encounters VVZ its PP$ Heritage NP Habitat NN Two CD contrasting VVG ideas NNS of IN festival NN frame NN the DT issues NNS raised VVN by IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP festivals NNS . SENT These DT are VBP found VVN in IN the DT difference NN and CC sameness NN opposition NN , , the DT arts NNS and CC heritage NN purpose NN , , the DT open JJ and CC closed JJ festival NN form NN . SENT They PP can MD be VB seen VVN in IN the DT following VVG viewpoints NNS generated VVN by IN Chattanooga's NP experience NN with IN its PP$ festival NN . SENT Foundation NP President NP . SENT Cities NNS and CC towns NNS are VBP holding VVG heritage NN festivals NNS taking VVG a DT new JJ look NN , , establishing VVG community NN pride NN . SENT The DT towns NNS which WDT sell VVP out RP and CC follow VV a DT foreign JJ culture NN without IN struggling VVG to TO incorporate VV and CC assimilate VV that DT culture NN as IN a DT subset NN of IN its PP$ historical JJ authenticity NN will MD become VV fractured JJ , , schitzophanic JJ sic RB rootless JJ . SENT 84 CD Composer NN . SENT A DT Festival NP is VBZ a DT creature NN which WDT needs VVZ to TO fit VV its PP$ habitat NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT My PP$ creature NN Festival NP then RB , , is VBZ one NN which WDT has VHZ characteristics NNS of IN the DT local JJ scene NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT creature NN not RB only RB sings VVZ , , of IN course NN . SENT it PP dances NNS and CC rhymes VVZ and CC paints NNS pretty RB pictures VVZ and CC makes VVZ marvelous JJ , , outlandish JJ sculptures NNS and CC reads VVZ outrageously RB wonderful JJ poems NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT It PP has VHZ the DT accent NN of IN many JJ voices NNS of IN the DT region NN . SENT 85 RB These DT views NNS seemingly RB agree VVP on IN the DT importance NN of IN the DT local JJ nature NN of IN a DT festival NN , , but CC they PP diverge VV on IN the DT degree NN of IN diversity NN tolerated VVN within IN its PP$ habitat NN . SENT Subcultures NNS quickly RB can MD become VV ethnic JJ , , religious JJ , , or CC class NN minority NN groups NNS erased VVN from IN a DT city's JJ authentic JJ dominant JJ history NN . SENT Outrageously RB wonderful JJ poems NNS , , which WDT could MD become VV outrageous JJ full JJ frontal JJ nudity NN in IN Martha NP Clarke's NP Miracle NP of IN Love NP in IN one CD of IN Charleston's NP public JJ theaters NNS during IN the DT 1986 CD Spoleto NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , could MD in IN a DT Chattanooga NP become VV a DT censored VVN production NN , , which WDT has VHZ been VBN a DT recurring VVG practice NN in IN the DT community's NNS publicly RB owned VVN theaters NNS . SENT Charleston NP easily RB could MD be VB the DT town NN apparently RB charged VVN by IN the DT foundation NN director NN quoted VVN above IN with IN selling VVG out RP and CC following VVG a DT foreign JJ culture NN . SENT The DT central JJ point NN is VBZ that IN it PP is VBZ not RB the DT particular JJ city NN or CC even RB foreign JJ culture NN that WDT is VBZ in IN question NN but CC any DT cultural JJ practice NN different JJ from IN the DT prevailing VVG preferences NNS of IN those DT individuals NNS who WP control VVP a DT community's JJ resources NNS and CC direction NN of IN change NN . SENT The DT effect NN is VBZ that IN the DT community NN remains VVZ on IN the DT same JJ course NN until IN new JJ information NN from IN a DT more RBR powerful JJ source NN alters VVZ its PP$ direction NN and CC perceptions NNS . SENT If IN Menotti NP and CC the DT NEA NP served VVD as IN such PDT a DT change NN agent NN for IN Charleston NP , , then RB Charleston's NP festival NN provided VVD this DT new JJ information NN to TO Chattanooga NP individuals NNS and CC town NN officials NNS . SENT The DT record NN shows VVZ that IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT set VVN both CC a DT strong JJ positive JJ and CC negative JJ example NN for IN the DT founders NNS and CC organizers NNS of IN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT Whether IN Charleston NP , , as RB would MD be VB implied VVN by IN the DT first JJ view NN above IN , , sold VVN out RP to TO a DT foreign JJ culture NN or CC successfully RB assimilated VVD the DT Italian JJ Spoleto NN festival NN is VBZ impossible JJ to TO prove VV , , if IN , , in IN fact NN , , that WDT is VBZ the DT example NN the DT speaker NN had VHD in IN mind NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT evidence NN to TO indicate VV that IN Charleston NP has VHZ shown VVN signs NNS of IN becoming VVG fractured JJ , , schitzophrenic JJ rootless JJ . SENT However RB , , if IN that WDT actually RB is VBZ what WP happened VVD , , it PP seems VVZ a DT path NN associated VVN with IN world NN fame NN and CC increasing VVG urban JJ wealth NN . SENT If IN the DT term NN schizophrenic JJ means VVZ a DT state NN characterized VVN by IN the DT coexistence NN of IN contradictory JJ or CC incompatible JJ elements NNS Random NP House NP Dictionary NP , , 2 CD nd NN edition NN , , then RB the DT view NN proposed VVD earlier RBR of IN the DT multi NNS functional JJ dimensions NNS of IN a DT festival NN of IN diversity NN as IN opposed VVN to TO a DT single JJ dimensional JJ festival NN of IN unity NN is VBZ cast VVN in IN bold JJ relief NN . SENT In IN the DT foreword NN to TO Lyotard's NP Postmodern NN Condition NN , , Frederic NP Jameson NP points NNS out IN Gilles NP Deleuze's NP influential JJ celebration NN of IN schizophrenia NN in IN books NNS like IN the DT Anti JJ Oedipus NP . SENT Later RBR he PP also RB notes VVZ . SENT Lyotard's NP affiliations NNS here RB would MD seem VV to TO be VB with IN the DT Anti JJ Oedipus NP of IN Gilles NP Deleuze NP and CC F NP lix NP Guattari NP , , who WP also RB warned VVD us PP , , at IN the DT end NN of IN that DT work NN , , that IN the DT schizophrenic JJ ethic NN they PP proposed VVD was VBD not RB at IN all PDT a DT revolutionary JJ one CD , , but CC a DT way NN of IN surviving VVG under IN capitalism NN , , producing VVG fresh JJ desires NNS within IN the DT structural JJ limits NNS of IN the DT capitalist JJ mode NN of IN production NN as IN such JJ . SENT 86 RB There EX should MD be VB little JJ doubt NN that IN festivals NNS , , like IN world's JJ fairs NNS , , function NN as IN desire NN machines NNS , , as IN Robert NP Segrest NP has VHZ written VVN about IN the DT Chicago NP world's NN fairs NNS . SENT 87 CD From IN this DT perspective NN , , Montague's NP attack NN on IN the DT schizophrenic JJ is VBZ predictable JJ in IN that IN the DT fractured JJ state NN of IN things NNS would MD threaten VV totality NN and CC monological JJ historical JJ authenticity NN . SENT Such PDT an DT environment NN obviously RB would MD reject VV Menotti's NP festival NN theater NN of IN differences NNS and CC the DT avant JJ garde NN . SENT The DT result NN literally RB is VBZ monologue NN conquering VVG dialogue NN , , the DT great JJ theme NN of IN diversity NN that IN concerned JJ Bakhtin NP in IN all PDT his PP$ works NNS . SENT That IN Charleston NP went VVD against IN its PP$ historical JJ authenticity NN makes VVZ its PP$ Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT all PDT the DT more RBR improbable JJ . SENT The DT Riverbend NP example NN suggests VVZ assimilation NN of IN subcultures NNS quickly RB becomes VVZ unintended JJ erasure NN of IN differences NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT issue NN of IN sameness NN versus CC differences NNS . SENT To TO be VB specific JJ , , a DT claim NN is VBZ made VVN for IN the DT positive JJ value NN of IN the DT so RB called VVN schizophrenic JJ , , coexisting VVG , , contradictory JJ , , incompatible JJ elements NNS in IN Hays NP proposal NN . SENT This DT idea NN was VBD not RB tolerated VVN by IN the DT ideological JJ dominance NN of IN historical JJ authenticity NN in IN the DT Chattanooga NP experience NN described VVD . SENT Neither DT idea NN should MD be VB carried VVN to TO its PP$ logical JJ extreme NN . SENT it PP is VBZ the DT blend NN and CC balance NN that WDT represents VVZ the DT artistry NN of IN both DT personal JJ sanity NN and CC social JJ progress NN , , and CC in IN serious JJ festivals NNS where WRB all PDT these DT dynamics NNS often RB are VBP staged VVN . SENT There EX are VBP conflicting JJ views NNS about IN the DT influences NNS behind IN Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP , , but CC the DT available JJ record NN indicates VVZ that IN when WRB the DT city's NNS leaders NNS had VHD the DT opportunity NN to TO benefit VV from IN the DT example NN of IN the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NP gift NN of IN an DT arts NNS festival NN to TO the DT Southeast NP , , and CC possibly RB to TO request VV similar JJ support NN , , an DT official NN of IN the DT Chattanooga NP based VVN Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP , , however RB well RB intentioned JJ , , deliberately RB used VVN his PP$ foundation's JJ enormous JJ power NN to TO block VV the DT appointment NN of IN an DT urgently RB needed VVN artistic JJ director NN at IN the DT outset NN of IN the DT creative JJ process NN . SENT It PP is VBZ definite JJ that IN what WP became VVD the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP celebrated VVD few JJ local JJ artists NNS and CC cultural JJ organizations NNS a DT continuing JJ criticism NN supported VVN by IN the DT foundation's NNS extensive JJ 1988 CD analysis NN 88 CD of IN the DT festival NN . SENT It PP appears VVZ the DT ideological JJ divergences NNS of IN the DT philosophies NNS inherent JJ in IN a DT heritage NN or CC arts NNS festival NN , , to TO use VV the DT simplest JJS oppositions NNS , , proved VVD substantial JJ , , leading VVG in IN the DT first JJ case NN to TO a DT festival NN of IN sameness NN and CC in IN the DT second JJ case NN to TO a DT festival NN of IN differences NNS . SENT Although IN there EX are VBP important JJ exceptions NNS to TO such JJ a DT stark JJ opposition NN , , the DT tale NN that WDT is VBZ reflected VVN in IN the DT Chattanooga NP story NN of IN unity NN stands NNS in IN great JJ contrast NN to TO the DT stories NNS of IN Charleston's NP diversity NN as RB told VVD by IN Stern NP , , Wadsworth NP , , Sturm NP , , Redden NP , , and CC Rawle NP . SENT Their PP$ narratives NNS reveal VVP the DT considerably RB broader JJR range NN of IN imaginative JJ expressions NNS of IN a DT festival's JJ place NN , , ideal NN , , and CC force NN . SENT Menotti's NP Logocracy NP Logodaedaly NP gives VVZ a DT more RBR precise JJ sense NN of IN the DT idea NN for IN the DT complex JJ cultural JJ practice NN of IN festival NN contrasted VVN in IN the DT examples NNS of IN difference NN in IN Charleston NP and CC sameness NN in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT The DT kindred JJ entities NNS of IN festival NN , , carnival NN , , and CC fair JJ are VBP a DT logos NNS , , in IN the DT Greek JJ sense NN of IN a DT combining VVG form NN of IN discourse NN . SENT The DT distinctive JJ festival NN logos NNS is VBZ logodaedaly RB , , a DT playing NN not RB only RB with IN words NNS but CC also RB with IN other JJ artificial JJ and CC natural JJ signs NNS . SENT These DT can MD be VB any DT symbol NN or CC object NN , , all DT signs NNS in IN the DT Peircian NP sense NN , , in IN close JJ spatial JJ and CC temporal JJ proximity NN in IN which WDT a DT public JJ festival NN theater NN functions NNS contextually RB to TO transform VV meanings NNS . SENT Logodaedaly NP expresses VVZ the DT festival's JJ contextual JJ logic NN of IN diversity NN , , difference NN , , juxtaposition NN , , inversion NN , , and CC opposition NN . SENT In IN the DT Oxford NP English NP Dictionary NP sense NN , , a DT logodaedalist NN is VBZ an DT inventor NN of IN words NNS , , or CC signs NNS , , in IN the DT extended JJ sense NN . SENT From IN this DT view NN , , Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP functions NNS as IN a DT logodaedalist NN in IN the DT Spoleto NP festival NN productions NNS . SENT At IN festival NN time NN , , he PP is VBZ head NN of IN a DT temporary JJ state NN of IN logocracy NN , , or CC a DT community NN or CC system NN of IN government NN in IN which WDT words NNS signs NNS are VBP the DT ruling NN powers NNS OED NP . SENT In IN Menotti's NP logocracy NN the DT space NN exists VVZ for IN free JJ play NN , , for IN randomness NN , , for IN unexpected JJ outcomes NNS , , from IN personal JJ risk NN of IN exposure NN to TO the DT never RB before RB seen VVN . SENT Menotti's NP festival NN theater NN provides VVZ a DT model NN of IN logodaedaly RB where WRB cultural JJ and CC other JJ differences NNS are VBP presented VVN as IN normal JJ within IN the DT wide JJ range NN of IN diversity NN contained VVN within IN the DT festival's JJ time NN and CC space NN . SENT However RB , , one CD other JJ festival NN model NN provides VVZ a DT more RBR fully RB developed VVN expression NN of IN the DT practice NN of IN logodaedaly JJR than IN has VHZ been VBN observed VVN in IN Menotti's NP Spoleto NP festivals NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT Chautauqua NP Institution NP , , founded VVN in IN 1874 CD near IN Jamestown NP , , New NP York NP . SENT Primary JJ Function NN of IN a DT Festival NP . SENT Chautauqua NP Forum NP for IN Conflicting VVG Views NNS One CD primary JJ function NN of IN a DT festival NN of IN differences NNS is VBZ to TO provide VV a DT forum NN for IN expression NN of IN conflicting VVG social JJ practices NNS and CC opinions NNS . SENT After IN its PP$ first JJ festival NN , , during IN which WDT a DT local JJ politician NN set VVD up RP a DT booth NN in IN the DT festival NN river NN park NN area NN , , the DT Riverbend NP board NN voted VVD against IN this DT practice NN . SENT Yet RB at IN Charleston NP the DT opening VVG ceremonies NNS of IN Spoleto NN are VBP an DT important JJ occasion NN for IN political JJ speeches NNS from IN national JJ , , state NN , , and CC local JJ officials NNS . SENT This DT deliberate JJ staging NN creates VVZ the DT festival's JJ political JJ work NN function NN , , which WDT is VBZ illustrated VVN by IN one CD aspect NN of IN the DT Chautauqua NP Institution's NP programming NN policies NNS . SENT The DT philosophy NN of IN Chautauqua NP provides VVZ a DT well RB known VVN example NN of IN a DT festival NN that WDT encodes VVZ the DT idea NN of IN logodaedaly NN . SENT Any DT medium NN of IN communication NN has VHZ at IN least JJS five CD basic JJ functions NNS . SENT entertainment NN , , information NN , , persuasion NN , , education NN , , and CC profit NN making NN . SENT The DT balance NN and CC dominance NN of IN any DT one NN or CC several JJ of IN these DT determines VVZ the DT particular JJ nature NN of IN the DT medium NN and CC the DT characteristics NNS of IN the DT channel NN , , which WDT influences VVZ the DT type NN of IN information NN flowing VVG through IN it PP . SENT Chautauqua NP stands VVZ alone RB in IN examples NNS of IN the DT festival NN genre NN in IN representing VVG a DT mixture NN of IN all PDT these DT elements NNS from IN its PP$ earliest JJS days NNS in IN the DT 187 CD Os NN , , when WRB education NN dominated VVD , , to TO modern JJ times NNS , , when WRB entertainment NN dominates VVZ . SENT It PP is VBZ its PP$ mixture NN of IN purposes NNS that WDT makes VVZ it PP unique JJ among IN festival NN spaces NNS . SENT Chautauqua's NNS 1987 CD conference NN week NN on IN the DT American NP Constitution NP invited VVD persons NNS of IN widely RB varying VVG political JJ persuasions NNS to TO lecture VV and CC participate VV in IN debates NNS and CC discussions NNS . SENT another DT week NN was VBD devoted VVN to TO American JJ and CC Soviet JJ issues NNS with IN Soviet JJ citizens NNS participating VVG . SENT Chautauqua's NP history NN and CC programming NN focus NN attention NN on IN this DT festival's JJ philosophy NN of IN persuasion NN and CC entertainment NN . SENT Was VBD it PP designed VVN to TO persuade VV participants NNS to TO hold VV specific JJ beliefs NNS . SENT Was VBD and CC is VBZ that IN a DT deliberate JJ purpose NN , , as IN it PP was VBD in IN the DT case NN of IN Riverbend NP . SENT The DT original JJ reasons NNS for IN the DT institution's JJ central JJ purpose NN emerging VVG at IN Chautauqua NP in IN 1874 CD becomes VVZ an DT important JJ marker NN of IN its PP$ continuing JJ spirit NN . SENT Lewis NP Miller NP , , who WP had VHD the DT original JJ idea NN as IN early JJ as IN 1871 CD , , explained VVD the DT basic JJ purpose NN in IN his PP$ 1888 CD opening NN night NN address NN . SENT We PP are VBP all DT one NN on IN these DT Grounds NPS . SENT No DT matter NN to TO what WDT denomination NN you PP belong VVP . SENT no DT matter NN what WP creed NN , , no DT matter NN to TO what WP political JJ party NN of IN the DT country NN . SENT You PP are VBP welcome JJ here RB , , whether IN high JJ or CC low JJ . SENT You PP can MD have VH a DT right NN to TO go VV anywhere RB you PP can MD get VV . SENT And CC it PP is VBZ something NN like IN the DT sample NN rooms NNS , , but CC not RB in IN a DT vulgar JJ way NN . SENT You PP know VVP they PP go VV to TO this DT place NN , , and CC they PP sample NN this DT and CC sample NN that IN a DT little JJ , , and CC then RB they PP take VV whatever WDT they PP like VVP , , go VVP home NN , , and CC use VV what WP they PP want VVP . SENT And CC so RB here RB you PP are VBP welcome JJ to TO go VV about IN examining VVG the DT various JJ organizations NNS and CC the DT various JJ things NNS introduced VVN to TO you PP , , taking VVG such JJ things NNS as IN you PP want VVP . SENT Believe VV just RB what WP you PP want VVP to TO , , what WP you PP please VVP about IN them PP and CC take VV them PP with IN you PP or CC leave VV them PP here RB as IN you PP like VVP emphasis NN mine NN . SENT And CC you PP are VBP entirely RB welcome VV to TO all PDT our PP$ good JJ things NNS at IN Chautauqua NP . SENT 89 JJ Believe VVP just RB what WP you PP want VVP to TO . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT this DT is VBZ not RB the DT spirit NN of IN a DT Riverbend NP , , which WDT offers VVZ such PDT a DT narrow JJ sample NN to TO its PP$ citizens NNS . SENT Chautauqua NN is VBZ closer JJR to TO Spoleto NN in IN its PP$ ecumenical JJ nature NN , , but CC even RB Spoleto NN lacks VVZ such PDT a DT deliberate JJ , , all DT embracing VVG dialogue NN . SENT The DT religious JJ philosophy NN of IN Chautauqua NP is VBZ the DT key NN to TO decoding VVG its PP$ meaning NN . SENT On IN another DT occasion NN Miller NP explained VVD the DT purposes NNS and CC functions NNS of IN the DT new JJ activity NN . SENT The DT original JJ scheme NN was VBD a DT Christian JJ education NN resort NN which WDT should MD change VV . SENT . SENT . SENT from IN an DT evangelism NN idea NN to TO Christian JJ development NN , , when WRB all DT phases NNS of IN modern JJ civilization NN should MD be VB made VVN to TO give VV recognition NN to TO true JJ Bible NP development NN , , that DT modern JJ civilization NN was VBD Christian JJ civilization NN . SENT That DT pleasure NN , , science NN , , and CC all DT friends NNS of IN true JJ culture NN should MD go VV side NN by IN side NN with IN true JJ religion NN . SENT To TO develop VV such PDT a DT scheme NN and CC give VV it PP the DT strength NN to TO gain VV a DT place NN in IN the DT thoughts NNS of IN the DT various JJ phases NNS of IN society NN , , it PP requires VVZ the DT cooperation NN of IN the DT different JJ denominations NNS and CC educational JJ interests NNS . SENT 90 CD This NP was VBD not RB an DT excluding VVG fundamentalist JJ doctrine NN but CC an DT embracing VVG , , accepting VVG Christianity NN , , side NN by IN side NN with IN pleasure NN , , science NN , , and CC culture NN . SENT The DT shift NN in IN emphasis NN from IN evangelism NN to TO development NN meant VVD acceptance NN and CC even RB encouragement NN of IN differences NNS , , of IN plurality NN of IN belief NN as IN opposed VVN to TO adherence NN to TO a DT single JJ official NN truth NN . SENT Yet CC the DT Chautauqua NP Experience NN , , as RB many JJ who WP visit VVP there RB say VV , , does VVZ not RB exclude VV rhetorical JJ , , persuasive JJ religious JJ doctrines NNS that WDT seek VVP converts NNS to TO their PP$ beliefs NNS . SENT The DT intent NN to TO persuade VV an DT audience NN not RB to TO believe VV in IN any DT one CD doctrine NN but CC to TO accept VV multiple JJ truths NNS is VBZ encoded VVN in IN the DT idea NN of IN a DT festival NN of IN differences NNS logodaedaly RB , , a DT form NN of IN political JJ tolerance NN beyond IN traditional JJ liberal JJ and CC conservative JJ views NNS . SENT Multilogue NP suggests VVZ the DT sense NN of IN this DT idea NN . SENT The DT story NN of IN the DT six CD blind JJ men NNS touching VVG and CC describing VVG the DT elephant NN illustrates VVZ this DT point NN . SENT The DT difference NN festival NN is VBZ an DT elephant NN in IN which WDT some DT of IN the DT blind JJ see VV a DT religious JJ message NN , , others NNS see VVP a DT political JJ message NN , , or CC others NNS see VVP nothing NN at IN all DT and CC simply RB enjoy VV the DT feel NN of IN the DT creature NN . SENT This DT theme NN of IN plurality NN , , explored VVN in IN Lyotard's NP The DT Postmodern NN Condition NN , , is VBZ a DT central JJ meaning NN of IN festivals NNS that WDT combine VVP many JJ diverse JJ art NN forms NNS and CC many JJ opposing VVG statements NNS . SENT This DT message NN contrasts VVZ with IN festivals NNS that WDT have VHP a DT single JJ theme NN , , a DT single JJ purpose NN , , such JJ as IN a DT heritage NN expression NN of IN a DT native JJ culture NN . SENT Vincent's NP characterization NN of IN a DT Chautauqua NP lyceum NN as IN a DT place NN , , an DT ideal NN , , a DT force NN on IN a DT post NN card NN , , which WDT shows VVZ a DT large JJ tent NN with IN open JJ sides NNS and CC a DT crowd NN of IN women NNS in IN gowns NNS and CC men NNS in IN shirtsleeves NNS , , illustrates VVZ the DT many JJ levels NNS of IN interrelationships NNS behind IN this DT particular JJ festival's NN philosophy NN . SENT These DT three CD concepts NNS are VBP interconnected VVN in IN a DT multi NNS dimensional JJ bond NN with IN the DT other JJ triadic JJ relationships NNS discussed VVN previously RB . SENT Vincent NP first RB viewed VVD Chautauqua NP as IN a DT place NN , , a DT necessary JJ first JJ category NN . SENT Every DT festival NN has VHZ its PP$ place NN . SENT As IN Bakhtin NP said VVD , , Every DT meaning NN will MD someday RB have VH its PP$ homecoming NN festival NN . SENT A DT festival NN requires VVZ its PP$ homecoming NN place NN , , a DT specific JJ and CC material JJ location NN or CC physical JJ address NN that WDT is VBZ a DT major JJ part NN of IN the DT visible JJ expression NN of IN the DT festival NN idea NN . SENT 91 CD Vincent's NP second JJ quality NN was VBD an DT ideal NN . SENT In IN what WP ways NNS does VVZ a DT festival NN , , particularly RB such PDT a DT mature JJ institution NN as IN Chautauqua NP , , represent VVP an DT ideal NN , , or CC set VVN of IN ideals NNS . SENT The DT ideal NN is VBZ expressed VVN in IN the DT unattainable JJ dream NN vision NN . SENT The DT purposes NNS , , goals NNS , , or CC intentions NNS of IN the DT original JJ dreamers NNS always RB fall VVP short RB of IN the DT visible JJ reality NN . SENT The DT ideal NN , , then RB , , is VBZ that IN which WDT the DT festival NN expresses VVZ in IN its PP$ choices NNS of IN artistic JJ directors NNS , , programming NN , , audience NN , , place NN , , and CC other JJ physical JJ devices NNS . SENT One CD such JJ device NN , , very RB similar JJ in IN function NN if IN not RB in IN intent NN to TO the DT Riverbend NP Festival's NP practice NN , , was VBD present JJ from IN Chautauqua's NP beginning NN . SENT The DT gate NN ticket NN , , one CD of IN the DT unique JJ aspects NNS of IN Chautauqua NP , , originated VVN at IN the DT very RB first JJ Assembly NN in IN 1874 CD when WRB it PP was VBD decided VVN to TO charge VV an DT entry NN fee NN rather RB than IN take VV frequent JJ collections NNS at IN lectures VVZ , , classes NNS or CC services NNS . SENT This DT fee NN was VBD referred VVN to TO as IN a DT form NN of IN tuition NN , , representing VVG each DT person's JJ share NN of IN the DT expense NN which WDT is VBZ necessary JJ in IN maintaining VVG an DT educational JJ program NN . SENT The DT gate NN ticket NN entitles VVZ the DT holder NN to TO hear VV concerts NNS , , lectures VVZ , , other JJ performances NNS and CC services NNS in IN the DT Amphitheater NN , , numerous JJ other JJ religious JJ services NNS , , recitals NNS , , arts NNS exhibits NNS and CC programs NNS . SENT to TO enjoy VV beach NN facilities NNS , , library NN privileges NNS and CC agreeable JJ fellowship NN with IN people NNS of IN congenial JJ tastes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ true JJ that IN operas NNS and CC theatre NN productions NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT require VV extra JJ payment NN for IN which WDT reserved JJ seating NN is VBZ required VVN . SENT . SENT . SENT people NNS from IN outside IN the DT gates NNS who WP have VHP purchased VVN opera NN or CC play NN tickets NNS and CC intend VVP to TO come VV for IN these DT performances NNS only RB , , are VBP not RB required VVN to TO pay VV the DT usual JJ evening NN gate NN fee NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT atmosphere NN of IN quiet JJ enjoyment NN on IN the DT Grounds NPS , , one CD of IN its PP$ other JJ unique JJ characteristics NNS , , is VBZ almost RB completely RB the DT result NN of IN the DT gate NN fence NN arrangement NN . SENT For IN the DT most JJS part NN , , the DT people NNS one PP sees VVZ on IN the DT Grounds NPS are VBP those DT who WP have VHP chosen VVN to TO come VV for IN the DT specific JJ enjoyment NN of IN the DT place NN , , school NN or CC program NN . SENT It PP is VBZ assumed VVN that IN anyone NN with IN a DT gate NN ticket NN automatically RB becomes VVZ in IN his PP$ own JJ way NN that IN special JJ type NN of IN person NN known VVN as IN a DT Chautauquan NP . SENT Among IN these DT people NNS the DT Chautauqua NP experiences NNS strike VVP up RP a DT strong JJ bond NN winter NN or CC summer NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ any DT one CD characteristic NN that IN these DT Chautauquans NNS have VHP in IN common JJ , , it PP probably RB is VBZ the DT inquiring VVG mind NN . SENT All DT sides NNS of IN public JJ questions NNS are VBP open JJ to TO discussion NN on IN the DT Chautauqua NP platform NN and CC tolerance NN of IN differing VVG viewpoints NNS is VBZ practiced VVN as IN part NN of IN Chautauqua's NP tradition NN emphasis NN mine NN . SENT 92 CD In IN this DT account NN can MD be VB seen VVN the DT same JJ spirit NN of IN acceptance NN for IN both DT difference NN and CC sameness NN apparently RB present JJ from IN the DT moment NN Lewis NP Miller NP imagined VVD such PDT an DT idea NN and CC found VVD such PDT a DT place NN . SENT Such JJ innovative JJ social JJ thinking NN was VBD part NN of IN Miller's NP daily JJ life NN . SENT not RB only RB was VBD he PP a DT successful JJ businessman NN and CC inventor NN of IN farm NN machinery NN but CC he PP was VBD also RB the DT father NN in IN law NN of IN Thomas NP Edison NP . SENT The DT third JJ category NN is VBZ force NN . SENT A DT force NN is VBZ that IN which WDT connects VVZ ideas NNS in IN a DT viewing VVG place NN a DT theatrical JJ space NN . SENT Its PP$ physical JJ devices NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT gate NN ticket NN or CC pin NN , , can MD be VB both DT connecting VVG and CC separating VVG in IN their PP$ aesthetic NN , , tension NN creating VVG functions NNS if IN not RB in IN their PP$ aims NNS . SENT The DT devices NNS of IN art NN are VBP seldom RB calming VVG and CC soothing VVG and CC completely RB satisfying JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ in IN the DT alteration NN between IN tension NN and CC relaxation NN , , between IN centripetal JJ and CC centrifugal JJ pulls NNS , , that WDT much RB of IN the DT driving VVG force NN in IN arts NNS forms NNS is VBZ situated VVN . SENT A DT force NN is VBZ an DT unseen JJ agent NN , , a DT mystery NN , , something NN driving VVG the DT ideas NNS that WDT created VVD the DT Chautauqua NP communities NNS , , generally RB known VVN as IN assemblies NNS , , or CC gatherings NNS of IN both DT like JJ and CC unlike JJ viewpoints NNS . SENT Binding VVG these DT gatherings NNS is VBZ a DT force NN , , which WDT can MD be VB spiritual JJ , , an DT unseen JJ presence NN . SENT it PP also RB can MD be VB used VVN in IN the DT sense NN of IN the DT force NN of IN life NN . SENT It PP is VBZ expressed VVN as RB well RB in IN the DT festival NN ideal NN and CC its PP$ place NN , , all DT three CD interconnected VVN , , intertwined VVN elements NNS . SENT One CD example NN of IN the DT abstract JJ nature NN , , yet RB tangible JJ power NN of IN force NN , , in IN the DT sense NN Vincent NP probably RB intended VVD , , was VBD noticed VVN in IN 1987 CD while IN returning VVG from IN Chautauqua NP through IN the DT state NN of IN West NP Virginia NP . SENT Three CD crosses NNS were VBD standing VVG on IN a DT small JJ , , steep JJ hilltop NN . SENT Two CD smaller JJR crosses NNS on IN either DT side NN of IN a DT large JJ one CD were VBD painted VVN white JJ . SENT the DT center NN cross NN , , left VVD unpainted JJ , , was VBD much RB taller JJR . SENT Three CD crosses VVZ on IN a DT hilltop NN . SENT the DT place NN , , the DT isolated JJ hilltop NN . SENT the DT ideal NN , , a DT good JJ teacher NN crucified VVD and CC the DT two CD evil JJ thieves NNS gathered VVN in IN common JJ bond NN . SENT the DT unseen JJ force NN , , that DT symbol's JJ power NN in IN that DT space NN with IN no DT other JJ artificial JJ signs NNS , , framed VVN and CC set VVN off RP by IN the DT surrounding VVG green JJ mountain NN and CC other JJ small JJ hills NNS . SENT The DT force NN is VBZ those DT ideas NNS associated VVN with IN Christ's NP death NN . SENT 93 RB These DT ideas NNS were VBD the DT Chautauqua NP Institution's NP primary JJ reason NN for IN existence NN . SENT that DT is VBZ , , to TO teach VV Sunday NP School NP teachers NNS more RBR interesting JJ ways NNS of IN teaching NN . SENT Underlying VVG this DT motivation NN was VBD a DT questioning VVG of IN the DT old JJ methods NNS , , a DT willingness NN to TO search VV for IN new JJ means NNS of IN envisioning VVG ideas NNS and CC teaching VVG the DT old JJ meanings NNS , , which WDT , , as IN Bakhtin NP said VVD , , are VBP not RB absolutely RB dead JJ . SENT 94 CD This NP is VBZ a DT basic JJ idea NN of IN a DT festival's JJ force NN , , that IN important JJ things NNS can MD happen VV when WRB people NNS of IN different JJ views NNS and CC persuasions NNS choose VVP to TO assemble VV together RB in IN their PP$ common JJ as RB well RB as IN opposing VVG interests NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT force NN of IN making VVG believe VV , , found VVN within IN the DT theater NN , , that WDT surges VVZ back RB and CC forth RB like IN an DT electrical JJ arc NN , , and CC literally RB carries VVZ the DT idea NN between IN audiences NNS and CC artists NNS . SENT Within IN this DT metaphor NN of IN force NN is VBZ found VVN the DT particular JJ power NN of IN the DT festival NN medium NN for IN the DT exchange NN of IN information NN , , a DT medium NN functionally RB different JJ from IN the DT traditional JJ church NN sanctuary NN , , a DT semiotic JJ device NN where WRB also RB , , as IN Peirce NP said VVD , , one CD person NN may MD catch VV another DT person's NNS idea NN see VVP Preface NN , , endnote NN five CD . SENT The DT festival's NNS message NN primarily RB is VBZ its PP$ physical JJ structure NN . SENT In IN a DT traditional JJ one NN to TO many JJ Sunday NP School NP communication NN model NN , , which WDT Chautauqua's NP founders NNS placed VVN in IN question NN , , there EX is VBZ no DT participation NN arrangement NN , , no DT circular JJ seating NN , , and CC little JJ chance NN to TO discuss VV , , to TO react VV , , to TO view VV other JJ group NN members NNS . SENT The DT arrangement NN is VBZ that IN of IN the DT shepherd NN and CC sheep NN , , leader NN and CC followers NNS , , the DT hierarchical JJ I PP know VVP of IN the DT teacher NN minister NN who WP knows VVZ addressing VVG those DT who WP know VVP not RB , , the DT one NN who WP sees VVZ and CC those DT who WP do VVP not RB see VV . SENT The DT festival NN form NN not RB only RB inverts VVZ this DT ordering VVG of IN power NN relations NNS but CC rather RB scrambles NNS the DT meaning NN of IN traditional JJ physical JJ structures NNS . SENT Potentially RB the DT festival's JJ material NN environment NN can MD provide VV in IN varying VVG degrees NNS helical JJ and CC even RB random JJ processes NNS for IN social JJ interaction NN . SENT The DT Chautauqua NP amphitheater NN , , open JJ on IN three CD sides NNS and CC essentially RB circular JJ in IN its PP$ rows NNS of IN seats NNS , , represents VVZ such PDT a DT new JJ ordering VVG of IN power NN relations NNS . SENT the DT lyceum NN tent NN on IN the DT postcard NN replicates VVZ this DT pattern NN . SENT This DT formal JJ informal JJ , , official JJ unofficial JJ ordering VVG of IN physical JJ elements NNS functions NNS as IN opposing VVG statements NNS , , which WDT represent VVP a DT functional JJ spatial JJ code NN juxtaposed VVN within IN the DT meaning NN making VVG signification NN system NN . SENT Even RB in IN those DT festivals NNS , , such JJ as IN Ravinia NP , , Tanglewood NP , , or CC Artpark NP Lewiston NP , , New NP York NP , , where WRB the DT indoor JJ arrangement NN is VBZ similar JJ to TO the DT church NN sanctuary NN in IN its PP$ order NN of IN relationships NNS and CC hierarchy NN of IN those DT closer JJR to TO the DT one NN , , an DT informal JJ area NN surrounds VVZ this DT formal JJ space NN . SENT One CD common JJ pattern NN of IN the DT indoor JJ outdoor JJ venue NN is VBZ the DT use NN of IN space NN at IN Chicago's NP Ravinia NP Festival NP , , where WRB seats NNS are VBP sold VVN inside IN the DT enclosed VVN area NN while NN , , picnickers NNS on IN the DT grass NN surround VVP the DT pavilion NN . SENT This DT model NN of IN inside JJ order NN versus CC outside JJ disorder NN , , of IN privately RB owned VVN property NN in IN the DT form NN of IN reserved JJ seats NNS versus CC communal JJ property NN , , can MD be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT semiotic JJ model NN displaying VVG the DT dominant JJ group's NNS desired VVD order NN of IN relationships NNS . SENT One PP pays VVZ more JJR for IN proximity NN to TO the DT live JJ sound NN source NN , , which WDT is VBZ also RB broadcast VVN over IN loudspeakers NNS to TO the DT picnic NN grounds NNS . SENT The DT model NN represents VVZ a DT correct JJ economic JJ and CC social JJ hierarchy NN , , such JJ as RB in IN out IN institutional JJ arrangements NNS . SENT Its PP$ visual JJ ordering VVG becomes VVZ the DT inherent JJ power NN of IN the DT festival NN in IN making VVG meaning NN . SENT The DT folk NN , , rock NN , , and CC political JJ festivals NNS of IN the DT 196 CD Os NN , , such JJ as IN Woodstock NP , , had VHD an DT entirely RB different JJ spatial JJ nature NN . SENT It PP may MD be VB that IN analyses NNS of IN a DT wide JJ range NN of IN festivals NNS will MD indicate VV not RB only RB the DT manner NN but CC also RB the DT extent NN to TO which WDT major JJ arts NNS festivals NNS represent VVP their PP$ communities NNS on IN a DT larger JJR scale NN and CC in IN the DT aggregate NN the DT nature NN of IN their PP$ societies NNS in IN which WDT they PP are VBP born VVN and CC nurtured VVN . SENT The DT extent NN to TO which WDT participants NNS receive VVP embedded VVN messages NNS , , or CC meanings NNS , , is VBZ extremely RB difficult JJ to TO ascertain VV . SENT However RB , , where WRB a DT record NN of IN negative JJ or CC positive JJ response NN to TO changes NNS in IN long JJ standing NN festival NN practices NNS exists VVZ , , then RB inferences NNS could MD be VB made VVN of IN the DT degree NN of IN meaningful JJ significance NN attributed VVN by IN audiences NNS . SENT Bakhtin's NP relationships NNS of IN meaning NN , , homecoming NN , , and CC festival NN correspond VV to TO Vincent's NP three CD elements NNS . SENT Every DT meaning NN , , as IN Bakhtin NP put VVD it PP , , implying VVG undiscovered JJ meanings NNS , , will MD be VB expressed VVN in IN its PP$ own JJ festival NN as IN a DT homecoming NN , , implying VVG a DT final JJ destination NN , , a DT relaxation NN of IN interpretation NN . SENT Various JJ meanings NNS can MD be VB inferred VVN from IN festivals NNS by IN searching VVG for IN particular JJ signs NNS , , especially RB the DT repetition NN of IN these DT signs NNS in IN their PP$ infinite JJ forms NNS and CC masks NNS , , that WDT compose VV an DT index NN for IN their PP$ ideals NNS and CC driving VVG forces NNS . SENT Festivals NNS express VVP various JJ differences NNS , , as IN the DT director NN of IN Artpark NP suggested VVD in IN noting VVG that IN the DT difficulty NN and CC the DT pleasure NN of IN studying VVG festivals NNS is VBZ that IN no DT two CD are VBP alike RB . SENT The DT source NN of IN this DT difference NN is VBZ the DT form NN of IN difference NN itself PP encoded VVD in IN the DT festival NN structure NN . SENT New JJ meanings NNS , , then RB , , as IN Bakhtin's NP statement NN suggests VVZ , , can MD emerge VV at IN some DT point NN through IN a DT festival NN format NN , , or CC can MD be VB inhibited VVN by IN a DT distorted JJ form NN . SENT This DT suggests VVZ an DT as RB yet RB uncertain JJ understanding NN about IN how WRB festivals NNS might MD function VV as IN one CD of IN the DT devices NNS that IN humans NNS have VHP invented VVN to TO make VV meaning NN and CC to TO sustain VV and CC change VV beliefs NNS , , or CC to TO block VV new JJ meanings NNS . SENT The DT primary JJ claim NN has VHZ been VBN that IN we PP believe VVP that RB make VV believe VVP makes VVZ belief NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , the DT leaders NNS of IN the DT festival NN believe VVP there EX is VBZ a DT cause NN and CC effect NN relationship NN between IN the DT festival NN and CC their PP$ intentions NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB necessary JJ to TO provide VV evidence NN that IN the DT festival NN theater NN actually RB does VVZ make VV a DT belief NN of IN any DT kind NN . SENT What WP is VBZ important JJ is VBZ to TO establish VV that IN there EX is VBZ a DT expectation NN in IN the DT minds NNS of IN the DT founders NNS , , the DT managers NNS , , the DT board NN , , and CC those DT who WP participate VVP in IN many JJ ways NNS that IN festivals NNS will MD create VV beliefs NNS of IN some DT kind NN in IN the DT minds NNS of IN participants NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT certain JJ way NN of IN proving VVG that IN this DT happens VVZ , , although IN opinion NN survey NN techniques NNS are VBP readily RB available JJ for IN approximating VVG ranges NNS of IN attitudes NNS and CC beliefs NNS . SENT The DT only JJ thing NN that WDT can MD be VB certain JJ is VBZ intent JJ . SENT the DT verbal JJ expression NN of IN a DT belief NN in IN the DT power NN of IN this DT theater NN in IN the DT form NN of IN a DT festival NN and CC in IN the DT political JJ effect NN of IN the DT dramatic JJ and CC performing VVG arts NNS subtexts NNS that WDT are VBP contained VVN . SENT In IN this DT sense NN , , the DT performances NNS , , the DT programming NN , , the DT number NN of IN events NNS , , the DT type NN of IN events NNS have VHP to TO be VB looked VVN at IN as IN subtexts NNS to TO the DT overall JJ text NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT Surrounding VVG the DT festival NN is VBZ its PP$ context NN the DT community NN , , the DT urban JJ environment NN , , the DT geographic JJ environment NN in IN which WDT it PP is VBZ located VVN . SENT Context NN and CC subtext NN shift NN in IN their PP$ meaning NN . SENT they PP vary VVP from IN a DT literal JJ spatial JJ geographic JJ location NN to TO a DT set NN of IN symbolic JJ relationships NNS and CC signs NNS and CC markers NNS that WDT define VV the DT physical JJ boundaries NNS to TO the DT subtexts NNS that WDT are VBP located VVN in IN various JJ enclosures NNS or CC containers NNS and CC relate VVP in IN some DT specific JJ ways NNS to TO the DT central JJ ideas NNS of IN the DT festival NN . SENT Comparative JJ Categories NNS Comparative JJ studies NNS are VBP needed VVN to TO determine VV the DT obvious JJ as RB well RB as IN subtle JJ differences NNS in IN the DT major JJ arts NNS festivals NNS of IN the DT day NN and CC their PP$ functions NNS performed VVD . SENT A DT table NN of IN such PDT a DT comparison NN of IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP festivals NNS , , based VVN on IN many JJ of IN the DT points NNS presented VVN in IN the DT preceding JJ chapters NNS , , suggests VVZ a DT variety NN of IN potential JJ conceptual JJ categories NNS , , in IN addition NN to TO the DT three CD selected VVN for IN consideration NN in IN this DT analysis NN . SENT Very RB few JJ similarities NNS can MD be VB noticed VVN thrrough NP 1988 CD . SENT Category NN Charleston NP Chattanooga NP Sector NN influence NN . SENT Public JJ Private JJ Leadership NN . SENT Strong JJ mayor NN Weak JJ mayor NN City NP Hall NP role NN . SENT Active JJ Passive NP Funding NP . SENT More JJR tax NN dollars NNS Few JJ tax NN dollars NNS Revenues NNS . SENT Seat NN tickets NNS Outdoor JJ , , pins VVZ Commercial JJ ads NNS . SENT Low JJ visibility NN High NP visibility NN Primary JJ goal NN . SENT Energize VV city NN w NN arts NNS Cohesiveness NN Origination NN . SENT External NP Internal NP Previous JJ festivals NNS . SENT No DT information NN A DT few JJ efforts NNS Resistance NN . SENT Private JJ , , failed VVD Private NP , , failed VVD Defense NP of IN festival NN . SENT Mayor NP , , college NN pres NNS . SENT Foundation NP Location NP . SENT Multiple JJ Primarily RB single JJ Crowds NNS . SENT None NN , , last JJ day NN 6 CD , , OOO NP Up NP to TO 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP Programming NN . SENT Comprehensive JJ , , new JJ , , Popular NP , , rock NN classical JJ , , avant JJ country NN , , some DT avant JJ garde NN music NN classical JJ music NN Set NN formula NN . SENT Yes UH in IN 1988 CD O NN in IN 1988 CD Artistic JJ emphasis NN . SENT Yes NP O NP Artistic JJ Director NP . SENT Yes NP O NP Federal NP funding NN . SENT Yes NP O NP State NP funding NN . SENT Yes NP O NP Primary JJ funding NN . SENT Tickets NNS , , grants NNS Advertisements NNS , , pins NNS , , donations NNS Emphasis NN . SENT New JJ art NN work NN Fun NN , , interaction NN Tourism NP . SENT High JJ priority NN Low NP priority NN International NP . SENT Yes NP O NP Popular NP music NN role NN . SENT Balance NN offerings NNS Attract VVP crowds NNS Critics NNS reaction NN . SENT Extremely RB important JJ Disregarded VVD Key JJ effect NN desired VVN . SENT Aesthetic JJ Social NP , , Economic NP Replace VVP key JJ person NN . SENT Difficult JJ O NN Overall JJ purpose NN . SENT Artistic JJ excellence NN Riverfront NN boost NN Source NN of IN vision NN . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP Conflicting JJ Est NN . SENT 1988 CD budget NN . SENT 4 LS million CD 1 CD . SENT 6 CD million CD Policy NN dominance NN . SENT Board NP , , artistic JJ dir NN . SENT Board NP , , foundation NN Arts NNS dominance NN . SENT Performing VVG Performing VVG Other JJ art NN forms NNS . SENT All DT Token JJ of IN types NNS Chamber NP music NN . SENT Major JJ . SENT sponsored VVN Minor NP Acoustic JJ theaters NNS . SENT Yes UH No DT History NN written VVN . SENT O NP O NP Symbol NN of IN town NN . SENT Yes UH Yes UH Future JJ changes NNS . SENT Artistic JJ leadership NN New NP locations NNS Previous JJ model NN . SENT Spoleto NP , , Italy NP Spoleto NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT Poster NN type NN . SENT Different JJ each DT year NN Basically RB same JJ Several JJ categories NNS merit VVP special JJ notice NN . SENT posters NNS , , revenue NN devices NNS , , programs NNS , , and CC theatrical JJ spaces NNS . SENT Although IN all PDT the DT elements NNS listed VVN above IN are VBP meaningful JJ , , these DT four CD possess VVP a DT defining VVG character NN by IN the DT extent NN to TO which WDT they PP compress VV meanings NNS and CC function VVP simultaneously RB as RB iconic JJ , , indexical JJ , , and CC symbolic JJ signs NNS . SENT The DT poster NN category NN generated VVD the DT greatest JJS contrast NN of IN meanings NNS between IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT and CC the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT Differences NNS in IN the DT two CD cities NNS festival NN poster NN philosophy NN signifies VVZ a DT dramatic JJ example NN of IN the DT meaning NN intended VVN by IN difference NN and CC sameness NN in IN these DT two CD festivals NNS . SENT On IN the DT wall NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP office NN in IN 1988 CD were VBD all PDT the DT posters NNS from IN the DT beginning VVG all PDT a DT similar JJ basic JJ graphic JJ design NN of IN stars NNS and CC sweeping JJ curves NNS , , somewhat RB modified VVN each DT year NN but CC constant JJ in IN their PP$ graphic JJ symbolism NN of IN sameness NN . SENT It PP was VBD not RB until IN 1989 CD that IN a DT new JJ poster NN theme NN of IN mountain NN and CC river NN evolved VVD . SENT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , has VHZ had VHN a DT different JJ artist NN each DT year NN , , an DT artist NN of IN international JJ reputation NN , , create VV a DT poster NN . SENT Most JJS have VHP been VBN nonrepresentational JJ , , and CC no DT two CD are VBP alike RB except IN that WDT they PP are VBP all RB different JJ and CC unpredictable JJ . SENT An DT exhibition NN of IN works NNS of IN the DT chosen VVN artist NN is VBZ presented VVN during IN each DT festival NN in IN Charleston's NP fine JJ arts NNS museum NN . SENT No DT other JJ element NN signifies VVZ the DT idea NN of IN diversity NN more RBR vividly RB than IN this DT . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB that IN the DT Riverbend NP posters NNS are VBP unattractive JJ . SENT rather RB that IN until IN 1989 CD they PP were VBD predictable JJ and CC unlikely JJ to TO differ VV , , a DT significant JJ variation NN from IN the DT spirit NN of IN differences NNS found VVN in IN typical JJ festival NN practice NN . SENT It PP is VBZ highly RB probable JJ , , however RB , , that IN with IN the DT graphic JJ pattern NN now RB broken VVN , , a DT continuing VVG variation NN of IN the DT mountain NN and CC river NN symbolism NN could MD evolve VV toward IN original JJ art NN works NNS that WDT express VVP the DT uniqueness NN of IN the DT Chattanooga NP topography NN as RB well RB as IN the DT focus NN on IN riverfront NN development NN . SENT A DT second JJ key JJ signifier NN is VBZ the DT token JJ for IN admission NN to TO the DT magical JJ space NN , , which WDT , , if IN it PP were VBD a DT device NN in IN a DT folktale NN , , might MD have VH been VBN Propp's NP way NN of IN describing VVG the DT Riverbend NP pin's NNS function VVP . SENT The DT Riverbend NP office NN has VHZ all PDT the DT pins NNS , , and CC the DT varieties NNS of IN official JJ pins NNS , , from IN their PP$ first JJ use NN in IN the DT 1983 CD festival NN , , mounted VVN on IN an DT inner JJ office NN wall NN . SENT About IN one CD half NN of IN the DT mounting VVG board NN is VBZ filled VVN , , leaving VVG room NN for IN many JJ years NNS of IN pins NNS . SENT The DT pins NNS also RB are VBP virtually RB the DT same JJ , , somewhat RB modified VVN so IN they PP can MD not RB be VB used VVN again RB , , but CC lacking VVG any DT sign NN of IN imaginative JJ design NN . SENT This DT pin NN collection NN , , like IN the DT poster NN collection NN , , represents VVZ an DT idea NN of IN festival NN dramatically RB different JJ from IN the DT Spoleto NN pin NN that IN pilgrims NNS purchase NN in IN the DT Dock NP Street NP Theater NP lobby NN as IN a DT reminder NN of IN the DT Charleston NP festival NN experience NN . SENT This DT 1988 CD pin NN has VHZ a DT metal NN treble NN clef NN signature NN sign NN over IN the DT Spoleto NN name NN . SENT it PP is VBZ an DT interesting JJ piece NN of IN art NN . SENT The DT Riverbend NP pin NN is VBZ the DT most RBS significant JJ signifier NN in IN this DT very RB complex JJ semiotic JJ web NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT device NN by IN which WDT an DT increasingly RB important JJ percentage NN of IN the DT budget NN is VBZ being VBG exploited VVN for IN psychological JJ effect NN . SENT When WRB the DT organizers NNS were VBD discussing VVG alternative JJ methods NNS for IN financing VVG the DT festival NN , , they PP were VBD confronted VVN with IN a DT short JJ term NN as IN well RB as IN a DT three CD year NN deadline NN on IN funding NN assistance NN from IN the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP . SENT It PP did VVD not RB seem VV fair JJ to TO begin VV something NN with IN no DT more JJR than IN slight JJ hope NN of IN its PP$ continuation NN if IN no DT more JJR grant NN money NN were VBD available JJ . SENT They PP searched VVD for IN an DT alternative NN to TO the DT model NN of IN the DT expensive JJ , , limited JJ seating NN observed VVD in IN the DT examples NNS of IN Charleston NP and CC Salzburg NP . SENT While IN we PP were VBD searching VVG in IN 1981 CD for IN alternative JJ revenue NN sources NNS , , it PP occurred VVD to TO me PP that IN in IN an DT outdoor JJ festival NN one NN has VHZ a DT basically RB unlimited JJ commodity NN in IN that WDT the DT same JJ product NN , , seats NNS places NNS for IN viewing NN can MD be VB sold VVN again RB and CC again RB in IN varying VVG densities NNS during IN a DT festival NN of IN several JJ days NNS . SENT With IN aggressive JJ marketing NN , , a DT ticket NN card NN for IN the DT entire JJ period NN could MD be VB sold VVN for IN perhaps RB 1 CD O NN to TO a DT hundred CD thousand CD people NNS . SENT This DT could MD create VV a DT budget NN of IN a DT million CD dollars NNS , , and CC much RB innovative JJ , , original JJ work NN in IN indoor JJ and CC unique JJ venues NNS could MD be VB fostered VVN without IN dependence NN on IN the DT unpredictable JJ whims NNS of IN wealthy JJ patrons NNS or CC advertising NN . SENT This DT idea NN was VBD not RB accepted VVN by IN the DT organizers NNS the DT first JJ year NN , , although IN considerable JJ private JJ discussion NN was VBD held VVN concerning VVG the DT concept NN and CC its PP$ implications NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT second JJ year NN the DT new JJ board NN decided VVD to TO sell VV plastic JJ lapel NN pins NNS for IN approximately RB 5 CD each DT . SENT The DT remarkable JJ nature NN of IN that DT choice NN is VBZ that IN these DT were VBD not RB placed VVN in IN every DT possible JJ outlet NN for IN sale NN . SENT The DT board NN , , led VVN by IN a DT former JJ conservative JJ politician NN and CC successful JJ businessman NN , , 95 CD decided VVD to TO persuade VV local JJ companies NNS to TO buy VV quantities NNS of IN these DT pins NNS at IN a DT reduced JJ rate NN . SENT These DT employers NNS , , as IN a DT good JJ will NN gesture NN , , could MD in RB turn VV donate VV the DT pins NNS to TO their PP$ employees NNS or CC sell VV them PP at IN a DT reduced JJ rate NN . SENT According VVG to TO the DT announcement NN in IN the DT May NP 24 CD , , 1986 CD , , Chattanooga NP Times NP . SENT Promoters NNS , , announcing VVG the DT schedule NN for IN this DT year's JJ riverfront NN festival NN has VHZ been VBN finalized VVN , , said VVD more JJR than IN 3 CD OO NP Chattanooga NP area NN companies NNS are VBP expected VVN to TO purchase VV admission NN pins NNS for IN employees NNS before IN corporate JJ sales NNS end VVP May NP 29 CD . SENT What WP Chattanooga NP had VHD was VBD a DT potentially RB free JJ and CC open JJ semiotic JJ entity NN once RB again RB captured VVN by IN the DT patron NN approach NN to TO the DT arts NNS , , as RB opposed VVN to TO a DT consumer NN arts NNS orientation NN . SENT The DT Riverbend NP pin NN is VBZ a DT prime JJ symbol NN of IN the DT deep JJ structure NN Southern NP plantation NN mentality NN that WDT retains VVZ control NN of IN the DT workforce NN . SENT No DT more RBR powerful JJ signifier NN of IN the DT ordering VVG of IN social JJ relationships NNS exists VVZ than IN the DT three CD starred JJ plastic JJ pins NNS that IN grateful JJ employees NNS wear VVP to TO the DT ten CD day NN festival NN . SENT 96 CD The DT donation NN of IN pins NNS by IN employers NNS to TO Chattanooga NP festival NN goers NNS can MD be VB seen VVN as IN an DT aesthetically RB repressive JJ device NN in IN its PP$ effects NNS if IN not RB in IN its PP$ intentions NNS . SENT If IN point NN of IN purchase NN pin NN containers NNS , , similar JJ to TO the DT cardboard NN holders NNS seen VVN in IN supermarkets NNS , , were VBD located VVN in IN the DT many JJ purchasing NN locations NNS throughout IN the DT community NN and CC region NN , , revenues NNS could MD double VV or CC triple VV the DT festival's JJ budget NN . SENT Possibly RB the DT festival NN would MD not RB have VH required VVN heavy JJ commercial JJ advertising NN , , foundation NN funding NN , , or CC even RB tax NN dollars NNS . SENT The DT additional JJ income NN could MD extend VV Riverbend's NP time NN by IN several JJ weeks NNS or CC even RB months NNS as IN in IN some DT summer NN long JJ festivals NNS . SENT It PP could MD generate VV several JJ million CD dollars NNS flowing VVG through IN the DT community NN , , a DT significant JJ economic JJ multiplier NN effect NN greater JJR than IN those DT mentioned VVN by IN Colin NP Sturm NP . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT effect NN that WDT could MD create VV more JJR work NN for IN artists NNS , , if IN the DT festival NN sponsors NNS and CC leaders NNS were VBD interested VVN in IN attaining VVG that DT objective NN . SENT Yet RB the DT solution NN of IN one CD problem NN often RB creates VVZ new JJ problems NNS . SENT careful JJ research NN in IN simultaneous JJ scheduling NN should MD be VB conducted VVN before IN such PDT a DT policy NN is VBZ undertaken VVN . SENT Excessive JJ attendance NN at IN some DT events NNS would MD be VB one CD danger NN , , as RB has VHZ occurred VVN at IN one CD Riverbend NP Festival NP during IN the DT Pointer NP Sisters NNS appearance NN , , which WDT was VBD attended VVN by IN a DT crowd NN estimated VVN at IN 5 CD O NN , , OOO NP in IN a DT fenced VVN area NN much RB too RB small JJ for IN safety NN . SENT The DT area NN was VBD enlarged VVN after IN that DT episode NN . SENT Third JJ , , the DT cover NN of IN Riverbend's NP first JJ program NN pictured VVN the DT fantasy NN of IN local JJ sculptor NN James NP Collins NP , , an DT air NN sculpture NN called VVD Confetti NN Fingers NP . SENT Its PP$ helium NN filled VVD slender JJ balloon NN fingers NNS swirled VVD and CC gyrated VVD hundreds NNS of IN feet NNS above IN the DT riverfront NN festival NN site NN like IN an DT open JJ hand NN welcoming VVG everything NN in IN the DT universe NN waiting VVG to TO be VB cut VVN loose RB at IN the DT final JJ ceremonies NNS . SENT Fearing VVG a DT flight NN safety NN hazard NN , , the DT Federal NP Aviation NP Authority NP refused VVD permission NN for IN it PP be VB cut VVN from IN its PP$ moorings NNS and CC let VV loose RB into IN the DT sky NN , , and CC no DT amount NN of IN persuading VVG would MD change VV their PP$ ruling NN . SENT Confetti NN Fingers NP , , like IN later JJR Riverbends NP , , did VVD not RB fly VV , , but CC , , as IN often RB happened VVN , , the DT organizers NNS turned VVD another DT problem NN into IN an DT opportunity NN . SENT The DT giant JJ air NN sculpture NN was VBD cut VVN up RP into IN pieces NNS for IN children NNS to TO carry VV home NN as IN reminders NNS of IN the DT first JJ Riverbend NP . SENT After IN that DT theatrical JJ chimera NN that WDT was VBD the DT first JJ Riverbend NP , , the DT spirit NN of IN aesthetic JJ risk NN taking VVG diminished JJ , , although IN belief NN in IN the DT power NN of IN the DT festival NN to TO achieve VV commercial JJ effects NNS increased VVD . SENT Recent JJ Riverbends NPS have VHP included VVN little RB of IN that DT exciting JJ first JJ year NN no DT experimental JJ sculpture NN , , new JJ drama NN , , original JJ ballet NN , , film NN festivals NNS , , juried JJ arts NNS exhibits NNS , , or CC related JJ fringe NN activities NNS . SENT The DT last JJ original JJ musical JJ composition NN apparently RB was VBD in IN 1985 CD . SENT Fourth JJ , , the DT spatial JJ arrangement NN of IN theatrical JJ spaces NNS are VBP semiotic JJ markers NNS that WDT differentiate VV Charleston's NP and CC Chattanooga's NP festival NN philosophies NNS . SENT After IN its PP$ first JJ year NN , , Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP expanded VVD its PP$ activities NNS to TO include VV motorboat NN races NNS on IN the DT river NN against IN strong JJ objections NNS by IN several JJ of IN the DT original JJ organizers NNS . SENT Any DT popular JJ event NN , , such JJ as IN a DT triathlon NN and CC charity NN runs NNS , , could MD be VB included VVN under IN the DT Riverbend NP sponsorship NN umbrella NN if IN it PP promoted VVD riverfront NN development NN . SENT From IN the DT beginning NN , , this DT focus NN on IN the DT riverfront NN took VVD a DT peculiar JJ course NN . SENT The DT first JJ year NN the DT symphony NN played VVD several JJ water NN theme NN compositions NNS such JJ as IN Handel's NP Water NP Music NP for IN the DT tired JJ spectators NNS waiting VVG on IN the DT final JJ night NN to TO hear VV pop NN singer NN Roberta NP Flack NP . SENT The DT orchestra NN , , however RB , , was VBD located VVN about IN 5 CD O NN feet NNS away RB from IN the DT nearest JJS listener NN , , on IN a DT barge NN tied VVN to TO the DT riverpark NN bank NN , , and CC the DT audience NN could MD not RB hear VV the DT mostly RB soft JJ music NN because IN of IN a DT failed JJ sound NN system NN . SENT Another DT event NN proposed VVN by IN horse NN lovers NNS in IN 1983 CD was VBD a DT three CD day NN event NN . SENT equitation NN , , cross NN country NN , , and CC stadium NN jumping VVG . SENT This DT was VBD rejected VVN because IN there EX was VBD no DT room NN for IN it PP at IN the DT river NN park NN site NN and CC because IN it PP would MD diffuse VV the DT riverfront NN focus NN . SENT That DT was VBD the DT same JJ argument NN several JJ leaders NNS of IN the DT traditional JJ arts NNS establishment NN had VHD used VVN against IN having VHG the DT festival NN when WRB the DT idea NN first RB surfaced VVD the DT previous JJ spring NN . SENT Meaning VVG through IN spatial JJ arrangement NN , , therefore RB , , is VBZ communicated VVN on IN a DT variety NN of IN levels NNS in IN these DT festivals NNS and CC the DT multi NNS sensory JJ models NNS of IN relationships NNS that IN they PP present VVP to TO participants NNS . SENT To TO participate VV with IN an DT audience NN of IN 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP jammed VVD and CC packed VVD into IN the DT relatively RB small JJ space NN at IN the DT Riverfront NN Park NP is VBZ to TO feel VV the DT crowd NN , , the DT diminishment NN of IN the DT individual NN . SENT To TO be VB in IN a DT small JJ acoustic JJ space NN , , such JJ as IN the DT Charleston's NP Dock NP Street NP Theater NP or CC Chattanooga's NP Tivoli NP Theater NP lobby NN or CC Chattanooga NP Choo NP Choo NP convention NN theater NN entrance NN hall NN , , with IN a DT chamber NN quartet NN playing VVG classical JJ or CC jazz NN music NN , , is VBZ to TO be VB in IN intimate JJ contact NN with IN the DT artists NNS and CC other JJ members NNS of IN the DT audience NN . SENT Such JJ use NN of IN space NN is VBZ a DT world NN of IN difference NN . SENT Retrospective JJ Chattanooga's NP festival NN is VBZ young JJ by IN the DT standards NNS of IN significant JJ town NN festivals NNS . SENT It PP grew VVD out RP of IN the DT private JJ leadership's NN belief NN in IN an DT organic JJ heritage NN versus IN an DT imported JJ arts NNS festival NN in IN a DT narrow JJ logic NN that WDT concluded VVD the DT city's JJ town NN festival NN should MD be VB no RB more JJR than IN what WP local JJ people NNS could MD create VV or CC buy VV . SENT What WP happened VVD from IN the DT original JJ vision NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP to TO its PP$ evolvement NN over IN seven CD years NNS was VBD that IN a DT formula NN of IN popular JJ entertainers NNS on IN each DT night NN , , much RB like IN the DT Five CD Nights NNS event NN , , had VHD been VBN found VVN successful JJ in IN drawing VVG massive JJ crowds NNS to TO the DT riverfront NN , , where WRB intense JJ economic JJ development NN was VBD planned VVN by IN investors NNS . SENT This DT created VVD a DT commercial JJ medium NN for IN advertisers NNS and CC sponsors NNS . SENT It PP met VVD the DT goals NNS of IN commercial JJ development NN for IN individual JJ property NN owners NNS while IN neglecting VVG other JJ aesthetic JJ possibilities NNS . SENT In IN contrast NN with IN Charleston NP and CC Salzburg NP , , which WDT certainly RB experienced VVD increased VVN property NN values NNS , , Chattanooga's NP festival NN practice NN represents VVZ an DT excessive JJ subordination NN of IN arts NNS and CC artists NNS to TO the DT needs NNS of IN industrial JJ development NN . SENT The DT international JJ festival NN models NNS that WDT could MD have VH been VBN expected VVN , , on IN a DT smaller JJR scale NN , , to TO open VV up RP Chattanooga NP to TO change VV , , and CC to TO a DT climate NN in IN which WDT new JJ forms NNS of IN art NN would MD be VB welcomed VVN and CC encouraged VVN , , were VBD lost VVN in IN the DT rush NN to TO the DT bank NN in IN an DT overemphasis NN on IN the DT commercial JJ objective NN originally RB set VVN forth RB . SENT The DT lack NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN to TO offset VV these DT natural JJ capitalistic JJ tendencies NNS to TO focus VV on IN financial JJ growth NN , , given VVN the DT market NN creating VVG power NN of IN the DT festival NN medium NN , , can MD be VB offered VVN as IN one CD explanation NN . SENT At IN a DT deeper RBR structural JJ level NN is VBZ an DT exploitative JJ pattern NN of IN the DT way NN in IN which WDT the DT arts NNS and CC artists NNS are VBP regarded VVN in IN this DT and CC probably RB other JJ similar JJ communities NNS . SENT In IN Chattanooga NP , , the DT work NN of IN the DT artist NN instead RB of IN being VBG respected VVN as IN an DT end NN , , a DT peak NN of IN human JJ achievement NN , , a DT pinnacle NN of IN success NN for IN civilization NN is VBZ regarded VVN as IN a DT means NN to TO the DT ends NNS of IN the DT business NN structure NN . SENT It PP is VBZ expected VVN that IN the DT presence NN of IN a DT local JJ ballet NN company NN , , for IN example NN , , will MD help VV bring VV a DT Japanese JJ bulldozer NN manufacturer NN , , such JJ as IN Komatsu NP , , to TO town NN . SENT Apparently RB , , it PP is VBZ not RB in IN the DT community NN leadership's NN consciousness NN or CC awareness NN that WDT , , if IN a DT Japanese JJ bulldozer NN firm NN , , or CC any DT other JJ new JJ business NN , , opens VVZ a DT manufacturing NN plant NN in IN the DT city NN , , then RB the DT added JJ human JJ and CC financial JJ resources NNS could MD contribute VV to TO more JJR and CC better JJR ballet NN . SENT That DT is VBZ to TO say VV , , Chattanooga's NP current JJ leaders NNS believe VVP in IN ballet NN for IN bulldozers NNS , , not RB bulldozers NNS for IN ballet NN . SENT music NN for IN money NN , , not RB money NN for IN music NN . SENT art NN for IN work NN , , not RB work NN for IN art NN . SENT The DT present JJ conception NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP may MD very RB well RB be VB a DT necessary JJ stage NN through IN which WDT a DT town NN arts NNS festival NN passes VVZ , , although IN the DT example NN of IN Charleston NP suggests VVZ otherwise RB if IN visionary JJ outside JJ intervention NN occurs VVZ and CC if IN a DT broader JJR view NN of IN art NN and CC artists NNS is VBZ presented VVN to TO the DT community NN by IN its PP$ public JJ and CC private JJ leaders NNS . SENT A DT festival's NNS function VVP as IN a DT distorting VVG mirror NN in IN times NNS past JJ , , and CC now RB in IN modern JJ towns NNS and CC cities NNS , , can MD be VB paramount JJ if IN not RB consciously RB checked VVN and CC guarded VVN against IN . SENT One CD justified JJ fear NN is VBZ that IN the DT current JJ model NN of IN the DT arts NNS that IN Riverbend NP now RB represents VVZ in IN relationship NN to TO the DT community NN is VBZ unlikely JJ to TO receive VV any DT further RBR innovative JJ direction NN or CC restructuring NN without IN the DT presence NN of IN an DT influential JJ and CC strong JJ artistic JJ director NN along IN with IN a DT board NN more RBR sensitive JJ to TO broader JJR aspects NNS of IN a DT town NN arts NNS festival NN . SENT However RB , , there RB continue VVP to TO be VB within IN the DT festival NN , , depending VVG on IN one's JJ viewpoint NN , , small JJ signs NNS of IN new JJ growth NN , , or CC tokenism NN , , such JJ as IN the DT continuing JJ chamber NN music NN series NN that WDT receives VVZ modest JJ funding NN it PP lacked VVD a DT commercial JJ sponsor NN in IN 1988 CD . SENT Such JJ seeds NNS from IN Charleston's NP festival NN of IN differences NNS remain VVP within IN Chattanooga's NP festival NN , , waiting VVG for IN a DT nurturing VVG environment NN . SENT Restatement NN of IN Claims NP . SENT Intent NN , , Function NN , , Effect NN This DT comparison NN of IN the DT origins NNS of IN these DT two CD contemporary JJ town NN festivals NNS suggests VVZ their PP$ opposing VVG central JJ ideas NNS , , essential JJ natures NNS , , and CC primary JJ functions NNS and CC meanings NNS . SENT It PP summarizes VVZ the DT broader JJR basis NN of IN this DT study's JJ two CD aims NNS , , the DT discovery NN of IN key JJ elements NNS and CC functions NNS in IN the DT two CD festivals NNS . SENT If IN several JJ key JJ elements NNS of IN these DT two CD festivals NNS are VBP identified VVN sufficiently RB , , and CC if IN their PP$ basic JJ social JJ and CC political JJ functioning NN appears VVZ reasonably RB clear JJ , , then RB the DT limited JJ aims NNS of IN this DT dissertation NN will MD have VH been VBN realized VVN . SENT The DT principal JJ claim NN is VBZ that IN . SENT We PP shape VVP our PP$ festivals NNS . SENT thereafter RB our PP$ festivals NNS shape VV us PP . SENT The DT festival NN provides VVZ a DT model NN for IN accepting VVG differences NNS in IN life NN . SENT we PP learn VVP to TO tolerate VV as RB normal JJ the DT great JJ range NN of IN diversity NN contained VVN within IN a DT festival's JJ time NN and CC space NN , , where WRB the DT new JJ and CC different JJ are VBP made VVN visible JJ . SENT Neither DT ethnography NN nor CC history NN , , the DT study NN was VBD designed VVN as IN a DT selective JJ theoretical JJ interpretation NN of IN the DT significance NN of IN embedded VVN meanings NNS in IN these DT festivals NNS untold JJ stories NNS of IN origin NN . SENT These DT stories NNS were VBD used VVN to TO search VV for IN the DT fundamental JJ idea NN that WDT emerged VVD from IN each DT festival's JJ multiple JJ contexts NNS , , which WDT were VBD reflected VVN indirectly RB in IN their PP$ stories NNS of IN origin NN . SENT The DT specific JJ descriptions NNS of IN the DT genesis NN of IN these DT two CD festivals NNS pointed VVN toward IN two CD specific JJ types NNS a DT Spoleto NN arts NNS form NN and CC a DT Riverbend NP heritage NN form NN . SENT These DT two CD forms NNS were VBD claimed VVN to TO represent VV examples NNS , , respectively RB , , of IN difference NN and CC sameness NN in IN the DT discursive JJ practice NN of IN festival NN . SENT No DT claim NN was VBD made VVN about IN the DT application NN of IN this DT concept NN to TO other JJ festivals NNS , , although IN the DT intent NN , , functions NNS , , and CC effect NN methodology NN could MD be VB useful JJ in IN an DT extended JJ study NN of IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP festivals NNS as RB well RB as RB in IN the DT analysis NN of IN other JJ festivals NNS and CC similar JJ cultural JJ practices NNS . SENT This DT view NN of IN difference NN and CC sameness NN was VBD generated VVN by IN inferences NNS from IN three CD major JJ categories NNS of IN thought NN around IN which WDT the DT Spoleto NP and CC Riverbend NP chapters NNS were VBD organized VVN . SENT These DT were VBD the DT three CD elements NNS mentioned VVN in IN an DT earlier JJR quotation NN from IN John NP Heyl NP Vincent NP , , the DT Chautauqua NP Institution's NP founder NN . SENT Chautauqua NP is VBZ a DT place NN , , an DT ideal NN , , and CC a DT force NN . SENT Equivalent JJ terms NNS suggested VVN by IN the DT research NN for IN these DT categories NNS were VBD . SENT empty JJ space NN , , purpose NN , , and CC artistic JJ director NN . SENT By IN separating VVG various JJ claims NNS previously RB advanced VVD into IN the DT categories NNS of IN intent NN , , function NN , , and CC effect NN , , a DT triadic JJ template NN of IN the DT inseparable JJ elements NNS of IN the DT nature NN of IN festival NN can MD be VB viewed VVN as IN functioning VVG as IN an DT initial JJ semiotic JJ template NN 97 CD of IN this DT ancient JJ cultural JJ practice NN . SENT These DT claims NNS evolve VV from IN the DT materials NNS reviewed VVN in IN the DT Spoleto NP and CC Riverbend NP festival NN chapters NNS and CC appendix NN . SENT They PP also RB are VBP reinforced VVN by IN the DT additional JJ material NN briefly NN presented VVN in IN this DT concluding VVG chapter NN . SENT No DT doubt NN they PP will MD require VV modification NN in IN an DT extended JJ study NN of IN other JJ festivals NNS as IN is VBZ suggested VVN by IN the DT Black NP Mountain NP Festival NP example NN mentioned VVD briefly RB in IN the DT Preface NN . SENT Intentions NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT intentions NNS of IN a DT festival's NNS creators NNS create VVP an DT essentially RB theatrical JJ genre NN of IN artistic JJ multi NNS functional JJ structures NNS composed VVN of IN context NN , , text NN , , and CC subtext NN , , artistic JJ in IN terms NNS of IN the DT medium NN and CC effect NN if IN not RB always RB in IN terms NNS of IN intention NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Festivals NNS are VBP a DT form NN of IN meaning VVG making VVG theater NN in IN a DT bounded VVN space NN or CC spaces NNS , , which WDT define VV the DT type NN of IN festival NN just RB as IN the DT shape NN of IN the DT stage NN has VHZ defined VVN various JJ types NNS of IN theater NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT modern JJ festival NN has VHZ evolved VVN into IN a DT Brechtian JJ theater NN that WDT is VBZ a DT socio NN political JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT effort NN to TO oppose VV and CC change VV actual JJ social JJ reality NN Reiss NP . SENT 4 LS . SENT The DT founders NNS intentions NNS shape VVP a DT signifying VVG practice NN with IN a DT clear JJ unity NN of IN action NN , , where WRB the DT essential JJ structural JJ logic NN springs VVZ from IN the DT degree NN of IN the DT presence NN or CC absence NN of IN textual JJ differences NNS . SENT Functions NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT festival NN in IN general NN can MD be VB viewed VVN as IN a DT special JJ art NN form NN similar JJ to TO the DT traditional JJ structures NNS of IN the DT separate JJ performance NN arts NNS , , such JJ as IN opera NN , , symphony NN , , dance NN , , film NN , , drama NN , , and CC poetry NN , , but CC operating VVG with IN a DT distinctively RB different JJ logic NN that WDT embraces VVZ and CC enhances VVZ these DT genres NNS and CC also RB other JJ forms NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT possibility NN of IN merry JJ making NN , , or CC humans NNS at IN play NN homo NN ludens NNS , , Huizinga NP and CC Pieper NP , , is VBZ a DT recurring VVG pattern NN associated VVN with IN festivals NNS , , suggesting VVG that DT play NN , , albeit IN serious JJ play NN , , and CC pleasure NN as IN a DT broader JJR gratification NN of IN the DT audience NN , , may MD emerge VV as IN an DT overlooked VVN function NN of IN a DT festival NN . SENT however RB , , these DT two CD examples NNS do VVP not RB support VV such PDT a DT thesis NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Festivals NNS can MD be VB viewed VVN as IN overcoded JJ entities NNS on IN the DT threshold NN between IN convention NN and CC innovation NN , , an DT unrecognized JJ rule NN making VVG operation NN simultaneously RB indexical JJ , , iconic JJ , , and CC symbolic JJ that DT allows VVZ the DT social JJ exchange NN of IN signs NNS Eco NP . SENT 4 LS . SENT The DT more RBR closed JJ to TO differences NNS , , to TO variety NN in IN performances NNS and CC activities NNS , , then RB the DT less RBR the DT event NN functions NNS as IN a DT festival NN in IN the DT historic JJ sense NN of IN the DT term NN and CC the DT less RBR likely JJ the DT event NN is VBZ to TO be VB labeled VVN a DT festival NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT The DT festival's NNS ideological JJ and CC physical JJ space NN itself PP functions NNS as IN a DT type NN of IN liminal JJ time NN and CC space NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , a DT social JJ practice NN existing VVG as IN an DT empty JJ space NN , , or CC gap NN or CC overlap VV among IN the DT network NN of IN formal JJ institutions NNS and CC social JJ structures NNS . SENT 6 CD . SENT The DT festival NN operates VVZ , , or CC , , functions NNS , , whether IN consciously RB intended VVN or CC not RB by IN its PP$ creators NNS and CC administrators NNS , , as IN a DT container NN of IN signifiers NNS from IN which WDT the DT traditional JJ unity NN of IN action NN , , is VBZ often RB absent JJ at IN the DT programming NN textual JJ level NN but CC appears VVZ upon IN careful JJ examination NN to TO be VB present JJ in IN the DT contextual JJ frame NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT Serious JJ festivals NNS are VBP a DT special JJ type NN of IN theatrical JJ time NN and CC space NN where WRB the DT new JJ and CC different JJ are VBP made VVN visible JJ as IN during IN a DT pilgrimage NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT The DT presence NN or CC absence NN of IN voices NNS of IN difference NN now RB appears VVZ to TO be VB the DT key JJ code NN determining VVG when WRB a DT social JJ practice NN is VBZ named VVN a DT festival NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT A DT festival's JJ contextual JJ framing NN function NN is VBZ its PP$ open JJ rather RB than IN closed JJ structure NN , , a DT characteristic NN that WDT allows VVZ for IN a DT multiplicity NN of IN signifiers NNS and CC codes NNS to TO co NP exist VV . SENT 10 CD . SENT The DT primary JJ conclusion NN is VBZ . SENT We PP shape VVP our PP$ festivals NNS . SENT thereafter RB they PP shape VVP us PP . SENT The DT social JJ theaters NNS we PP imagine VVP from IN empty JJ spaces NNS and CC design NN from IN bare JJ festival NN stages NNS reflect VVP our PP$ view NN of IN the DT proper JJ order NN of IN things NNS in IN a DT manner NN much RB like IN the DT Renaissance NP festivals NNS discussed VVN by IN Strong JJ and CC Orgel NP . SENT the DT festival NN refracts VVZ this DT order NN though IN its PP$ contextual JJ frame NN . SENT Effects NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT festival NN ordinarily RB is VBZ seen VVN as IN a DT collection NN of IN discrete JJ performances NNS but CC , , when WRB a DT larger JJR contextual JJ aesthetic JJ logic NN is VBZ assumed VVN in IN which WDT the DT textual JJ elements NNS are VBP juxtaposed VVN , , this DT theater NN can MD lead VV to TO a DT new JJ interpretation NN of IN social JJ and CC political JJ meanings NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT At IN certain JJ historical JJ moments NNS the DT artist NN is VBZ endowed VVN with IN the DT power NN of IN awakening NN , , quickening VVG , , and CC actually RB forming VVG forces NNS which WDT constitute VVP the DT local JJ and CC national JJ identity NN Hadamovsky NP . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT festival NN theater NN can MD be VB seen VVN as IN a DT deliberate JJ framing NN device NN in IN which WDT not RB only JJ context NN , , or CC circumstance NN , , but CC also RB texts NNS and CC subtexts NNS are VBP in IN artistic JJ free JJ play NN where WRB participating VVG spectators NNS are VBP addressees NNS in IN potential JJ opposition NN to TO senders NNS sponsors NNS and CC performers NNS in IN a DT dramatic JJ semiotic JJ guerilla NN war NN in IN the DT time NN and CC space NN of IN the DT festival NN Eco NP . SENT 4 LS . SENT A DT festival's NNS multi NNS functionality NN can MD be VB a DT time NN and CC space NN for IN play NN with IN no DT other JJ purpose NN Pieper NP . SENT 5 LS . SENT A DT view NN of IN homo NN ludens NNS , , humans NNS at IN play NN , , Huizinga NP as RB yet RB has VHZ no DT place NN in IN this DT general JJ construction NN of IN a DT political JJ theater NN that WDT appears VVZ to TO generate VV its PP$ effects NNS from IN a DT Darwinian JJ theater NN of IN power NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Festivals NNS , , as IN places NNS for IN openness NN , , conflict NN , , and CC play VVP , , represent VVP unique JJ art NN forms NNS that WDT not RB only RB mirror VV their PP$ world NN but CC with IN little JJ public JJ notice NN shape VV its PP$ course NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT Contemporary JJ festivals NNS appear VVP to TO provide VV state NN , , corporation NN , , university NN , , and CC church NN with IN an DT encyclopedia NN of IN universally RB understood VVN symbols NNS that WDT compose VV the DT contemporary JJ American JJ city NN festival's NNS mise NN en IN sc NN ne RB and CC actively RB promote VV civic JJ rulers NNS wishes NNS and CC desires NNS . SENT 8 CD . SENT Contexts NNS can MD be VB the DT product NN of IN the DT artistic JJ imagination NN as IN much JJ as IN texts NNS . SENT Neither DT laws NNS nor CC causes NNS , , and CC readily RB classified VVN in IN more JJR than IN one CD category NN , , these DT claims NNS are VBP patterns NNS of IN association NN that WDT suggest VVP three CD aspects NNS of IN a DT festival's JJ basic JJ nature NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT A DT festival NN is VBZ the DT deliberate JJ creation NN of IN an DT artistic JJ text NN that WDT works VVZ within IN its PP$ physical JJ and CC ideological JJ context NN to TO contain VV contradictory JJ , , disparate JJ , , opposing VVG , , and CC even RB warring VVG elements NNS a DT primary JJ source NN of IN the DT tension NN and CC excitement NN associated VVN with IN the DT idea NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT A DT festival NN could MD be VB the DT general JJ historical JJ class NN of IN which WDT theater NN is VBZ a DT sub NN genre NN , , although IN no DT festival NN theory NN yet RB exists VVZ to TO support VV this DT claim NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT festival NN as IN a DT communication NN medium NN suggests VVZ the DT possibility NN of IN a DT conceptual JJ shift NN from IN a DT one NN to TO many JJ , , linear JJ , , ethnocentric JJ sender NN receiver NN communication NN model NN to TO a DT many JJ to TO many JJ , , helical JJ , , multi NNS dimensional JJ , , contextual JJ reception NN response NN model NN . SENT Four CD Conclusions NNS . SENT Festivals NNS Shaping VVG of IN Reality NN , , Openness NN , , Conflict NN , , Play NP The DT concluding VVG words NNS of IN Roy NP Strong JJ in IN Art NP and CC Power NP . SENT Renaissance NP Festivals NNS 145 CD O NN 165 CD O NN frame NN the DT long JJ range NN research NN goal NN for IN those DT interested JJ in IN the DT shaping VVG process NN of IN societies NNS . SENT Few JJ subjects NNS have VHP suffered VVN so RB much RB from IN the DT modern JJ compartmentalisation NN of IN knowledge NN as IN festivals NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ fallen VVN between IN so RB many JJ stools NNS , , those DT of IN the DT historian NN of IN art NN , , literature NN , , ideas NNS and CC political JJ history NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Earlier JJR studies NNS remain VVP collections NNS of IN particular JJ events NNS looked VVD at IN in IN isolation NN and CC as IN an DT attempt NN to TO establish VV the DT subject NN as IN a DT coherent JJ discipline NN may MD be VB said VVN to TO be VB a DT failure NN . SENT One PP emerges VVZ with IN no DT overall JJ picture NN as IN to TO what WP this DT stupendous JJ development NN was VBD . SENT Perhaps RB the DT study NN of IN festivals NNS can MD never RB by IN its PP$ very JJ nature NN be VB a DT coherent JJ discipline NN without IN distortion NN . SENT I PP opened VVD this DT book NN with IN one CD modest JJ objective NN . SENT to TO make VV real JJ to TO the DT reader NN M NP nestrier's NP statement NN that IN such JJ festivals NNS were VBD Allegories NNS de NP l'Estat NP des NP temps NNS . SENT I PP close VVP in IN the DT hope NN that IN he PP by IN now RB knows VVZ precisely RB what WP M NP nestrier NN meant VVD by IN that DT definition NN of IN what WP was VBD a DT unique JJ alliance NN of IN art NN and CC power NN in IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT modern JJ State NN . SENT 98 CD Yet CC festivals NNS function VVP as IN more JJR than IN an DT allegory NN of IN the DT times NNS in IN their PP$ intended JJ or CC unintended JJ function NN of IN shaping VVG of IN social JJ reality NN . SENT The DT social JJ theaters NNS we PP imagine VVP from IN empty JJ spaces NNS and CC design NN from IN bare JJ festival NN stages NNS reflect VVP our PP$ view NN of IN the DT proper JJ order NN of IN things NNS in IN a DT manner NN much RB like IN the DT Renaissance NP festivals NNS discussed VVN by IN Strong JJ and CC Orgel NP . SENT However RB , , this DT relational JJ view NN is VBZ refracted VVN , , or CC modified VVN by IN the DT festival NN medium NN itself PP as IN a DT type NN of IN distorting VVG lens NN . SENT The DT participants NNS unconscious JJ and CC conscious JJ interpretation NN of IN the DT public JJ performance NN of IN the DT festival NN ritual NN can MD change VV the DT very RB social JJ reality NN originally RB reflected VVD through IN the DT evolving VVG shape NN of IN the DT festival NN itself PP . SENT The DT physical JJ analogy NN of IN a DT double JJ mirror NN is VBZ not RB adequate JJ to TO explain VV this DT idea NN . SENT another DT metaphor NN is VBZ needed VVN . SENT Because IN a DT festival NN clearly RB is VBZ a DT component NN of IN the DT process NN of IN human JJ communication NN , , a DT model NN of IN this DT process NN is VBZ proposed VVN as IN a DT tentative JJ template NN through IN which WDT to TO consider VV the DT basic JJ arguments NNS of IN this DT thesis NN . SENT An DT open JJ ended VVN helical JJ spiraling JJ model NN of IN the DT human JJ communication NN process NN , , 99 CD rather RB than IN the DT traditional JJ closed JJ circular JJ schematic NN model NN , , is VBZ suggested VVN . SENT Here RB the DT linear JJ , , functional JJ positions NNS of IN sender NN , , encoder NN , , channel NN , , decoder NN , , receiver NN are VBP blurred VVN to TO the DT extent NN that IN the DT receiver NN position NN is VBZ equal JJ , , if IN not RB primary JJ . SENT This DT helical JJ response NN model NN places VVZ primary JJ emphasis NN on IN the DT complex JJ nature NN , , often RB assumed VVN in IN traditional JJ communications NNS textbook NN diagrams NNS , , of IN the DT surrounding VVG context NN , , both CC ideological JJ and CC physical JJ . SENT This DT idea NN is VBZ summarized VVD in IN the DT Churchill NP quote NN on IN the DT shaping VVG interplay NN between IN buildings NNS and CC the DT people NNS in IN them PP . SENT In IN actual JJ practice NN there EX is VBZ no DT clear JJ , , marked JJ beginning NN point NN of IN a DT festival NN as IN a DT linear JJ model NN of IN information NN flow NN implies VVZ . SENT It PP follows VVZ that IN studies NNS of IN complex JJ signifying VVG practices NNS have VHP a DT higher JJR probability NN of IN useful JJ insight NN when WRB focusing VVG on IN definable JJ moments NNS of IN historical JJ origination NN , , such JJ as IN the DT stories NNS of IN origin NN reviewed VVN previously RB . SENT That DT festivals NNS have VHP their PP$ undiscerned JJ meanings NNS and CC practical JJ social JJ political JJ as RB well RB as IN aesthetic JJ significance NN is VBZ an DT underlying JJ assumption NN . SENT Bakhtin NP held VVD a DT view NN of IN meanings NNS as IN endlessly RB evolving VVG . SENT At IN any DT moment NN in IN the DT development NN of IN the DT dialogue NN there EX are VBP immense JJ , , boundless JJ masses NNS of IN forgotten JJ contextual JJ meanings NNS , , but CC at IN certain JJ moments NNS of IN the DT dialogue's JJ subsequent JJ development NN along IN the DT way NN they PP are VBP recalled VVN and CC invigorated VVN in IN renewed JJ form NN in IN a DT new JJ context NN . SENT Nothing NN is VBZ absolutely RB dead JJ . SENT every DT meaning NN shall MD someday RB have VH its PP$ homecoming NN festival NN . SENT The DT problem NN of IN great JJ time NN . SENT 100 CD The DT import NN of IN Bakhtin's NP final JJ provocative JJ idea NN on IN the DT forgotten JJ contextual JJ meanings NNS at IN certain JJ moments NNS recalled VVD and CC invigorated VVD in IN renewed JJ form NN in IN a DT new JJ context NN is VBZ found VVN in IN the DT special JJ social JJ role NN given VVN the DT festival NN . SENT The DT festival NN has VHZ a DT unique JJ communication NN function NN in IN the DT production NN of IN meaning NN , , one NN that WDT suggests VVZ more JJR tourists NNS or CC more JJR businesses NNS may MD be VB effects NNS but CC that IN such JJ effects NNS do VVP not RB in IN themselves PP explain VVP the DT multiple JJ reality NN shaping VVG functions NNS of IN a DT festival NN . SENT A DT second JJ conclusion NN associated VVN with IN a DT festival's JJ contextual JJ framing NN function NN is VBZ that IN a DT festival's JJ basic JJ nature NN is VBZ its PP$ open JJ rather RB than IN closed JJ structure NN , , a DT characteristic NN that WDT allows VVZ for IN a DT multiplicity NN of IN signifiers NNS and CC codes NNS to TO co NP exist VV . SENT This DT opposition NN implies VVZ that IN the DT more RBR closed JJ to TO differences NNS , , to TO variety NN in IN performances NNS and CC activities NNS , , then RB the DT less RBR the DT event NN functions NNS as IN a DT festival NN in IN the DT historical JJ sense NN of IN the DT term NN and CC the DT less RBR likely JJ the DT event NN is VBZ to TO be VB labeled VVN a DT festival NN . SENT As RB noted VVD earlier RBR , , in IN this DT sense NN the DT logic NN of IN festival NN contradicts VVZ the DT Aristotelian JJ unity NN of IN action NN element NN of IN drama NN described VVN in IN the DT Poetics NN . SENT Disunity NN of IN action NN would MD be VB more RBR characteristic JJ of IN the DT sights NNS , , sounds NNS , , smells VVZ , , tastes NNS , , and CC touches NNS labeled VVD festival NN . SENT This DT apparent JJ lack NN of IN a DT clear JJ oppositional JJ dichotomy NN in IN many JJ festivals NNS is VBZ a DT conceptual JJ problem NN that WDT is VBZ not RB adequately RB explained VVN by IN current JJ theories NNS 101 CD of IN ritual NN and CC performance NN ritual NN . SENT A DT festival's NNS logic NN apparently RB springs VVZ from IN sources NNS other JJ than IN the DT official NN unofficial JJ , , upside RB down RB world NN of IN carnival NN logic NN proposed VVN by IN Bakhtin NP in IN his PP$ work NN on IN Rabelais NP . SENT If IN carnival NN is VBZ the DT opposite NN of IN the DT official JJ church NN world NN , , for IN example NN , , then RB it PP should MD possess VV the DT expected VVN symbolic JJ unity NN of IN action NN in IN its PP$ reversals NNS of IN the DT church NN as IN a DT norm NN , , functioning VVG in IN effect NN to TO authenticate VV the DT church's JJ authority NN and CC power NN to TO frame VV social JJ discourse NN . SENT Festivals NNS appear VVP to TO lack NN this DT logic NN of IN reversal NN , , as RB can MD be VB seen VVN from IN analysis NN of IN the DT Chattanooga NP and CC Charleston NP festivals NNS , , and CC , , in IN effect NN , , perform VV the DT semiotic JJ iconic JJ function NN of IN church NN . SENT A DT third JJ conclusion NN follows VVZ that IN a DT festival's JJ basic JJ nature NN appears VVZ to TO be VB the DT deliberate JJ creation NN of IN an DT artistic JJ text NN that WDT works VVZ within IN its PP$ physical JJ and CC ideological JJ context NN to TO contain VV contradictory JJ , , disparate JJ , , opposing VVG , , and CC even RB warring VVG elements NNS a DT primary JJ source NN of IN the DT tension NN and CC excitement NN associated VVN with IN the DT idea NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT Festivals NNS , , in IN Peircian NP terminology NN , , derive VV their PP$ distinctive JJ features NNS in IN functioning VVG as IN sign NN and CC sign NN systems NNS that WDT are VBP simultaneously RB indexical JJ , , iconic JJ , , and CC symbolic JJ , , and CC that WDT are VBP also RB separately RB each DT of IN these DT functions NNS , , depending VVG on IN the DT contextual JJ social JJ and CC physical JJ environment NN and CC intended JJ purpose NN . SENT No DT one CD sign NN function NN 102 CD dominates VVZ , , as IN is VBZ usually RB the DT case NN in IN a DT given VVN art NN form NN , , possibly RB with IN the DT exception NN of IN opera NN . SENT Therefore RB , , the DT festival NN in IN general NN can MD be VB viewed VVN as IN a DT special JJ art NN form NN similar JJ to TO the DT traditional JJ structures NNS of IN the DT separate JJ performance NN arts NNS , , such JJ as IN opera NN , , symphony NN , , dance NN , , film NN , , drama NN , , and CC poetry NN , , but CC operating VVG with IN a DT distinctively RB different JJ logic NN that WDT embraces VVZ and CC enhances VVZ these DT genres NNS and CC also RB other JJ forms NNS . SENT A DT fourth JJ conclusion NN rising VVG from IN the DT problem NN of IN play NN versus CC work NN is VBZ derived VVN from IN the DT separation NN of IN intention NN , , function NN , , and CC effect NN in IN a DT festival's JJ statements NNS of IN purpose NN . SENT Exploring VVG the DT Charleston NP and CC Chattanooga NP festivals NNS with IN these DT categories NNS reveals VVZ a DT glimpse NN of IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT functions NNS of IN festivals NNS in IN the DT sense NN of IN artistic JJ work NN performed VVN as IN play NN . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT subtle JJ and CC important JJ distinction NN between IN traditional JJ and CC artistic JJ forms NNS of IN work NN and CC play NN . SENT Vladimir NP Propp NP in IN his PP$ 1963 CD work NN Russkie NN Agrarnye NP Prazdniki NP Russian NP Agrarian JJ Festivals NNS traced VVD these DT festivals NNS to TO the DT economic JJ factor NN , , as IN Anatoly NP Liberman NP noted VVD in IN his PP$ introduction NN to TO Propp's NP Theory NN and CC History NN of IN Folklore NN . SENT Propp's NP book NN is VBZ not RB a DT cheap JJ piece NN of IN antireligious JJ propaganda NN , , but CC a DT thorough JJ investigation NN of IN the DT festivals NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Propp NP traced VVD the DT festivals NNS to TO the DT economic JJ factor NN , , namely RB the DT peasants NNS struggle NN for IN the DT increase NN of IN the DT land's NNS fertility NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT True JJ to TO his PP$ pattern NN of IN causal JJ hypotheses NNS , , Propp NP rejected VVD all DT other JJ explanations NNS and CC disregarded VVD the DT merry JJ making VVG itself PP . SENT Homo NN ludens NNS seems VVZ to TO have VH been VBN alien JJ to TO Propp NP . SENT 103 CD Although IN it PP is VBZ unproductive JJ to TO search VV for IN causal JJ patterns NNS when WRB addressing VVG the DT complexity NN of IN a DT festival NN , , it PP appears VVZ increasingly RB desirable JJ to TO consider VV the DT possibility NN of IN merry JJ making NN , , or CC humans NNS at IN play NN homo NN ludens NNS , , as IN a DT recurring VVG pattern NN associated VVN with IN festivals NNS . SENT 104 CD Artistic JJ and CC spectator NN participant NN play NN may MD be VB a DT constant JJ unnoticed JJ festival NN function NN . SENT Play NN , , albeit IN serious JJ play NN , , and CC pleasure NN , , as RB noted VVD previously RB , , as IN a DT broader JJR gratification NN of IN the DT audience NN , , may MD emerge VV as IN an DT overlooked VVN function NN of IN a DT festival NN . SENT As IN places NNS for IN openness NN , , conflict NN , , and CC play VV , , festivals NNS represent VVP unique JJ art NN forms NNS that WDT not RB only RB mirror VV their PP$ world NN but CC with IN little JJ public JJ notice NN shape VV its PP$ course NN . SENT A DT broader JJR semantic JJ frame NN is VBZ needed VVN to TO explain VV this DT perspective NN . SENT Toward IN a DT Semiotic JJ of IN Festival NP What WP is VBZ the DT nature NN and CC function NN of IN a DT theater NN that WDT is VBZ not RB an DT open JJ arena NN , , thrust NN stage NN , , nor CC proscenium NN arch NN , , but CC properly RB a DT festival NN theater NN , , similar JJ to TO but CC differing VVG from IN traditional JJ forms NNS of IN theater NN . SENT At IN one CD level NN , , a DT festival NN theater NN frames NNS an DT ideological JJ struggle NN and CC makes VVZ visible JJ key JJ meanings NNS of IN a DT dominant JJ group's NNS encoded VVD values NNS . SENT However RB , , a DT festival NN theater NN creates VVZ multiple JJ contextual JJ empty JJ spaces NNS unlike IN the DT traditional JJ theater NN . SENT This DT makes VVZ possible JJ the DT emergence NN of IN many JJ new JJ meanings NNS that WDT can MD at IN times NNS threaten VVP a DT dominant JJ community NN group's NNS preferred VVD meanings NNS by IN modifying VVG any DT traditional JJ sign NN appearing VVG within IN the DT festival's JJ contextual JJ space NN and CC time NN . SENT Through IN this DT complex JJ process NN a DT festival NN is VBZ used VVN not RB only RB to TO reflect VV dominant JJ values NNS but CC also RB to TO shape NN and CC mold NN communities NNS in IN the DT direction NN of IN powerful JJ interests NNS acting VVG behind IN the DT scene NN . SENT Unlike IN the DT normal JJ closed VVN and CC bounded VVN corporate JJ structure NN , , a DT festival's NNS necessarily RB open JJ structure NN permits VVZ potentially RB contradictory JJ statements NNS to TO blend VV , , creating VVG the DT aesthetic JJ pleasure NN and CC tension NN associated VVN with IN a DT festival NN environment NN . SENT Often RB here RB can MD be VB seen VVN a DT logic NN of IN both DT biological JJ and CC social JJ difference NN rather RB than IN a DT logic NN of IN unity NN , , wholeness NN , , harmony NN , , oneness NN , , sameness NN . SENT Diverse JJ elements NNS combine VVP to TO make VV festival NN spaces NNS an DT enduring JJ and CC powerful JJ theatrical JJ medium NN of IN signification NN and CC communication NN , , a DT persuasive JJ medium NN that IN competing VVG ideological JJ interests NNS predictably RB will MD seek VV to TO control VV and CC at IN times NNS exploit VVP . SENT What WP perspectives NNS support VVP this DT spatial JJ view NN of IN a DT festival NN theatrical JJ practice NN . SENT First RB , , the DT control NN of IN the DT use NN of IN a DT festival's JJ space NN is VBZ a DT key JJ element NN . SENT Ideas NNS about IN space NN and CC the DT power NN in IN control NN of IN that DT space NN grounded VVN this DT study NN . SENT Festivals NNS had VHD appeared VVN as IN dense JJ collections NNS of IN signs NNS symbolic JJ ritual NN , , activities NNS , , and CC events NNS that WDT are VBP visibly RB the DT opposite NN of IN empty JJ space NN . SENT Yet RB the DT analytical JJ key NN was VBD to TO look VV at IN both CC the DT presences NNS and CC the DT absences NNS in IN the DT festival's JJ space NN . SENT Second RB , , an DT unnoticed JJ function NN of IN festivals NNS is VBZ that IN they PP are VBP a DT special JJ type NN of IN theater NN that WDT can MD combine VV all DT four CD types NNS of IN Brook's NP theaters NNS deadly JJ , , holy JJ , , rough JJ , , immediate JJ into IN another DT kind NN of IN theater NN unlike IN traditional JJ physical JJ and CC ideological JJ forms NNS . SENT The DT evidence NN that IN this DT can MD be VB another DT form NN of IN theater NN is VBZ described VVN by IN Brook NP as IN occurring VVG when WRB , , Sometimes RB within IN a DT single JJ moment NN , , the DT four CD of IN them PP , , Holy NP , , Rough NP , , Immediate NP and CC Deadly RB intertwine VV . SENT 105 CD Such JJ a DT festival NN theater NN houses NNS paradox NN , , contradiction NN , , low JJ and CC high JJ taste NN , , the DT dull JJ and CC the DT exciting JJ , , in IN short JJ , , heteroglossia NN , , to TO use VV Bakhtin's NP term NN for IN that DT which WDT is VBZ individual JJ , , different JJ , , unclassified JJ . SENT Third JJ , , societies NNS have VHP a DT practical JJ need NN for IN theatrical JJ empty JJ spaces NNS . SENT How WRB can MD one PP analyze VV such JJ complexity NN in IN the DT human JJ communication NN process NN . SENT Just RB as IN the DT zero CD 106 CD was VBD invented VVN to TO hold VV a DT place NN where WRB no DT numerical JJ meaning NN had VHD been VBN assigned VVN , , the DT metaphor NN of IN empty JJ space NN provides VVZ a DT functional JJ element NN that WDT reveals VVZ the DT social JJ construct VV of IN theater NN . SENT The DT Riverbend NP festival NN organizers NNS found VVN in IN effect NN that IN a DT dot VVP instead RB of IN a DT circle NN represented VVD the DT concept NN of IN empty JJ space NN when WRB an DT off JJ stage NN director NN intervened VVD to TO prohibit VV another DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT That IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival's NP artistic JJ character NN was VBD diminished VVN , , however RB , , does VVZ not RB necessarily RB mean VV that IN the DT space NN for IN this DT meaning NN is VBZ blocked VVN permanently RB . SENT It PP means VVZ mainly RB that IN the DT community's JJ artists NNS and CC audiences NNS may MD not RB be VB ready JJ for IN a DT Southern NP Voices NNS Festival NP until IN the DT elements NNS of IN place NN , , ideal NN , , and CC force VV combine VV again RB at IN one CD creative JJ moment NN in IN a DT spirit NN not RB of IN monologue NN but CC of IN dialogue NN . SENT The DT art NN of IN power NN , , and CC its PP$ double JJ , , the DT power NN of IN art NN , , is VBZ bound VVN up RP in IN this DT continuous JJ struggle NN on IN public JJ and CC private JJ bare JJ stages NNS . SENT The DT festival NN theater NN frames NNS these DT empty JJ spaces NNS and CC makes VVZ visible JJ the DT meanings NNS of IN a DT powerful JJ group's NN relational JJ order NN of IN ideas NNS and CC things NNS . SENT These DT shifting VVG orders NNS of IN meaning NN can MD be VB seen VVN in IN comparative JJ studies NNS such JJ as IN Strong's NP study NN of IN Renaissance NP festivals NNS . SENT The DT festival NN theater NN accelerates VVZ social JJ sign NN production NN and CC transmission NN by IN holding VVG a DT position NN open JJ for IN new JJ combinations NNS of IN elements NNS and CC possible JJ meanings NNS to TO be VB expressed VVN and CC observed VVN . SENT From IN a DT broad JJ view NN , , an DT analysis NN of IN festivals NNS suggests VVZ their PP$ role NN in IN creating VVG open JJ societies NNS that WDT evolve VV , , grow VV , , and CC adapt VV . SENT Such JJ societies NNS should MD possess VV a DT healthier JJR character NN than IN those DT less RBR open JJ to TO discovery NN or CC rapid JJ sharing NN of IN information NN . SENT In IN this DT sense NN an DT unnoticed JJ function NN of IN the DT festival NN as IN a DT unique JJ medium NN of IN communication NN is VBZ that IN festivals NNS are VBP powerful JJ accelerators NNS of IN information NN flowing VVG within IN the DT semiotic JJ system NN . SENT Semiotic JJ , , in IN this DT sense NN , , is VBZ the DT Peircian JJ definition NN of IN a DT sign NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT something NN which WDT stands VVZ to TO somebody NN for IN something NN in IN some DT respect NN or CC capacity NN . SENT It PP addresses VVZ somebody NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , creates VVZ in IN the DT mind NN of IN that DT person NN an DT equivalent JJ sign NN , , or CC perhaps RB a DT more RBR developed JJ sign NN . SENT The DT sign NN which WDT it PP creates VVZ I PP call VVP the DT interpretant NN of IN the DT first JJ sign NN . SENT The DT sign NN stands VVZ for IN something NN , , its PP$ object NN . SENT It PP stands VVZ for IN that DT object NN , , not RB in IN all DT respects NNS , , but CC in IN reference NN to TO a DT sort NN of IN idea NN , , which WDT I PP have VHP sometimes RB called VVN the DT ground NN of IN the DT representamen NNS . SENT Idea NN is VBZ here RB to TO be VB understood VVN in IN a DT sort NN of IN Platonic JJ sense NN , , very RB familiar JJ in IN everyday JJ talk NN . SENT I PP mean VVP in IN that DT sense NN in IN which WDT we PP say VVP that IN one CD man NN catches VVZ another DT man's JJ idea NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT 107 CD This DT statement NN suggests VVZ the DT value NN of IN a DT festival NN in IN providing VVG a DT rich JJ tapestry NN of IN signs NNS in IN which WDT one CD person NN catches VVZ another's JJ idea NN while IN providing VVG a DT ground NN for IN the DT exchange NN and CC catching VVG of IN ideas NNS . SENT A DT town NN arts NNS festival NN , , such JJ as IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP , , is VBZ more RBR diverse JJ and CC open JJ in IN its PP$ programming NN than IN a DT heritage NN festival NN . SENT It PP creates VVZ more JJR interpersonal JJ connections NNS by IN bringing VVG persons NNS with IN diverse JJ interests NNS together RB . SENT 108 CD This NP study's NNS three CD primary JJ festival NN categories NNS empty JJ space NN , , purpose NN , , and CC artistic JJ director NN represent VVP a DT beginning VVG effort NN to TO create VV a DT semiotic JJ of IN festival NN , , not RB as IN a DT set NN of IN fixed JJ scientific JJ laws NNS but CC rather RB as IN a DT visualization NN of IN the DT repetitive JJ pattern NN of IN sign NN relationships NNS present JJ in IN the DT festival NN theater NN practice NN . SENT In IN festivals NNS are VBP found VVN many JJ associations NNS of IN many JJ types NNS of IN signs NNS , , as RB classified VVN by IN Peirce NP and CC others NNS . SENT and CC thus RB festivals NNS represent VVP a DT rich JJ corpus NN of IN material NN not RB unlike IN Propp's NP corpus NN of IN folktales NNS but CC far RB broader JJR in IN scope NN , , complexity NN , , and CC effect NN . SENT Festivals NNS , , as IN ancient JJ modes NNS of IN meaning VVG making NN , , can MD be VB understood VVN in IN an DT indirect JJ manner NN from IN their PP$ purposes NNS and CC functions NNS and CC not RB from IN their PP$ measurable JJ effects NNS . SENT These DT three CD categories NNS can MD be VB separated VVN in IN order NN to TO better RBR understand VV the DT complexity NN of IN social JJ sign NN processes NNS that IN festivals NNS represent VVP . SENT A DT festival NN is VBZ its PP$ own JJ semiotic JJ in IN that WDT it PP represents VVZ itself PP as IN a DT spatial JJ code NN of IN meaningful JJ relationships NNS . SENT It PP reflects VVZ the DT life NN process VV itself PP in IN a DT way NN that IN no DT linguistic JJ , , static JJ model NN can MD adequately RB represent VV . SENT No DT sign NN exists VVZ out RP of IN context NN , , semiotic JJ anthropologist NN Paul NP Bouissac NP has VHZ said VVD . SENT 109 CD Therefore RB , , context NN is VBZ material NN and CC is VBZ what WP bounds VVZ empty JJ space NN , , suggesting VVG that DT contextual JJ framing NN is VBZ inseparable JJ from IN any DT particular JJ sign NN . SENT In IN our PP$ familiar JJ experience NN , , theater NN can MD signify VV any DT physical JJ empty JJ space NN including VVG television NN sets NNS and CC computer NN monitors NNS . SENT Where WRB a DT theater NN exists VVZ or CC is VBZ built VVN , , a DT potential JJ empty JJ space NN is VBZ opened VVN . SENT In IN it PP , , any DT kind NN of IN meaning NN can MD be VB expressed VVN in IN the DT same JJ way NN the DT ancients NNS made VVD meaning VVG . SENT Arithmetical JJ manipulations NNS can MD be VB done VVN without IN the DT zero NN . SENT societies NNS can MD subsist VV , , for IN a DT time NN , , without IN theater NN . SENT But CC the DT zero NN greatly RB accelerates VVZ symbolic JJ operations NNS by IN holding VVG a DT position NN open JJ for IN new JJ meanings NNS derived VVN from IN combinations NNS of IN other JJ elements NNS . SENT So RB too RB does VVZ a DT festival NN theater NN accelerate VV social JJ symbolic JJ operations NNS by IN holding VVG many JJ positions NNS open JJ for IN new JJ meanings NNS to TO be VB seen VVN . SENT Umberto NP Eco NP has VHZ called VVN context NN or CC circumstance NN a DT revolutionary JJ aspect NN of IN semiotic JJ endeavor NN . SENT 110 CD This NP is VBZ the DT social JJ exchange NN of IN signs NNS in IN which WDT the DT circumstances NNS can MD become VV an DT intentional JJ element NN of IN communication NN . SENT Eco NP views VVZ this DT as IN a DT tactic NN of IN decoding VVG in IN opposition NN to TO a DT strategy NN of IN coding VVG , , generating VVG a DT semiotic JJ guerilla NN warfare NN that WDT makes VVZ it PP possible JJ to TO change VV the DT circumstances NNS in IN the DT light NN of IN which WDT addressees NNS will MD choose VV their PP$ own JJ ways NNS of IN interpretation NN . SENT He PP says VVZ that IN such PDT a DT shift NN would MD give VV the DT addressee NN his PP$ freedom NN of IN decoding VVG . SENT . SENT . SENT in IN an DT era NN in IN which WDT mass JJ communication NN often RB appears VVZ as IN the DT manifestation NN of IN a DT domination NN which WDT makes VVZ sure JJ of IN social JJ control NN by IN planning VVG the DT sending VVG of IN messages NNS . SENT 111 CD In IN Peter NP Brook's NP I PP can MD take VV any DT empty JJ space NN and CC call VV it PP a DT bare JJ stage NN opening NN statement NN is VBZ embedded VVN the DT manifestation NN of IN dominance NN that IN Eco NP says VVZ is VBZ the DT strategy NN of IN coding VVG that DT strives VVZ to TO render VV messages NNS redundant JJ in IN order NN to TO secure VV interpretation NN according VVG to TO pre NP established VVN plans NNS . SENT Or CC , , to TO use VV a DT literary JJ example NN cited VVD by IN Eco NP , , in IN which WDT sign NN should MD be VB substituted VVN for IN words NNS . SENT When WRB Alice NP asks VVZ , , The DT question NN is VBZ whether IN you PP can MD make VV words NNS mean VV so RB many JJ different JJ things NNS , , Humpty NN Dumpty's NP answer NN is VBZ , , The DT question NN is VBZ who WP is VBZ to TO be VB the DT master NN . SENT Once RB this DT point NN of IN view NN is VBZ accepted VVN , , one PP might MD as RB well RB ask VV whether IN the DT communicative JJ process NN is VBZ capable JJ of IN subduing VVG the DT circumstances NNS in IN which WDT it PP takes VVZ place NN . SENT The DT master NN of IN the DT festival NN sign NN , , which WDT has VHZ so RB many JJ different JJ meanings NNS , , is VBZ the DT unique JJ space NN in IN which WDT it PP is VBZ found VVN . SENT Eco's NP circumstances NNS function VVP in IN similar JJ ways NNS to TO Bakhtin's NP homecoming NN festival NN context NN and CC to TO Brook's NP theatrical JJ empty JJ space NN . SENT To TO reverse VV Alice's NP question NN . SENT What WP other JJ important JJ meanings NNS exist VVP that IN presently RB lack NN words NNS . SENT Words NNS that WDT now RB are VBP forgotten VVN . SENT Words NNS that WDT are VBP kept VVN off IN stage NN by IN the DT puppeteer NN . SENT The DT festival NN theater NN , , which WDT in IN a DT unique JJ way NN frames NNS an DT empty JJ space NN that WDT continually RB makes VVZ room NN for IN lost VVN or CC forgotten VVN meanings NNS , , is VBZ one CD answer NN to TO Bakhtin's NP problem NN of IN great JJ time NN , , an DT infinite JJ and CC unfinished JJ dialogue NN in IN which WDT no DT meaning NN dies VVZ . SENT 112 CD A NP reply NN to TO Humpty NN Dumpty NP is VBZ that DT contextual JJ circumstances NNS could MD be VB the DT master NN in IN a DT universe NN of IN so RB many JJ different JJ signs NNS . SENT The DT master NN could MD be VB neither CC the DT puppeteer NN nor CC the DT puppet NN but CC their PP$ natural JJ theater NN in IN which WDT no DT meaning NN ever RB dies VVZ . SENT From IN Chattanooga's NP commercially RB oriented JJ , , downtown JJ business NN development NN festivals NNS in IN the DT 195 CD Os NN , , 196 CD Os NN , , and CC 197 CD Os NN , , from IN Charleston's NP theaters NNS of IN power NN in IN the DT 198 CD Os NN , , from IN the DT international JJ music NN festival NN at IN Salzburg NP , , and CC from IN the DT peaceful JJ grounds NNS of IN Chautauqua NP , , one PP can MD draw VV a DT basic JJ conclusion NN about IN an DT overriding JJ function NN of IN these DT festivals NNS . SENT That DT conclusion NN is VBZ that IN festivals NNS of IN any DT type NN , , in IN strong JJ and CC weak JJ ways NNS , , combine VV signifiers NNS in IN new JJ patterns NNS under IN high JJ density NN and CC compressed VVN time NN conditions NNS , , a DT primary JJ source NN of IN their PP$ emotive JJ power NN . SENT This DT may MD or CC may MD not RB be VB the DT intent NN of IN the DT planners NNS , , and CC it PP may MD not RB always RB be VB the DT effect NN of IN a DT given VVN festival NN . SENT Programming NN at IN the DT Riverbend NP that WDT primarily RB attracts VVZ blacks NNS is VBZ not RB performing VVG its PP$ combining VVG function NN . SENT it PP has VHZ the DT unintended JJ effect NN of IN racial JJ segregation NN . SENT From IN this DT suggested VVN critical JJ posture NN , , informed VVN judgment NN can MD begin VV to TO assess VV those DT cases NNS where WRB festivals NNS group NN individuals NNS by IN sameness NN class NN , , skin NN color NN , , etc FW . SENT rather RB than IN bring VV them PP together RB for IN reasons NNS other JJ than IN their PP$ social JJ and CC biological JJ differences NNS . SENT Societies NNS apparently RB require VVP devices NNS that WDT connect VVP and CC bind NN their PP$ citizens NNS into IN common JJ images NNS and CC understandings NNS while IN at IN the DT same JJ time NN protecting VVG their PP$ right NN to TO differ VV and CC to TO hold VV divergent JJ views NNS . SENT This DT seemingly RB contradictory JJ concept NN resembles VVZ the DT problem NN of IN describing VVG the DT behavior NN of IN light NN . SENT two CD separate JJ views NNS are VBP required VVN , , a DT theory NN of IN light NN as IN particle NN and CC as IN wave NN , , to TO make VV sense NN of IN observed JJ effects NNS or CC the DT contemporary JJ idea NN of IN wavicles NNS , , as IN Robert NP Detweiler NP pointed VVD out RP in IN response NN to TO this DT either RB or CC dichotomy NN . SENT Festivals NNS from IN primitive JJ times NNS to TO the DT Renaissance NP era NN through IN contemporary JJ times NNS have VHP multiple JJ and CC even RB seemingly RB contradictory JJ effects NNS . SENT Quite RB probably RB it PP is VBZ the DT tension NN that WDT grows VVZ out RP of IN these DT contradictory JJ functions NNS that WDT creates VVZ the DT very RB special JJ atmosphere NN of IN openness NN , , of IN growth NN , , of IN a DT degree NN of IN newness NN , , of IN release NN from IN tension NN , , that WDT offers VVZ an DT opportunity NN for IN various JJ messages NNS to TO be VB amplified VVN and CC framed VVN more RBR powerfully RB than IN more JJR traditional JJ mediums NNS of IN communication NN permit NN . SENT Thomas NP A NP . SENT Sebeok NP has VHZ discussed VVN the DT extreme JJ importance NN of IN the DT mental JJ model NN that IN humans NNS and CC animals NNS have VHP of IN their PP$ real JJ world NN , , an DT insight NN derived VVN in IN part NN from IN the DT theories NNS of IN meaning VVG and CC modeling VVG advocated VVN by IN Jakob NP von NP Uexhull NP . SENT 113 CD Sebeok NP has VHZ noted VVN 114 CD that IN when WRB an DT environment NN changes NNS and CC a DT species NN model NN of IN the DT environment NN does VVZ not RB change VV , , because IN of IN denial NN of IN reality NN or CC other JJ mental JJ disorders NNS or CC factors NNS , , then RB the DT species NN may MD vanish VV . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB possible JJ to TO understand VV the DT modeling VVG functions NNS of IN the DT festival NN without IN more JJR detailed JJ analysis NN and CC invention NN of IN new JJ methods NNS for IN observing VVG and CC recording VVG such JJ complex JJ entities NNS . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ possible JJ to TO state NN from IN this DT functions NNS perspective NN that IN with IN our PP$ unique JJ human JJ ability NN to TO imagine VV different JJ realities NNS and CC to TO envisage VV many JJ possible JJ worlds NNS that IN the DT models NNS we PP experience VVP as IN our PP$ context NN do VVP in IN fact NN influence NN and CC at IN times NNS strongly RB shape VVP our PP$ knowledge NN and CC our PP$ templates NNS of IN reality NN . SENT NOTES VVZ GENERAL NP BIBLIOGRAPHY NN Agee NP , , Warren NP K NP . SENT . SENT Ault NP , , Phillip NP H NP . SENT . SENT and CC Emery NP , , Edwin NP . SENT Introduction NN to TO Mass NP Communications NP , , 8 CD th NN Ed NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Harper NP and CC Row NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Aristotle NP . SENT Poetics NNS . SENT Translated VVN by IN L NP . SENT J NP . SENT Potts NP . SENT Cambridge NP , , England NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP , , 2 CD nd NN ed NP . SENT , , 1968 CD . SENT First NP published VVD 1953 CD . SENT Attali NP , , Jacques NP . SENT Noise NN . SENT The DT Political NP Economy NP of IN Music NP . SENT Translated VVN by IN Brian NP Massumi NP . SENT Minneapolis NP . SENT University NP of IN Minnesota NP Press NP , , 1985 CD . SENT From IN the DT 1977 CD edition NN of IN Bruits NNS . SENT essai NP sur NP l'economie NP politique NP de FW la FW musique NN . SENT Axelrod NP , , Robert NP . SENT The DT Evolution NN of IN Cooperation NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Basic JJ Books NNS , , 1984 CD . SENT Bachelard NP , , Gaston NP . SENT The DT Poetics NN of IN Space NP . SENT Translated VVN from IN the DT French NP by IN Maria NP Jolas NP . SENT Boston NP . SENT The DT Beacon NP Press NP , , 1969 CD . SENT Bakhtin NP , , M NP . SENT M NP . SENT The DT Dialogic NP Imagination NN . SENT Four CD Essays NNS . SENT Edited VVN by IN Michael NP Holquist NP and CC translated VVN by IN Caryl NP Emerson NP and CC Michael NP Holquist NP . SENT Austin NP . SENT University NP of IN Texas NP Press NP , , 1981 CD . SENT . SENT Speech NN Genres NNS Other JJ Late JJ Essays NNS . SENT Translated VVN , , Vern NP W NP . SENT McGee NP . SENT Austin NP . SENT University NP of IN Texas NP Press NP , , 1986 CD . SENT . SENT Rabelais NP and CC His PP$ World NN . SENT Translated VVN by IN Helene NP Iswolsky NP from IN Tvorchestvo NP Fransua NP Rable NP , , Moscow NP , , Khudozhestvennia NP literatura NP , , 1965 CD . SENT Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP , , 1984 CD . SENT Written VVN during IN the DT 193 CD Os NN and CC distilled VVN into IN a DT single JJ text NN in IN 194 CD O NN as IN a DT doctoral JJ dissertation NN for IN the DT Gorky NP Institute NP of IN World NP Literature NN in IN Moscow NP . SENT Barbour NP , , Sheena NP , , ed NP . SENT Festivals NNS in IN Great NP Britain NP . SENT A DT List NP with IN Forecast NN Dates NP and CC Policies NNS 1985 CD . SENT Eastbourne NP . SENT John NP Offord NP Publications NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Barthes NP , , Roland NP . SENT Empire NN of IN Signs NNS . SENT Trans NP . SENT Richard NP Howard NP 197 CD O NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Hill NP and CC Wang NP , , 1982 CD . SENT . SENT Image NN , , Music NP , , Text NN . SENT Essays NNS selected VVN and CC translated VVN by IN Stephen NP Heath NP . SENT London NP . SENT Fontana NN Paperbacks NNS , , 1977 CD . SENT . SENT Elements NNS of IN Semiology NN . SENT Translated VVN by IN Annette NP Lavers NP and CC Colin NP Smith NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Hill NP and CC Wang NP , , 1967 CD . SENT First RB published VVN in IN 1964 CD , , Paris NP . SENT Baydo NP , , Gerald NP R NN . SENT , , editor NN . SENT The DT Evolution NN of IN Mass NP Culture NP in IN America NP . SENT 1877 CD to TO the DT Present NN . SENT St NP . SENT Louis NP . SENT Forum NP Press NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Benedict NP , , Burton NP . SENT The DT Anthropology NN of IN World's NP Fairs NNS . SENT American JJ Anthropologist NN , , Vol NP . SENT 87 CD 4 CD , , 1 CD 2 CD O NN . SENT Berger NP , , Peter NP L NP . SENT and CC Luckmann NP , , Thomas NP . SENT The DT Social NP Construction NN of IN Reality NN . SENT A DT Treatise NN in IN the DT Sociology NN of IN Knowledge NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Doubleday NP , , 1966 CD . SENT Berger NP . SENT Arthur NP Asa NP . SENT Signs NNS in IN Contemporary NP Culture NP . SENT An DT Introduction NN to TO Semiotics NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Longman NP , , 1984 CD . SENT Blake NP , , Reed NP H NP . SENT and CC Haroldsen NP , , Edwin NP O NP . SENT A DT Taxonomy NN of IN Concepts NNS in IN Communication NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Hastings NP House NP , , 1975 CD . SENT Bouissac NP , , Paul NP . SENT Circus NP and CC Culture NP . SENT A DT Semiotic JJ Approach NN . SENT Lanham NP , , Maryland NP and CC London NP . SENT University NP Press NP of IN America NP , , 1985 CD . SENT First NP published VVD 1976 CD , , Indiana NP University NP Press NP . SENT . SENT The DT Potential JJ of IN Semiotics NNS in IN the DT Advancement NP of IN Knowledge NN . SENT RSSI NP , , V NN . SENT 4 CD 4 CD , , 1985 CD . SENT Brantlinger NP , , Patrick NP . SENT Bread NN Circuses NNS . SENT Theories NNS of IN Mass NP Culture NP as IN Social NP Decay NN . SENT Ithaca NP . SENT Cornell NP University NP Press NP , , 1983 CD . SENT Brecht NP , , Bertolt NP . SENT Brecht NP on IN Theatre NP . SENT The DT Development NP of IN an DT Aesthetic NN . SENT Edited VVN and CC translated VVN by IN John NP Willett NP . SENT London NP . SENT Methuen NP , , 1964 CD . SENT From IN the DT German JJ original JJ Schriften NP zum NN Theater NP published VVN in IN 1957 CD in IN Frankfurt NP . SENT . SENT Life NN of IN Galileo NP . SENT Translated VVN by IN John NP Willett NP . SENT Edited VVN by IN John NP Willett NP and CC Ralph NP Manheim NP . SENT The DT Collected VVN Plays NP , , Vol NP . SENT 5 LS , , Part NP London NP . SENT Methuen NP , , 198 CD O NN . SENT From IN the DT original JJ 194 CD O NN German JJ edition NN of IN Leben NP des NP Galilei NP . SENT Bristol NP , , Michael NP D NP . SENT Carnival NP and CC Theater NP . SENT London NP . SENT Methuen NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Brook NP , , Peter NP . SENT The DT Empty JJ Space NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Atheneum NN , , 1984 CD . SENT Buchler NP , , Justus NP , , editor NN . SENT Philosophical JJ Writings NNS of IN Peirce NP . SENT Dover NP Publications NPS . SENT New NP York NP , , 1955 CD unaltered JJ 194 CD O NN original JJ edition NN . SENT Clark NP , , Katerina NP , , and CC Holquist NP , , Michael NP . SENT Mikhail NP Bakhtin NP . SENT Cambridge NP , , Massachusetts NP and CC London NP . SENT Harvard NP University NP Press NP , , 1984 CD . SENT Clarke NP , , Michael NP . SENT The DT Politics NN of IN Pop NP Festivals NNS . SENT London NP . SENT Junction NN Books NNS , , 1984 CD . SENT Clifford NP , , James NP , , and CC Marcus NP , , George NP E NN . SENT , , editors NNS . SENT Writing VVG Culture NP . SENT The DT Poetics NNS and CC Politics NNS of IN Ethnography NN . SENT Berkeley NP . SENT University NP of IN California NP Press NP , , 1986 CD . SENT Cohn NP , , William NP H NP . SENT A DT National NP Celebration NN . SENT The DT Fourth JJ of IN July NP in IN American JJ History NN . SENT Cultures NNS France NP 1976 CD , , 3 CD 1 CD . SENT 141 CD 156 CD . SENT Coult NP , , Tony NP and CC Kershaw NP , , Baz NP , , editors NNS . SENT Engineers NNS of IN the DT Imagination NN . SENT The DT Welfare NP State NP Handbook NN . SENT London NP . SENT Methuen NP , , 1983 CD . SENT Dance NP , , Frank NP E NP . SENT X SYM . SENT , , ed NP . SENT Toward IN a DT Theory NN of IN Human NP Communication NP . SENT Human NP Communication NP Theory NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Holt NP , , 1967 CD . SENT Darney NP , , Virginia NP G NP . SENT Women NP and CC World's NP Fairs NNS . SENT American NP International NP Expositions NNS , , 1876 CD 19 CD O NP Atlanta NP . SENT Emory NP University NP dissertation NN , , 1982 CD . SENT Davidson NP , , Philip NP . SENT Propaganda NN and CC the DT American JJ Revolution NP 1763 CD 1783 CD . SENT Chapel NP Hill NP . SENT University NP of IN North NP Carolina NP Press NP , , 1941 CD . SENT Davis NP , , Howard NP and CC Walton NP , , Paul NP . SENT Language NN , , Image NN , , Media NP . SENT Oxford NP . SENT Basil NP Blackwell NP , , 1983 CD . SENT Day NN , , Arthur NP R NP . SENT The DT Shaw NP Festival NP at IN Niagara NP on IN the DT Lake NP in IN Ontario NP , , Canada NP , , 1962 CD 1981 CD . SENT A DT History NN . SENT DAI NP 1983 CD , , 43 CD 7 CD . SENT 2157 CD 2158 CD A DT . SENT Bowning NP Green NP State NP University NP 1982 CD . SENT Deely RB , , John NP . SENT Introducing VVG Semiotic JJ . SENT Its PP$ History NN and CC Doctrine NN . SENT Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP University NP Press NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Doctorow NP , , E NP . SENT L NP . SENT World's NP Fair NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Fawcett NP Crest NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Dorson NP , , Richard NP M NP . SENT Folklore NN and CC Folklife NP . SENT An DT Introduction NN . SENT Chicago NP . SENT University NP of IN Chicago NP Press NP , , 1972 CD . SENT Dufresne NP , , Sylvie NP . SENT The DT Winter NP Carnival NP in IN Montreal NP , , 1883 CD 89 CD , , or CC , , Le NP Carnaval NP D'Hiver NP de NP Montreal NP , , 1883 CD 1889 CD . SENT Urban JJ History NN Review NP Canada NP 1983 CD , , 11 CD 3 CD . SENT 25 CD 45 CD . SENT Dukore NP , , Bernard NP F NP . SENT Dramatic JJ Theory NN and CC Criticism NN . SENT Greeks NPS to TO Grotowski NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Holt NP , , Rinehart NP and CC Winston NP , , 1974 CD . SENT Dunwell NP , , Wilfrid NP . SENT Music NN and CC the DT European JJ Mind NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Thomas NP Yoseloff NP , , 1962 CD . SENT Eco NP , , Umberto NP . SENT Semiotics NNS and CC the DT Philosophy NN of IN Language NP . SENT London NP . SENT Macmillan NP Press NP , , 1984 CD . SENT . SENT A DT Theory NN of IN Semiotics NNS . SENT Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP University NP Press NP , , 1976 CD . SENT . SENT The DT Role NN of IN the DT Reader NP . SENT Explorations NNS in IN the DT Semiotics NN of IN Texts NNS . SENT Bloomington NP and CC London NP . SENT Indiana NP University NP Press NP , , 1979 CD . SENT . SENT Travels NNS in IN Hyperreality NN . SENT Essays NNS . SENT Translated VVN by IN William NP Weaver NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Harcourt NP Brace NP Jovanovich NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Eco NP , , Umberto NP . SENT Ivanov NP , , V NN . SENT V NN . SENT . SENT Rector NP , , Monica NP . SENT Carnival NP . SENT Edited VVN by IN Thomas NP A NP . SENT Sebeok NP . SENT assisted VVN by IN Marcia NP E NP . SENT Erickson NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Mouton NP Publishers NPS , , 1984 CD . SENT Elam NP , , Keir NP . SENT The DT Semiotics NN of IN Theatre NP and CC Drama NN . SENT London NP and CC New NP York NP . SENT Methuen NP , , 198 CD O NN . SENT Falassi NP , , Allessando NP . SENT Editor NN . SENT Time NP Out NP of IN Time NP . SENT Essays NNS on IN the DT Festival NP . SENT University NP of IN New NP Mexico NP Press NP . SENT Albuquerque NP , , New NP Mexico NP , , 1988 CD . SENT Frye NP , , Northrop NP . SENT The DT Great NP Code NP . SENT The DT Bible NP and CC Literature NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Harcourt NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Gallup NP , , Stephen NP . SENT A DT History NN of IN the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP . SENT London NP . SENT Weidenfeld NP and CC Nicolson NP , , 1987 CD . SENT Gardin NP , , Jean NP Claude NP . SENT Archaeological JJ Constructs NNS . SENT an DT Aspect NN of IN Theoretical JJ Archaeology NN . SENT Cambridge NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP , , 198 CD O NN . SENT Geertz NP , , Clifford NP . SENT The DT Interpretation NN of IN Cultures NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Basic JJ Books NNS , , 1973 CD . SENT Gilbert NP , , Elizabeth NP Rees NP . SENT Fairs NNS and CC Festivals NNS . SENT A DT Smithsonian NP Guide NP to TO Celebrations NNS in IN Maryland NP , , Virginia NP , , and CC Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT Edited VVN by IN Peter NP Seitel NP . SENT Washington NP . SENT Smithsonian NP Institution NP Press NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Goffman NP , , Erving NP . SENT The DT Presentation NP of IN Self NP in IN Everyday JJ Life NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Doubleday NP , , 1959 CD . SENT Gruen NP , , John NP . SENT Menotti NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Macmillan NP , , 1978 CD . SENT Guthrie NP , , Tyrone NP , , and CC Davies NP , , Robertson NP . SENT Renown NN at IN Stratford NP . SENT A DT Record NP of IN the DT Shakespeare NP Festival NP in IN Canada NP . SENT Toronto NP . SENT Clarke NP , , Irwin NP Company NP Ltd NP . SENT . SENT 1953 CD . SENT Hadamovsky NP , , Eugen NP . SENT Propaganda NN and CC National NP Power NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Arno NP Press NP , , 1972 CD . SENT Translated VVN by IN Alice NP Mavrogordato NP and CC Ilse NP De NP Witt NP . SENT First RB published VVN in IN Germany NP in IN 1933 CD . SENT Halle NP , , Morris NP . SENT Matejka NP , , Ladislav NP . SENT Pomorska NP , , Krystyna NP . SENT and CC Uspenskij NP , , Boris NP , , editors NNS . SENT Semiosis NN . SENT Semiotics NNS and CC the DT History NN of IN Culture NP . SENT Ann NP Arbor NP . SENT University NP of IN Michigan NP , , 1984 CD . SENT Hawkes NP , , Terence NP . SENT Structuralism NN and CC Semiotics NN . SENT Berkeley NP . SENT University NP of IN California NP Press NP , , 1977 CD . SENT Hess NP Luttich NP , , E NN . SENT , , editor NN . SENT Multimedial NP Communication NP , , vol NP . SENT I PP . SENT Semiotic JJ Problems NP of IN its PP$ Notation NN , , vol NP . SENT II NP . SENT Theatre NP Semiotics NNS . SENT Gunter NP Narr NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Hogarth NP , , William NP . SENT Southwark NP Fair NP . SENT In IN Hogarth NP by IN David NP Bindman NP , , p NN . SENT 85 CD 86 CD . SENT Norwich NP , , G NP . SENT B SYM . SENT . SENT Thames NP and CC Hudson NP , , 1986 CD . SENT Engraving VVG of IN 1733 CD work NN . SENT Huber NP , , Leonard NP V NN . SENT , , and CC Belsom NP , , Jack NP . SENT Mardi NP Gras NP . SENT A DT Pictorial JJ History NN of IN Carnival NP in IN New NP Orleans NP . SENT Gretna NP , , La NP . SENT . SENT Pelican NN , , 1977 CD . SENT Hughes NP , , Spike NP . SENT Glyndebourne NP . SENT A DT History NN of IN the DT Festival NP Opera NP Founded VVN in IN 1934 CD by IN Audrey NP and CC John NP Christie NP . SENT North JJ Pomfret NN , , Vt NP . SENT . SENT David NP and CC Charles NP , , 1981 CD . SENT Huizinga NP , , J NP . SENT Homo NN Ludens NP . SENT A DT Study NN of IN the DT Play NN Element NN in IN Culture NP . SENT 1944 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Roy NP Publishers NPS , , 195 CD O NN . SENT Hunt NP , , Christopher NP . SENT The DT Official JJ Souvenir NN Program NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT . SENT 1981 CD . SENT Charleston NP . SENT David NP L NP . SENT Rawle NP Associates NPS , , 1981 CD . SENT Hunt NP , , Lynn NP . SENT Politics NNS , , Culture NP , , and CC Class NP in IN the DT French JJ Revolution NN . SENT Berkeley NP . SENT University NP of IN California NP Press NP , , 1984 CD . SENT , , and CC Sewell NP , , William NP H NP . SENT , , Jr NP . SENT Symbolic JJ Legitimation NN and CC Popular NP Politics NP in IN Revolutionary NP France NP . SENT Consortium NN on IN Revolutionary NP Europe NP 175 CD O NN 185 CD O NN . SENT Pro FW . SENT 1979 CD . SENT 281 CD 288 CD . SENT Irwin NP , , Alfreda NP L NP . SENT The DT Chautauqua NP Story NP . SENT Three NP Taps VVZ of IN the DT Gavel NP , , Pledge NN to TO the DT Future NP . SENT Chautauqua NP . SENT Chautauqua NP Institution NP , , 3 CD rd NNS ed NP . SENT , , 1987 CD . SENT Jacobson NP , , Romaine NP . SENT Verbal JJ Art NN , , Verbal JJ Sign NN , , Verbal JJ Time NN . SENT Edited VVN by IN Krystyna NP Pomorska NP and CC Stephen NP Rudy NP . SENT Oxford NP . SENT Basil NP Blackford NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Jones NP , , Emory NP Davis NP . SENT A DT History NN of IN the DT Southern NP Literary JJ Festival NP . SENT DAI NP 1982 CD , , 42 CD 7 CD . SENT 3158 CD A NP . SENT University NP of IN Mississippi NP 1981 CD . SENT Jonson NP , , Ben NP . SENT Bartholomew NP Fair NP . SENT Edited VVN by IN E NP . SENT A DT . SENT Horsman NP . SENT London NP . SENT Methuen NP and CC Co NP . SENT , , 196 CD O NN edition NN of IN 1614 CD play NN . SENT Krampen NP , , Martin NP . SENT Phytosemiotics NP , , Frontiers NNS in IN Semiotics NN , , John NP Deely NP , , Brooke NP Williams NP , , Felicia NP E NP . SENT Kruse NP , , ed NP . SENT Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP UP NP , , 1986 CD . SENT Jakob NP von NP Uxhull's NP primary JJ work NN is VBZ Bedeutungslehre NP , , Bios NNS , , vol NP . SENT 1 CD O NP Leipzig NP , , Reprinted VVN in IN Streifzuge NP durch NP die VVP Umwelten NP von NP Tieren NP und NN Menshcen NP Bedeutungslehre NP , , by IN Jakob NP von NP Uxhull NP and CC Gerog NP Kriszat NP Frankfurt NP a DT . SENT M NP . SENT . SENT S NP . SENT Fischer NP Vrlag NP , , 197 CD O NN . SENT Kristeva NP , , Julia NP . SENT The DT Kristeva NP Reader NP . SENT Edited VVN by IN Toril NP Moi NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Columbia NP University NP Press NP , , 1986 CD . SENT Kundera NP , , Milan NP . SENT Laughable JJ Loves NP . SENT Middlesex NP . SENT Penguin NN , , 1974 CD . SENT Ladurie NP , , Emmanuel NP Le NP Roy NP . SENT Carnival NP in IN Romans NP . SENT A DT People's NP Uprising NN at IN Romans NP , , 1579 CD 158 CD O NN . SENT Translated VVN by IN Mary NP Feeney NP . SENT Middlesex NP . SENT Penguin NN , , 1981 CD . SENT From IN the DT 1979 CD original JJ French JJ edition NN of IN Le NP Carnaval NP de NP Romans NP , , Editions NNS Gallimard NN , , Paris NP . SENT Langer NP , , Susanne NP K NP . SENT Philosophy NN in IN a DT New NP Key NP . SENT A DT Study NN in IN the DT Symbolism NN of IN Reason NP , , Rite NN , , and CC Art NP , , 3 CD rd NN edition NN . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Havard NP University NP Press NP , , 1941 CD . SENT Le NP Bon NP , , Gustave NP . SENT The DT Crowd NN . SENT A DT Study NN of IN the DT Popular NP Mind NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Ballantine NP , , 1969 CD edition NN . SENT First LS published VVN in IN 1895 CD in IN Paris NP . SENT Levi NP Strauss NP , , Claude NP . SENT Myth NN and CC Meaning NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Schocken NP Books NPS , , 1979 CD . SENT . SENT Structural JJ Anthropology NN . SENT Translated VVN from IN the DT French NP by IN Claire NP Jacobson NP and CC Brooke NP Grundfest NP Schoepf NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Basic JJ Books NNS , , 1963 CD . SENT . SENT The DT Raw NP and CC the DT Cooked VVN . SENT Introduction NN to TO a DT Science NN of IN Mythology NN , , Vol NP . SENT 1 LS . SENT Translated VVN from IN the DT French NP by IN John NP and CC Doreen NP Weightman NP . SENT Chicago NP . SENT University NP of IN Chicago NP Press NP , , 1983 CD . SENT First RB published VVN in IN 1964 CD as IN Le NP Cru NN et FW le FW Cuit NP . SENT Longo NP , , Gianni NP . SENT The DT Making VVG of IN the DT Festival NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT The DT Institute NP for IN Environmental NP Action NP , , 1981 CD . SENT Lotman NP , , Yuri NP . SENT The DT Structure NN of IN the DT Artistic JJ Text NN . SENT Translated VVN from IN the DT Russian NP by IN Gail NP Lenhoff NP and CC Ronald NP Vroon NP . SENT Ann NP Arbor NP . SENT University NP of IN Michigan NP , , 1977 CD . SENT Original JJ text NN 1971 CD . SENT Lyotard NP , , Jean NP Francois NP . SENT The DT Postmodern NN Condition NN . SENT A DT Report NN on IN Knowledge NN . SENT Translation NN from IN the DT French NP by IN Geoff NP Bennington NP and CC Brian NP Massumi NP . SENT Foreword NN by IN Fredric NP Jameson NP . SENT Minneapolis NP . SENT University NP of IN Minnesota NP Press NP , , 1984 CD . SENT From IN the DT 1979 CD French JJ edition NN , , La NP Condition NN postmoderne NN . SENT rapport NN sur NP le FW savoir NN . SENT MacAloon NP , , John NP J NP . SENT , , editor NN . SENT Rite NN , , Drama NN , , Festival NP , , Spectacle NN . SENT Rehearsals NNS Toward IN a DT Theory NN of IN Cultural JJ Performances NNS . SENT Philadelphia NP . SENT Institute NP for IN the DT Study NN of IN Human NP Issues NP , , 1984 CD . SENT Manning NP , , F NN . SENT , , editor NN . SENT The DT Celebration NN of IN Society NP . SENT Perspectives NNS on IN Contemporary NP Cultural NP Performance NP . SENT Bowling NP Green NP University NP Popular NP Press NP , , 1983 CD . SENT Maranda NP , , P NN . SENT , , editor NN . SENT Mythology NN . SENT Penguin NN , , 1972 CD . SENT March NP , , Richard NP . SENT The DT Ideology NN of IN Folklore NN Festivals NNS in IN Pre NP and CC Post NP War NP Yugoslavia NP . SENT Kentucky NP Folklore NN Record NP . SENT 198 CD O NN 26 CD 1 CD 2 CD . SENT 53 CD 61 CD . SENT Matejka NP , , Ladislav NP and CC Titunik NP , , Irwin NP R NN . SENT , , editors NNS . SENT Semiotics NNS of IN Art NP . SENT Prague NP School NP Contributions NNS . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Massachusetts NP Institute NP of IN Technology NP , , 1976 CD . SENT McDonald NP , , Marcia NP Ann NP . SENT A DT Two CD world NN Condition NN . SENT The DT Carnival NP Idiom NN and CC its PP$ Function NN in IN Four CD Morality NN Plays VVZ . SENT DAI NP 1984 CD , , 45 CD 12 CD , , 3647 CD , , Vanderbilt NP University NP 1984 CD . SENT McLuhan NP , , Marshall NP , , and CC Fiore NP , , Quentin NP . SENT The DT Medium NN is VBZ the DT Massage NN . SENT An DT Inventory NN of IN Effects NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Bantam NN Books NNS , , 1967 CD . SENT . SENT Understanding VVG Media NP . SENT The DT Extensions NNS of IN Man NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT McGraw NP Hill NP , , 1964 CD , , 6 CD th NN printing NN , , 2 CD nd NN edition NN . SENT Meier NP , , Richard NP L NP . SENT A DT Communications NP Theory NN of IN Urban NP Growth NP . SENT Cambridge NP . SENT The DT M NP . SENT I PP . SENT T NN . SENT Press NP , , 1962 CD . SENT Meyer NP , , Leonard NP B NP . SENT Emotion NN and CC Meaning NN in IN Music NP . SENT Chicago NP . SENT U NP of IN Chicago NP P NN , , 1957 CD . SENT Miles NNS , , Carol NP E NP . SENT Robert NP Wilson NP . SENT A DT Study NN of IN His PP$ Creative JJ Process NN , , unpublished JJ master NN thesis NN , , Trinity NP U NP , , San NP Antonio NP , , Texas NP , , 1984 CD . SENT Miller NP , , George NP A NP . SENT The DT Psychology NP of IN Communication NP . SENT Seven CD Essays NNS . SENT Baltimore NP . SENT Penguin NN , , 1967 CD . SENT Mitchell NP , , W NP . SENT J NP . SENT T NN . SENT Iconology NN . SENT Image NN , , Text NN , , Ideology NN . SENT Chicago NP . SENT University NP of IN Chicago NP Press NP , , 1986 CD . SENT Moffat NP , , Alistair NP . SENT The DT Edinburgh NP Fringe NN . SENT London NP . SENT Johnston NP Bacon NP , , 1978 CD . SENT Moore NP , , Wilbert NP E NP . SENT Social NP Change NP . SENT Englewood NP Cliffs NPS . SENT Prentice NP Hall NP , , 1963 CD . SENT Morris NP , , Charles NP . SENT Signification NN and CC Significance NN . SENT A DT Study NN of IN the DT Relations NPS of IN Signs NNS and CC Values NNS . SENT Cambridge NP , , Massachusetts NP . SENT M NP . SENT I PP . SENT T NN . SENT Press NP , , 1964 CD . SENT Nagler NP , , A NP . SENT M NP . SENT A DT Source NN Book NN in IN Theatrical JJ History NN New NP York NP . SENT Dover NP , , 1952 CD . SENT Nattiez NP , , J NP . SENT J NP . SENT Is VBZ a DT Description NN Semiotics NN of IN Music NN Possible JJ . SENT , , Language NP Sciences NPS Journal NP , , 1972 CD . SENT Ngugi NP wa NP Thiong'o NP . SENT Decolonizing VVG the DT Mind NN . SENT Harrare NP . SENT Zimbabwe NP Publishing NP House NP , , 1987 CD . SENT Norwich NP , , John NP Julius NP . SENT Fifty CD Years NNS of IN Glyndebourne NP . SENT An DT Illustrated NP History NN . SENT London NP . SENT Jonathan NP Cape NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Ogden NP , , C NP . SENT K NN . SENT , , and CC Richards NP , , I PP . SENT A DT . SENT The DT Meaning NN of IN Meaning NN . SENT London NP . SENT Harcourt NP Brace NP Jovanovich NP , , 1923 CD . SENT Orgel NP , , Stephen NP . SENT The DT Illusion NN of IN Power NP . SENT Political JJ Theater NP in IN the DT English NP Renaissance NP . SENT Berkeley NP and CC London NP . SENT University NP of IN California NP Press NP , , 1975 CD . SENT Patterson NP , , Tom NP with IN Allan NP Gould NP . SENT First NP Stage NP . SENT The DT Making VVG of IN the DT Stratford NP Festival NP . SENT Toronto NP . SENT McClelland NP and CC Stewart NP , , 1987 CD . SENT Peirce NP , , Charles NP S NP . SENT , , and CC Welby NP , , Lady NP Victoria NP . SENT Semiotic JJ and CC Significs NP . SENT Correspondence NN between IN Charles NP S NP . SENT Peirce NP and CC Victoria NP Lady NP Welby NP . SENT Edited VVN by IN Charles NP S NP . SENT Hardwick NP . SENT Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP University NP Press NP , , 1977 CD . SENT Peirce NP , , Charles NP S NP . SENT Logic NN as IN Semiotic JJ . SENT The DT Theory NN of IN Signs NNS , , Ed NP Justus NP Buchler NP , , Philosophical JJ Writings NNS of IN Peirce NP . SENT Dover NP Publications NPS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT 1955 CD . SENT Pettigrew NP , , John NP and CC Portman NP , , Jamie NP . SENT Stratford NP . SENT The DT First JJ Thirty CD Years NNS , , Vol NP . SENT 1 CD and CC 2 CD . SENT Toronto NP . SENT McMillan NP of IN Canada NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Pieper NP , , Josef NP . SENT In IN Tune NP With IN the DT World NP . SENT A DT Theory NN of IN Festivity NN . SENT Translated VVN , , Richard NP and CC Clara NP Winston NP 1963 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Harcourt NP , , 1965 CD . SENT Piscator NP , , Erwin NP . SENT The DT Political NP Theatre NP . SENT A DT History NN 1914 CD 1929 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Avon NP , , 1978 CD . SENT Translated VVN by IN Hugh NP Rorrison NP . SENT Originally RB published VVN in IN German JJ in IN 1929 CD as IN Das NP Politische NP Theater NP . SENT Propp NP , , V NN . SENT Morphology NN of IN the DT Folktale NN . SENT Second JJ Edition NN revised VVN and CC edited VVN by IN Louis NP A NP . SENT Wagner NP . SENT Austin NP . SENT University NP of IN Texas NP Press NP , , 1968 CD . SENT First NP completed VVD in IN 1928 CD and CC published VVN in IN English NP in IN 1958 CD . SENT . SENT Theory NN and CC History NN of IN Folklore NN , , ed NP . SENT Anatoly NP Liberman NP , , trans NP . SENT Ariadna NP Y NP . SENT Martin NP et NP al NP . SENT 1963 CD . SENT Leningrad NP . SENT Leningrad NP U NP . SENT Minneapolis NP . SENT U NP of IN Minnesota NP . SENT 1984 CD . SENT Reiss NP , , Timothy NP J NP . SENT The DT Discourse NP of IN Modernism NN . SENT Ithaca NP and CC London NP . SENT Cornell NP University NP Press NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Reiss NP , , Timothy NP J NP . SENT The DT Uncertainty NN of IN Analysis NP . SENT Problems NNS in IN Truth NN , , Meaning NN , , Culture NP . SENT Ithaca NP and CC London NP . SENT Cornell NP University NP Press NP , , 1988 CD . SENT Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT A DT Comprehensive NP Evaluation NN . SENT Urban JJ Initiatives NNS , , New NP York NP City NP , , in IN association NN with IN Trahan NP , , Burden NP Charles NP of IN Baltimore NP , , Maryland NP . SENT Kaminsky NP Company NP of IN New NP York NP and CC Nashville NP . SENT and CC Tatge NP Productions NPS of IN New NP York NP , , 1988 CD . SENT Prepared VVN for IN Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP , , Inc NP . SENT Rosen NP , , Robert NP . SENT A DT Short JJ History NN of IN Charleston NP . SENT San NP Francisco NP . SENT Lexikos NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Rotman NP , , Brian NP . SENT Signifying VVG Nothing NN . SENT The DT Semiotics NN of IN Zero NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT St NP Martin's NP P NN , , 1987 CD . SENT Ruesch NP , , Jurgen NP and CC Bateson NP , , Gregory NP . SENT Communication NP . SENT The DT Social NP Matrix NN of IN Psychiatry NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT W NP . SENT W NP . SENT Norton NP , , 1951 CD . SENT 1987 CD edition NN . SENT Saussure NP , , Ferdinand NP de NP . SENT Course NN in IN General NP Linguistics NNS . SENT Edited VVN by IN Charles NP Bally NP and CC Albert NP Sechehaye NP with IN Albert NP Reidlinger NP . SENT Translated VVN from IN the DT French NP by IN Wade NP Baskin NP . SENT Bungay NP , , England NP . SENT Richard NP Clay NP The NP Chaucer NP Press NP Ltd NP . SENT , , 196 CD O NN . SENT First JJ edition NN published VVN in IN Geneva NP in IN 1915 CD . SENT Savan NP , , David NP . SENT An DT Introduction NN to TO C NP . SENT S NP . SENT Peirce's NP Semiotics NNS . SENT Toronto NP . SENT The DT Toronto NP Semiotic JJ Circle NP , , 1976 CD . SENT Scholes NP , , Robert NP . SENT Semiotics NNS and CC Interpretation NN . SENT New NP Haven NP . SENT Yale NP University NP Press NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Schramm NP , , Wilbur NP , , and CC Porter NP , , William NP E NP . SENT Men NNS , , Women NNS , , Messages NNS , , and CC Media NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Harper NP and CC Row NP , , 1982 CD . SENT First NP published VVD 1973 CD as IN Men NNS , , Messages NNS , , and CC Media NP . SENT Schumann NP , , Robert NP . SENT Carnaval NP , , Op NP . SENT 9 CD , , 1834 CD 35 CD . SENT Work NN for IN piano NN . SENT Analyzed VVN in IN Involvement NN with IN Music NP . SENT William NP Christ NP , , Richard NP DeLone NP , , and CC Allen NP Winold NP , , authors NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Harper's NP , , 1975 CD . SENT Sebeok NP , , Thomas NP A NP . SENT Sight NN , , Sound NP , , and CC Sense NN . SENT Bloomington NP and CC London NP . SENT Indiana NP University NP Press NP , , 1978 CD . SENT P NN 99 CD S NP 47 CD , , Woodruff NP , , Emory NP . SENT Segrest NP , , Robert NP . SENT The DT Architecture NP of IN the DT Excluded VVN Middle NN . SENT Midway NP Invisible JJ Writing VVG Feasts NNS Vagabonds NNS Instructions NNS for IN a DT Desire NP Machine NN Carnivals NNS Secret NP Cities NPS . SENT Paper NN presented VVD at IN Emory NP University's NP Graduate NP Institute NP of IN Liberal NP Arts NP , , April NP 9 CD , , 1986 CD . SENT Shklosvky NP , , Victor NP . SENT Tomashevsky NP , , Boris NP . SENT and CC Eichenbaum NP , , Boris NP . SENT Russian JJ Formalist NN Criticism NN . SENT Four CD Essays NNS . SENT Translated VVN by IN Lee NP T NN . SENT Lemon NP and CC Marion NP J NP . SENT Reis NP . SENT Lincoln NP . SENT University NP of IN Nebraska NP Press NP , , 1965 CD . SENT Silverman NP , , Kaja NP . SENT The DT Subject NN of IN Semiotics NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 1983 CD . SENT Steinberg NP , , Michael NP Philip NP . SENT The DT Meaning NN of IN the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP . SENT Inventing VVG Cultural JJ Tradition NN in IN the DT First NP Austrian NP Republic NP . SENT DAI NP 1985 CD , , 46 CD 8 CD , , 2416 CD , , University NP of IN Chicago NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Tachikawa NP , , Ko NP ichi NP . SENT Revolutionary NP Festival NP . SENT The DT History NN of IN Mentalities NNS in IN the DT French JJ Revolution NN , , or CC , , Kakumei NP Saiten NP . SENT Furansu NP Kakumei NP No NP Shinsei NP shi NP . SENT Shiso NP Iwanimi NP Shoten NP Japan NP , , 1981 CD 687 CD . SENT 124 CD 14 CD O NN . SENT Strong RB , , Roy NP . SENT Art NP and CC Power NP . SENT Renaissance NP Festivals NNS 145 CD O NN 165 CD O NN . SENT Woodbridge NP , , England NP . SENT Boydell NP Press NP , , 1984 CD . SENT First RB published VVN in IN 1974 CD at IN Splendour NN at IN Court NP . SENT Renaissance NP Spectacle NN and CC the DT Theatre NP of IN Power NP . SENT Stubbs NP , , Michael NP . SENT Discourse NP Analysis NP . SENT The DT Sociolinguistic JJ Analysis NN of IN Natural NP Language NP . SENT Chicago NP . SENT University NP of IN Chicago NP Press NP 1983 CD . SENT Swiderski NP , , Richard NP M NP . SENT Voices NNS . SENT An DT Anthropologist's NP Dialogue NN with IN an DT Italian JJ American NP Festival NP . SENT London NP , , Ontario NP . SENT Centre NP for IN Social NP and CC Humanistic JJ Studies NNS , , 1987 CD . SENT Telotte NP , , J NP . SENT P NN . SENT Charles NP Peirce NP and CC Walker NP Percy NP . SENT From IN Semiotic JJ to TO Narrative NN . SENT Southern NP Q NP . SENT 198 CD O NN 3 CD . SENT 65 CD 79 CD . SENT Thibault NP , , Paul NP J NP . SENT Text NN , , Discourse NP , , and CC Context NN . SENT A DT Social NP Semiotic JJ Perspective NP . SENT Toronto NP . SENT The DT Toronto NP Semiotic JJ Circle NP , , 1986 CD , , Vol NP 3 CD . SENT Terrasse NP , , Jean NP . SENT Political JJ Commitment NN . SENT the DT Tableau NN , , the DT Festival NP , , and CC Utopia NN , , or CC , , L'Engagement NP Politique NP . SENT Le DT Tableau NN , , La NP Fete NN , , L'Utopie NP . SENT University NP of IN Ottawa NP Quarterly JJ Canada NP . SENT 1981 CD , , 16 CD 2 CD . SENT 132 CD 143 CD . SENT Tufte NP , , Edward NP R NP . SENT The DT Visual NP Display NN of IN Quantitative JJ Information NN . SENT Cheshire NP , , CT NP . SENT Graphics NP Press NP , , 1983 CD . SENT Turner NP , , Victor NP . SENT From IN Ritual NN to TO Performance NP . SENT The DT Human NP Seriousness NN of IN Play NP . SENT Performing VVG Arts NP Journal NP Publications NP , , 1962 CD . SENT . SENT The DT Forest NN of IN Symbols NNS . SENT Ithaca NP . SENT Cornell NP University NP Press NP , , 1967 CD . SENT . SENT Dramas NN , , Fields NP , , and CC Metaphors NNS . SENT Symbolic JJ Action NP in IN Human NP Society NP . SENT Ithaca NP . SENT Cornell NP University NP Press NP , , 1974 CD . SENT . SENT Celebration NN . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT Smithsonian NP Press NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Volosinov NP , , V NN . SENT N NP . SENT Marxism NN and CC the DT Philosophy NN of IN Language NP . SENT Translated VVN by IN Ladislav NP Matejka NP and CC I NP . SENT R SYM . SENT Titunik NP . SENT Cambridge NP , , Massachusetts NP and CC London NP . SENT Harvard NP University NP Press NP , , 1986 CD . SENT From IN the DT 1929 CD Russian JJ edition NN , , Marksizm NP i NP filosofiia NNS iazyka NN , , signed VVN by IN V NN . SENT N NP . SENT Volosinov NP . SENT Weingartner NP , , Fannia NP , , editor NN . SENT Ravinia NP . SENT The DT Festival NP at IN its PP$ Half NN Century NN . SENT Ravinia NP . SENT Ravinia NP Festival NP Association NP and CC Rand NP McNally NP Company NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Whisnant NP , , David NP E NP . SENT All PDT That DT is VBZ Native JJ and CC Fine JJ . SENT the DT Politics NN of IN Culture NP in IN an DT American JJ Region NN . SENT Chapel NP Hill NP . SENT UNC NP P NN , , 1983 CD . SENT Willett NP , , John NP . SENT The DT Theatre NP of IN Bertolt NP Brecht NP . SENT London NP . SENT Mutheun NP , , 1959 CD . SENT Winner NN , , Irene NP Portis NP . SENT Semiotics NNS of IN Culture NP . SENT The DT State NN of IN the DT Art NN . SENT Toronto NP . SENT The DT Toronto NP Semiotic JJ Circle NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Yoder NP , , Don NP . SENT Twenty CD five CD Years NNS of IN the DT Folk NP Festival NP . SENT Pennsylvania NP Folklife NP 1974 CD , , 23 CD Supplement NN . SENT 2 CD 7 CD . SENT Young NP , , Judith NP . SENT Celebrations NNS . SENT America's NNS Best JJS Festivals NNS , , Jamborees NNS , , Carnivals NNS Parades NNS . SENT Santa NP Barbara NP . SENT Capra NP Press NP , , 1986 CD . SENT Zellinger NP , , I NP . SENT M NP . SENT Studies NNS of IN the DT Idea NN of IN Arts NP Festivals NNS in IN the DT 2 CD Oth NN Century NN , , with IN Special JJ Reference NN to TO its PP$ History NN in IN the DT German JJ speaking NN World NN , , or CC , , Studien NP zur NP Festspielidee NP des NP Zwanzegsten NP Jahrhunderts NP mit NP Besonderer NP Berucksichtisumg NP ihrer NN Geschichte NP im NP Deutsche NP Sprachraum NP . SENT DAI NP C NP 1984 CD , , 45 CD 3 CD . SENT 6 CD OO NP . SENT 9 CD 2429 CD . SENT Source NN . SENT University NP of IN Vienna NP 1982 CD . SENT APPENDIX NN A DT SPOLETO NP FESTIVAL NN U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT MATERIALS NNS The DT unique JJ problems NNS of IN studying VVG the DT origin NN of IN ritual NN , , or CC the DT creation NN of IN a DT cultural JJ practice NN , , require VV explanation NN . SENT Both DT Charleston's NP Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT and CC Chattanooga's NP Riverbend NP Festival NP have VHP multiple JJ true JJ stories NNS whose WP$ meaning NN and CC significance NN are NN best RBS detected VVN by IN listening VVG primarily RB to TO the DT unrehearsed JJ voices NNS of IN several JJ of IN those DT key JJ individuals NNS involved VVN at IN their PP$ genesis NN or CC others NNS associated VVN with IN their PP$ later JJR stages NNS . SENT It PP appears VVZ that IN for IN these DT two CD festivals NNS their PP$ stories NNS of IN origin NN or CC creation NN myths NNS can MD be VB better RBR derived VVN from IN transcribed VVN oral JJ history NN than IN from IN written JJ notes NNS or CC official NN records NNS that WDT might MD have VH been VBN kept VVN before IN their PP$ inception NN for IN two CD reasons NNS . SENT Their PP$ founders NNS interpretations NNS of IN and CC feelings NNS about IN events NNS probably RB would MD not RB have VH been VBN written VVN down RP during IN these DT periods NNS of IN rapid JJ change NN . SENT It PP is VBZ unlikely RB a DT researcher NN could MD read VV mine NN or CC the DT other JJ Riverbend NP organizers NNS rough JJ notes NNS or CC chaotic JJ files NNS and CC know VVP much RB of IN our PP$ versions NNS of IN the DT festival's JJ story NN of IN origin NN without IN talking VVG with IN me PP or CC them PP . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT combination NN of IN written JJ records NNS , , recalled VVD events NNS , , and CC conversations NNS that WDT reveal VVP more JJR of IN the DT full JJ story NN of IN dimly RB remembered VVN beginnings NNS that WDT may MD not RB have VH seemed VVN worth IN preserving VVG during IN their PP$ gestation NN and CC birth NN . SENT In IN the DT early JJ belief NN that IN much JJ of IN the DT story NN of IN a DT festival's JJ founding NN would MD be VB discovered VVN by IN searching VVG through IN yellowed VVN letters NNS , , scribbled VVD notes NNS , , news NN clippings NNS , , and CC various JJ proposals NNS , , an DT effort NN was VBD made VVN in IN early RB 1988 CD to TO review VV the DT official JJ Spoleto NN files NNS for IN this DT study NN . SENT The DT festival's JJ first JJ chairman NN , , Dr NP . SENT Theodore NP S NP . SENT Stern NP , , was VBD very RB much RB interested JJ and CC supportive JJ in IN getting VVG Spoleto's NP history NN on IN record NN . SENT However RB , , according VVG to TO a DT telephone NN conversation NN with IN the DT courteous JJ and CC supportive JJ general JJ manager NN , , Nigel NP Redden NP , , in IN early JJ 1988 CD , , the DT Charleston NP Spoleto NP office NN decided VVD not RB to TO open VV its PP$ files NNS from IN the DT festival's NNS beginning VVG for IN my PP$ review NN until IN they PP could MD be VB vetted VVN . SENT I PP had VHD explained VVN in IN a DT January NP 1988 CD letter NN to TO Dr NP . SENT Stern NP , , a DT former JJ president NN of IN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP . SENT Carmen NP Kovens NP associate NN director NN was VBD very RB helpful JJ and CC was VBD to TO discuss VV my PP$ request NN to TO review VV the DT early JJ Spoleto NN files NNS with IN Nigel NP Redden NP and CC let VV me PP know VV by IN Feb NN . SENT 12 CD 1988 CD whether IN I PP can MD see VV these DT materials NNS . SENT We PP discussed VVD some DT of IN the DT conditions NNS for IN access NN to TO what WP might MD be VB sensitive JJ documents NNS , , my PP$ own JJ thinking NN being VBG that IN the DT academic JJ integrity NN essential JJ for IN a DT credible JJ historical JJ record NN suggested VVD that DT free JJ access NN was VBD the DT best JJS policy NN . SENT However RB , , I PP have VHP no DT interest NN in IN private JJ , , confidential JJ personnel NNS and CC financial JJ matters NNS , , only JJ information NN that WDT bears VVZ on IN the DT struggle NN of IN ideas NNS , , philosophies NNS , , opinions NNS such JJ as IN the DT Hugh NP Lane NP and CC Nella NP Barkley NP withdrawal NN . SENT There EX should MD be VB no DT need NN , , then RB , , for IN anyone NN to TO check VV the DT early JJ records NNS prior RB to TO my PP$ study NN of IN them PP . SENT At IN best JJS , , they PP would MD corroborate VV the DT sequence NN of IN events NNS and CC the DT names NNS of IN persons NNS involved VVN during IN the DT festival's JJ beginning NN . SENT Kovens NP , , who WP sent VVD a DT copy NN of IN the DT important JJ Hugh NP Lane NP resignation NN letter NN , , replied VVD that IN while IN there EX was VBD no DT basic JJ objection NN to TO such JJ a DT review NN , , the DT staff NN would MD have VH to TO take VV the DT time NN to TO review VV the DT files NNS and CC remove VV any DT confidential JJ material NN . SENT By IN this DT time NN the DT broader JJR implications NNS of IN the DT interview NN with IN Stern NP in IN January NP 1988 CD , , along RB with IN a DT conversation NN with IN college NN archivists NNS , , had VHD shifted VVN my PP$ thinking NN to TO the DT contribution NN that IN oral JJ histories NNS from IN those DT most RBS involved VVN in IN 1975 CD 77 CD could MD make VV to TO the DT exploratory JJ nature NN of IN this DT study NN . SENT Increasingly RB , , it PP was VBD becoming VVG apparent JJ from IN the DT Chattanooga NP and CC Charleston NP cases NNS that IN original JJ intentions NNS could MD be VB masked VVN by IN later JJR documents NNS written VVN for IN political JJ , , economic JJ , , or CC even RB personal JJ purposes NNS . SENT There EX were VBD other JJ potential JJ sources NNS of IN information NN . SENT The DT College NP of IN Charleston NP library NN archival JJ staff NN had VHD the DT papers NNS of IN Stern NP , , its PP$ former JJ president NN , , who WP also RB was VBD the DT first JJ festival NN board NN chairman NN . SENT But CC looking VVG through IN these DT few JJ records NNS with IN the DT archive NP staff NN , , we PP discovered VVD to TO their PP$ surprise NN and CC mine NN that IN little RB related VVN to TO the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP . SENT The DT archive NP director NN explained VVD that IN several JJ proposals NNS had VHD been VBN made VVN to TO move VV the DT festival NN records NNS to TO the DT college NN library NN but CC to TO date VV the DT festival NN office NN had VHD not RB responded VVN . SENT At IN his PP$ request NN , , I PP agreed VVD to TO mention VV this DT request NN to TO the DT festival NN office NN and CC did VVD so RB , , but CC no DT specific JJ response NN was VBD made VVN to TO the DT library NN archivist's NN suggestion NN . SENT It PP was VBD clear JJ that IN few JJ of IN the DT important JJ private JJ records NNS were VBD available JJ , , or CC within IN reach NN , , without IN exhaustive JJ , , expensive JJ investigation NN . SENT As IN the DT story NN of IN the DT festival's NNS creation NN emerged VVD from IN conversations NNS with IN Stern NP and CC others NNS at IN the DT festival NN office NN , , as RB well RB as RB from IN a DT review NN of IN the DT few JJ public NN and CC college NN library NN records NNS , , I PP felt VVD that IN the DT scholarly JJ task NN of IN a DT dissertation NN could MD be VB served VVN better RBR by IN taking VVG the DT first JJ step NN of IN relying VVG on IN the DT transcribed VVN thoughts NNS of IN Stern NP , , Wadsworth NP , , and CC other JJ knowledgeable JJ past NN and CC present JJ festival NN officials NNS . SENT Also RB , , following VVG standard JJ journalistic JJ practice NN , , I PP felt VVD that IN if IN I PP had VHD reviewed VVN the DT festival's JJ confidential JJ files NNS under IN a DT general JJ agreement NN not RB to TO disclose VV protected JJ information NN , , then RB professional JJ ethics NNS also RB would MD prevent VV using VVG this DT same JJ material NN if IN it PP were VBD disclosed VVN during IN the DT interviews NNS . SENT The DT need NN to TO protect VV sensitive JJ financial JJ and CC personnel JJ records NNS is VBZ understandable JJ . SENT Possibly RB a DT later JJR study NN will MD use VV the DT available JJ vetted VVN materials NNS to TO compile VV complete JJ historical JJ studies NNS similar JJ to TO those DT of IN Salzburg NP and CC Stratford NP . SENT Whether IN vetted VVN histories NNS of IN powerful JJ cultural JJ institutions NNS that WDT not RB only RB mirror VV but CC also RB shape VV community NN life NN properly RB serve VV the DT public JJ interest NN is VBZ an DT important JJ matter NN but CC lies VVZ beyond IN the DT scope NN of IN this DT study NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT case NN , , however RB , , that WDT files VVZ I PP kept VVD as IN an DT initiator NN of IN the DT Chattanooga NP festival NN are VBP open JJ to TO anyone NN and CC can MD be VB used VVN as IN an DT indicator NN of IN the DT value NN of IN such JJ primary JJ source NN material NN . SENT Certainly RB , , however RB , , in IN analyzing VVG either DT festival NN , , I PP would MD not RB include VV any DT material NN that WDT would MD harm VV anyone NN as IN an DT individual NN . SENT Nevertheless RB , , where WRB serious JJ disagreements NNS over IN purposes NNS , , policy NN , , and CC methods NNS exist VVP , , the DT general JJ community NN welfare NN merits NNS an DT accessible JJ public JJ record NN . SENT The DT sunshine NN of IN public JJ access NN is VBZ often RB the DT best JJS guardian NN against IN personal JJ and CC public JJ error NN especially RB when WRB some DT of IN the DT errors NNS were VBD my PP$ own JJ . SENT To TO insure VV complete JJ public JJ access NN and CC scholarly JJ availability NN , , it PP is VBZ my PP$ hope NN to TO locate VV or CC establish VV a DT secure JJ archival JJ center NN for IN the DT festival NN materials NNS gathered VVN during IN the DT past JJ ten CD years NNS . SENT Stories NNS of IN Origin NN The DT following NN is VBZ a DT transcription NN of IN a DT conversation NN on IN February NP 5 CD , , 1988 CD , , with IN Dr NP . SENT Theodore NP S NP . SENT Stern NP , , one CD of IN the DT founders NNS and CC first JJ board NN chairman NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT when WRB it PP opened VVD in IN 1977 CD in IN Charleston NP , , South NP Carolina NP . SENT The DT interview NN was VBD taped VVN by IN me PP at IN Dr NP . SENT Stern's NP home NN , , 16 CD Bull NP Street NP , , in IN Charleston NP . SENT Stern NP approved VVD the DT transcript NN and CC authorized VVD making VVG it PP public JJ . SENT Afterward RB , , it PP became VVD apparent JJ that IN little JJ or CC none NN of IN this DT information NN was VBD available JJ from IN the DT programs NNS and CC other JJ materials NNS from IN the DT festival NN press NN office NN , , which WDT had VHD been VBN gracious JJ in IN lending VVG special JJ assistance NN and CC passes VVZ in IN 1986 CD and CC 1988 CD . SENT My PP$ questions NNS and CC comments NNS were VBD not RB transcribed VVN but CC are VBP available JJ on IN tapes NNS . SENT A DT copy NN of IN this DT transcript NN was VBD sent VVN to TO Dr NP . SENT Stern NP soon RB after IN he PP approved VVD it PP . SENT THE DT ORIGIN NN OF IN CHARLESTON'S NP SPOLETO NP FESTIVAL NN U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT Remarks NNS of IN Dr NP . SENT Theodore NP S NP . SENT Stern NP A NP festival NN reflects VVZ the DT culture NN of IN the DT times NNS , , particularly RB a DT comprehensive JJ festival NN such JJ as IN Spoleto NP . SENT It PP reflects VVZ all DT of IN the DT different JJ art NN forms NNS in IN existence NN at IN that DT time NN . SENT We PP have VHP modern JJ dance NN , , classical JJ dance NN , , opera NN , , chamber NN music NN , , theater NN , , mime VV all PDT the DT existing JJ art NN forms NNS . SENT I PP think VVP it's NNS a DT matter NN of IN interest NN and CC history NN to TO record VV that IN the DT festival NN was VBD founded VVN by IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , who WP was VBD responsible JJ for IN and CC the DT founder NN of IN the DT Festival NP dei NP Due NP Mondi NP in IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP . SENT The DT reason NN for IN that DT festival NN is VBZ an DT interesting JJ story NN . SENT When WRB Menotti NP was VBD a DT student NN at IN the DT Curtis NP Institute NP in IN Philadelphia NP , , his PP$ family NN , , who WP were VBD influential JJ and CC of IN affluence NN in IN Italy NP , , said VVD , , Oh UH , , don't JJ go VVP to TO America NP because IN that WDT is VBZ a DT wasteland NN of IN culture NN and CC you'll NN never RB learn VVP anything NN over IN there RB . SENT His PP$ mother NN , , who WP is VBZ the DT driving VVG force NN for IN art NN in IN the DT family NN , , discouraged VVD him PP . SENT But CC he PP set VVD his PP$ mind NN on IN going VVG to TO Curtis NP . SENT When WRB he PP arrived VVD at IN Curtis NP Institute NP , , he PP found VVD that IN their PP$ conception NN of IN art NN and CC artists NNS in IN America NP was VBD completely RB wrong JJ . SENT He PP found VVD greater JJR artists NNS in IN greater JJR numbers NNS and CC a DT greater JJR interest NN on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT people NNS than IN he PP had VHD in IN Italy NP . SENT He PP said VVD that IN if IN I PP ever RB attain VV any DT prominence NN , , I PP want VVP to TO present VV these DT young JJ American JJ artists NNS to TO the DT world NN leaders NNS and CC the DT culture NN vultures NNS of IN Europe NP . SENT I PP want VVP them PP to TO be VB able JJ to TO show VV their PP$ talent NN to TO those DT people NNS and CC have VH those DT people NNS see VVP how WRB talented JJ the DT Americans NPS are VBP . SENT I PP guess VVP history NN will MD record VV that IN from IN his PP$ experience NN at IN the DT Curtis NP and CC his PP$ desire NN to TO compose VV and CC his PP$ coming VVG in IN contact NN with IN so RB many JJ young JJ people NNS that IN he PP received VVD financial JJ support NN as IN well RB as IN encouragement NN from IN people NNS like IN Toscanini NP , , Mrs NN . SENT Edward NP Bok NP , , the DT McElheneys NP , , people NNS of IN Philadelphia NP who WP were VBD at IN that DT time NN the DT Rockefellers NP , , Vanderbilts NP , , and CC Astors NP of IN Pennsylvania NP . SENT They PP were VBD the DT core NN that WDT provided VVD him PP with IN the DT funds NNS necessary JJ to TO take VV American JJ artists NNS to TO Italy NP . SENT From IN that DT point NN on IN he PP had VHD to TO find VV a DT place NN to TO have VH this DT festival NN . SENT It PP wasn't VVD the DT cities NNS because IN he PP says VVZ , , and CC he PP said VVD this DT is VBZ true JJ of IN Charleston NP as IN well RB , , that IN the DT city NN must MD be VB an DT art NN form NN in IN itself PP , , that IN people NNS should MD walk VV around RP the DT city NN as IN well RB as RB enjoy VV the DT festival NN , , and CC they PP tie VV in IN together RB . SENT they're NN in IN concert NN and CC in IN harmony NN . SENT He PP chose VVD a DT small JJ town NN in IN Umbrian JJ Province NP , , Spoleto NP , , which WDT historians NNS tell VVP us PP was VBD where WRB Hannibal NP crossed VVD the DT Alps NNS and CC the DT big JJ battle NN was VBD at IN Spoleto NN . SENT Here RB is VBZ an DT old JJ , , old JJ town NN that WDT was VBD bypassed VVN by IN the DT Twentieth JJ century NN . SENT It PP has VHZ its PP$ original JJ Etruscan JJ walls NNS , , original JJ forum NN , , theaters NNS , , opera NN houses NNS . SENT it PP was VBD the DT seat NN of IN culture NN of IN the DT Umbrian JJ Province NP . SENT It PP was VBD destitute JJ , , economically RB completely RB depressed VVN . SENT people NNS were VBD leaving VVG . SENT there EX was VBD no DT industry NN . SENT The DT culture NN which WDT could MD be VB presented VVN was VBD nonexistent JJ . SENT So RB he PP selected VVD this DT really RB depressed JJ area NN , , yes UH , , like IN a DT theater NN that WDT had VHD been VBN empty JJ for IN many JJ years NNS . SENT It's NNS been VBN the DT saving VVG grace NN for IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , and CC the DT Italian JJ government NN . SENT in IN fact NN , , the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP is VBZ completely RB supported VVN by IN the DT Italian JJ government NN . SENT Their PP$ budget NN exceeds VVZ the DT budget NN of IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT festival NN , , and CC contributions NNS are VBP received VVN from IN the DT federal JJ government NN , , the DT province NN , , and CC the DT town NN of IN Spoleto NP , , which WDT is VBZ now RB thriving VVG economically RB and CC culturally RB . SENT That DT was VBD the DT start NN . SENT He PP called VVD it PP the DT Festival NP of IN Two CD Worlds NP , , trying VVG to TO join VV the DT culture NN of IN Europe NP not RB necessarily RB Europe NP and CC the DT United NP States NPS , , the DT Festival NP dei NP Due NP Mondi NP . SENT The DT United NP States NPS National NP Endowment NP of IN the DT Arts NPS in IN Washington NP approached VVD Menotti NP I PP believe VVP this DT was VBD when WRB Nancy NP Hanks NP was VBD the DT head NN of IN the DT National NP Endowment NP , , and CC suggested VVD that IN he PP establish VV a DT Spoleto NP Festival NP in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT At IN the DT behest NN of IN then RB the DT consultant NN , , I PP believe VVP , , to TO the DT National NP Endowment NP , , Walter NP Anderson NP , , Menotti NP was VBD placed VVN in IN charge NN of IN trying VVG to TO develop VV a DT plan NN to TO present VV the DT festival NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT The DT general JJ feeling NN of IN the DT bureaucracy NN in IN Washington NP was VBD that IN no DT festival NN existed VVD in IN the DT Southeastern NP United NP States NPS and CC that IN this DT festival NN should MD be VB in IN the DT Southeastern NP part NN of IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Menotti NP was VBD asked VVN to TO select VV a DT city NN where WRB this DT festival NN could MD find VV a DT home NN . SENT Walter NP Anderson NP prepared VVD a DT list NN of IN several JJ Southern JJ cities NNS , , starting VVG with IN Richmond NP , , Winston NP Salem NP , , Charlotte NP , , Charleston NP , , Atlanta NP all RB the DT way NN to TO Miami NP to TO Houston NP and CC New NP Orleans NP . SENT Menotti's NP agent NN at IN the DT time NN was VBD Priscilla NP Morgan NP , , who WP was VBD very RB closely RB associated VVN with IN Menotti NP , , either CC as IN his PP$ manager NN or CC agent NN , , but CC I PP think VVP she PP worked VVD for IN Menotti NP to TO develop VV Spoleto NP , , Italy NP . SENT He PP asked VVD her PP to TO visit VV these DT various JJ communities NNS and CC to TO pick VV out RP those DT he PP should MD look VV at IN . SENT She PP asked VVD the DT musical JJ director NN , , who WP was VBD Christopher NP Keene NP at IN the DT time NN , , to TO help VV her PP in IN this DT quest NN to TO find VV a DT suitable JJ location NN . SENT There EX seems VVZ to TO be VB some DT confusion NN over IN who WP actually RB was VBD responsible JJ for IN , , not RB the DT selection NN of IN Charleston NP because IN Menotti NP was VBD going VVG to TO make VV the DT final JJ decision NN , , but CC as IN to TO how WRB the DT Morgan NP Keene NP team NN would MD be VB suitably RB introduced VVN to TO the DT community NN and CC its PP$ citizens NNS . SENT Alison NP Harwood NP , , who WP is VBZ a DT relatively RB recent JJ newcomer NN to TO Charleston NP , , claims VVZ that IN she PP knew VVD Priscilla NP Morgan NP and CC she PP told VVD her PP about IN Charleston NP . SENT The DT fallacy NN in IN that DT one NN is VBZ that IN I PP don't VVD think VV she PP knew VVD Charleston NP too RB well RB herself PP . SENT Countess NP Alicia NP Paolozzi NP , , who WP was VBD one CD of IN Menotti's NP initial JJ sponsors NNS in IN the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP and CC who WP owns VVZ two CD homes NNS in IN Spoleto NN and CC one NN in IN Rome NP , , she PP was VBD a DT Spaulding NP of IN Boston NP , , Massachusetts NP , , recognized VVN for IN their PP$ generosity NN to TO the DT arts NNS , , was VBD another DT person NN who WP says VVZ she PP got VVD Morgan NP and CC Keene NP interested VVN in IN Charleston NP . SENT However RB , , subsequently RB , , the DT Countess NP bought VVD a DT plantation NN in IN Charleston NP , , owns VVZ several JJ condominiums NNS in IN Charleston NP , , and CC has VHZ been VBN member NN of IN the DT board NN and CC generous JJ donor NN of IN the DT Festival NP Foundation NP and CC Spoleto NP USA NP . SENT She PP went VVD to TO school NN with IN Frances NP Edmunds NPS , , who WP is VBZ from IN an DT old JJ Charleston NP family NN and CC is VBZ recognized VVN as IN the DT foremost JJ preservationist NN in IN the DT area NN and CC perhaps RB in IN the DT United NP States NP , , having VHG been VBN a DT member NN of IN the DT board NN of IN directors NNS of IN the DT National NP Trust NP for IN Historic JJ Preservation NN and CC has VHZ received VVN numerous JJ awards NNS . SENT She PP also RB feels VVZ that IN she PP was VBD one CD of IN the DT people NNS who WP was VBD responsible JJ , , having VHG visited VVN the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP a DT year NN before IN anybody NN else RB in IN Charleston NP knew VVD of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP . SENT Then RB , , Mrs NN . SENT Rufus NP Barkley NP , , I'll NP call VVP her PP$ Nella NP for IN short JJ , , became VVD extremely RB interested JJ and CC she PP headed VVD up RP a DT committee NN to TO encourage VV people NNS like IN the DT National NP Endowment NP , , Priscilla NP Morgan NP , , and CC Christopher NP Keene NP to TO select VV Charleston NP as IN a DT place NN for IN the DT festival NN . SENT She PP had VHD various JJ committees NNS , , of IN which WDT I PP was VBD chairman NN of IN what WP you PP might MD call VV a DT logistics NNS committee NN . SENT She PP had VHD a DT fundraising VVG committee NN and CC because IN of IN his PP$ great JJ influence NN and CC political JJ power NN as IN well RB as IN economic JJ power NN , , Hugh NP Lane NP was VBD elected VVN chairman NN of IN this DT committee NN to TO try VV and CC get VV the DT festival NN here RB . SENT Frances NP Edmunds NP had VHD visited VVN the DT festival NN in IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , in IN 1975 CD . SENT In IN 1976 CD , , Hugh NP Lane NP , , Nella NP Barkley NP , , and CC Mr NP . SENT and CC Mrs NN . SENT Tom NP Stevenson NP went VVD to TO Spoleto NP to TO see VV really RB what WP it PP was VBD all RB about RB . SENT A DT matter NN of IN record NN is VBZ that IN when WRB Hugh NP Lane NP returned VVD to TO Charleston NP , , he PP said VVD he PP would MD have VH nothing NN more JJR to TO do VV with IN it PP . SENT He PP did VVD not RB want VV to TO expose VV the DT citizens NNS of IN Charleston NP to TO people NNS dancing VVG without IN clothes NNS and CC felt VVD that IN the DT people NNS who WP would MD come VV to TO Charleston NP would MD be VB depraved VVN , , queers NNS I PP think VVP he PP used VVD those DT words NNS and CC he PP offered VVD to TO return VV all PDT the DT money NN that IN people NNS had VHD donated VVN to TO this DT effort NN . SENT And CC he PP did VVD . SENT I PP think VVP he PP returned VVD something NN like IN a DT hundred CD thousand CD dollars NNS to TO people NNS because IN he PP had VHD misled VVN them PP . SENT In IN addition NN , , Hugh NP Lane NP said VVD that IN the DT festival NN was VBD not RB economically RB feasible JJ and CC would MD never RB be VB a DT success NN . SENT This DT is VBZ part NN of IN a DT letter NN that IN he PP put VVD in IN writing NN , , which WDT he PP subsequently RB has VHZ regretted VVN but CC not RB denied VVN . SENT He PP was VBD chairman NN of IN the DT board NN of IN the DT C NP S NP bank NN . SENT But CC he PP was VBD the DT head NN of IN everything NN here RB , , head NN of IN the DT United NP Way NN , , you PP know VVP , , he PP was VBD number NN one CD citizen NN , , and CC he PP went VVD all RB over IN the DT state NN to TO generate VV these DT contributions NNS . SENT He PP does VVZ speak VV to TO me PP now RB , , but CC he'll RB never RB admit VV the DT festival NN has VHZ done VVN any DT good JJ . SENT However RB , , the DT largest JJS contribution NN we PP receive VVP from IN any DT bank NN has VHZ come VVN from IN his PP$ bank NN , , which WDT he PP no DT longer JJR heads NNS , , and CC I PP don't VVD think VV banks NNS give VV money NN away RB without IN getting VVG something NN in IN return NN . SENT It PP was VBD at IN this DT time NN that IN Nella NP Barkley NP and CC Hugh NP Lane NP went VVD to TO a DT Festival NP Foundation NP board NN meeting NN in IN New NP York NP , , which WDT Frances NP Edmunds NP attended VVD . SENT I PP can MD only RB give VV hearsay NN information NN , , but CC I PP do VVP know VV that IN prior RB to TO the DT meeting NN Mrs NN . SENT Barkley NP wrote VVD a DT letter NN to TO the DT board NN saying VVG that IN she PP would MD assume VV the DT responsibilities NNS of IN general JJ manager NN for IN 2 CD O NN , , OOO NP a DT year NN , , but CC she PP wanted VVD full JJ authority NN , , full JJ responsibility NN for IN the DT operation NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT That DT letter NN was VBD copied VVN to TO the DT chairman NN of IN the DT Festival NP Foundation NP , , who WP at IN that DT time NN was VBD Ernest NP Hillman NP , , and CC Menotti NP . SENT Frances NP Edmunds NP advised VVD me PP that IN she PP had VHD never RB been VBN more JJR embarrassed JJ at IN a DT meeting NN because IN they PP just RB raked VVD Nella NP over IN the DT coals NNS and CC showed VVD no DT respect NN for IN Hugh NP Lane NP and CC Menotti NP was VBD particularly RB obnoxious JJ , , and CC said VVD that IN he PP was VBD not RB going VVG to TO give VV up RP any DT authority NN , , that WDT she PP wasn't VVD worth IN the DT 2 CD O NN , , OOO NP she PP was VBD asking VVG . SENT They PP left VVD , , bitter JJ this DT was VBD in IN September NP of IN 1976 CD , , maybe RB August NP . SENT NEA NP must MD have VH come VVN up RP with IN the DT idea NN in IN 1975 CD . SENT they PP came VVD to TO visit VV in IN 1975 CD , , when WRB I PP was VBD president NN of IN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP , , and CC I PP took VVD them PP around RP and CC showed VVD them PP all PDT the DT facilities NNS of IN the DT College NP . SENT They PP were VBD particularly RB impressed VVN with IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT College NP and CC community NN were VBD working VVG in IN concert NN and CC were VBD enthusiastic JJ about IN the DT festival NN . SENT That DT was VBD probably RB in IN the DT spring NN or CC early JJ summer NN of IN 75 CD . SENT This DT ties NNS in IN with IN Frances NP Edmunds NPS going VVG over RP to TO Spoleto NP , , the DT visit NN would MD have VH been VBN before IN she PP went VVD . SENT I PP guess VVP I've NP gotten VVN ahead RB of IN myself PP with IN the DT administrative JJ part NN , , because IN they PP had VHD selected VVN Charleston NP . SENT Going VVG back RB to TO the DT time NN Christopher NP Keene NP and CC Priscilla NP Morgan NP came VVD to TO Charleston NP , , we PP gave VVD them PP the DT red JJ carpet NN treatment NN , , this DT was VBD in IN the DT spring NN of IN 75 CD . SENT I PP know VVP that IN Christopher NP Keene NP stayed VVD at IN the DT Barkley's NP home NN on IN Sullivan's NP Island NP . SENT Priscilla NP Morgan NP was VBD placed VVN in IN a DT suite NN at IN the DT new JJ Mills NP House NP Hotel NP . SENT I PP think VVP all DT in IN all DT we PP impressed VVD them PP very RB favorably RB but CC they PP were VBD also RB impressed VVN with IN various JJ other JJ cities NNS . SENT They PP returned VVD , , and CC I PP guess VVP you PP can MD get VV these DT details NNS from IN Menotti NP , , to TO Menotti NP and CC told VVD him PP of IN the DT pros NNS and CC cons NNS of IN the DT various JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT inaudible JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Now RB to TO revert VV back RB to TO that DT meeting NN . SENT Menotti NP was VBD named VVN composer NN in IN residence NN and CC provided VVN quarters NNS , , a DT house NN , , on IN the DT campus NN , , for IN him PP and CC his PP$ entourage NN . SENT As IN a DT matter NN of IN interest NN , , the DT first JJ year NN of IN the DT festival NN , , I PP personally RB moved VVD with IN my PP$ family NN to TO my PP$ home NN on IN the DT Isle NP of IN Palms NP and CC let VV Menotti NP occupy VV the DT president's JJ house NN at IN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP . SENT These DT perks NNS were VBD extremely RB important JJ . SENT College NN vehicles NNS were VBD at IN his PP$ disposal NN . SENT I PP had VHD seen VVN that IN having VHG this DT festival NN associated VVN with IN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP would MD be VB a DT tremendous JJ advantage NN to TO the DT College NP . SENT in IN fact NN , , I PP think VVP the DT festival NN was VBD responsible JJ for IN the DT development NN of IN our PP$ fine JJ arts NNS center NN . SENT Menotti NP was VBD equally RB impressed VVN with IN the DT Dock NP Street NP Theater NP , , Middleton NP Plantation NP , , the DT closeness NN of IN the DT beaches NNS , , and CC I PP made VVD arrangements NNS for IN him PP to TO have VH a DT house NN during IN the DT festival NN at IN Seabrook NP Island NP , , which WDT his PP$ son NN occupied VVD most JJS of IN the DT time NN . SENT He PP would MD go VV over RP on IN weekends NNS , , he PP loved VVD tennis NN , , and CC play NN tennis NN . SENT He PP is VBZ very RB active JJ during IN the DT festival NN , , and CC has VHZ appointments NNS every DT minute NN I PP would MD say VV 18 CD hours NNS a DT day NN , , particularly RB when WRB he PP directs VVZ an DT opera NN . SENT Without IN the DT College NP , , there EX would MD have VH been VBN no DT festival NN , , because IN of IN the DT housing NN situation NN and CC the DT logistic JJ support NN . SENT Menotti NP loved VVD the DT idea NN of IN the DT College NP , , he PP thought VVD the DT festival NN should MD be VB near IN an DT educational JJ institution NN , , he PP loved VVD the DT idea NN of IN the DT historic JJ part NN of IN Charleston NP , , and CC he PP loved VVD the DT idea NN that IN the DT Mayor NP was VBD so RB enthusiastic JJ and CC the DT community NN that DT for IN which WDT he PP spoke VVD . SENT Now RB to TO revert VV back RB to TO that DT meeting NN in IN New NP York NP , , which WDT was VBD August NP of IN 1976 CD . SENT Nella NP and CC Hugh NP Lane NP returned VVD to TO Charleston NP . SENT Nella NP wrote VVD a DT letter NN resigning VVG and CC Hugh NP Lane NP reiterated VVD his PP$ position NN that IN he PP was VBD not RB going VVG to TO subject VV Charlestonians NP to TO be VB a DT breeding VVG place NN for IN undesirables NNS . SENT Now RB this DT withdrawal NN by IN Nella NP and CC Hugh NP Lane NP would MD have VH been VBN catastrophic JJ had VHD not RB the DT Mayor NP called VVD Menotti NP and CC other JJ members NNS of IN the DT board NN of IN the DT Festival NP Foundation NP and CC asked VVD them PP to TO meet VV in IN Charleston NP . SENT I PP recall VVP the DT meeting NN extremely RB well RB because IN it PP was VBD held VVN in IN the DT President's NP house NN at IN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP in IN September NP of IN 1976 CD . SENT The DT Mayor NP had VHD asked VVN if IN it PP could MD be VB held VVN in IN the DT President's NP house NN at IN the DT College NP . SENT At IN that DT meeting NN , , which WDT was VBD a DT very RB vitriolic JJ meeting NN , , in IN which WDT Mr NP . SENT Lane NP walked VVD out RP with IN Mrs NN . SENT Barkley NP , , the DT Mayor NP stated VVD that IN he PP was VBD convinced VVN that IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP would MD do VV a DT great JJ deal NN for IN Charleston NP , , that WDT he PP disagreed VVD but CC appreciated VVD the DT views NNS of IN the DT dissidents NNS . SENT He PP turned VVD to TO me PP and CC he PP said VVD , , Will MD you PP take VV over RP . SENT I PP said VVD I PP would MD never RB say VV no UH to TO him PP and CC I've NP never RB turned VVD down RP a DT challenge NN . SENT At IN that DT meeting NN was VBD Frances NP Edmunds NPS , , who WP did VVD not RB walk VV out RP , , and CC Charles NP D NP . SENT Pug VV Ravenel NP . SENT He PP was VBD a DT quarterback NN at IN Harvard NP football NN and CC was VBD a DT presidential JJ White NP House NP fellow NN and CC he PP ran VVD for IN governor NN , , except IN that WDT he PP was VBD disqualified VVN since IN he PP hadn't NN lived VVD here RB long RB enough JJ , , even RB though IN he PP was VBD born VVN here RB . SENT The DT basic JJ question NN was VBD , , Will MD there RB be VB a DT festival NN in IN Charleston NP . SENT And CC I PP must MD say VV , , it PP was VBD the DT unanimous JJ view NN of IN both CC the DT members NNS of IN the DT Festival NP Foundation NP board NN and CC the DT few JJ Charlestonians NP that WDT were VBD there RB that IN we PP should MD have VH it PP , , and CC that IN we PP should MD have VH it PP next JJ year NN in IN 1977 CD . SENT That DT gave VVD us PP nine CD months NNS to TO prepare VV for IN it PP . SENT I PP sort RB of IN have VHP a DT history NN . SENT The DT College NP of IN Charleston NP , , when WRB I PP became VVD president NN , , had VHD 432 CD enrolled VVN . SENT When WRB I PP left VVD 1 CD O NN years NNS later RBR , , we PP had VHD 52 CD OO NP enrolled VVD . SENT The DT College NP was VBD bankrupt JJ and CC I PP just RB like VVP that DT sort NN of IN thing NN . SENT Similarly RB the DT Navy NP Supply NP Center NP was VBD just RB another DT supply NN department NN of IN a DT shipyard NN and NP I'd NP been VBN there RB and CC it PP changed VVD to TO the DT third JJ largest JJS supply NN center NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT I PP retired VVD from IN that DT job NN to TO become VV college NN president NN . SENT Well RB , , you PP can MD imagine VV the DT tasks NNS that WDT were VBD required VVN . SENT Had VHD I PP not RB had VHD the DT resources NNS of IN the DT College NP to TO help VV us PP , , we PP never RB would MD have VH been VBN able JJ to TO get VV through IN that DT first JJ year NN . SENT I PP thought VVD the DT most RBS important JJ thing NN that WDT had VHD to TO be VB done VVN was VBD to TO get VV a DT general JJ manager NN . SENT I PP was VBD still RB president NN of IN the DT College NP , , which WDT was VBD my PP$ primary JJ responsibility NN . SENT So RB we PP let VVP it PP me PP known VVN we PP were VBD looking VVG for IN a DT general JJ manager NN and CC advertised VVD it PP or CC something NN . SENT But CC I PP remember VVP we PP had VHD a DT very RB good JJ prospect NN . SENT her PP$ name NN was VBD Christine NP Reed NP . SENT She PP had VHD been VBN assistant JJ at IN the DT Marlboro NP Festival NP . SENT she PP had VHD been VBN in IN charge NN of IN Casal's NP Festival NP in IN Puerto NP Rico NP . SENT She PP was VBD from IN Baton NP Rouge NP , , Louisiana NP , , and CC was VBD available JJ . SENT She PP was VBD . SENT . SENT . SENT anxious JJ to TO leave VV . SENT I PP went VVD to TO New NP Orleans NP with IN someone NN , , but CC I PP can't VVD remember VV who WP I PP took VVD , , to TO interview VV her PP . SENT Then RB , , satisfied JJ , , I PP asked VVD her PP to TO come VV to TO Charleston NP . SENT By IN December NP of IN 1976 CD , , she PP was VBD employed VVN effective JJ Jan NP . SENT 1 LS . SENT With IN my PP$ wife's JJ complete JJ concurrence NN , , she PP moved VVD into IN our PP$ home NN until IN she PP could MD find VV a DT place NN of IN her PP$ own JJ . SENT I PP had VHD a DT faculty NN member NN who WP was VBD leaving VVG in IN February NP , , so RB she PP took VVD over IN the DT apartment NN of IN that DT faculty NN member NN . SENT Office NN space NN was VBD catch NN as IN catch NN can MD . SENT We PP moved VVD the DT Spoleto NN office NN from IN pillar NN to TO post VV , , whenever WRB there EX was VBD space NN available JJ or CC we PP needed VVD more JJR space NN . SENT Initially RB , , she PP started VVD next JJ to TO my PP$ office NN , , then RB we PP moved VVD to TO a DT building NN on IN St NP . SENT Phillips NP Street NP , , which WDT has VHZ subsequently RB been VBN replaced VVN by IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS center NN . SENT Then RB we PP moved VVD to TO Meminger NP School NP annex NN , , which WDT had VHD been VBN closed VVN . SENT And CC finally RB , , to TO a DT building NN owned VVN by IN the DT College NP and CC occupied VVN by IN the DT State NP Employment NP Security NP Commission NP , , which WDT is VBZ currently RB the DT location NN of IN the DT Early JJ Childhood NN Education NP Center NP . SENT Then RB we PP moved VVD to TO our PP$ present JJ location NN in IN Marion NP Square NP , , I PP think VVP , , when WRB Jim NP Kearny NP became VVD general JJ manager NN . SENT The DT first JJ festival NN was VBD one CD of IN the DT most RBS successful JJ festivals NNS . SENT We PP had VHD the DT Zulu NP Dancers NNS , , which WDT had VHD appeared VVN at IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , before RB , , and CC they PP were VBD a DT tremendous JJ hit NN . SENT We PP had VHD a DT dance NN gala NN , , which WDT featured VVD Alicia NP Alonzo NP and CC Gudenov NP I PP wish VVP I PP could MD remember VV all PDT that DT , , I'll NP have VHP to TO go VV and CC get VV that DT first JJ program NN . SENT The DT Zulu NP dancers NNS and CC the DT finale NN at IN Middleton NP Gardens NPS , , with IN fireworks NNS , , stand VVP out RP in IN my PP$ mind NN as IN most RBS memorable JJ . SENT At IN the DT finale NN we PP had VHD the DT orchestra NN at IN the DT finger NN lakes NNS and CC we PP had VHD the DT 1812 CD Overture NN , , and CC we PP had VHD the DT Citadel NP cadets NNS re IN enact VV the DT final JJ shelling VVG of IN Moscow NP actually RB firing VVG their PP$ cannon NN , , which WDT was VBD followed VVN by IN a DT magnificent JJ fireworks NNS display VVP . SENT To TO make VV this DT thing NN a DT artistic JJ success NN , , a DT social JJ success NN , , and CC a DT financial JJ success NN , , certain JJ elements NNS were VBD essential JJ . SENT And CC Charleston NP fitted VVD in IN beautifully RB . SENT Every DT opening NN for IN every DT event NN had VHD a DT major JJ social JJ party NN given VVN by IN a DT Charleston NP resident NN in IN their PP$ home NN . SENT And CC these DT historic JJ homes NNS were VBD open JJ . SENT Some DT of IN the DT parties NNS had VHD four CD or CC five CD hundred CD people NNS . SENT and CC most JJS of IN these DT homes NNS are VBP beautiful JJ and CC historic JJ . SENT We PP paid VVD a DT great JJ deal NN of IN attention NN to TO VIPs NNS and CC contributors NNS . SENT We PP had VHD at IN the DT opening NN ceremonies NNS a DT major JJ speaker NN with IN the DT governor NN and CC the DT mayor NN always RB attending VVG and CC some DT extraordinary JJ event NN , , surprising VVG the DT audience NN . SENT One CD of IN these DT was VBD the DT Flying NP Wallenders NP , , a DT circus NN tightrope NN group NN , , and CC we PP had VHD them PP go VV from IN City NP Hall NP over IN a DT tightrope NN to TO the DT Federal NP Building NP . SENT We PP always RB have VHP had VHD puppets NNS , , and CC brass NN quintets NNS , , also RB singing VVG stars NNS like IN Esther NP Hines NP singing VVG the DT Star NP Spangled VVD Banner NP . SENT Now RB , , what WP makes VVZ the DT festival NN so RB successful JJ . SENT In IN three CD words NNS , , Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP . SENT His PP$ ability NN , , number NN one CD , , to TO direct VV , , his PP$ knowledge NN of IN all DT of IN the DT arts NNS he PP always RB gets VVZ the DT visual JJ artists NNS to TO do VV the DT poster NN . SENT This DT year NN we PP have VHP a DT whole JJ Larry NP Rivers NP exhibit NN , , and CC he PP got VVD Rivers NP to TO do VV the DT poster NN for IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT and CC Italy NP for IN 1988 CD . SENT The DT only JJ poster NN ever RB done VVN by IN Henry NP Moore NP , , the DT sculptor NN in IN England NP , , was VBD made VVN for IN Spoleto NP USA NP , , because IN of IN his PP$ friendship NN with IN Menotti NP . SENT So RB we PP have VHP a DT Henry NP Moore NP poster NN , , he's NNS never RB done VVN a DT poster NN . SENT But CC we PP have VHP some DT posters NNS today NN that WDT are VBP invaluable JJ . SENT I'm NP the DT only JJ one NN who WP has VHZ the DT first JJ poster NN from IN Italy NP . SENT this DT is VBZ the DT only JJ one NN known VVN to TO exist VV . SENT Somebody NN sent VVD this DT to TO me PP , , though IN I PP have VHP no DT idea NN who WP it PP is VBZ isn't JJ it PP something NN . SENT Menotti NP says VVZ he PP doesn't VVD have VH that DT first JJ poster NN . SENT When WRB you PP start VVP , , you PP don't VVD know VV what WP to TO keep VV . SENT I'm NN throwing VVG things NNS out IN everyday JJ . SENT We PP didn't VVD know VV what WP would MD happen VV . SENT Hell UH , , we PP had VHD the DT leading JJ citizen NN of IN Charleston NP say VVP it PP could MD never RB succeed VV . SENT But CC Mayor NP Riley NP was VBD just RB elected VVN to TO his PP$ fourth JJ term NN , , and CC his PP$ opposition NN ran VVD against IN Spoleto NN in IN 1987 CD , , saying VVG that DT money NN should MD be VB going VVG for IN the DT homeless JJ and CC so RB forth RB . SENT But CC they PP forgot VVD how WRB much JJ it PP brings VVZ in IN and CC how WRB little JJ it PP costs VVZ from IN the DT local JJ area NN . SENT Now RB who WP were VBD our PP$ big JJ supporters NNS . SENT And CC this DT is VBZ something NN that IN I PP think VVP would MD help VV you PP a DT great JJ deal NN . SENT Our PP$ biggest JJS support NN right NN from IN the DT beginning NN was VBD the DT local JJ newspaper NN , , the DT Post NP Courier NP , , and CC its PP$ publisher NN , , Peter NP Manigault NP . SENT The DT name NN I'll NN give VVP you PP is VBZ Frank NP Jarrell NP , , the DT art NN critic NN , , who WP can MD go VV their PP$ files NNS , , their PP$ morgue NN , , and CC dig VV up RP all PDT the DT old JJ stories NNS , , which WDT could MD be VB verifying VVG all PDT this DT that IN I'm NP telling VVG you PP about IN the DT history NN . SENT I PP remember VVP that DT meeting NN that IN we PP had VHD at IN the DT president's JJ house NN , , if IN you PP want VVP the DT humor NN in IN it PP . SENT My PP$ wife NN was VBD sitting VVG outside IN the DT dinning VVG room NN where WRB we PP had VHD our PP$ meeting NN . SENT She PP looked VVD out RP of IN the DT window NN and CC saw VVD all PDT these DT TV NN cameras NNS and CC reporters NNS outside IN the DT house NN . SENT she PP stuck VVD her PP$ head NN out RP and CC said VVD , , Are VBP you PP waiting VVG for IN white JJ smoke NN or CC black JJ smoke NN . SENT But CC it PP was VBD all RB over IN the DT press NN . SENT They PP caught VVD Hugh NP Lane NP and CC Nella NP Barkley NP leaving VVG and CC naturally RB they PP were VBD waiting VVG to TO see VV what WP was VBD going VVG to TO happen VV . SENT The DT Mayor NP came VVD out RP and CC said VVD that IN I PP had VHD agreed VVN to TO be VB the DT chairman NN and CC to TO take VV over RP and CC there EX was VBD going VVG to TO be VB a DT Spoleto NN . SENT Then RB the DT job NN was VBD getting VVG the DT money NN to TO finance VV it PP . SENT After IN the DT newspaper NN , , one CD of IN the DT big JJ supporters NNS was VBD the DT Lila NP Wallace NP Foundation NP in IN New NP York NP , , the DT Reader's NP Digest NP Foundation NP . SENT Alice NP Tulley NP . SENT all PDT the DT local JJ banks NNS . SENT I PP believe VVP our PP$ budget NN for IN the DT first JJ year NN was VBD around RB 7 CD OO NP , , OOO NP . SENT When WRB you PP consider VVP that DT earned VVN income NN only RB provides VVZ 45 CD percent NN of IN your PP$ income NN , , you PP realize VVP how WRB much JJ money NN we PP had VHD to TO raise VV . SENT One CD thing NN Hugh NP Lane NP brought VVD up RP in IN his PP$ letter NN is VBZ that IN he PP was VBD afraid JJ that IN Spoleto NP USA NP would MD be VB used VVN to TO raise VV funds NNS for IN Spoleto NP , , Italy NP . SENT Actually RB , , Festival NP Foundation NP raised VVD funds NNS of IN its PP$ own JJ for IN Spoleto NP Italy NP , , which WDT at IN that DT time NN was VBD about RB 3 CD OO NP , , OOO NP . SENT So RB what WP we PP had VHD was VBD the DT contributors NNS to TO Spoleto NP Italy NP to TO contribute VV to TO Spoleto NP USA NP . SENT As IN a DT matter NN of IN interest NN , , the DT Festival NP Foundation NP contribution NN to TO Italy NP was VBD not RB money NN . SENT it PP was VBD to TO send VV the DT American JJ artists NNS the DT orchestra NN , , the DT Westminster NP Choir NN , , the DT chamber NN musicians NNS to TO Italy NP and CC to TO get VV them PP back RB and CC to TO pay VV their PP$ per FW diem NN . SENT Contrary JJ to TO what WP Mr NP . SENT Lane NP had VHD prognosticated VVN , , the DT contribution NN of IN Festival NP Foundation NP has VHZ been VBN reduced VVN to TO 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP or CC less JJR , , with IN the DT major JJ contributions NNS coming VVG to TO the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT The DT Wallace NP Foundation NP used VVD to TO contribute VV to TO Italy NP . SENT now RB it PP contributes VVZ to TO the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Alice NP Tulley NP still RB gives VVZ 2 CD O NN , , OOO NP a DT year NN to TO Italy NP , , but CC it PP doesn't VVD come VV anywhere RB near IN supporting VVG chamber NN music NN . SENT She PP doesn't VVD give VV anything NN here RB . SENT After IN Christine NP Reed NP came VVD , , I PP had VHD to TO help VV because IN she PP knew VVD festivals NNS but CC she PP didn't VVD know VV people NNS and CC I PP had VHD to TO get VV a DT tremendous JJ number NN of IN volunteers NNS , , fund NN raisers NNS , , hospitality NN committees NNS . SENT I PP had VHD to TO arrange VV for IN the DT theaters NNS , , the DT Mayor NP was VBD a DT tremendous JJ help NN , , you PP see VVP . SENT There EX was VBD a DT crisis NN everyday JJ , , and CC I PP guess VVP I'm NP alive JJ today NN because IN I PP was VBD able JJ to TO shed VV those DT things NNS . SENT But CC I PP think VVP I've NP always RB felt VVD that IN for IN every DT problem NN there EX are VBP solutions NNS . SENT the DT correct JJ thing NN is VBZ to TO identify VV them PP . SENT There's RB usually RB more JJR than IN one CD solution NN , , too RB . SENT there's RB always RB a DT problem NN , , one CD problem NN , , but CC there EX are VBP a DT lot NN of IN ways NNS you PP can MD solve VV it PP . SENT That's JJ my PP$ philosophy NN . SENT Menotti NP is VBZ very RB mercurial JJ . SENT I PP was VBD very RB close JJ with IN Menotti NP , , and CC we PP still RB maintain VVP a DT very RB close JJ personal JJ relationship NN . SENT I PP just RB came VVD from IN the DT christening NN of IN his PP$ grandson NN . SENT His PP$ son NN married VVN Happy NP Rockefellers NP Mrs NN . SENT Nelson NP A NP . SENT daughter NN . SENT the DT christening NN was VBD at IN the DT Rockefeller NP estate NN in IN Tarrytown NP , , N NP . SENT Y NP . SENT There EX were VBD a DT few JJ of IN his PP$ old JJ friends NNS there RB , , and CC very RB few JJ new JJ friends NNS , , but CC the DT whole JJ Rockefeller NP family NN . SENT We've NP never RB received VVD any DT support NN from IN them PP . SENT We PP have VHP received VVN support NN from IN the DT Ford NP Foundation NP . SENT Right RB at IN the DT beginning NN the DT Ford NP Foundation NP was VBD a DT big JJ help NN . SENT You PP know VVP , , an DT interesting JJ thing NN I PP think VVP is VBZ that IN I PP was VBD the DT president NN at IN first JJ and CC Menotti NP the DT chairman NN . SENT then RB later RBR on IN I PP became VVD the DT chairman NN and CC he PP became VVD the DT founder NN and CC chairman NN emeritus NN . SENT Replacing VVG me PP I PP had VHD Jack NP Kessler NP , , who WP developed VVD Seabrook NP Island NP , , and CC we PP used VVD facilities NNS at IN Seabrook NP a DT great JJ deal NN . SENT He PP always RB would MD provide VV housing NN for IN Menotti NP and CC some DT of IN the DT people NNS who WP came VVD with IN him PP , , and CC for IN VIPs NNS . SENT Kiawah NP also RB was VBD a DT strong JJ supporter NN . SENT they PP used VVD to TO give VV us PP money NN but CC they PP also RB gave VVD us PP a DT very RB big JJ dinner NN for IN the DT board NN and CC for IN the DT VIPs NNS the DT night NN before IN the DT opening NN of IN Spoleto NP . SENT Subsequently NP Wild NP Dunes NNS has VHZ taken VVN it PP up RP . SENT Wild JJ Dunes NNS gives VVZ our PP$ jazz NN gala NN . SENT During IN those DT first JJ months NNS of IN 1977 CD , , were VBD you PP to IN contact NN some DT of IN the DT board NN of IN the DT College NP , , a DT lot NN of IN them PP felt VVD I PP was VBD spending VVG too RB much JJ time NN on IN Spoleto NP , , but CC I PP could MD see VV the DT benefits NNS of IN it PP for IN the DT College NP . SENT And CC now RB I PP think VVP they PP realize VVP I PP was VBD right JJ . SENT The DT festival NN had VHD a DT great JJ deal NN to TO do VV with IN the DT growth NN of IN the DT College NP . SENT Certainly RB it PP was VBD responsible JJ for IN the DT development NN of IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS center NN . SENT For IN example NN , , we PP had VHD the DT Guarneri NP Quartet NN down RB for IN Spoleto NN , , and CC I PP talked VVD them PP into IN coming VVG back RB to TO give VV a DT concert NN at IN the DT College NP the DT following VVG year NN for IN I PP think VVP four CD concerts NNS . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV what WP the DT records NNS will MD show VV . SENT If IN you PP ask VVP me PP , , and CC I PP leave VVP myself PP out RP of IN it PP , , the DT responsibility NN for IN initially RB setting VVG up RP Spoleto NN fell VVD on IN the DT Mayor NP and CC the DT College NP , , on IN both DT of IN our PP$ willingnesses NNS to TO never RB say VV never RB and CC it PP couldn't NN be VB done VVN . SENT We've NP never RB been VBN able JJ to TO bring VV the DT group NN opposed VVD back RB in IN because IN of IN the DT tremendous JJ animosity NN between IN Nella NP and CC Menotti NP . SENT Menotti NP tried VVD to TO make VV up RP to TO her PP$ once RB when WRB they PP were VBD on IN a DT plane NN , , and CC she PP said VVD , , Never RB , , never RB talk VV to TO me PP again RB . SENT I PP think VVP it's JJ bitterness NN because IN she PP had VHD a DT chance NN and CC she's NNS seen VVN the DT success NN it's NNS become VVP . SENT You PP get VVP this DT thing NN going VVG and CC then RB come VV back RB with IN the DT questions NNS you'll NN develop VVP . SENT You PP might MD find VV some DT of IN my PP$ statements NNS are VBP not RB corroborated VVN by IN others NNS , , or CC that IN there EX is VBZ a DT difference NN and CC I PP can MD tell VV you PP why WRB and CC my PP$ impressions NNS . SENT I PP am VBP very RB anxious JJ to TO historically RB put VV this DT on IN record NN . SENT I've NP told VVD everybody NN how WRB important JJ it PP is VBZ . SENT Let VV me PP tell VV you PP a DT little JJ story NN to TO put VV some DT humor NN in IN this DT . SENT People NNS have VHP asked VVN me PP . SENT How WRB did VVD you PP get VV interested JJ in IN the DT arts NNS . SENT and CC I PP said VVD , , it's NNS very RB , , very RB simple JJ . SENT I PP got VVD interested JJ in IN the DT arts NNS by IN ear NN . SENT My PP$ mother NN would MD take VV me PP by IN the DT ear NN to TO Walter NP Damrosch's NP Young NP People's NP Symphony NP . SENT she PP would MD take VV me PP by IN the DT ear NN to TO Ernest NP Schelling's NP music NN . SENT she PP would MD take VV me PP by IN ear NN to TO the DT Metropolitan NP Opera NP in IN New NP York NP and CC we PP sat VVD in IN a DT box NN by IN Gatti NP Cazaza NP . SENT she PP would MD take VV me PP by IN ear NN to TO Schubert's NP Theater NP . SENT she PP would MD take VV me PP by IN the DT ear NN to TO the DT Metropolitan NP Museum NP of IN Art NP . SENT So RB I PP say VVP I PP got VVD interested JJ in IN the DT arts NNS by IN ear NN . SENT Now RB that's NNS a DT bit NN of IN humor NN but CC it's NNS true JJ . SENT I PP think VVP that's NNS why WRB today NN I PP feel VVP so RB strongly RB that IN if IN we PP would MD expose VV the DT young JJ people NNS , , just RB expose VV them PP to TO art NN , , it'll JJ show VVP up RP later RBR on RB . SENT And CC if IN you PP expose VVP them PP to TO the DT arts NNS when WRB they're NN tempted VVD by IN drugs NNS or CC alcohol NN or CC things NNS like IN that DT , , they'll RB have VHP an DT outlet NN for IN their PP$ energies NNS . SENT They'll NN be VB interested VVN in IN reading NN , , in IN visual JJ arts NNS , , in IN music NN . SENT I PP drive VVP up RB regularly RB to TO North NP Carolina NP to TO my PP$ farm NN and CC I PP always RB put VVD on IN the DT public JJ radio NN because IN I PP love VVP to TO listen VV to TO the DT music NN . SENT I PP appreciate VVP also RB the DT fact NN that IN we PP all RB go VVP through IN periods NNS , , like IN I PP went VVD through IN the DT period NN with IN the DT jazz NN and CC that DT sort NN of IN stuff NN , , but CC classical JJ music NN always RB remains VVZ . SENT I PP don't VVD object VV to TO the DT people NNS who WP like VVP the DT rock NN music NN and CC all PDT that DT sort NN of IN stuff NN , , and CC the DT country NN music NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , we PP have VHP had VHD country NN music NN at IN the DT festival NN , , we PP have VHP jazz NN at IN the DT festival NN . SENT About IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT festival NN , , it PP all RB depends VVZ on IN what WP your PP$ goals NNS are VBP in IN life NN . SENT I've NP always RB told VVD young JJ people NNS to TO never RB set VV material NN goals NNS , , because IN you PP can MD never RB achieve VV them PP , , because IN you're NN always RB changing VVG them PP . SENT And CC if IN you PP can MD set VV your PP$ goal NN as IN helping VVG others NNS , , you PP will MD be VB happier JJR and CC you'll NN make VVP other JJ people NNS happier JJR . SENT And CC the DT only JJ way NN to TO be VB happy JJ in IN this DT world NN is VBZ to TO have VH other JJ people NNS happy JJ . SENT And CC when WRB I PP see VVP the DT joy NN and CC the DT pleasure NN that IN people NNS get VVP from IN this DT festival NN , , I PP have VHP the DT satisfaction NN of IN knowing VVG that IN I've NP come VVP close RB to TO achieving VVG what WP I PP set VVD out RP to TO do VV . SENT Does VVZ that RB make VV sense NN . SENT I PP tell VVP my PP$ own JJ children NNS not RB to TO set VV material NN goals NNS . SENT Taking VVG my PP$ life NN as IN a DT military JJ person NN , , I'm NP a DT devoted JJ American NP . SENT I PP love VVP my PP$ country NN . SENT I PP see VVP its PP$ faults NNS but CC I PP see VVP its PP$ greatness NN too RB . SENT And CC at IN the DT College NP I PP could MD see VV the DT opportunity NN to TO help VV young JJ people NNS . SENT And CC in IN the DT festival NN , , I PP see VVP the DT opportunity NN to TO expose VV a DT large JJ number NN of IN people NNS to TO something NN which WDT will MD be VB a DT joy NN to TO them PP and CC make VV their PP$ life NN worthwhile JJ . SENT Charleston NP was VBD the DT cultural JJ center NN of IN colonial JJ times NNS . SENT And CC we're NN just RB returning VVG it PP to TO its PP$ former JJ peak NN condition NN . SENT The DT first JJ theater NN was VBD in IN Charleston NP , , the DT first JJ opera NN in IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT was VBD heard VVN in IN Charleston NP there EX were VBD innumerable JJ firsts NNS , , which WDT I PP think VVP it PP would MD be VB important JJ to TO look VV at IN . SENT I PP think VVP it PP can MD be VB an DT educational JJ and CC a DT cultural JJ center NN . SENT education NN and CC culture NN go VVP together RB . SENT I PP think VVP the DT fact NN that IN Charleston NP itself PP is VBZ so RB unique JJ , , that IN I PP wanted VVD to TO see VV a DT festival NN here RB to TO match VV it PP , , not RB just RB another DT festival NN . SENT And CC this DT could MD contribute VV to TO the DT well RB being JJ of IN our PP$ community NN . SENT And CC the DT more RBR I PP saw VVD of IN it PP . SENT . SENT . SENT let VV me PP tell VV you PP about IN a DT story NN . SENT I PP received VVD about IN the DT second JJ or CC third JJ festival NN a DT letter NN from IN London NP , , from IN a DT lady NN and CC her PP$ husband NN who WP had VHD attended VVN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP and CC said VVD , , We PP have VHP just RB returned VVN from IN Beirut NP , , Salzburg NP , , Edinburgh NP , , and CC your PP$ festival NN is VBZ second JJ to TO none NN . SENT And CC I PP enclose VV herewith RB a DT copy NN of IN a DT review NN in IN the DT London NP Times NP . SENT I PP was VBD so RB touched VVN by IN that DT letter NN that IN I PP wrote VVD her PP$ back NN and CC told VVD her PP it PP was VBD unique JJ to TO receive VV such PDT a DT letter NN and CC invited VVD her PP to TO let VV me PP know VVP anytime RB she PP was VBD in IN Charleston NP . SENT She PP came VVD here RB and CC she PP bought VVD one CD of IN the DT most RBS beautiful JJ houses NNS and CC restored VVD it PP at IN a DT cost NN of IN 400 CD , , 000 CD . SENT That DT woman NN is VBZ still RB a DT support NN of IN Spoleto NP , , although IN her PP$ husband NN died VVD . SENT Her PP$ name NN is VBZ Denk NP and CC her PP$ house NN is VBZ located VVN at IN 15 CD Meeting VVG Street NP . SENT Whether IN that DT letter NN would MD be VB up RB in IN the DT festival NN office NN , , I PP don't VVD know VV , , I PP certainly RB don't JJ have VHP it PP anymore RB . SENT You PP be VB surprised VVN at IN the DT number NN of IN people NNS who WP have VHP come VVN to TO Charleston NP as IN a DT result NN of IN Spoleto NP , , and CC the DT number NN of IN industries NNS that WDT have VHP made VVN their PP$ headquarters NN here RB because IN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT Let VV me PP give VV you PP an DT example NN . SENT The DT chairman NN of IN the DT board NN of IN General NP Foods NPS , , we PP got VVD them PP very RB enthusiastic JJ about IN the DT festival NN , , gave VVD us PP 25 CD , , OOO NP , , and CC General NP Foods NPS was VBD just RB bought VVN out RP by IN Philip NP Morris NP . SENT He's NP no RB longer JJR chairman NN of IN the DT board NN but CC he PP just RB bought VVD a DT plantation NN here RB in IN Charleston NP . SENT Philip NP Morris NP gives VVZ us PP 25 CD , , OOO NP . SENT And CC General NP Foods NP still RB gives VVZ us PP money NN . SENT You PP know VVP who WP one NN of IN our PP$ biggest JJS supporters NNS is VBZ right RB now RB . SENT . SENT . SENT AT IN T NN . SENT Exxon NP used VVD to TO be VB a DT very RB big JJ contributor NN but CC they PP slowed VVD down RP . SENT We PP have VHP got VVN different JJ people NNS and CC groups NNS that WDT support VVP us PP . SENT Last JJ year NN without IN even RB asking VVG for IN it PP , , Getty NP sent VVD us PP a DT 15 CD , , OOO NP contribution NN . SENT He PP had VHD been VBN here RB . SENT We PP get VVP Dupont NP , , Amoco NP , , General NP Dynamics NPS . SENT Dupont NP gives VVZ because IN Jefferson NP , , who WP is VBZ chairman NN of IN the DT board NN , , is VBZ a DT very RB good JJ friend NN of IN Peter NP Manigault's NP and CC they PP have VHP a DT plant NN here RB . SENT General NP Dynamics NPS used VVD to TO give VV us PP very RB generously RB and CC used VVN to TO sponsor VV the DT finale NN , , but CC Roger NP Lewis NP , , the DT former JJ chairman NN of IN the DT board NN , , was VBD a DT personal JJ friend NN of IN mine NN he's NNS now RB retired VVN but CC they PP had VHD a DT plant NN here RB . SENT Previously RB festival NN to TO me PP meant VVD just RB trying VVG to TO fundraise VV . SENT When WRB you PP talk VVP Spoleto NN , , they PP say VVP you PP know VVP that's NNS a DT different JJ kind NN of IN festival NN . SENT Number NN one NN , , it's NN an DT international JJ festival NN . SENT number NN two CD , , we're RB not RB rushing VVG to TO get VV Pavarotti NP , , Domingo NP , , or CC other JJ luminaries NNS but CC Menotti NP has VHZ had VHN the DT ability NN to TO select VV young JJ people NNS who WP are VBP going VVG to TO be VB the DT Pavarotti's NP and CC the DT Domingo's NP . SENT People NNS know VVP that IN they PP can MD expect VV something NN unusual JJ , , different JJ . SENT The DT Spoleto NN orchestra NN we PP have VHP 9 CD OO NP auditions NNS , , the DT biggest JJS job NN of IN the DT musical JJ director NN is VBZ to TO audition VV . SENT He PP goes VVZ to TO Curtis NP , , Julliard NP , , Eastman NP , , Bloomington NP , , San NP Francisco NP , , Dallas NP . SENT For IN 9 CD O NN places VVZ he PP auditions VVZ 12 CD OO NP people NNS . SENT We PP have VHP , , I PP think VVP , , the DT greatest JJS orchestra NN and CC they're NN all DT kids NNS . SENT It PP gives VVZ them PP an DT opportunity NN to TO expose VV themselves PP . SENT Where WRB did VVD Yo NP Yo NP Ma NP get VV his PP$ start NN . SENT Right RB here RB at IN the DT chamber NN music NN . SENT Emanuel NP Ax NP . SENT Here RB . SENT Look VV at IN the DT international JJ recognition NN . SENT Menotti's NP ability NN to TO select VV these DT people NNS , , at IN least JJS , , young JJ singers NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT And CC it's NNS different JJ . SENT they PP don't VVD know VV what WP opera NN is VBZ going VVG to TO be VB shown VVN but CC they PP know VVP it's NNS going VVG to TO be VB different JJ . SENT He's NP very RB careful JJ about IN who WP directs VVZ them PP , , produces VVZ them PP , , the DT designer NN . SENT Dance NP , , no DT one NN knows VVZ what's NNS going VVG to TO be VB there RB but CC they PP know VVP it's NNS going VVG to TO be VB different JJ . SENT And CC that IN they PP most RBS probably RB will MD never RB see VV it PP again RB . SENT The DT festival NN meant VVD to TO me PP what WP it PP meant VVD to TO Menotti NP , , and CC I PP didn't VVD know VV the DT extent NN of IN it PP , , it PP meant VVD an DT opportunity NN to TO expose VV young JJ people NNS , , give VV them PP an DT opportunity NN to TO show VV their PP$ ability NN . SENT That's NNS what WP I PP thought VVD it PP was VBD , , but CC I PP did VVD not RB know VV the DT diversity NN . SENT I've NNS been VBN asked VVN about IN starting VVG a DT festival NN many JJ , , many JJ times NNS . SENT It PP comes VVZ down RP to TO this DT . SENT You PP need VVP a DT Menotti NP , , who's NNS so RB unusual JJ . SENT He's NP the DT only JJ person NN I PP know VVP who WP knows VVZ all PDT the DT arts NNS . SENT I PP mean VVP , , you PP talk VVP about IN Leonard NP Bernstein NP , , what WP does VVZ he PP know VVP about IN visual JJ arts NNS . SENT He PP knows VVZ music NN . SENT Menotti NP directs VVZ , , he's NNS a DT director NN , , producer NN he's NNS a DT genius NN , , and CC that's NNS why WRB we PP have VHP a DT problem NN in IN trying VVG to TO decide VV what WP happens VVZ after IN Menotti NP . SENT We PP have VHP a DT planning VVG committee NN working VVG on IN that DT right NN now RB . SENT He PP wants VVZ to TO have VH an DT assistant NN that IN he PP can MD train VV , , but CC we PP don't VVD think VV that WDT will MD work VV . SENT I PP myself PP am VBP interested JJ , , I PP like VVP the DT idea NN myself PP , , but CC speaking VVG for IN the DT board NN , , no UH . SENT Take VV somebody NN like IN Jerome NP Robbins NP and CC the DT dance NN , , Charlie NP Wadsworth NP and CC music NN , , someone NN from IN California NP in IN theater NN , , Beverly NP Sills NP in IN opera NN get VV them PP as IN consultants NNS , , and CC have VHP one CD overall JJ name NN person NN to TO be VB , , not RB the DT artistic JJ director NN but CC coordinator NN . SENT Not RB Kitty NP Carlyle NP , , see VVP , , but CC somebody NN who WP is VBZ recognized VVN for IN interest NN who WP could MD go VV to TO a DT painter NN , , and CC say VVP , , I'd JJ like IN you PP to TO do VV our PP$ poster NN . SENT Menotti NP every DT orchestra NN knows VVZ him PP , , the DT theater NN people NNS know VVP him PP , , the DT dance NN people NNS , , the DT opera NN people NNS , , the DT music NN people NNS . SENT Today NP I'm NP chairman NN emeritus NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT I PP think VVP it's NNS dangerous JJ for IN anybody NN to TO be VB in IN place NN too RB long RB . SENT I PP told VVD them PP at IN the DT College NP I'd NP be VB there RB for IN ten CD years NNS . SENT I PP said VVD to TO Spoleto NP , , by IN God NP I'm NP getting VVG out RP . SENT Charlie NP Way NP is VBZ doing VVG a DT tremendous JJ job NN as IN chairman NN with IN Pug NN Ravenel NP as IN president NN but CC I PP don't VVD know VV if IN Pug NN is VBZ the DT right JJ person NN to TO be VB chairman NN . SENT Keep VV in IN touch NN with IN me PP . SENT I PP don't VVD have VH any DT papers NNS here RB , , most JJS are VBP at IN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP . SENT If IN I PP find VVP anything NN , , I'll NP let VVD you PP know VVP . SENT I PP have VHP plenty RB of IN blanks NNS about IN this DT beginning NN period NN . SENT now RB Susan NP Sanders NP told VVD me PP she PP has VHZ some DT papers NNS at IN the DT College NP . SENT From IN 75 CD to TO the DT first JJ festival NN in IN 77 CD , , right RB , , I PP think VVP that's NNS the DT story NN . SENT No RB , , the DT idea NN was VBD not RB to TO duplicate VV the DT Italian JJ festival NN , , in IN fact NN , , we've NN never RB been VBN able JJ to TO share NN productions NNS , , which WDT I PP think VVP is VBZ just RB pathetic JJ . SENT In IN fact NN , , today NN I PP think VVP the DT only JJ way NN you PP can MD make VV it PP financially RB successful JJ is VBZ to TO share VV production NN costs NNS . SENT The DT opera NN costs VVZ you PP three CD to TO four CD hundred CD thousand CD dollars NNS . SENT If IN you PP had VHD Philadelphia NP , , Chicago NP , , Houston NP , , New NP York NP , , all DT of IN them PP putting VVG one CD production NN together RB and CC dividing VVG the DT cost NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Cultural JJ events NNS are VBP not RB publicly RB acceptable JJ on IN television NN . SENT You PP have VHP Kennedy NP Center NP honors NNS and CC look VVP at IN their PP$ ratings NNS , , even RB when WRB you PP honor VVP big JJ name NN people NNS Frank NP Sinatra NP and CC Bob NP Hope NP and CC Lena NP Horne NP . SENT The DT following VVG interviews NNS with IN Spoleto NP Charleston NP officials NNS were VBD conducted VVN in IN Charleston NP during IN the DT May NP 1986 CD festival NN . SENT The DT complete JJ responses NNS are VBP based VVN on IN questions NNS presented VVN in IN writing VVG to TO Charles NP E NP . SENT Wadsworth NP , , Colin NP Sturm NP , , Nigel NP Redden NP , , and CC David NP Rawle NP . SENT None NN of IN these DT persons NNS was VBD requested VVN to TO approve VV the DT transcriptions NNS . SENT Follow VV up RP questions NNS are VBP included VVN as IN appropriate JJ . SENT The DT complete JJ list NN of IN questions NNS was VBD . SENT 1 LS . SENT Who WP started VVD the DT festival NN and CC why WRB . SENT 2 LS . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT role NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT What WP would MD Spoleto NP have VHP been VBN without IN an DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT What WP might MD Spoleto NN become VVN in IN the DT future NN without IN Menotti NP . SENT 5 LS . SENT Why WRB is VBZ Menotti NP especially RB interested JJ in IN creating VVG festivals NNS . SENT 6 CD . SENT How WRB do VVP , , or CC will MD , , the DT Italian JJ , , American JJ , , and CC Australian JJ festivals NNS differ VVP . SENT be VB alike RB . SENT 7 CD . SENT Which WDT are VBP the DT top JJ arts NNS festivals NNS in IN the DT world NN and CC how WRB does VVZ Spoleto NN compare VV with IN them PP . SENT 8 CD . SENT What WP should MD be VB the DT areas NNS of IN focus NN of IN a DT doctoral JJ dissertation NN on IN arts NNS festivals NNS . SENT other JJ types NNS of IN festivals NNS . SENT fairs NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT relationship NN among IN festivals NNS , , fairs NNS , , expositions NNS . SENT 1 CD O NN . SENT What WP is VBZ your PP$ opinion NN of IN Vancouver's NP Expo NP 86 CD . SENT 11 CD . SENT What WP are VBP the DT main JJ issues NNS and CC trends NNS facing VVG festival NN artistic JJ directors NNS today NN . SENT facing VVG festival NN managers NNS . SENT 12 CD . SENT Do VV festivals NNS have VHP a DT special JJ aesthetic JJ significance NN . SENT 13 CD . SENT Do VV festivals NNS have VHP a DT special JJ economic JJ significance NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT Do VV festivals NNS have VHP a DT special JJ political JJ significance NN . SENT 15 CD . SENT Is VBZ there RB a DT special JJ relationship NN between IN a DT festival NN and CC its PP$ home NN community NN . SENT 16 CD . SENT Can NN festivals NNS be VB considered VVN an DT art NN form NN . SENT what WP type NN . SENT 17 CD . SENT What WP scholarly JJ work NN has VHZ been VBN published VVN on IN art NN festivals NNS and CC other JJ types NNS of IN festivals NNS . SENT Who WP and NP where WRB . SENT Research NN centers NNS . SENT What WP research NN is VBZ needed VVN . SENT 18 CD . SENT What WP methods NNS can MD be VB used VVN to TO study VV arts NNS festivals NNS . SENT 19 CD . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT historical JJ significance NN of IN various JJ festivals NNS . SENT 2 CD O NN . SENT Do VV contemporary JJ festivals NNS follow VVP these DT patterns NNS , , or CC are VBP they PP changing VVG . SENT How WRB . SENT 21 CD . SENT Overall RB , , what WP statement NN are VBP the DT three CD Spoleto's NP making VVG to TO their PP$ local JJ , , regional JJ , , national JJ and CC international JJ audiences NNS . SENT 22 CD . SENT Finally RB , , does VVZ Spoleto NP Charleston NP differ VVP in IN any DT way NN from IN other JJ festivals NNS of IN its PP$ type NN and CC how WRB . SENT Charles NP Wadsworth NP , , artistic JJ director NN and CC host NN for IN the DT chamber NN series NN , , was VBD interviewed VVN at IN the DT Dock NP Street NP Theater NP between IN the DT morning NN and CC afternoon NN chamber NN music NN programs NNS on IN May NP 31 CD , , 1986 CD . SENT Q NP . SENT Mr NP . SENT Wadsworth NP , , how WRB do VVP you PP see VVP the DT nature NN of IN a DT festival NN after IN ten CD years NNS of IN association NN with IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP . SENT A DT . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB for IN broadcast NN . SENT This DT is VBZ just RB for IN your PP$ personal JJ use NN . SENT Yes UH , , for IN the DT dissertation NN . SENT I PP think VVP it PP would MD be VB more RBR helpful JJ to TO talk VV about IN the DT special JJ nature NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP apart RB from IN most JJS of IN the DT other JJ festivals NNS that IN I've NP had VHD any DT sort NN of IN intimate JJ acquaintance NN with IN . SENT To TO understand VV this DT festival NN it's NNS best RBS for IN us PP to TO go VV back RB to TO the DT early JJ days NNS of IN the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP , , because IN the DT festival NN has VHZ developed VVN in IN certain JJ ways NNS , , it's NNS changed VVD in IN certain JJ ways NNS , , as IN it PP moved VVD to TO this DT country NN . SENT It PP continues VVZ in IN Italy NP . SENT The DT two CD festivals NNS now RB have VHP very RB much RB the DT same JJ personality NN in IN both DT Spoleto NN , , Italy NP , , and CC in IN Charleston NP . SENT But CC Menotti NP , , as IN he PP set VVD out RP to TO present VV a DT festival NN , , and CC for IN me PP what WP made VVD it PP the DT most RBS exciting JJ festival NN that IN I PP know VVP about RB is VBZ that IN he PP set VVD out RP to TO produce VV a DT festival NN which WDT he PP was VBD very RB well RB aware JJ would MD not RB be VB a DT sure JJ fire NN hit VVD . SENT He PP said VVD if IN I'm NP going VVG to TO be VB like IN Edinburgh NP or CC Salzburg NP where WRB all RB I PP do VVP is VBZ bring VV in IN great JJ guest NN artists NNS , , well RB known VVN orchestras NNS presenting VVG repertoire's NNS that IN they PP know VVP is VBZ going VVG to TO be VB successful JJ , , this DT is VBZ not RB something NN I'm NN at IN all DT interested JJ in IN . SENT I PP feel VVP that IN the DT festival NN must MD be VB a DT creative JJ festival NN , , that WDT it PP must MD be VB willing JJ to TO take VV chances NNS , , it PP must MD be VB willing JJ to TO accept VV the DT fact NN of IN failure NN , , and CC out RB of IN this DT kind NN of IN experimentation NN you're NN going VVG to TO get VV things NNS which WDT are VBP much RB more RBR exciting JJ in IN the DT long JJ run NN . SENT So IN a DT great JJ many JJ of IN the DT festivals NNS throughout IN the DT world NN do VVP this DT kind NN thing NN where WRB it's NNS a DT set NN program NN and CC you're NN bringing VVG in IN well RB known VVN quantities NNS and CC you're NN playing VVG it PP safe JJ with IN the DT repertoire NN . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP from IN the DT very JJ beginning NN was VBD taking VVG chances NNS on IN artists NNS who WP were VBD unknown JJ . SENT He PP was VBD inviting VVG young JJ people NNS such JJ as IN going VVG back RB to TO 1958 CD 59 CD Herbert NP Ross NP , , who WP was VBD then RB a DT choreographer NN and CC developed VVN into IN one CD of IN the DT most RBS important JJ movie NN directors NNS . SENT He PP would MD bring VV in IN Roman NP Polanski NP , , when WRB he PP was VBD virtually RB a DT kid NN to TO direct VV a DT performance NN of IN Lulu NP , , which WDT is VBZ an DT extremely RB grotesque JJ work NN with IN a DT lot NN of IN sexual JJ aberrations NNS going VVG on IN there RB . SENT What WP , , you PP know VVP , , better JJR person NN laughs NNS for IN Gian NP Carlo NP to TO have VH picked VVN than IN Polanski NP , , who's NP had VHD his PP$ share NN of IN problems NNS . SENT But CC he PP got VVD Zefirelli NP to TO do VV some DT of IN his PP$ first JJ directing NN . SENT He PP asked VVD Jerome NP Robbins NP to TO create VV Ballet NP USA NP , , which WDT moved VVD Robbins NP career NN very RB dramatically RB . SENT He PP had VHD Luchino NP Visconte NP there RB directing VVG opera NN , , and CC got VVD an DT aspect NN of IN that DT career NN going VVG . SENT And CC then RB he PP picked VVD on IN a DT young JJ man NN who WP was VBD still RB in IN his PP$ twenties NNS . SENT he PP had VHD gotten VVN to TO know VV the DT talent NN of IN Thomas NP Shippers NP . SENT Tommy NP was VBD an DT unknown JJ quantity NN in IN Europe NP . SENT he PP had VHD just RB gotten VVN out RP of IN Curtis NP and CC he PP brought VVD Tommy NP in IN to TO be VB the DT general JJ music NN director NN , , artistic JJ director NN , , and CC Gian NP Carlo NP functioned VVD as IN the DT overall JJ head NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT The DT theory NN was VBD that IN artists NNS such JJ as IN Tommy NP could MD benefit VV from IN exposure NN to TO a DT wide JJ European JJ audience NN and CC that IN it PP could MD be VB have VHP an DT international JJ flavor NN , , or CC that IN European JJ artists NNS working VVG together RB with IN American JJ artists NNS to TO create VV new JJ pieces NNS . SENT Many JJ playwrights NNS , , for IN instance NN , , wrote VVD pieces NNS for IN the DT festival NN . SENT The DT Indian NP Wants VVZ the DT Bronx NP by IN Horowitz NP , , which WDT was VBD a DT wonderful JJ play NN , , introduced VVD Al NP Pachino NP to TO Italian JJ audiences NNS . SENT He PP was VBD an DT unknown JJ actor NN at IN that DT point NN . SENT Shelly NP Winters NP came VVD over RP to TO do VV some DT first JJ performances NNS of IN some DT early JJ Tennessee NP Williams NP plays VVZ . SENT We PP did VVD the DT first JJ production NN of IN The DT Milk NN Train NP Doesn't NP Stop NP Here RB Anymore RB . SENT Q NP . SENT An DT unusual JJ juxtaposing VVG of IN the DT known VVN and CC the DT known VVN , , the DT new JJ and CC the DT old JJ . SENT A DT . SENT Right RB . SENT And CC you PP had VHD an DT amazing JJ group NN of IN young JJ performers NNS that IN he PP brought VVD , , hardly RB an DT international JJ name NN among IN the DT lot NN . SENT When WRB he PP invited VVD me PP in IN 1959 CD to TO start VV a DT series NN of IN chamber NN music NN concerts NNS in IN this DT delicious JJ little JJ seventeenth JJ century NN theater NN , , which WDT seats VVZ about IN 3 CD OO NP to TO 35 CD O NN same JJ as IN this DT theater NN he PP said VVD , , I PP want VVP these DT concerts NNS to TO be VB different JJ . SENT I PP want VVP you PP to TO be VB sure JJ that IN you PP only RB bring VVP brilliant JJ , , gifted JJ young JJ talents NNS to TO play VV here RB , , or CC whatever JJ . SENT And CC I PP want VVP you PP to TO be VB sure JJ to TO find VV some DT way NN that IN the DT concerts NNS are VBP informal JJ in IN nature NN . SENT At IN that DT time NN , , he PP said VVD to TO me PP , , Perhaps RB there RB won't NN be VB anybody NN there RB but CC myself PP and CC a DT few JJ of IN the DT artists NNS working VVG for IN the DT festival NN , , but CC I PP want VVP to TO do VV it PP anyway RB . SENT It'll NN be VB something NN in IN the DT middle NN of IN the DT day NN , , one CD hour NN . SENT I PP want VVP the DT concert NN to TO be VB short JJ and CC perhaps RB we PP will MD eventually RB have VH some DT other JJ people NNS there RB . SENT But CC that's NNS not RB really RB important JJ . SENT It's NP really RB a DT present NN for IN the DT people NNS of IN the DT festival NN . SENT And CC it PP was VBD true JJ the DT first JJ few JJ days NNS . SENT We PP had VHD 2 CD O NN or CC 3 CD O NN people NNS in IN the DT audience NN and CC it PP started VVD growing VVG . SENT By IN the DT end NN of IN the DT first JJ summer NN we PP were VBD getting VVG some DT nice JJ houses NNS on IN weekends NNS . SENT The DT second JJ summer NN was VBD full JJ on IN weekends NNS . SENT The DT third JJ summer NN we PP were VBD already RB getting VVG extraordinary JJ acclaim NN from IN everywhere RB and CC we PP were VBD fighting VVG them PP off RP . SENT As IN time NN went VVD on IN , , it PP was VBD almost RB impossible JJ for IN people NNS to TO get VV in IN . SENT We PP would MD have VH near JJ riots NNS in IN the DT lobby NN . SENT And CC I PP would MD have VH to TO come VV out RP and CC speak VV to TO the DT people NNS to TO try VV to TO quite RB them PP . SENT Along IN the DT way NN I PP developed VVD what WP I PP think VVP has VHZ been VBN an DT important JJ factor NN in IN my PP$ end NN of IN things NNS in IN chamber NN concerts NNS , , which WDT made VVD them PP very RB different JJ from IN concerts NNS that WDT went VVD on IN anywhere RB else RB in IN the DT world NN . SENT I PP communicated VVD with IN the DT people NNS verbally RB to TO try VV to TO get VV them PP into IN an DT even RB more RBR relaxed VVN mood NN than IN they PP might MD be VB ordinarily RB . SENT You PP have VHP a DT very RB important JJ factor NN in IN summer NN festivals NNS particularly RB in IN that DT people NNS are VBP free JJ from IN work NN pressures NNS , , daily JJ pressures NNS . SENT They're NP obviously RB somewhere RB to TO have VH a DT good JJ time NN . SENT They're NN not RB being VBG locked VVN into IN a DT subscription NN series NN in IN New NP York NP where WRB they PP have VHP to TO fight VV subways NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , and CC they PP have VHP to TO go VV out RP because IN they've NN spent VVD a DT lot NN of IN money NN and CC they PP may MD rather RB stay VV at IN home NN and CC watch VV the DT tube NN or CC something NN . SENT So IN you've NN got VVD a DT captive JJ audience NN , , which WDT wants VVZ to TO have VH a DT good JJ time NN . SENT That DT puts VVZ you PP in IN a DT festival NN situation NN immediately RB at IN an DT advantage NN over IN a DT normal JJ winter NN series NN of IN concerts NNS . SENT Q NP . SENT Is VBZ there RB a DT feeling NN of IN expectation NN , , of IN release NN , , a DT carnival NN atmosphere NN . SENT A DT . SENT Yes UH , , there's RB an DT expectation NN that IN they're NN going VVG to TO enjoy VV it PP . SENT Yes UH , , it PP is VBZ that DT kind NN of IN atmosphere NN . SENT And CC I PP wanted VVD to TO add VV to TO that DT further RBR by IN getting VVG the DT people NNS so RB relaxed VVD that IN they PP could MD open VV themselves PP to TO the DT performers NNS and CC to TO the DT music NN and CC that IN in IN turn NN would MD create VV a DT special JJ feeling NN among IN the DT performers NNS , , that WDT they PP would MD be VB able JJ to TO give VV in IN a DT very RB free JJ way NN and CC enjoy VV the DT act NN of IN performing VVG . SENT Q NP . SENT Doesn't NP this DT contrast NN with IN the DT normal JJ framing NN we PP would MD expect VV of IN chamber NN music NN . SENT A DT . SENT Well RB , , it PP does VVZ . SENT I PP think NN I've NN been VBN able JJ to TO do VV something NN of IN this DT sort NN in IN our PP$ regular JJ concerts NNS in IN New NP York NP . SENT I PP did VVD it PP in IN Italy NP and CC in IN Charleston NP I PP do VVP it PP . SENT I PP have VHP seen VVN people NNS who WP have VHP no DT background NN , , no DT sophistication NN whatever WDT , , come VV here RB , , like IN during IN the DT first JJ summer NN , , and CC get VV hooked JJ . SENT One CD man NN , , who WP was VBD very RB simple JJ like IN my PP$ father NN and CC on IN the DT hottest JJS day NN would MD have VH a DT vest NN and CC a DT tie NN and CC a DT hat NN . SENT He PP came VVD up RP one CD day NN after IN a DT concert NN and CC said VVD , , I've NP never RB heard VVD anything NN like IN this DT before IN , , but CC this DT means VVZ so RB much JJ to TO me PP I PP wouldn't VVD miss VV one PP of IN these DT for IN anything NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT That's NNS been VBN my PP$ experience NN . SENT I PP don't VVD care NN whether IN it's JJ avant JJ garde NN or CC early JJ Baroque NN or CC the DT obvious JJ romantics NNS , , I PP think VVP music NN and CC the DT arts NNS must MD communicate VV to TO people NNS on IN a DT gut NN level NN and CC it PP is VBZ not RB an DT intellectual JJ pursuit NN the DT enjoyment NN of IN chamber NN music NN , , which WDT is VBZ considered VVN by IN many JJ an DT elitist NN form NN . SENT If IN the DT people NNS are VBP uninhibited JJ in IN their PP$ listening NN , , then RB they PP are VBP going VVG to TO be VB able JJ to TO take VV the DT message NN that IN the DT composer NN intended VVD . SENT The DT composer NN is VBZ not RB really RB interested JJ in IN how WRB appreciative JJ people NNS are VBP of IN the DT devices NNS they've NN used VVN in IN getting VVG their PP$ feelings NNS down RB on IN paper NN . SENT So RB this DT created VVD a DT special JJ atmosphere NN in IN a DT festival NN situation NN , , which WDT already RB gives VVZ you PP one CD hand NN up RP . SENT For IN me PP , , it PP was VBD an DT incredible JJ opportunity NN to TO find VV artists NNS who WP I PP thought VVD were VBD great JJ and CC then RB I PP started VVD combining VVG things NNS into IN very RB unusual JJ ways NNS with IN instruments NNS , , voice NN , , percussion NN , , and CC all DT sorts NNS of IN things NNS that WDT would MD create VV stimulation NN in IN the DT listener NN . SENT When WRB I PP was VBD able JJ to TO start VV using VVG these DT great JJ young JJ people NNS , , I PP brought VVD people NNS who WP performed VVD for IN the DT very RB first JJ time NN in IN Europe NP such JJ as IN Morry NP Pariah NN , , Shirley NP Verette NP , , Jesse NP Norman NP you PP should MD get VV a DT list NN of IN artist NN who WP have VHP been VBN presented VVN in IN the DT chamber NN music NN . SENT that's NNS probably RB available JJ somewhere RB . SENT Q NP . SENT It's NNS been VBN difficult JJ to TO find VV archival JJ material NN on IN festivals NNS that WDT would MD make VV this DT kind NN of IN research NN possible JJ . SENT A DT . SENT We're NP a DT real JJ example NN of IN that DT . SENT What WP happens VVZ is VBZ that IN because IN of IN the DT condensation NN , , the DT time NN frame NN , , and CC the DT amount NN of IN work NN you PP have VHP to TO do VV in IN that DT time NN frame NN , , and CC everybody NN has VHZ busy JJ lives NNS during IN the DT winter NN , , so RB it's NNS all RB they PP can MD do VV to TO get VV things NNS organized VVN for IN the DT festival NN . SENT And CC you PP are VBP working VVG on IN budgets NNS , , you PP have VHP no DT money NN , , and CC people NNS are VBP paid VVN very RB little RB , , you PP have VHP the DT bare JJ number NN of IN people NNS who WP can MD run VV the DT festival NN . SENT So RB to TO have VH what WP seems VVZ at IN the DT time NN extra JJ people NNS around RB to TO keep VV records NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT When WRB I PP got VVD the DT job NN at IN Lincoln NP Center NP in IN 1969 CD , , I PP wanted VVD to TO know VV , , and CC I PP had VHD already RB presented VVN hundreds NNS of IN programs NNS , , what WP had VHD been VBN played VVN . SENT The DT festivals NNS don't NN keep VVP these DT records NNS either RB . SENT Dozens NNS went VVD on RP to TO have VH great JJ careers NNS , , but CC we PP don't VVD keep VV track NN because IN it PP seems VVZ like IN one CD of IN those DT extra JJ things NNS at IN the DT time NN than IN the DT day NN to TO day NN work NN . SENT It's NP too RB bad JJ . SENT it PP would MD be VB so RB helpful JJ . SENT Also RB , , the DT mistakes NNS that WDT were VBD made VVN every DT summer NN to TO find VV out RP what WP the DT mistakes NNS have VHP been VBN and CC how WRB to TO correct VV those DT mistakes NNS so IN we PP don't VVD continue VV making VVG them PP . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP would MD you PP read VV to TO learn VV about IN festivals NNS . SENT Is VBZ there RB any DT professional JJ or CC academic JJ text NN on IN the DT subject NN . SENT Suppose VVP that IN in IN Chattanooga NP we PP wanted VVD a DT book NN to TO tell VV us PP about IN festivals NNS , , since IN we PP had VHD gotten VVN excited JJ about IN this DT one NN . SENT What WP would MD we PP turn VV to TO . SENT A DT . SENT Except IN for IN a DT couple NN of IN people NNS in IN administration NN in IN Spoleto NP , , I'm NP the DT oldest JJS living NN member NN . SENT Tommy NP died VVD . SENT All PDT the DT early JJ people NNS are VBP gone VVN . SENT I'm NP the DT only JJ other JJ artist NN type NN who's NNS still RB with IN it PP , , and CC I PP can MD rely VV on IN memory NN . SENT What WP we PP do VVP have VHP , , and CC this DT you PP could MD have VH access NN to TO , , are VBP the DT big JJ souvenir NN books NNS , , at IN least JJS for IN the DT festival NN in IN general NN . SENT That DT would MD give VV you PP some DT indication NN to TO what's NNS happening VVG in IN this DT country NN . SENT I'm NP not RB sure RB whether IN they PP have VHP here RB a DT file NN which WDT has VHZ all PDT the DT early JJ annual JJ books NNS or CC not RB . SENT Q NP . SENT That's NNS interesting JJ because IN a DT British JJ historian NN , , Roy NP Strong JJ , , studied VVD the DT official JJ programs NNS of IN Renaissance NP festivals NNS , , many JJ of IN which WDT were VBD regarded VVN as IN art NN works VVZ themselves PP and CC preserved VVN . SENT Inigo NP Jones NP and CC other JJ artists NNS of IN some DT reputation NN did VVD them PP and CC they PP were VBD thought VVN important JJ . SENT It PP strikes VVZ me PP as RB unfortunate JJ that IN with IN all PDT our PP$ technology NN and CC know VV how WRB we're NN losing VVG the DT visual JJ record NN , , video NN and CC audio JJ tapes NNS aren't NN being VBG edited VVN and CC kept VVN . SENT A DT . SENT The DT 15 CD th NN anniversary NN of IN the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP had VHD a DT very RB complete JJ book NN done VVN of IN all PDT the DT participants NNS up RP to TO that DT point NN . SENT I've NP got VVD that DT book NN in IN New NP York NP . SENT That's NP got VVD some DT extremely RB valuable JJ background NN showing VVG some DT of IN the DT outstanding JJ things NNS that WDT happened VVD during IN the DT first JJ years NNS of IN the DT festival NN . SENT The DT festival NN is VBZ unique JJ and CC different JJ from IN almost RB all DT other JJ festivals NNS because IN from IN the DT very RB beginning VVG Gian NP Carlo NP wanted VVD all DT of IN the DT arts NNS to TO be VB represented VVN so RB that IN the DT musicians NNS and CC the DT actors NNS could MD all RB feed VV off RP each DT other's JJ inspirations NNS and CC it PP would MD bring VV a DT certain JJ excitement NN to TO my PP$ work NN . SENT One CD summer NN he PP had VHD an DT extraordinary JJ series NN of IN poetry NN readings NNS , , so RB you PP had VHD Ferlingetti NP from IN the DT West NP Coast NP there RB , , and CC Kerouac NP , , and CC Ezra NP Pound NP on IN the DT same JJ afternoon NN reading NN from IN his PP$ works NNS . SENT For IN me PP to TO have VH Ezra NP Pound NP coming VVG in IN my PP$ concert NN it PP can't VVD help VV but CC create VV a DT electricity NN , , or CC to TO see VV Visconte NP there RB in IN the DT box NN . SENT We PP all RB found VVD we PP were VBD exciting JJ each DT other JJ by IN what WP we PP did VVD . SENT I PP would MD go VV to TO all PDT the DT opera NN rehearsals NNS and CC the DT play NN rehearsals NNS and CC make VV a DT point NN of IN being VBG at IN all PDT that DT . SENT It PP gave VVD me PP a DT feeling NN about IN how WRB when WRB a DT festival NN is VBZ one CD where WRB things NNS are VBP being VBG created VVN specifically RB for IN the DT festival NN , , really RB it PP makes VVZ it PP unique JJ . SENT Over IN the DT years NNS , , Spoleto NP now RB is VBZ a DT combination NN of IN the DT conventional JJ festival NN that IN you PP have VHP going VVG on IN all DT around IN the DT world NN , , where WRB you PP do VVP bring VV in IN certain JJ shows NNS and CC presentations NNS which WDT are VBP already RB set VVN , , such JJ as IN this DT year NN the DT National NP Spanish NP Ballet NP , , which WDT is VBZ an DT extraordinary JJ thing NN . SENT But CC that's NNS a DT company NN which WDT could MD be VB booked VVN anywhere RB if IN the DT place NN had VHD enough JJ money NN . SENT It's NP fun NN for IN the DT people NNS in IN Charleston NP because IN they PP probably RB wouldn't JJ have VHP had VHN a DT chance NN to TO see VV them PP . SENT Q NP . SENT Does VVZ that DT kind NN of IN programming NN round NN out IN Menotti's NP concept NN . SENT A DT . SENT It's NNS become VVP a DT way NN to TO do VV a DT festival NN and CC have VHP it PP be VB large JJ enough RB to TO appeal VV to TO all PDT the DT various JJ disciplines NNS . SENT But CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN there's RB a DT trade NN off RP because IN in IN the DT early JJ days NNS you PP would MD have VH three CD or CC four CD different JJ stage NN presentations NNS , , concerts NNS , , maybe RB the DT poetry NN readings NNS every DT day NN , , and CC a DT sculpture NN exhibition NN around IN town NN . SENT We PP had VHD a DT extraordinary JJ sculpture NN exhibition NN which WDT had VHD works NNS of IN David NP Smith NP , , Calder NP , , and CC Giacometti NP , , and CC Every DT Alloway NP and CC the DT whole JJ town NN was VBD a DT great JJ piece NN by IN a DT great JJ contemporary JJ sculpture NN . SENT But CC still RB you PP would MD not RB have VH anywhere RB near IN the DT activity NN that IN you PP have VHP today NN , , where WRB you PP have VH four CD or CC five CD different JJ presentation NN going VVG on IN every DT day NN of IN the DT week NN . SENT Q NP . SENT It's NP almost RB as RB if IN you PP reach VVP a DT critical JJ mass NN of IN energy NN . SENT A DT . SENT Well RB , , the DT only JJ way NN to TO keep VV the DT ball NN rolling VVG in IN the DT same JJ way NN that IN it's NNS been VBN going VVG since IN we PP started VVD down RB here RB is VBZ to TO have VH a DT fair JJ number NN of IN things NNS brought VVN in IN which WDT are VBP pre NP made VVD . SENT The DT role NN of IN artistic JJ director NN . SENT That's NP an DT interesting JJ question NN because IN in IN the DT early JJ days NNS there EX really RB was VBD only RB Gian NP Carlo NP and CC Shippers NP . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP was VBD 25 CD years NNS younger JJR we PP started VVN in IN 58 CD and CC he's NP 75 CD this DT year NN he PP was VBD 47 CD . SENT There EX was VBD a DT tremendous JJ amount NN of IN energy NN and CC he PP wasn't VVD as IN busy JJ directing VVG opera NN all RB over IN the DT world NN , , so RB that IN his PP$ main JJ activities NNS were VBD the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP and CC composing VVG . SENT He PP and CC Tommy NP handled VVD it PP very RB well RB and CC then RB they PP put VVP me PP in IN charge NN of IN the DT concerts NNS , , which WDT was VBD just RB one CD small JJ aspect NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT But CC there EX was VBD an DT overall JJ artistic JJ view NN of IN what WP was VBD necessary JJ to TO give VV a DT special JJ profile NN to TO the DT festival NN . SENT That DT came VVD from IN Gian NP Carlo NP and CC his PP$ imagination NN , , his PP$ faith NN in IN brilliant JJ young JJ people NNS , , and CC in IN the DT creative JJ arts NNS . SENT Q NP . SENT His PP$ role NN as IN artistic JJ director NN was VBD special JJ . SENT A DT . SENT It PP was VBD . SENT The DT Spoleto NP Festival NP as IN we PP know VVP it PP would MD not RB have VH what WP we PP know VVP unless IN there EX had VHD been VBN specifically RB Gian NP Carlo NP . SENT Q NP . SENT Can MD an DT arts NNS festival NN be VB carried VVN off RP specifically RB without IN an DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT A DT . SENT Not RB successfully RB . SENT It PP could MD be VB carried VVN off RP in IN my PP$ mind NN maybe RB financially RB successful JJ venture NN by IN a DT businessman NN but CC to TO me PP the DT festival NN should MD be VB much RB more JJR than IN that DT . SENT It PP should MD have VH some DT very RB strong JJ artistic JJ point NN of IN view NN that IN you're NN trying VVG to TO get VV across RP . SENT I PP think VVP you PP need VVP a DT creative JJ mind NN to TO do VV that IN . SENT I PP mean VVP you PP could MD find VV the DT manager NN of IN a DT major JJ orchestra NN who WP could MD decide VV this DT was VBD a DT successful JJ play NN on IN broadway NP , , let's NNS bring VVP this DT , , and CC this DT conductor NN I've NN heard VVN was VBD good JJ , , we'll NN have VHP him PP you PP can MD go VV down RP the DT line NN and CC you PP could MD put VV together RB a DT festival NN . SENT You PP would MD have VH an DT entertaining JJ festival NN . SENT You PP could MD do VV it PP . SENT Whether IN in IN the DT long JJ run NN you PP would MD have VH the DT same JJ kind NN of IN artistic JJ satisfaction NN from IN having VHG attended VVD the DT festival NN , , from IN having VHG been VBN involved VVN in IN it PP , , I PP would MD have VH no DT interest NN whatsoever RB in IN taking VVG part NN in IN a DT festival NN which WDT was VBD run VVN by IN a DT businessman NN with IN just RB a DT slight JJ speaking NN acquaintance NN with IN the DT arts NNS . SENT Those DT people NNS , , that IN sort NN , , are VBP the DT kind NN we PP want VVP on IN the DT board NN of IN directors NNS , , who WP can MD say VV , , You're NP the DT artist NN . SENT You PP know VVP what WP has VHZ to TO be VB done VVN . SENT We PP have VHP to TO raise VV the DT money NN . SENT We PP know VVP that's NNS what WP we PP have VHP to TO do VV . SENT We PP will MD tell VV you PP how WRB much JJ we PP can MD raise VV and CC how WRB much JJ you PP have VHP to TO spend VV . SENT You PP can MD dream VV and CC tell VV us PP how WRB much JJ you'd NN like IN . SENT Then RB you PP meet VVP somewhere RB in IN the DT middle NN . SENT Q NP . SENT This DT is VBZ where WRB the DT dream NN and CC the DT reality NN come VVN together RB . SENT A DT . SENT Right RB . SENT Then RB you PP come VVP together RB . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP has VHZ been VBN throughout IN the DT years NNS has VHZ been VBN a DT tough JJ one NN for IN business NN managers NNS to TO deal VV with IN because IN he PP has VHZ dreamed VVN very RB big JJ at IN times NNS with IN budgets NNS that WDT go VVP way NN , , way NN out IN of IN range NN . SENT A DT lot NN of IN people NNS get VVP upset JJ . SENT The DT business NN managers NNS find VVP they PP can't VVD handle VV it PP , , and CC they PP jump VVP ship NN , , and CC we PP get VVP somebody NN else RB . SENT I've NP seen VVN them PP come VVP and CC go VVP and CC the DT Peter NP Principle NN . SENT . SENT . SENT some DT of IN our PP$ fine JJ business NN managers NNS have VHP gone VVN on RP to TO great JJ jobs NNS with IN important JJ roles NNS at IN the DT Washington NP opera NN or CC head NN of IN CBS NP recording NN , , you PP can MD go VV on RP and CC on RP , , the DT arts NNS endowment NN for IN dance NN . SENT Those DT are VBP three CD different JJ former JJ directors NNS that WDT come VVP to TO mind VV . SENT Q NP . SENT But CC is VBZ the DT artistic JJ director NN an DT important JJ focus NN . SENT A DT . SENT It PP depends VVZ on IN what WP your PP$ aims NNS are VBP . SENT I'm NP a DT musician NN , , first JJ of IN all DT . SENT I PP can MD hear VV all PDT the DT best JJS because IN I PP live VVP New NP York NP during IN the DT regular JJ season NN . SENT So RB I PP can MD see VV the DT point NN of IN view NN if IN you've NN got VVD a DT pretty JJ place NN , , it's JJ nice JJ weather NN , , and CC so RB forth RB , , and CC a DT good JJ place NN to TO listen VV to TO music NN or CC to TO see VV theater NN , , then RB you PP could MD bring VV in IN attractions NNS . SENT For IN me PP that WDT would MD have VH very RB little JJ interest NN . SENT I PP want VVP something NN that WDT is VBZ different JJ from IN what WP I PP get VVP in IN the DT normal JJ , , everyday JJ life NN of IN concert NN and CC theater NN going VVG . SENT Q NP . SENT If IN you PP were VBD studying VVG festivals NNS , , what WP would MD be VB the DT examples NNS of IN success NN and CC failure NN . SENT A DT . SENT Well RB , , that DT one NN in IN Miami NP was VBD an DT example NN of IN a DT good JJ healthy JJ failure NN . SENT He PP attempted VVD to TO put VV on IN a DT festival NN which WDT involved VVD many JJ different JJ disciplines NNS , , all RB 2 CD Oth NN century NN music NN , , in IN the DT middle NN of IN the DT summer NN in IN Miami NP with IN halls NNS as IN much JJ as IN 2 CD O NN or CC 3 CD O NN miles NNS apart RB . SENT I PP went VVD down RB to TO put VV together RB all PDT the DT 2 CD Oth NN century NN budget NN . SENT He PP had VHD a DT huge JJ budget NN , , and CC he PP wound VVD up RP finally RB covering VVG his PP$ deficits NNS through IN contributions NNS . SENT But CC it PP was VBD a DT struggle NN . SENT The DT prices NNS were VBD too RB high JJ for IN people NNS in IN Miami NP to TO pay VV . SENT There EX wasn't VVD the DT basis NN cultural JJ interest NN . SENT So RB it PP was VBD a DT matter NN of IN the DT wrong JJ place NN at IN the DT wrong JJ time NN and CC with IN the DT wrong JJ people NNS . SENT The DT ones NNS in IN this DT country NN which WDT are VBP the DT most RBS successful JJ are VBP the DT ones NNS which WDT usually RB lean VVP towards IN one CD discipline NN , , rather RB than IN all PDT the DT disciplines NNS , , as IN the DT Marlborough NP Festival NP is VBZ only RB chamber NN music NN and CC you PP have VHP gifted JJ young JJ people NNS working VVG with IN their PP$ elders NNS who WP guide VV them PP through RP and CC they PP do VVP wonderful JJ things NNS for IN a DT small JJ but CC devoted JJ audience NN . SENT The DT Aspen NP Festival NP has VHZ an DT educational JJ aim NN , , which WDT has VHZ been VBN a DT very RB important JJ part NN of IN that DT festival NN . SENT But CC it's NNS a DT glorious JJ place NN to TO be VB in IN the DT summer NN time NN and CC they PP have VHP wonderful JJ distinguished JJ performers NNS . SENT They PP have VHP a DT little JJ opera NN but CC mostly RB symphony NN orchestra NN and CC a DT few JJ chamber NN concerts NNS . SENT So IN that DT festival NN is VBZ restricted VVN . SENT Tanglewood NP is VBZ a DT great JJ festival NN but CC it's NNS all DT orchestral JJ stuff NN and CC its PP$ repertoire NN they've NN been VBN playing VVG in IN the DT regular JJ year NN . SENT but CC it's NNS a DT beautiful JJ place NN to TO sit VV on IN the DT lawn NN and CC listen VV to TO the DT music NN . SENT Q NP . SENT Does VVZ the DT nature NN and CC character NN of IN the DT festival NN shift NN according VVG to TO place NN and CC setting NN . SENT A DT . SENT Yes UH , , the DT place NN is VBZ terribly RB important JJ in IN terms NNS of IN summer NN festivals NNS . SENT Q NP . SENT Are VBP there RB other JJ festivals NNS like IN Spoleto NP . SENT A DT . SENT In IN this DT country NN there EX are VBP not RB , , which WDT really RB sets VVZ it PP apart RB because IN most JJS of IN the DT well NN , , what WP happens VVZ in IN a DT place NN like IN Tanglewood NP is VBZ that DT you'll NN have VH the DT Boston NP Symphony NP with IN its PP$ great JJ guest NN artists NNS . SENT Then RB a DT couple NN miles NNS away RB you PP have VHP a DT great JJ summer NN theater NN , , which WDT is VBZ not RB connected VVN . SENT But CC people NNS in IN the DT area NN can MD enjoy VV various JJ things NNS and CC have VH some DT variety NN . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP worldwide RB would MD be VB equivalent JJ to TO Spoleto NN . SENT A DT . SENT Go VV the DT Edinburgh NP Festival NP or CC some DT of IN the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP and CC you PP get VVP then RB more RBR the DT kind NN of IN festival NN we PP are VBP doing VVG here RB . SENT There RB at IN Edinburgh NP you PP have VHP , , well RB I PP don't VVD know VV the DT leadership NN there RB , , but CC at IN Salzburg NP you PP have VHP Karajan NP , , who WP is VBZ an DT extraordinarily RB strong JJ personality NN who WP has VHZ been VBN guiding VVG that IN one CD for IN a DT number NN of IN years NNS . SENT That's NP usually RB the DT case NN . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP advice NN would MD you PP have VHP for IN someone NN writing VVG a DT doctoral JJ dissertation NN on IN the DT general JJ topic NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT or CC the DT topic NN of IN festival NN in IN general NN . SENT What WP might MD be VB there RB to TO discover VV . SENT A DT . SENT Since IN festivals NNS are VBP cropping VVG up RP everywhere RB , , since IN we PP got VVD started VVN at IN Marlborough NP there EX must MD be VB hundreds NNS of IN chamber NN music NN festivals NNS in IN Santa NP Fe NP , , New NP Mexico NP , , and CC Euray NN , , Colorado NP all RB of IN these DT little JJ burgs NNS are VBP developing VVG special JJ chamber NN festivals NNS . SENT Santa NP Barbara NP has VHZ one CD . SENT It's NP very RB exciting JJ and CC everybody NN is VBZ interested VVN in IN doing VVG it PP . SENT But CC the DT know VVP how WRB is VBZ very RB limited VVN . SENT What WP you've JJ doing VVG could MD be VB tremendously RB valuable JJ . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV of IN any DT other JJ similar JJ study NN in IN the DT 25 CD years NNS or CC so NN I've NN been VBN involved VVN . SENT If IN you PP could MD follow VV this DT last JJ thing NN we've NN been VBN talking VVG about IN why WRB some DT festivals NNS have VHP succeeded VVN and CC why WRB some DT have VHP failed VVN and CC get VV the DT factors NNS together RB involving VVG naivete NN on IN the DT part NN of IN local JJ people NNS regarding VVG board NN structure NN , , naivete NN in IN areas NNS about IN what WP is VBZ necessary JJ in IN terms NNS of IN giving VVG to TO the DT arts NNS , , that WDT it PP is VBZ not RB a DT profit NN making VVG venture NN , , that IN serious JJ classical JJ music NN world NN is VBZ never RB going VVG to TO make VV money NN . SENT They PP look VVP at IN Pavarotti NP and CC Sills NP and CC think VV that's NNS where WRB it's NNS at IN , , and CC that's NNS not RB . SENT The DT cost NN of IN putting VVG on IN Menotti's NP opera NN The DT Saint NP of IN Bleeker NP Street NP you PP can't VVD imagine VV what WP it PP cost VVP , , it PP is VBZ a DT glorious JJ production NN . SENT There's RB an DT example NN of IN creativity NN at IN its PP$ highest JJS with IN Gian NP Carlo NP directing VVG that DT opera NN with IN its PP$ beautiful JJ design NN and CC with IN all DT young JJ singers NNS you've NN never RB heard VVN of IN singing VVG so RB beautifully RB . SENT The DT idea NN of IN Gian NP Carlo NP to TO have VH an DT orchestra NN made VVD up RP of IN young JJ students NNS or CC people NNS who WP have VHP just RB graduated VVN these DT hundred CD people NNS have VHP been VBN called VVN from IN student NN bodies NNS all RB over IN the DT country NN , , that IN to TO me PP is VBZ one CD of IN the DT exciting JJ things NNS about IN this DT festival NN . SENT There's RB not RB that IN kind NN of IN chance NN taking VVG in IN other JJ places NNS . SENT I PP hope VVP you PP can MD see VV it PP because IN it PP would MD be VB very RB illuminating VVG to TO see VV what WP Gian NP Carlo NP has VHZ done VVN with IN people NNS with IN very RB little JJ experience NN . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP could MD I PP contribute VV in IN this DT study NN . SENT A DT . SENT You PP could MD contribute VV by IN collecting VVG I PP think VVP it's NNS incredible JJ and CC gathering VVG information NN about IN the DT types NNS that WDT have VHP gotten VVN into IN this DT crazy JJ world NN and CC how WRB and CC why WRB they PP have VHP been VBN successful JJ , , or CC why WRB they PP have VHP failed VVN . SENT Q NP . SENT Almost RB as IN an DT art NN form VV itself PP . SENT A DT . SENT Yes UH . SENT Nigel NP Redden NP , , general JJ manager NN of IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP , , was VBD interviewed VVN May NP 31 CD , , 1986 CD , , five CD months NNS after IN he PP arrived VVD from IN a DT position NN with IN the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NPS . SENT Q NP . SENT How WRB was VBD the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT started VVD . SENT A DT . SENT The DT thing NN that IN I PP think VVP is VBZ crucial JJ about IN the DT history NN of IN this DT festival NN is VBZ that IN it PP started VVD for IN an DT artistic JJ idea NN , , which WDT was VBD basically RB to TO give VV Italian JJ audiences NNS a DT sense NN of IN what WP American JJ artists NNS were VBD doing VVG . SENT And CC that DT was VBD the DT Festival NP of IN Two CD Worlds NP . SENT You PP can't VVD know VV the DT history NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP without IN looking VVG at IN the DT history NN of IN the DT Festival NP of IN Two CD Worlds NP . SENT That DT was VBD started VVN because IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP was VBD an DT Italian JJ who WP was VBD trained VVN in IN America NP but CC was VBD told VVN by IN many JJ Italians NNS that IN America NP was VBD a DT cultural JJ wasteland NN . SENT He PP wanted VVD to TO show VV to TO Italians NNS that IN it PP was VBD not RB a DT cultural JJ wasteland NN . SENT He PP also RB wanted VVD to TO create VV a DT kind NN of IN sort NN of IN artist's NNS colony NN , , that WDT it PP very RB much RB was VBD about IN artists NNS , , artists NNS working VVG together RB and CC artists NNS seeing VVG each DT other's NNS work NN that WDT was VBD very RB much RB an DT aspect NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT I PP think VVP it PP left VVD from IN that IN pretty RB quickly RB , , that WDT is VBZ , , it PP became VVD much RB more RBR a DT festival NN about IN performances NNS , , a DT festival NN about IN doing VVG specific JJ events NNS but CC always RB the DT mix NN was VBD important JJ . SENT And CC the DT mix NN meant VVD that DT someone NN who WP came VVD to TO play VV in IN a DT play NN could MD also RB see VV an DT opera NN . SENT someone NN who WP came VVD to TO the DT opera NN could MD see VV a DT dance NN performance NN , , and CC so RB on IN . SENT When WRB the DT festival NN came VVD to TO America NP , , it PP came VVD as IN a DT transport NN but CC it PP came VVD with IN that DT commitment NN to TO artists NNS remaining VVG , , although IN obviously RB it PP was VBD no DT longer RBR a DT question NN of IN proving VVG things NNS to TO an DT Italian JJ audience NN because IN it PP was VBD an DT American JJ audience NN . SENT It PP continued VVD to TO try VV to TO do VV some DT things NNS that WDT were VBD of IN interest NN to TO a DT broad JJ group NN of IN first JJ rate NN artists NNS . SENT There EX also RB was VBD some DT economic JJ development NN , , which WDT was VBD an DT issue NN here RB in IN Charleston NP . SENT But CC I PP think VVP was VBD distinguishes VVZ this DT festival NN from IN other JJ festivals NNS , , or CC rather RB from IN some DT other JJ festivals NNS that WDT were VBD started VVN by IN cities NNS , , is VBZ that IN it PP started VVD with IN an DT artistic JJ idea NN rather RB than IN a DT cultural JJ development NN idea NN or CC even RB with IN a DT place NN idea NN . SENT It PP was VBD very RB much JJ about IN artists NNS and CC it PP happened VVD to TO be VB Charleston NP rather RB than IN , , Let's NP take VVP Charleston NP and CC try VV to TO figure VV out RP what WP we PP can MD do VV to TO make VV something NN exciting JJ happen VVP in IN Charleston NP . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP other JJ types NNS of IN festivals NNS are VBP there RB . SENT And CC what WP other JJ reasons NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT place NN idea NN , , lie VVP behind IN festivals NNS . SENT A DT . SENT Well RB , , the DT place NN idea NN was VBD imposed VVN to TO some DT extent NN on IN the DT Festival NP of IN Two CD Worlds NP , , on IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , by IN the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NPS , , which WDT suggested VVD he PP look VVP to TO the DT South NP rather RB than IN to TO the DT Hudson NP River NP area NN , , where WRB he PP had VHD initially RB thought VVN of IN looking VVG . SENT That DT is VBZ , , he PP had VHD initially RB thought VVN of IN looking VVG to TO Caramoor NP or CC some DT of IN those DT places NNS up IN the DT Hudson NP . SENT But CC the DT people NNS at IN the DT NEA NP said VVD , , Look VV , , there's RB so RB many JJ festivals NNS around IN up RB there RB , , there's RB so RB much JJ arts NNS activity NN going VVG on IN outside NN of IN New NP York NP , , that WDT you PP shouldn't VVD go VV there RB . SENT there's RB no DT point NN in IN putting VVG a DT festival NN there RB . SENT You PP should MD go VV to TO someplace RB where WRB there RB aren't JJ things NNS . SENT And CC Charleston NP is VBZ sort NN of IN ideal NN in IN that WDT it PP has VHZ an DT enormous JJ cultural JJ history NN . SENT That DT is VBZ the DT first JJ ballet NN company NN in IN America NP started VVD here RB in IN 179 CD O NN . SENT the DT first JJ ballet NN ever RB done VVN in IN America NP was VBD done VVN here RB in IN 1734 CD . SENT the DT first JJ opera NN ever RB done VVN in IN America NP was VBD done VVN here RB . SENT the DT first JJ theater NN in IN America NP was VBD here RB I PP mean VVP every DT city NN has VHZ the DT first JJ something NN but CC this DT has VHZ a DT lot NN of IN cultural JJ firsts NNS . SENT I PP think VVP one PP of IN the DT other JJ very JJ key JJ things NNS about IN the DT city NN is VBZ that IN it PP happens VVZ to TO be VB architecturally RB beautiful JJ . SENT that DT is VBZ , , that IN this DT is VBZ a DT place NN that WDT is VBZ an DT appropriate JJ setting NN for IN a DT festival NN that WDT celebrates VVZ those DT areas NNS of IN human JJ imagination NN that WDT are VBP concerned VVN with IN beauty NN and CC with IN some DT of IN the DT intangibles NNS of IN the DT human JJ spirit NN . SENT So RB , , that WDT is VBZ why WRB it PP was VBD started VVN here RB . SENT That's JJ my PP$ interpretation NN . SENT There EX are VBP other JJ interpretations NNS that WDT are VBP at IN least JJS as RB valid JJ , , and CC probably RB more RBR valid JJ in IN that WDT I PP was VBD not RB involved VVN in IN this DT , , and CC others NNS were VBD involved VVN . SENT That DT is VBZ , , I PP think VVP the DT mayor NN would MD have VH a DT different JJ tale NN . SENT I PP think VVP some DT of IN the DT board NN members NNS would MD have VH a DT different JJ tale NN . SENT I PP think VVP Gian NP Carlo NP might MD have VH a DT different JJ tale NN . SENT The DT real JJ strength NN of IN this DT festival NN is VBZ for IN better JJR or CC worse JJR people NNS have VHP agreed VVN that IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP is VBZ the DT artist NN director NN , , that WDT it PP has VHZ an DT artistic JJ focus NN , , and CC that IN he PP should MD be VB in IN charge NN of IN this DT thing NN . SENT It PP doesn't VVD mean VV that IN we PP don't VVD make VV compromises NNS , , that WDT we PP do VVP everything NN that IN he PP wants VVZ . SENT It PP doesn't VVD mean VV that IN he's NNS happy JJ with IN everything NN that IN we PP do VVP , , by IN no DT means NNS . SENT But CC it PP does VVZ mean VV that IN there EX is VBZ a DT common JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT a DT court NN of IN last JJ resort NN . SENT . SENT . SENT he PP makes VVZ compromises NNS , , he PP does VVZ things NNS that IN he PP doesn't VVD want VV to TO do VV but CC he's NNS enough RB of IN a DT realist NN and CC enough RB of IN an DT artist NN to TO keep VV the DT whole JJ thing NN going VVG . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT role NN of IN the DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT A DT . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT coherence NN question NN , , that IN the DT artistic JJ director NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , a DT single JJ mind NN , , can MD give VV the DT festival NN a DT coherence NN that IN it PP might MD not RB have VH otherwise RB . SENT And CC I PP think VVP that's NNS very RB important JJ . SENT Not RB necessarily RB that IN an DT artistic JJ director NN has VHZ to TO be VB involved VVN in IN every DT aspect NN of IN what's NNS going VVG on IN . SENT In IN some DT ways NNS , , an DT artistic JJ director NN is VBZ very RB frustrated VVN . SENT I PP think VVP that IN a DT festival NN , , in IN order NN to TO be VB significant JJ , , has VHZ to TO have VH some DT idea NN . SENT Usually RB the DT easiest JJS way NN to TO embody VV that DT idea NN is VBZ through IN the DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT And CC it PP should MD be VB an DT artistic JJ idea NN , , not RB an DT extraneous JJ idea NN . SENT If IN it's JJ economic JJ development NN , , than IN it PP becomes VVZ an DT economic JJ festival NN . SENT If IN it's NNS to TO fill VV concert NN halls NNS , , then RB it PP becomes VVZ a DT booking NN festival NN . SENT Which WDT all DT can MD have VH their PP$ own JJ place NN and CC can MD be VB good JJ in IN their PP$ own JJ ways NNS . SENT I PP think VVP a DT festival NN that WDT has VHZ an DT artistic JJ sense NN has VHZ an DT opportunity NN to TO be VB better JJR than IN the DT other JJ because IN it's NNS serving VVG . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP mean VVP there's RB a DT kind NN of IN integrity NN that WDT comes VVZ with IN that DT can't NN come VVN with IN something NN that WDT has VHZ nonartistic JJ motives NNS but CC none NN the DT less RBR achieves VVZ them PP through IN the DT arts NNS . SENT I PP mean VVP the DT arts NNS become VVP a DT means NNS rather RB than IN end NN . SENT That's JJ my PP$ feeling NN about IN an DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT I PP don't VVD think VV it PP would MD have VH happened VVN without IN an DT artistic JJ director NN here RB . SENT There EX was VBD talk NN early RB on IN about RB doing VVG it PP without IN any DT association NN with IN the DT Festival NP of IN Two CD Worlds NP , , without IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , and CC frankly RB I PP don't JJ think VVP you'd NN be VB here RB , , I PP don't VVD think VV you'd NP have VH heard VVN of IN it PP . SENT There EX are VBP 12 CD O NN festivals NNS in IN South NP Carolina NP . SENT have VHP you PP heard VVN of IN any DT of IN them PP . SENT . SENT . SENT maybe RB you PP have VHP , , I PP don't VVD want VV to TO speak VV ill RB of IN the DT others NNS , , but CC I PP haven't VVD heard VVN of IN them PP until IN I PP came VVD here RB . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP will MD happen VV after IN Gian NP Carlo NP is VBZ no DT longer RB connected VVN with IN the DT festival NN . SENT A DT . SENT That's NP a DT difficult JJ question NN . SENT Gian NP Carlo's NP presence NN . SENT . SENT . SENT someone NN has VHZ to TO be VB here RB , , and CC it PP will MD be VB difficult JJ for IN someone NN else RB . SENT And CC I PP don't VVD know VV in IN what WP way NN . SENT I PP don't VVD think VV Gian NP Carlo NP will MD be VB replaced VVN . SENT And CC I PP don't VVD think VV there EX will MD be VB an DT attempt NN to TO replace VV him PP . SENT . SENT . SENT qua IN him PP . SENT I PP think VVP there EX will MD be VB an DT attempt NN to TO have VH a DT new JJ artistic JJ director NN , , or CC I PP think VVP it PP should MD be VB an DT artistic JJ director NN rather RB than IN an DT artistic JJ directorette NN . SENT I PP think VVP we'll NN be VB a DT very RB different JJ festival NN . SENT I PP think VVP it PP will MD be VB more RBR different JJ than IN the DT Met NP was VBD in IN Bing NP and CC other JJ and CC the DT new JJ director NN , , the DT stockbroker NN person NN . SENT Because IN I PP think VVP that IN this DT is VBZ more RBR malleable JJ than IN most JJS organizations NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT it PP really RB can MD be VB very RB different JJ from IN one CD year NN to TO the DT next JJ . SENT There EX are VBP few JJ things NNS that WDT are VBP fixed VVN about IN it PP , , except IN that DT we've NN going VVG to TO stay VV in IN Charleston NP . SENT We're NNS going VVG to TO be VB a DT summer NN festival NN . SENT We're NP probably RB not RB going VVG to TO be VB over IN 17 CD days NNS long RB . SENT We're NNS going VVG to TO be VB high JJ arts NNS , , whatever WDT that IN means NNS , , and CC that WDT can MD mean VV jazz NN or CC circuses NNS or CC a DT lot NN of IN other JJ things NNS . SENT But CC it PP means VVZ the DT arts NNS . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV what WP it PP would MD be VB like JJ after IN Gian NP Carlo NP . SENT I PP think VVP Gian NP Carlo NP sees VVZ festivals NNS as IN a DT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP think VVP he's NNS an DT impresario NN , , that's NNS what WP he PP feels VVZ his PP$ role NN in IN life NN is VBZ . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP think VVP he's NNS an DT extraordinary JJ impresario NN . SENT He's NNS been VBN an DT extraordinarily RB successful JJ composer NN , , but CC I PP think VVP he PP could MD have VH been VBN a DT hell NN of IN lot NN more RBR so RB if IN he PP hadn't NN done VVN these DT festivals NNS . SENT Q NP . SENT Why WRB has VHZ Menotti NP put VVD his PP$ energy NN into IN festivals NNS . SENT A DT . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV . SENT I'm NP sure RB he's NNS been VBN asked VVN that IN . SENT He PP doesn't VVD plan NN to TO write VV a DT book NN . SENT There EX are VBP books NNS about IN him PP and CC there EX probably RB will MD be VB more JJR . SENT I PP think VVP there EX have VHP been VBN two CD biographies NNS at IN this DT point NN , , maybe RB three CD . SENT Q NP . SENT Would MD you PP say VVP Menotti NP is VBZ regarded VVN as IN the DT most RBS knowledgeable JJ person NN in IN the DT world NN on IN the DT subject NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT A DT . SENT No UH , , no UH . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP wouldn't VVD say VV he PP is VBZ regarded VVN as IN that DT . SENT . SENT . SENT and CC I'm NP not RB even RB sure JJ he PP is VBZ that IN . SENT I PP couldn't NN answer NN that IN . SENT Q NP . SENT How WRB do VVP the DT three CD Spoleto NN Festivals NNS compare VVP . SENT A DT . SENT The DT one NN coming VVG up RP in IN Melbourne NP will MD be VB in IN a DT much RB larger JJR city NN , , so RB it's NNS going VVG to TO be VB quite RB different JJ from IN the DT Charleston NP and CC Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , festivals NNS . SENT I PP was VBD brought VVN up RP on IN the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP . SENT I PP went VVD there RB when WRB I PP was VBD 18 CD and CC stayed VVD for IN 5 CD years NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT and CC really RB came VVD of IN age NN in IN a DT lot NN of IN different JJ ways NNS as IN a DT human JJ being NN . SENT . SENT . SENT deciding VVG what WP I PP was VBD going VVG to TO do VV with IN my PP$ life NN . SENT It PP was VBD a DT very RB emotional JJ and CC significant JJ time NN for IN me PP and CC I PP realize VVP that IN more JJR and CC more RBR as RB I've JJ been VBN here RB . SENT On IN the DT personal JJ level NN , , it's NNS meant VVD an DT enormous JJ thing NN to TO me PP . SENT So IN it's NNS hard JJ to TO take VV an DT objective JJ look NN at IN the DT whole JJ concept NN of IN these DT festivals NNS because IN I PP feel VVP I'm NP tied VVD up RP in IN them PP very RB much RB personally RB , , even RB though RB . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP have VHP to TO say VV I PP thought VVN I'd NP grown VVN away RB from IN them PP I PP haven't VVD . SENT So IN this DT festival NN means VVZ a DT lot NN more RBR to TO me PP than IN simply RB a DT job NN , , a DT lot NN more RBR . SENT And CC its PP$ success NN means VVZ a DT lot NN more RBR to TO me PP and CC it's NNS importance NN means VVZ a DT lot NN more RBR to TO me PP . SENT There EX are VBP advantages NNS to TO the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP . SENT Spoleto NP is VBZ a DT more RBR compact JJ town NN . SENT it's NNS also RB got VVD a DT center NN , , which WDT this DT town NN doesn't NN have VHP . SENT There EX isn't VVD a DT place NN as IN a DT tourist NN that IN you PP would MD go VV to TO . SENT in IN Italy NP there EX definitely RB is VBZ . SENT This DT town NN , , however RB , , has VHZ a DT kind NN of IN wealth NN that IN Spoleto NP doesn't NP have VHP . SENT it's NNS got VVD a DT kind NN of IN caring JJ population NN , , which WDT Spoleto NP doesn't NP have VHP . SENT It's NP got VVD a DT depth NN of IN community NN involvement NN that IN Spoleto NP never RB will MD have VH . SENT I PP think VVP the DT festival NN belongs VVZ much RB more JJR to TO Charleston NP than IN it PP does VVZ to TO Spoleto NP , , Italy NP . SENT The DT Spoletini NP are VBP a DT part NN of IN the DT festival NN and CC accept VV it PP and CC expect VV it PP , , but CC expect VV it PP in IN they PP way NN they PP expect VVP spring NN or CC expect VV summer NN . SENT I PP mean VVP , , you PP don't VVD make VV summer NN happen VV . SENT it PP happens VVZ . SENT Here RB , , people NNS make VVP this DT festival NN happen VV and CC don't NN expect VVP it PP to TO happen VV without IN a DT lot NN of IN effort NN of IN their PP$ part NN . SENT In IN Spoleto NN , , there's RB really RB no DT office NN during IN the DT off JJ season NN . SENT . SENT . SENT just RB one CD person NN who WP used VVD to TO be VB the DT local JJ English JJ teacher NN who WP works VVZ out RP of IN her PP$ home NN and CC organizes VVZ housing NN and CC that's NNS about IN it PP . SENT Otherwise RB , , the DT office NN is VBZ in IN Rome NP . SENT It's NP a DT very RB different JJ relationship NN with IN the DT community NN . SENT There's RB magic JJ in IN Spoleto NN the DT cruise NN ship NN magic JJ that IN I PP think VVP festivals NNS bring VV . SENT That DT is VBZ , , all RB these DT people NNS descend VV on IN a DT place NN that's NNS beautiful JJ for IN a DT specific JJ period NN of IN time NN and CC they PP all RB have VHP these DT wonderful JJ magical JJ experiences NNS together RB . SENT And CC , , when WRB they PP fall VVP in IN love NN and CC when WRB they PP have VHP affairs NNS and CC they PP have VHP fights NNS and CC they PP meet VVP people NNS who WP become VVP lifelong JJ friends NNS and CC they PP meet VVP people NNS who WP are VBP bosom NN buddies NNS for IN two CD weeks NNS and CC they PP never RB see VVP again RB . SENT On IN a DT human JJ level NN that's NNS very RB important JJ . SENT it's NNS extracting VVG you PP from IN your PP$ daily JJ life NN . SENT Spoleto NP , , Italy NP , , does VVZ it PP in IN a DT way NN that IN Charleston NP doesn't NN because IN there EX is VBZ so RB much JJ community NN involvement NN here RB in IN Charleston NP . SENT So RB there EX are VBP a DT lot NN of IN people NNS who WP have VHP ties NNS and CC continuity NN . SENT In IN Spoleto NN there's RB very RB little JJ of IN that DT . SENT And CC there EX are VBP advantages NNS and CC disadvantages NNS to TO both DT . SENT There's NP something NN wonderful JJ about IN going VVG to TO a DT party NN for IN the DT Scottish NP Ballet NP in IN somebody's JJ glorious JJ house NN . SENT Members NNS of IN the DT board NN are VBP taking VVG people NNS on IN boat NN trips NNS . SENT That DT adds VVZ to TO the DT magic NN for IN some DT people NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT adds VVZ to TO the DT magic NN for IN the DT board NN members NNS . SENT In IN Spoleto NP . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP was VBD 18 CD , , I PP was VBD falling VVG in IN love VV every DT two CD weeks NNS . SENT I PP can't VVD compare VV the DT two CD . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP should MD be VB the DT focus NN of IN a DT doctoral JJ dissertation NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT A DT . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV . SENT I PP feel VVP that IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP is VBZ not RB like IN other JJ festivals NNS . SENT It's NNS not RB like IN the DT American NP Dance NP Festival NP , , which WDT I PP worked VVD for IN , , or CC the DT Jacobs NP Pillow NP Dance NP Festival NP . SENT I've NP put VVD on IN some DT festivals NNS myself PP one NN called VVN New NP Music NP America NP and CC another DT called VVN New NP Dance NP USA NP . SENT I PP think VVP this DT is VBZ more JJR like IN a DT long RB drawn VVN out IN Robert NP Wilson NP piece NN a DT 24 CD hour NN , , 17 CD day NN piece NN . SENT Q NP . SENT A DT friend NN of IN mine NN , , Carol NP Miles NP , , has VHZ worked VVN with IN him PP and CC has VHZ created VVN several JJ works NNS of IN her PP$ own JJ . SENT How WRB would MD an DT artist NN , , in IN this DT case NN for IN example NN , , looking VVG for IN a DT place NN to TO do VV something NN new JJ and CC different JJ approach NN these DT kinds NNS of IN festivals NNS . SENT A DT . SENT Basically RB , , in IN our PP$ case NN they PP would MD write VV to TO me PP , , rather RB than IN Gian NP Carlo NP , , although IN they'd NN write VV to TO both DT . SENT Q NP . SENT If IN a DT festival NN encourages VVZ the DT new JJ and CC different JJ to TO surface VV , , how WRB are NN artists NNS encouraged VVN to TO speak VV out RP . SENT A DT . SENT We PP approach VVP a DT lot NN , , half DT approach NN and CC half NN reaction NN . SENT . SENT . SENT half DT active JJ and CC half RB reactive JJ . SENT I PP think VVP that's NNS the DT way NN it's NNS always RB been VBN here RB . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP is VBZ very RB much RB a DT part NN of IN the DT artists NNS community NN . SENT the DT general JJ manager NN is VBZ part NN of IN some DT kind NN of IN an DT artist NN community NN . SENT Q NP . SENT Issues NNS and CC trends NNS in IN festivals NNS , , fairs NNS , , carnivals NNS . SENT A DT . SENT I PP used VVD to TO be VB at IN the DT NEA NP and CC we'd JJ talk NN about IN issues NNS and CC trends NNS all RB the DT time NN . SENT But CC when WRB you PP get VVP here RB and CC you're RB basically RB trying VVG to TO . SENT . SENT . SENT today NN that IN woman NN on IN the DT phone NN was VBD the DT senator's JJ wife NN from IN Orangeville NP or CC some DT place NN . SENT We PP have VHP a DT bill NN up RB in IN the DT state NN senate NN for IN a DT line NN item NN for IN the DT festival NN and CC it's NNS extremely RB important JJ that IN those DT people NNS feel VVP that IN this DT festival NN is VBZ worthwhile JJ and CC important JJ and CC cares VVZ about IN them PP . SENT The DT trend NN is VBZ obscured VVD by IN those DT details NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT reason NN I PP was VBD late RB was VBD because IN I PP was VBD having VHG lunch NN with IN the DT people NNS from IN the DT Scottish NP Ballet NP and CC they PP were VBD miffed VVN about IN the DT party NN last JJ night NN because IN no DT one NN fussed VVN over IN the DT chairman NN of IN the DT board NN . SENT . SENT . SENT so RB I PP was VBD having VHG lunch NN with IN the DT chairman NN of IN the DT board NN and CC fussing VVG over IN him PP . SENT That's NP not RB long JJ term NN trend NN , , but CC it PP is VBZ the DT absolute JJ reality NN on IN which WDT one CD works NNS . SENT I PP think VVP the DT long JJ term NN trends NNS in IN a DT way NN are VBP misleading JJ . SENT We PP were VBD talking VVG about IN the DT Edinburgh NP Festival NP and CC the DT impact NN that IN the DT strike NN on IN Libya NP will MD have VH it PP and CC tourism NN generally RB . SENT It's NNS going VVG to TO have VH a DT good JJ deal NN of IN impact NN . SENT Who WP could MD have VH predicted VVN that IN five CD months NNS ago RB . SENT two CD months NNS ago RB . SENT Who WP can MD predict VV tomorrow NN . SENT If IN the DT Savannah NP River NP nuclear JJ reactor NN plant NN blows NNS up RB , , I PP mean VVP I PP can MD tell VV you PP that IN we PP will MD have VH some DT things NNS to TO worry VV about RB here RB . SENT Whether IN Expo NP is VBZ going VVG to TO change VV things NNS operate VV . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP mean VVP , , it's NNS been VBN successful JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT it'll JJS be VB interesting JJ to TO be VB have VHP successful JJ it PP is VBZ in IN terms NNS of IN the DT arts NNS . SENT The DT LA NP Olympic NP Arts NPS Festival NP was VBD very RB influential JJ in IN the DT way NN people NNS are VBP thinking VVG of IN festivals NNS in IN this DT country NN . SENT It's NP not RB our PP$ way NN of IN thinking VVG of IN festivals NNS . SENT it's NNS a DT big JJ city NN way NN and CC I PP think VVP it's NNS the DT antithesis NN of IN what WP this DT festival NN is VBZ . SENT I PP mean VVP , , it's NNS a DT very RB different JJ concept NN and CC I PP think VVP we PP can't JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT everyone NN is VBZ interested VVN in IN the DT idea NN but CC I PP don't VVD know VV why WRB they're NN interested JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT cultural JJ tourism NN is VBZ a DT big JJ issue NN right NN now RB and CC obviously RB cultural JJ tourism NN is VBZ something NN that's NNS gone VVN on IN in IN Europe NP forever RB . SENT People NNS , , Americans NNS , , have VHP gone VVN to TO Europe NP for IN cultural JJ reasons NNS and CC people NNS have VHP visited VVN America NP for IN geographic JJ reasons NNS . SENT They PP wanted VVD to TO go VV to TO the DT beach NN , , they PP wanted VVD to TO go VV to TO the DT mountains NNS , , they PP wanted VVD to TO go VV to TO the DT Grand NP Canyon NP . SENT . SENT . SENT they've NN wanted VVD to TO visit VV relatives NNS , , visit VV the DT Washington NP monument NN . SENT But CC they've NN not RB gone VVN to TO cities NNS because IN they PP wanted VVD to TO see VV plays NNS , , except IN in IN New NP York NP . SENT They PP went VVD to TO Minneapolis NP when WRB the DT Met NP toured VVD there RB . SENT there EX was VBD always RB some DT cultural JJ tourism NN but CC it's NNS become VVP issue NN and CC a DT big JJ money NN maker NN in IN the DT recent JJ past NN . SENT So IN that's NNS a DT new JJ issue NN . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP is VBZ your PP$ background NN . SENT A DT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I've NP felt VVD the DT lack NN of IN education NN , , that's NNS been VBN a DT problem NN , , not RB that IN I PP feel VVP there EX are VBP tools NNS I'm NP lacking VVG but CC more JJR because IN I PP wish VVP I PP were VBD more RBR aware JJ of IN the DT history NN of IN what WP . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP mean VVP , , to TO some DT extent NN , , there RB isn't VVD a DT history NN because IN it's NNS going VVG on IN right NN now RB and CC that DT history NN is VBZ sort NN of IN immaterial JJ . SENT But CC nonetheless RB , , I've NN been VBN fascinated VVN by IN creating VVG an DT intellectual JJ framework NN , , an DT intellectual JJ context NN , , within IN which WDT this DT thing NN exists VVZ . SENT And CC I'm NP not RB sure RB there EX is VBZ an DT intellectual JJ context NN , , but CC I PP think VVP it'll NN be VB fascinating JJ to TO develop VV it PP , , nonetheless RB . SENT I've NP never RB been VBN able JJ read VVP very RB much RB about IN this DT kind NN of IN thing NN . SENT I PP just RB can't VVD bring VV myself PP to TO do VV it PP . SENT It's NNS very RB . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV , , I PP just RB can't VVD bring VV myself PP to TO do VV it PP . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP would MD you PP be VB curious JJ about RB in IN a DT book NN , , a DT dissertation NN . SENT A DT . SENT I PP would MD be VB interested VVN in IN fact NN and CC figures NNS rather RB than IN the DT intellectual JJ context NN , , because IN I PP feel VVP that DT context NN . SENT . SENT . SENT well RB , , I PP don't VVD read VV art NN history NN books NNS or CC about IN the DT history NN of IN contemporary JJ art NN because IN I PP want VVP to TO make VV it PP for IN myself PP . SENT What WP I PP want VVP to TO do VV is VBZ to TO discuss VV with IN others NNS what WP this DT context NN is VBZ and CC , , frankly RB , , we're NN a DT terribly RB nonintellectual JJ field NN . SENT We PP are VBP just RB decidedly RB anti JJ intellectual NN , , I PP would MD say VV . SENT There's RB a DT very RB strong JJ anti JJ intellectual JJ movement NN in IN the DT arts NNS . SENT I PP mean VVP , , You PP do VVP it PP , , and CC , , if IN you PP talk VVP about IN it PP , , then RB you PP can't VVD do VV it PP . SENT Which WDT is VBZ quite RB a DT bit NN different JJ from IN the DT European JJ approach NN , , which WDT is VBZ much RB more RBR intellectual JJ , , much RB more RBR political JJ , , much RB more RBR explicit JJ approach NN . SENT Q NP . SENT Do VV you PP feel VV the DT Europeans NPS see VVP the DT political JJ functions NNS of IN their PP$ festivals NNS . SENT A DT . SENT But CC I PP don't VVD think VV Americans NNS look VV at IN political JJ functions NNS at IN all DT , , whether IN it PP is VBZ American JJ socialization NN , , whether IN in IN terms NNS of IN blacks NNS and CC whites NNS or CC rich JJ and CC poor JJ or CC whether IN in IN terms NNS of IN our PP$ own JJ development NN as IN a DT sense NN of IN place NN , , a DT sense NN of IN people NNS , , a DT sense NN of IN where WRB we PP are VBP in IN life NN . SENT Certainly RB Charleston NP is VBZ a DT city NN that WDT has VHZ a DT tremendous JJ sense NN of IN its PP$ own JJ history NN , , but CC probably RB has VHZ not RB much RB a DT sense NN of IN the DT artistic JJ , , the DT performing VVG arts NNS elements NNS of IN that DT history NN . SENT One PP has VHZ a DT sense NN of IN the DT physical JJ history NN of IN the DT place NN . SENT people NNS know VVP the DT Blackwell NP House NP dates VVZ from IN 1821 CD or CC whenever WRB . SENT they PP don't VVD know VV there EX was VBD a DT series NN here RB in IN this DT building NN at IN one CD point NN . SENT There's RB that DT kind NN of IN history NN . SENT We PP very RB much RB live VV in IN the DT present NN . SENT We PP feel VVP suspicious JJ of IN the DT past NN and CC feel VV that IN we PP invented VVD ourselves PP yesterday NN . SENT To TO some DT extent NN I PP think VVP that IN the DT excitement NN of IN the DT contemporary JJ arts NNS , , because IN we PP did VVD invent VV a DT lot NN of IN things NNS yesterday NN . SENT Q NP . SENT Any DT comment NN on IN this DT list NN of IN questions NNS . SENT A DT . SENT These DT questions NNS are VBP very RB interesting JJ in IN that WDT they PP don't VVD deal NN with IN any DT of IN the DT facts NNS , , figures NNS , , how WRB to TO make VV it PP work NN , , which WDT is VBZ frankly RB the DT thing NN that IN all DT of IN us PP struggle VV with IN . SENT I PP can MD tell VV you PP I PP don't JJ wake NN up IN mornings NNS thinking VVG about IN the DT artistic JJ vision NN , , though IN I PP think VVP it PP absolutely RB crucial JJ that IN it PP be VB there RB . SENT Q NP . SENT That's NNS intriguing JJ , , because IN it PP means VVZ that IN it PP must MD be VB very RB strong JJ and CC it PP is VBZ not RB an DT issue NN . SENT . SENT . SENT it's NNS working VVG . SENT There's RB an DT acceptance NN of IN what WP this DT festival NN is VBZ . SENT A DT . SENT Yes UH , , because IN the DT consensus NN is VBZ in IN individuals NNS . SENT That DT is VBZ what WP has VHZ galvanized VVD this DT community NN . SENT That DT is VBZ people NNS trust VVP a DT number NN of IN individuals NNS associated VVN with IN this DT festival NN and CC will MD take VV things NNS on IN faith NN because IN of IN their PP$ trust NN in IN those DT individuals NNS , , things NNS that IN they PP would MD not RB take VV on IN faith NN were VBD those DT individuals NNS not RB involved VVN . SENT What WP I PP mean VVP is VBZ generally RB people NNS think VVP that IN what WP they PP see VVP at IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP is VBZ better RBR than IN they PP might MD think VV if IN they PP saw VVD it PP out RP of IN the DT context NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP . SENT Or CC they're NN prepared VVN to TO take VV some DT radical JJ art NN in IN the DT context NN of IN the DT festival NN that IN they PP would MD not RB want VV to TO see VV elsewhere RB . SENT I PP was VBD giving VVG a DT speech NN yesterday NN and CC was VBD introduced VVN by IN someone NN who WP said VVD he PP was VBD forced VVN to TO go VV to TO a DT chamber NN music NN concert NN by IN his PP$ wife NN and CC that IN he PP expected VVD to TO hate VV it PP but CC he PP loved VVD it PP . SENT I PP think VVP he PP makes VVZ a DT point NN of IN going VVG to TO things NNS in IN the DT festival NN that IN he PP would MD not RB go VV to TO otherwise RB . SENT That DT issue NN of IN trust NN is VBZ a DT very RB important JJ one NN . SENT I PP don't VVD think VV the DT people NNS buy VVP into IN the DT artistic JJ vision NN per FW se FW . SENT they PP buy VVP into IN the DT fact NN that IN there EX is VBZ an DT artistic JJ vision NN . SENT Even RB if IN they PP distrust NN their PP$ own JJ taste NN or CC , , say VVP , , I PP don't VVD like IN this DT stuff NN , , they PP still RB trust VVP the DT idea NN that IN someone NN feels VVZ this DT is VBZ good JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT enough RB . SENT Q NP . SENT That DT leads VVZ to TO the DT possibility NN that IN the DT NEA NP might MD have VH had VHN more JJR than IN one CD reason NN for IN thinking VVG this DT festival NN was VBD good JJ for IN the DT South NP , , one CD being NN that IN there's RB not RB that IN much JJ new JJ art NN surfacing VVG in IN the DT South NP . SENT . SENT . SENT A DT . SENT No UH , , I PP think VVP that DT was VBD the DT primary JJ reason NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Q NP . SENT And CC the DT effect NN of IN this DT . SENT . SENT . SENT A DT . SENT Well RB , , frankly RB , , I PP don't VVD think VV the DT NEA NP thinks VVZ things NNS through IN very RB thoroughly RB . SENT Q NP . SENT Who WP at IN the DT NEA NP would MD I PP talk VV with IN . SENT A DT . SENT Well RB , , the DT key JJ person NN is VBZ Walter NP Anderson NP , , who's NNS now RB retired VVN . SENT He PP was VBD head NN of IN the DT music NN program NN . SENT He's NP very RB charming JJ and CC a DT nice JJ man NN . SENT I PP knew VVD him PP when WRB I PP was VBD at IN the DT NEA NP for IN a DT few JJ years NNS . SENT I PP don't VVD think VV this DT country NN has VHZ policies NNS , , has VHZ politics NNS in IN the DT arts NNS . SENT We PP don't VVD think VV things NNS through RP . SENT I PP mean VVP the DT glory NN of IN the DT garden NN , , that IN wonderful JJ English JJ statement NN about IN decentralization NN , , is VBZ now RB something NN that WDT could MD be VB said VVN here RB or CC certainly RB wouldn't VVD get VV much JJ attention NN if IN it PP were VBD . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP are VBP your PP$ personal JJ plans NNS for IN shaping VVG the DT festival NN . SENT A DT . SENT There EX are VBP on IN the DT one CD hand NN some DT vague JJ , , grandiose JJ plans NNS . SENT But CC I PP feel VVP the DT festival NN has VHZ the DT opportunity NN , , is VBZ in IN position NN to TO be VB extremely RB important JJ to TO various JJ art NN forms NNS . SENT it PP can MD make VV statements NNS . SENT it PP can MD be VB a DT marvelous JJ showcase NN . SENT it PP can MD do VV work NN that WDT is VBZ significant JJ not RB necessarily RB to TO an DT audience NN in IN Charleston NP only RB but CC to TO a DT much RB larger JJR arts NNS world NN . SENT I PP think VVP that WDT has VHZ to TO be VB the DT constituency NN at IN which WDT we PP aim VVP , , that IN larger JJR arts NNS community NN , , because IN if IN we PP aim VVP at IN that DT , , if IN we PP reach VVP them PP , , we PP will MD reach VV the DT audience NN here RB in IN Charleston NP with IN something NN that WDT will MD be VB significant JJ to TO them PP . SENT If IN we PP only RB aimed VVD to TO the DT audience NN in IN Charleston NP , , we PP will MD do VV something NN that's NNS of IN significance NN to TO very RB , , very RB few JJ people NNS . SENT Q NP . SENT Do VV you PP see VV broadcasting VVG festival NN events NNS live VVP on IN TV NN or CC radio NN . SENT A DT . SENT Although IN I'm NP eager JJ to TO have VH our PP$ events NNS put VVN on IN television NN , , I PP feel VVP there's RB something NN about IN being VBG in IN a DT theater NN that IN can't NN be VB duplicated VVN anywhere RB . SENT I PP think VVP television NN is VBZ a DT very RB , , very RB poor JJ second NN . SENT The DT exciting JJ thing NN to TO me PP is VBZ that DT relatively RB few JJ people NNS can MD come VV to TO this DT . SENT We PP reach VVP a DT larger JJR group NN than IN the DT population NN of IN Charleston NP , , which WDT is VBZ important JJ . SENT when WRB I PP speak VVP of IN a DT small JJ group NN , , I'm NP speaking NN of IN a DT group NN larger JJR than IN our PP$ community NN . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT large JJ group NN in IN its PP$ own JJ way NN but CC not RB measured VVN in IN the DT millions NNS . SENT I PP think VVP it's NNS extremely RB important JJ that IN we PP do VVP things NNS that WDT have VHP a DT kind NN of IN intimacy NN and CC scale NN that WDT is VBZ human JJ . SENT because IN I PP don't VVD think VV two CD million CD has VHZ anything NN to TO do VV with IN the DT human JJ scale NN at IN all DT . SENT And CC I PP don't VVD think VV it's NNS a DT question NN of IN being VBG elite JJ or CC exclusive JJ . SENT I PP think VVP its PP$ a DT question NN of IN doing VVG something NN that WDT is VBZ worthwhile JJ . SENT The DT kind NN of IN things NNS we're NNS doing VVG are VBP not RB things NNS that WDT should MD be VB looked VVN at IN in IN five CD minute JJ doses NNS in IN between IN flipping VVG channels NNS , , having VHG dinner NN , , having VHG telephone NN calls NNS . SENT That's NNS not RB what WP we PP should MD be VB doing VVG because IN these DT are VBP serious JJ things NNS that WDT do VVP need VV to TO be VB given VVN serious JJ attention NN that IN you PP can MD give VV when WRB you're NN in IN the DT theater NN . SENT If IN you PP devote VVP an DT hour NN and CC a DT half NN or CC three CD hours NNS to TO go VV to TO a DT performance NN , , you PP give VVP it PP a DT very RB different JJ kind NN of IN attention NN span NN than IN if IN you PP are VBP watching VVG a DT television NN set VVD . SENT I PP think VVP that DT is VBZ something NN that WDT is VBZ crucial JJ for IN the DT performing VVG arts NNS , , crucial JJ for IN the DT arts NNS generally RB . SENT I PP think VVP the DT television NN sort NN of IN demeans VVZ things NNS and CC trivializes VVZ . SENT nonetheless RB , , if IN I PP can MD get VV on IN TV NP I'll NP be VB thrilled VVN . SENT Q NP . SENT There EX seems VVZ to TO be VB a DT lack NN of IN archival JJ material NN . SENT A DT . SENT Well RB , , we PP don't VVD throw VV anything NN away RB . SENT . SENT . SENT look VV at IN my PP$ desk NN . SENT My PP$ own JJ feeling NN on IN that IN if IN given VVN the DT choice NN between IN doing VVG and CC archiving VVG , , there's RB no DT choice NN . SENT Q NP . SENT When WRB I PP was VBD in IN a DT position NN to TO attempt VV to TO explain VV Spoleto NN to TO a DT community NN , , I PP found VVD a DT lack NN of IN organized JJ materials NNS . SENT It PP would MD have VH been VBN helpful JJ to TO have VH a DT history NN , , video NN tapes NNS , , and CC so RB on IN , , to TO get VV across IN the DT complexity NN and CC the DT full JJ scale NN of IN activity NN going VVG on IN . SENT A DT . SENT I PP agree VVP it's NNS very RB difficult JJ to TO convey VV . SENT But CC I PP don't VVD think VV the DT concept NN is VBZ translatable JJ . SENT I PP don't VVD think VV you PP could MD do VV a DT Spoleto NN in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT I PP think VVP you PP can MD do VV a DT Riverbend NP Festival NP in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT I PP thought VVD about IN setting VVG up RP my PP$ own JJ festival NN rather RB than IN doing VVG this DT , , in IN some DT city NN or CC other JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP might MD do VV it PP yet RB . SENT But CC I PP wouldn't VVD want VV it PP to TO be VB a DT Spoleto NP Festival NP . SENT I PP would MD want VV to TO do VV a DT different JJ festival NN . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP type NN of IN festival NN would MD you PP do VVP . SENT A DT . SENT I PP would MD prefer VV to TO do VV a DT festival NN more RBR like IN this DT than IN like IN a DT lot NN of IN the DT others NNS . SENT Colin NP Sturm NP , , the DT first JJ managing NN director NN of IN Spoleto NP Melbourne NP , , Australia NP , , in IN September NP 1986 CD , , was VBD interviewed VVN in IN May NP during IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP 86 CD . SENT To TO start VV from IN the DT beginning NN you've NN got VVD to TO make VV an DT assessment NN of IN the DT purposes NNS of IN a DT festival NN . SENT The DT problem NN from IN what WP you PP have VHP from IN what WP you've NP told VVD me PP is VBZ that DT you're NN not RB going VVG back RB to TO basic JJ concepts NNS . SENT A DT festival NN has VHZ two CD important JJ foundation NN stones NNS . SENT They're NN part NN of IN the DT total JJ structure NN . SENT Without IN them PP both CC being JJ effective NN you PP haven't VVD got VVD a DT festival NN that WDT will MD work VV . SENT The DT first JJ part NN of IN a DT festival NN structure NN is VBZ whether IN the DT community NN wants VVZ it PP . SENT If IN it's NNS not RB bubbling VVG up RP from IN the DT community NN , , it's NNS going VVG to TO automatically RB fail VV . SENT You PP cannot NN impose VV something NN of IN this DT sort NN onto IN a DT community NN from IN above RB . SENT It PP just RB doesn't JJ work NN . SENT If IN the DT community NN wants VVZ the DT festival NN , , and CC the DT word NN festival NN covers VVZ a DT great JJ number NN of IN types NNS of IN activity NN , , then RB they're NN going VVG to TO help VV pay VV for IN it PP and CC they're NNS not RB going VVG to TO mind VV if IN public JJ monies NN are VBP put VVN into IN it PP . SENT A DT lot NN of IN the DT infighting NN that WDT happens VVZ can MD be VB less RBR intrusive JJ . SENT it PP will MD always RB be VB there RB because IN in IN a DT community NN there EX are VBP always RB two CD sides NNS to TO what's NNS proposed VVN . SENT You PP need VVP to TO set VV your PP$ goal NN in IN whatever WDT paper NN you're NN thinking VVG about RB of IN clearly RB defining VVG the DT objectives NNS of IN the DT festival NN . SENT Q NP . SENT You PP would MD agree VV that IN to TO ask VV why WRB a DT festival NN started VVN is VBZ a DT very RB important JJ beginning NN . SENT A DT . SENT Yes UH , , Spoleto NN was VBD started VVN by IN an DT idea NN from IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , which WDT came VVD from IN his PP$ friend NN , , the DT American NP composer NN Sam NP Barber NP , , who WP said VVD , , when WRB they PP were VBD both DT young JJ men NNS , , that DT art NN should MD not RB be VB just RB the DT froth NN on IN the DT top NN of IN the DT main JJ soup NN , , that WDT it PP should MD have VH a DT concrete JJ , , measurable JJ effect NN in IN a DT community NN . SENT To TO test VV that IN as IN a DT premise NN , , they PP both CC looked VVD for IN a DT town NN in IN Italy NP and CC in IN the DT States NNS they PP were VBD looking VVG in IN both DT places NNS , , but CC they PP found VVD quickest JJS a NN town NN in IN Italy NP which WDT was VBD absolutely RB on IN its PP$ beam NN ends VVZ . SENT Its PP$ population NN consisted VVD of IN very RB elderly JJ and CC very RB young JJ people NNS . SENT All PDT the DT young JJ , , middle JJ age NN groups NNS had VHD to TO leave VV because IN there EX was VBD no DT work NN , , no DT money NN . SENT Unemployment NN was VBD something NN like IN 6 CD O NN per IN cent NN . SENT So RB they PP thought VVD that IN if IN they PP were VBD going VVG to TO prove VV their PP$ premise NN , , then RB the DT festival NN would MD have VH to TO do VV things NNS that IN in IN a DT commercial JJ sense NN were VBD good JJ . SENT So RB when WRB they PP suggested VVD this DT to TO the DT city NN fathers NNS , , they PP grabbed VVD at IN the DT chance NN to TO try VV anything NN . SENT Therefore RB , , my PP$ first JJ point NN was VBD that IN the DT community NN wanted VVD it PP , , what WP community NN there EX was VBD there RB . SENT The DT end NN result NN is VBZ that DT Spoleto NN is VBZ a DT thriving JJ little JJ city NN as IN a DT direct JJ input NN of IN the DT festival NN . SENT It PP brings VVZ lots NNS of IN tourism NN into IN the DT place NN . SENT There's RB been VBN a DT great JJ deal NN of IN building NN and CC regeneration NN of IN the DT medieval JJ buildings NNS has VHZ carried VVN out RP with IN public JJ money NN from IN taxes NNS that IN the DT money NN has VHZ generated VVN . SENT So RB there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT measurable JJ effect NN . SENT The DT improvement NN in IN beneficial JJ life NN style NN through IN the DT arts NNS is VBZ enormous JJ . SENT And CC in IN a DT smaller JJR way NN , , because IN its PP$ effects NNS were VBD not RB so RB obviously RB into IN grand JJ statistics NNS , , which WDT will MD give VV you PP into IN the DT country NN . SENT So RB that IN in IN the DT USA NP , , although IN I'm NP not RB sure JJ which WDT department NN it PP would MD be VB , , in IN Australia NP and CC in IN Britain NP , , these DT statistics NNS are VBP in IN the DT department NN of IN government NN that WDT looks VVZ after IN budget NN , , since IN they're NN a DT budget NN consideration NN . SENT The DT multiplier NN effect NN in IN Keynesian JJ economic JJ terms NNS that WDT are VBP available JJ from IN the DT arts NNS are VBP surprisingly RB big JJ . SENT You'll NP find VVP that IN the DT employment NN possibilities NNS , , which WDT for IN a DT politician NN is VBZ a DT big JJ thing NN , , the DT creation NN of IN jobs NNS is VBZ quite RB properly RB and CC should MD be VB an DT important JJ vote NN getter NN , , so RB that IN every DT politician NN is VBZ going VVG to TO be VB interested VVN in IN this DT . SENT You'll NP find VVP that IN there EX are VBP statistical JJ models NNS everywhere RB . SENT Local JJ governments NNS if IN they PP are VBP at IN all DT forward JJ looking VVG will MD have VH in IN their PP$ forecasting VVG budgetary JJ processes NNS statistical JJ models NNS of IN the DT various JJ types NNS of IN input NN that WDT will MD effect VV in IN an DT improvement NN fashion NN their PP$ ability NN to TO generate VV income NN . SENT Q NP . SENT So RB , , the DT primary JJ question NN is VBZ whether IN the DT community NN wants VVZ a DT festival NN . SENT This DT would MD seem VV to TO imply VV that IN they PP perceive VVP the DT need NN , , the DT benefits NNS , , the DT economics NNS and CC is VBZ that RB known VVN clearly RB . SENT Wouldn't NP that RB be VB a DT key JJ aspect NN . SENT A DT . SENT Yes UH , , the DT community NN must MD want VV it PP . SENT If IN they're NN not RB terribly RB interested JJ , , then RB you PP won't NN be VB able JJ to TO get VV money NN given VVN from IN private JJ pockets NNS , , private JJ in IN the DT sense NN of IN local JJ people NNS , , whatever JJ . SENT And CC you PP won't NN be VB able JJ to TO get VV the DT important JJ support NN , , which WDT is VBZ public JJ monies NN . SENT No DT politician NN worth IN his PP$ salt NN is VBZ going VVG to TO commit VV one CD dollar NN to TO a DT project NN that IN hasn't NN got VVD community NN endorsement NN . SENT Politicians NNS are VBP the DT same JJ the DT world NN over RP . SENT they're NNS looking VVG for IN votes NNS , , the DT ongoing JJ supply NN of IN votes NNS . SENT the DT pork NN barrel NN concept NN in IN any DT language NN works VVZ . SENT Therefore RB , , it's NNS very RB important JJ for IN a DT festival NN to TO have VH a DT general JJ conception NN of IN being VBG good JJ for IN the DT community NN . SENT The DT second JJ point NN that IN I'd NP make VVP to TO you PP is VBZ that IN the DT festival NN has VHZ got VVN to TO be VB able JJ to TO raise VV the DT money NN to TO do VV the DT job NN . SENT Now RB , , a DT small JJ festival NN like IN the DT Riverbend NP I PP think VVP you PP said VVD the DT budget NN was VBD nearly RB a DT million CD dollars NNS any DT community NN in IN general JJ terms NNS is VBZ going VVG to TO need VV between IN 2 CD to TO 4 CD million CD dollars NNS to TO make VV something NN happen VV that WDT is VBZ going VVG to TO be VB very RB much JJ up RB front RB effective JJ . SENT Just RB the DT cost NN in IN the DT USA NP and CC Australia NP , , which WDT is VBZ going VVG to TO be VB too RB broad JJ a DT generalization NN but CC for IN this DT purpose NN it's NNS enough RB , , and CC you PP can't VVD in IN fact NN have VHP something NN that's NNS going VVG to TO be VB looked VVN at IN by IN people NNS who WP are VBP not RB terribly RB committed VVN unless IN it PP is VBZ very RB impactive JJ . SENT It PP can't NN be VB effective JJ in IN those DT terms NNS without IN sufficient JJ money NN , , which WDT then RB goes VVZ the DT full JJ circle NN back RB to TO there RB having VHG to TO be VB enough JJ people NNS in IN the DT community NN who WP think VVP it's NNS worth IN having VHG . SENT So RB you PP see VVP my PP$ point NN of IN that DT first JJ pair NN of IN foundation NN stones NNS . SENT Local JJ government NN , , represented VVN by IN the DT mayor NN of IN Charleston NP or CC in IN your PP$ case NN Chattanooga NP , , both CC have VH the DT same JJ sort NN of IN concerns NNS and CC basically RB their PP$ concerns NNS are VBP the DT one's NP I've NP been VBN talking VVG about IN votes NNS and CC getting VVG those DT votes NNS in IN a DT way NN the DT community NN thinks VVZ is VBZ worth JJ while NN . SENT So RB that IN where WRB local JJ or CC state NN or CC national JJ government NN has VHZ got VVN clearly RB in IN this DT group NN mind NN that IN there EX is VBZ a DT benefit NN , , a DT real JJ benefit NN , , then RB you're NN going VVG to TO get VV some DT assistance NN . SENT This DT really RB goes VVZ back RB to TO starting VVG the DT thing NN off RP as IN we PP have VHP done VVN in IN Australia NP for IN some DT 15 CD or CC 2 CD O NN years NNS and CC that DT is VBZ when WRB a DT festival NN is VBZ put VVN forward RB to TO government NN as IN being VBG considered VVN for IN public JJ funding NN , , that IN there EX is VBZ a DT proper JJ economic JJ feasibility NN study NN done VVN of IN the DT impact NN in IN all PDT the DT terms NNS of IN an DT economic JJ study NN of IN benefits NNS and CC costs NNS . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ a DT plus NN at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT balance NN sheet NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , if IN it's NNS going VVG to TO put VV in IN something NN more RBR than IN it PP takes VVZ out RP , , then RB there's RB a DT chance NN that IN government NN might MD consider VV it PP . SENT But CC if IN it PP doesn't VVD come VV out RP , , if IN it PP just RB comes VVZ out RP even RB say VVP , , then RB the DT benefits NNS are VBP not RB particularly RB apparent JJ in IN feet NNS on IN the DT ground NN , , down RB earth NN principles NNS and CC it PP then RB becomes VVZ the DT sort NN of IN festival NN which WDT is VBZ an DT area NN grouping NN of IN people NNS who WP are VBP going VVG to TO put VV their PP$ hands NNS into IN their PP$ own JJ pockets NNS , , do VVP a DT great JJ deal NN of IN voluntary JJ work NN themselves PP , , and CC probably RB have VH a DT ball NN . SENT But CC it'll JJ stay NN at IN that DT particular JJ level NN . SENT In IN Australia NP , , we PP think VVP of IN this DT of IN the DT Scout NP All NP Boy NP Scouts VVZ complex JJ , , you PP know VVP . SENT The DT Boy NP Scouts NNS are VBP a DT nice JJ worthwhile JJ community NN activity NN . SENT the DT parents NNS of IN the DT kids NNS get VVP together RB once RB a DT month NN or CC whatever WDT you've NN got VVD an DT activity NN which WDT brings VVZ the DT community NN together RB for IN that DT particular JJ purpose NN . SENT Q NP . SENT You PP don't VVD think VV that's NNS a DT sufficient JJ purpose NN for IN a DT festival NN . SENT A DT . SENT No RB , , it's NNS too RB specialized VVN . SENT You PP see VVP , , a DT general JJ festival NN you've NN got VVD two CD types NNS of IN festivals NNS . SENT One NN which WDT is VBZ a DT carnival NN , , summer NN festival NN out IN in IN the DT open JJ , , marching VVG girls NNS , , sports NNS , , swimming NN , , stores NNS selling VVG things NNS in IN the DT street NN this DT type NN of IN what WP comes VVZ into IN my PP$ mind NN under IN the DT general NN heading VVG of IN carnival NN , , which WDT is VBZ a DT great JJ idea NN . SENT Once RB a DT year NN , , usually RB in IN the DT summer NN time NN , , sometimes RB a DT day NN or CC a DT weekend NN or CC a DT long JJ holiday NN weekend NN that's NNS one CD type NN of IN activity NN . SENT That DT can MD be VB done VVN reasonably RB cheaply RB . SENT But CC when WRB you PP start VVP about IN a DT festival NN that WDT means VVZ the DT use NN of IN venues NNS , , halls NNS , , theaters NNS , , bring VV people NNS in IN from IN out RB of IN state NN , , entertainments NNS , , and CC so RB on IN , , you're NNS then RB getting VVG into IN the DT entertainment NN business NN . SENT The DT entertainment NN business NN is VBZ a DT very RB expensive JJ and CC very RB specialized JJ , , and CC , , if IN it's NNS going VVG to TO work VV well RB , , almost RB needing VVG a DT genius NN at IN business NN . SENT You PP were VBD saying VVG you PP that IN you PP hadn't NN had VHD an DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT The DT whole JJ point NN of IN having VHG an DT artistic JJ director NN is VBZ to TO have VH somebody NN who WP is VBZ essentially RB uninterested JJ in IN the DT financial JJ end NN of IN things NNS , , who WP is VBZ looking VVG purely RB at IN what WP is VBZ going VVG to TO work VV in IN a DT general JJ entertainment NN sense NN . SENT And CC you PP then RB have VHP , , what WP I PP presume VV you've NN already RB got VVD under IN that DT system NN , , someone NN who WP is VBZ a DT business NN manager NN . SENT Now RB without IN the DT combination NN of IN the DT two CD I PP think VVP you PP run VV a DT risk NN . SENT Festivals NNS are VBP not RB a DT subject NN studied VVN in IN great JJ depth NN in IN England NP or CC Australia NP because IN it's NNS not RB going VVG to TO be VB of IN much JJ use NN to TO anybody NN . SENT There EX are VBP only RB about IN seven CD major JJ festivals NNS , , which WDT are VBP fully RB blown VVN in IN administrative JJ terms NNS , , in IN the DT whole JJ world NN . SENT These DT would MD be VB the DT three CD in IN England NP Wakesford NP , , Edinburgh NP , , and CC Chichester NP . SENT there's RB a DT number NN of IN small JJ ones NNS in IN the DT States NPS , , one CD of IN which WDT is VBZ Wolf NP Trap NN . SENT there's RB this DT one NN with IN its PP$ three CD locations NNS . SENT there's RB a DT big JJ one NN in IN Australia NP , , apart RB from IN the DT one CD we're NN setting VVG up RP , , in IN Adlelaide NP , , which WDT is VBZ the DT capitol NP of IN South NP Australia NP . SENT It's NP an DT international JJ festival NN . SENT Of IN the DT ones NNS you've NN mentioned VVN , , Salzburg NP is VBZ a DT very RB specific JJ festival NN . SENT it's NNS just RB an DT annual JJ event NN with IN some DT specialized JJ operas NNS . SENT it's NNS not RB what WP I PP think VVP of IN as IN a DT broadly RB based VVN festival NN . SENT There's RB one CD in IN Canada NP that WDT I PP can't VVD remember VV the DT name NN of IN . SENT There's RB a DT marvelous JJ one NN in IN France NP , , Aix NP en FW Provence NP . SENT On IN the DT fingers NNS of IN two CD hands NNS you PP can MD come VV up RP with IN all DT of IN the DT top JJ ones NNS , , under IN ten CD I PP think VVP . SENT Of IN course NN , , the DT study NN of IN those DT festivals NNS and CC small JJ ones NNS has VHZ been VBN matter NN of IN great JJ interest NN to TO the DT economics NN division NN of IN government NN in IN that DT area NN , , both CC local JJ , , state NN , , and CC federal JJ . SENT Those DT statistics NNS are VBP probably RB published VVN every DT year NN as IN part NN that IN entity's JJ economic JJ process NN . SENT Q NP . SENT A DT Salzburg NP study NN has VHZ used VVN a DT seven CD to TO one CD economic JJ multiplier NN . SENT Do VV you PP agree VV with IN that DT ratio NN . SENT A DT . SENT I PP would MD think VV that IN in IN Keynesian JJ economic JJ terms NNS would MD be VB very RB hard JJ to TO support VV . SENT It PP would MD treat VV with IN a DT pretty RB beady JJ eye NN any DT multiplier NN that WDT went VVD much RB above IN 2 CD . SENT 7 CD or CC 2 CD . SENT 8 CD . SENT Because IN in IN the DT arts NNS you PP get VVP all DT sorts NNS of IN muddying VVG of IN the DT waters NNS by IN people NNS who WP are VBP multiple JJ attenders NNS . SENT Say VV you PP come VV here RB to TO Charleston NP to TO visit VV the DT festival NN . SENT You're NP one CD person NN , , but CC you PP might MD have VH ten CD activities NNS . SENT So RB that IN you PP as IN an DT audience NN unit NN are VBP counted VVN ten CD times NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ in IN feasibility NN study NN terms NNS something NN that WDT has VHZ to TO be VB watched VVN very RB carefully RB . SENT Similarly RB , , the DT trickle NN down IN effect NN to TO the DT community NN in IN beneficial JJ terms NNS has VHZ the DT displacement NN factor NN . SENT By IN proper JJ statistical JJ analysis NN , , in IN Keynesian JJ terms NNS , , I PP would MD imagine VV that IN a DT multiplier NN of IN seven CD , , for IN instance NN , , is VBZ double RB counting VVG the DT audience NN number NN effect NN . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB not RB taking VVG into IN account NN properly RB the DT displacement NN effect NN . SENT What WP happened VVD is VBZ , , if IN you PP visualize VV yourself PP as IN living VVG here RB in IN Charleston NP , , and CC you PP decide VVP ten CD tickets NNS , , say VVP at IN a DT 1 CD OO NP value NN , , then RB in IN your PP$ own JJ pocket NN budget NN sense NN instead RB of IN spending NN that IN 1 CD OO NP on IN other JJ entertainment NN or CC other JJ things NNS , , such JJ as IN replacing VVG a DT household NN item NN costing VVG a DT hundred CD dollars NNS , , you PP put VVD it PP into IN the DT entertainment NN thing NN . SENT This DT displacement NN factor NN mitigates VVZ strongly RB against IN the DT overall JJ beneficial JJ effect NN . SENT It's NNS where WRB the DT beneficial JJ effect NN creates VVZ a DT true JJ plus NN that IN you've NN got VVD something NN that's NNS measurably RB beneficial JJ . SENT Therefore RB , , the DT multiplier NN effect NN that IN anyone NN comes VVZ up RP with IN in IN the DT arts NNS that's NNS more RBR than IN the DT high JJ two's NNS , , I'd NP be VB casting VVG a DT pretty RB beady JJ eye NN at IN it PP . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP got VVD you PP interested JJ in IN managing VVG a DT festival NN in IN Australia NP . SENT What WP in IN your PP$ background NN prepared VVD you PP for IN festivals NNS . SENT And CC what WP will MD be VB the DT artistic JJ nature NN of IN that DT Melbourne NP festival NN . SENT A DT . SENT Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP is VBZ our PP$ artistic JJ director NN . SENT He PP has VHZ a DT very RB definite JJ opinion NN on IN what WP should MD be VB included VVN in IN a DT festival NN . SENT It's NP very RB wide RB ranging VVG but CC it PP has VHZ its PP$ emphasis NN on IN opera NN , , ballet NN , , and CC music NN . SENT It's NNS not RB to TO say VV he's NNS not RB interested VVN in IN the DT other JJ fine NN arts NNS , , literature NN , , crafts NNS , , and CC so RB on IN , , but CC this DT is VBZ his PP$ primary JJ interest NN . SENT Therefore RB the DT emphasis NN of IN what WP he PP puts VVZ together RB has VHZ got VVN his PP$ personality NN stamped VVD on IN it PP . SENT So IN the DT sort NN of IN festival NN we'll NN have VHP is VBZ really RB rather RB similar JJ to TO here RB in IN Charleston NP . SENT There EX are VBP certain JJ things NNS that WDT push VVP it PP in IN one CD direction NN or CC another DT because IN there EX are VBP local JJ requirements NNS . SENT Because IN unless IN you PP can MD sell VV the DT tickets NNS , , you PP are VBP not RB going VVG to TO have VH a DT festival NN that WDT will MD last VV very RB long RB . SENT So RB you PP have VHP to TO look VV at IN your PP$ market NN place NN . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP percentage NN of IN tickets NNS will MD be VB local JJ . SENT A DT . SENT The DT statistics NNS in IN general JJ terms NNS , , at IN least JJS the DT English JJ ones NNS , , show NN that IN 8 CD O NN per IN cent NN of IN support NN for IN a DT festival NN is VBZ local JJ . SENT The DT way NN they PP define VV local JJ varies VVZ but CC it PP ranges VVZ from IN 5 CD O NN 1 CD OO NP miles NNS . SENT The DT remainder NN comes VVZ from IN near JJ but CC not RB very RB far RB away RB . SENT Then RB you PP classify VV far RB away RB as RB far RB as IN you PP like VVP . SENT If IN there's RB going VVG to TO be VB a DT special JJ performance NN of IN an DT opera NN that IN I PP like VVP , , and CC it's NNS going VVG to TO have VH a DT cast NN that IN you're NN never RB going VVG to TO see VV again RB , , I PP would MD personally RB move VV heaven NN and CC earth NN to TO get VV to TO it PP . SENT And CC other JJ people NNS of IN like JJ mind NN would MD come VV from IN other JJ parts NNS of IN the DT world NN . SENT But CC we PP would MD be VB some DT part NN of IN that DT 2 CD O NN per IN cent NN of IN other JJ . SENT David NP Rawle NP , , public JJ relations NNS agent NN for IN the DT festival NN , , was VBD interviewed VVN May NP 3 CD O NN , , 1986 CD . SENT The DT festival NN was VBD started VVN by IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP in IN Italy NP in IN 1958 CD and CC he PP always RB sought VVD to TO have VH an DT Italian JJ festival NN in IN American NP . SENT It PP was VBD called VVN the DT Festival NP of IN Two CD Worlds NP in IN Italy NP , , always RB sought VVD a DT companion NN festival NN , , looked VVN for IN a DT site NN in IN America NP through IN the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NPS and CC others NNS was VBD directed VVN to TO look VV into IN the DT Southeast NP , , came VVD to TO Charleston NP , , was VBD enormously RB impressed VVN by IN it PP , , and CC was VBD received VVN enthusiastically RB , , and CC was VBD started VVN by IN him PP and CC the DT board NN of IN Spoleto NP , , Festival NP dei NP du NP Mondi NP , , the DT festival NN in IN Italy NP . SENT The DT artistic JJ director NN in IN the DT case NN of IN Spoleto NP , , Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , is VBZ also RB the DT founder NN . SENT So RB it's NNS really RB his PP$ baby NN . SENT His PP$ role NN is VBZ like IN the DT gorilla NN . SENT where WRB does VVZ the DT gorilla NN sit VVP . SENT anywhere RB he PP wants VVZ . SENT I PP think VVP that IN each DT endeavor NN is VBZ a DT reflection NN of IN those DT who WP create VVP it PP and CC those DT who WP help VVP sponsor VV it PP and CC its PP$ locale NN and CC the DT interest NN of IN that DT locale NN . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN Spoleto NN it PP is VBZ a DT reflection NN of IN the DT artistic JJ direction NN of IN its PP$ founder NN and CC it PP is VBZ a DT reflection NN of IN the DT Charleston NP community NN , , which WDT considers VVZ itself PP an DT art NN form NN , , if IN you PP will MD , , and CC is VBZ celebrating VVG the DT beauty NN of IN its PP$ own JJ historic JJ city NN while IN also RB reaching VVG out RP into IN new JJ directions NNS as IN the DT festival NN does VVZ . SENT It's NNS that IN sort NN of IN combination NN in IN the DT case NN of IN Charleston NP and CC Spoleto NP . SENT The DT idea NN was VBD to TO create VV a DT festival NN in IN which WDT an DT entire JJ community NN could MD be VB immersed VVN . SENT It's NNS difficult JJ during IN the DT festival NN to TO pick VV up RP a DT newspaper NN , , talk VV to TO an DT individual NN , , visit VV a DT shop NN , , or CC watch VV television NN or CC listen VV to TO radio NN without IN having VHG a DT sense NN of IN Spoleto's NP presence NN . SENT That DT is VBZ a DT joyous JJ celebration NN of IN the DT arts NNS and CC the DT festival NN form NN provides VVZ that IN . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT relationship NN between IN festivals NNS , , fairs NNS , , expositions NNS from IN your PP$ perspective NN . SENT A DT . SENT I PP think VVP that IN each DT endeavor NN is VBZ a DT reflection NN of IN those DT who WP create VVP it PP and CC those DT who WP help VVP sponsor VV it PP and CC its PP$ locale NN and CC the DT interest NN of IN that DT locale NN . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN Spoleto NN it PP is VBZ a DT reflection NN of IN the DT artistic JJ direction NN of IN its PP$ founder NN and CC it PP is VBZ a DT reflection NN of IN the DT Charleston NP community NN , , which WDT considers VVZ itself PP an DT art NN form NN , , if IN you PP will MD , , and CC is VBZ celebrating VVG the DT beauty NN of IN its PP$ own JJ historic JJ city NN while IN also RB reaching VVG out RP into IN new JJ directions NNS as IN the DT festival NN does VVZ . SENT It's NNS that IN sort NN of IN combination NN in IN the DT case NN of IN Charleston NP and CC Spoleto NP . SENT Q NP . SENT What WP are VBP the DT main JJ issues NNS and CC trends NNS facing VVG festival NN artistic JJ directors NNS , , managers NNS , , or CC public JJ relations NNS directors NNS . SENT A DT . SENT The DT greatest JJS challenge NN is VBZ to TO stand VV up RP from IN others NNS and CC to TO differentiate VV yourselves NNS . SENT That DT requires VVZ a DT focus NN and CC the DT discipline NN to TO hold VV that DT focus NN . SENT The DT special JJ economic JJ significance NN of IN Spoleto NP to TO Charleston NP is VBZ it PP has VHZ in IN its PP$ nine CD years NNS contributed VVD about RB 35 CD O NN million CD dollars NNS spending VVG directly RB and CC indirectly RB to TO this DT area NN . SENT Secondly RB , , it PP has VHZ attracted VVN companies NNS that WDT wanted VVD to TO move VV here RB because IN of IN the DT quality NN of IN life NN that IN Spoleto NP has VHZ helped VVN catalyze VV . SENT Thirdly RB , , it PP has VHZ helped VVN boost VV the DT economic JJ vitality NN of IN the DT other JJ arts NNS organizations NNS . SENT Politically RB , , it PP has VHZ opened VVN up RP people's NP minds NNS to TO a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN ideas NNS and CC cultural JJ influences NNS because IN it PP is VBZ so RB international JJ in IN its PP$ presentation NN . SENT Aesthetically RB , , it PP is VBZ the DT perfect JJ complement VV to TO Charleston NP because IN Charleston NP itself PP is VBZ an DT art NN form NN . SENT end NN 1 CD . SENT Carolyn NP Mitchell NP , , Chattanooga NP Times NP , , June NP 15 CD , , 1984 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT Charles NP Slack NP , , Chattanooga NP Times NP , , June NP 15 CD , , 1984 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT What WP perspectives NNS support VVP this DT view NN of IN a DT distinctive JJ festival NN theater NN . SENT Look VV at IN the DT use NN of IN space NN , , University NP of IN Toronto NP semiotician JJ Paul NP Bouissac NP advised VVD when WRB asked VVN in IN 1986 CD about IN analytical JJ approaches NNS to TO the DT study NN of IN festivals NNS . SENT Bouissac NP , , author NN of IN Circus NP and CC Culture NP . SENT A DT Semiotic JJ Approach NN , , recalled VVD he PP had VHD asked VVN his PP$ professor NN , , Claude NP L NP vi NP Strauss NP , , a DT similar JJ question NN about IN studying VVG circuses NNS . SENT First JJ study NN one NN completely RB , , then RB a DT few JJ others NNS , , make VV a DT few JJ tentative JJ conclusions NNS , , then RB look VVP at IN other JJ circuses NNS with IN these DT views NNS , , the DT influential JJ French JJ anthropologist NN and CC founder NN of IN structural JJ analysis NN suggested VVD . SENT From IN this DT conceptual JJ starting VVG point NN , , ideas NNS about IN space NN grounded VVN the DT continuing VVG questions NNS , , What WP is VBZ a DT festival NN . SENT What WP does VVZ it PP do VVP . SENT Personal JJ experience NN with IN the DT genesis NN of IN a DT town NN arts NNS festival NN in IN Chattanooga NP , , Tennessee NP , , during IN the DT early JJ 198 CD Os NN provided VVD the DT documents NNS and CC memories NNS to TO begin VV to TO carry VV out RP L NP vi NP Strauss NP advice NN to TO study VV one CD completely RB . SENT 4 LS . SENT In IN Chattanooga NP , , an DT extensive JJ planning NN process NN , , funded VVN by IN an DT interested JJ local JJ foundation NN , , generated VVD documentation NN useful JJ for IN analysis NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival's NP birth NN and CC gestation NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT Charles NP S NP . SENT Peirce NP , , Logic NN as IN Semiotic JJ . SENT The DT Theory NN of IN Signs NNS , , Ed NP Justus NP Buchler NP Philosophical JJ Writings NNS of IN Peirce NP , , 194 CD O NN . SENT Dover NP Publications NPS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Rpt NP . SENT 1955 CD 99 CD . SENT The DT sense NN of IN semiotics NNS as IN the DT study NN of IN signs NNS , , intended VVN here RB and CC throughout IN the DT study NN , , is VBZ derived VVN from IN Peirce's NP definition NN of IN a DT sign NN . SENT something NN which WDT stands VVZ to TO somebody NN for IN something NN in IN some DT respect NN or CC capacity NN . SENT It PP addresses VVZ somebody NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , creates VVZ in IN the DT mind NN of IN that DT person NN an DT equivalent JJ sign NN , , or CC perhaps RB a DT more RBR developed JJ sign NN . SENT A DT more RBR general JJ definition NN of IN semiotics NN is VBZ the DT representation NN and CC processing NN of IN knowledge NN , , a DT more RBR abstracted JJ model NN which WDT suggests VVZ both DT human JJ and CC natural JJ communication NN and CC signification NN processes NNS . SENT The DT idea NN of IN a DT triadic JJ template NN , , such JJ as IN Vincent's NP place NN , , ideal NN , , force NN , , generally RB corresponds VVZ although IN no DT precise JJ correlation NN is VBZ claimed VVN to TO C NP . SENT S NP . SENT Peirce's NP categories NNS of IN firstness NN , , secondness NN , , and CC thirdness NN , , as RB summarized VVD by IN David NP Savan NP . SENT Place NN equals VVZ firstness NN . SENT Firstness NN might MD be VB called VVN quality NN space NN , , a DT space NN which WDT is VBZ occupied VVN by IN existing VVG qualities NNS . SENT Because IN Firstness NN is VBZ without IN relation NN to TO physical JJ space NN , , time NN , , or CC casual JJ conditions NNS , , Peirce NP associates NNS it PP with IN the DT ideas NNS of IN freedom NN , , novelty NN , , and CC originality NN . SENT Ideal NP equals VVZ secondness NN . SENT The DT crucial JJ idea NN here RB is VBZ that IN of IN brute JJ and CC obstinate JJ existence NN , , related VVN by IN opposition NN and CC contrast NN to TO some DT other JJ second JJ existence NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT When WRB we PP say VVP that DT experience NN presents VVZ us PP with IN hard JJ facts NNS , , it PP is VBZ the DT Secondness NN of IN experience NN that IN we PP refer VVP to TO . SENT So RB too RB when WRB we PP point VVP to TO something NN , , or CC refer VVP to TO something NN without IN describing VVG or CC classifying VVG it PP , , Secondness NN is VBZ prominent JJ . SENT Force NP equals VVZ thirdness NN three CD categories NNS . SENT Mediation NP whenever WRB two CD things NNS are VBP connected VVN by IN means NNS of IN some DT third JJ factor NN , , thirdness NN is VBZ the DT category NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Transformation NN any DT principle NN , , function NN , , or CC law NN which WDT translates VVZ one CD form NN into IN another DT is VBZ a DT third JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Growth NP and CC Development NP laws NNS are VBP subject NN themselves PP to TO change VV in IN accordance NN with IN what WP might MD be VB called VVN meta NP laws NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Peirce NP understands VVZ evolution NN as IN just RB such PDT a DT hierarchical JJ order NN of IN laws NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT leading JJ principle NN of IN growth NN is VBZ the DT application NN of IN the DT categories NNS to TO themselves PP . SENT Savan NP observes VVZ . SENT The DT categories NNS are VBP not RB , , of IN course NN , , names NNS of IN individual JJ things NNS . SENT They PP are VBP classifications NNS of IN three CD aspects NNS of IN whatever WDT can MD be VB known VVN , , and CC they PP occur VVP always RB compounded VVN together RB . SENT David NP Savan NP , , An DT Introduction NN to TO C NP . SENT S NP . SENT Peirce's NP Semiotics NNS , , from IN monographs NNS , , working VVG papers NNS , , and CC prepublications NNS of IN the DT Toronto NP Semiotic JJ Circle NP Toronto NP . SENT Toronto NP Semiotic JJ Circle NP , , Victoria NP University NP 1976 CD No RB . SENT 1 LS 6 CD 9 CD . SENT 6 CD . SENT It PP was VBD a DT request NN for IN a DT history NN of IN Charleston's NP festival NN that WDT revealed VVD the DT absence NN of IN such PDT a DT record NN . SENT As IN one CD of IN the DT founders NNS of IN Chattanooga's NP festival NN , , I PP had VHD kept VVN many JJ of IN the DT notes NNS , , files NNS , , and CC papers NNS that WDT ordinarily RB would MD have VH been VBN lost VVN . SENT These DT are VBP available JJ to TO other JJ researchers NNS . SENT No DT doubt VVP new JJ documents NNS will MD come VV to TO light VV as IN others NNS involved VVN in IN these DT historic JJ moments NNS in IN community NN life NN have VHP different JJ stories NNS to TO tell VV . SENT However RB , , the DT evidence NN presented VVN in IN this DT study NN is VBZ as RB full JJ and CC complete JJ as IN constraints NNS of IN time NN , , funds NNS , , and CC scholarly JJ discourse NN permit NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT Jean NP Francois NP Lyotard NP , , The DT Postmodern NN Condition NN . SENT A DT Report NN on IN Knowledge NN , , trans NP . SENT G NP . SENT Bennington NP and CC B NP . SENT Massumi NP , , foreword NN by IN Fredric NP Jameson NP 1979 CD . SENT Minneapolis NP . SENT U NP of IN Minnesota NP P NN , , 1984 CD 81 CD 82 CD . SENT Possibly RB the DT most RBS dramatic JJ illustration NN of IN Lyotard's NP idea NN , , as IN I PP have VHP paraphrased VVN it PP , , is VBZ his PP$ willingness NN to TO honor VV the DT differences NNS by IN including VVG Marxist JJ literary JJ critic NN Jameson's NNS generally RB opposing VVG views NNS as IN a DT foreword NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT Milan NP Kundera NP , , Laughable JJ Loves NP 1969 CD . SENT Middlesex NP . SENT Penguin NN , , 1974 CD 5 CD . SENT 9 CD . SENT This DT comment NN was VBD from IN remarks NNS made VVN by IN Menotti NP at IN a DT May NP 2 CD O NN , , 1988 CD , , press NN conference NN in IN Charleston NP at IN the DT opening NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT 10 CD . SENT See VV interview NN excerpts NNS that WDT follow VVP in IN Chapter NP II NP and CC Appendix NN A NP , , especially RB Theodore NP S NP . SENT Stern NP and CC David NP Rawle NP . SENT 11 CD . SENT Steven NP Gallup NP , , A DT History NN of IN the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP London NP . SENT Weidenfeld NP and CC Nicolson NP , , 1987 CD . SENT Examples NNS of IN other JJ useful JJ festival NN histories NNS are VBP . SENT John NP Pettigrew NP , , and CC Jamie NP Portman NP , , Foreword NN by IN Robertson NP Davies NP , , Stratford NP . SENT The DT First JJ Thirty CD Years NNS 2 CD Vols NNS . SENT Toronto NP . SENT Macmillan NP of IN Canada NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Tom NP Patterson NP , , founder NN of IN the DT Festival NP , , and CC Allan NP Gould NP , , First NP Stage NP . SENT The DT Making VVG of IN the DT Stratford NP Festival NP Toronto NP . SENT McClelland NP and CC Stewart NP , , 1987 CD . SENT Grace NP Lydiatt NP Shaw NP , , Stratford NP Under IN Cover NP . SENT Memories NNS on IN Tape NP Toronto NP . SENT N NP . SENT C SYM . SENT Press NP Limited NP , , 1977 CD . SENT Alistair NP Moffat NP , , The DT Edinburgh NP Fringe NN London NP . SENT Johnston NP Bacon NP , , 1978 CD . SENT John NP Julius NP Norwich NP , , Fifty CD Years NNS of IN Glyndebourne NP . SENT An DT Illustrated NP History NN London NP . SENT Jonathan NP Cape NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Fannia NP Weingartner NP , , ed NP . SENT , , Ravinia NP . SENT The DT Festival NP at IN its PP$ Half NN Century NN , , Ravinia NP . SENT Ravinia NP Festival NP Association NP and CC Rand NP McNally NP Company NP , , 1985 CD . SENT Alfreda NP L NP . SENT Irwin NP , , Three NP Taps VVZ of IN the DT Gavel NP . SENT Pledge NN to TO the DT Future NP The NP Chautauqua NP Story NP 1970 CD . SENT Chautauqua NP . SENT Chautauqua NP Institution NP , , New NP York NP , , 1987 CD . SENT 12 CD . SENT From IN Theodore NP S NP . SENT Stern NP recollections NNS , , 1988 CD interview NN , , Appendix NN A NP . SENT 13 CD . SENT Stephen NP Orgel NP , , The DT Illusion NN of IN Power NP . SENT Political JJ Theater NP in IN the DT English NP Renaissance NP Berkeley NP and CC London NP . SENT U NP of IN California NP P NN , , 1975 CD 39 CD 40 CD . SENT 14 CD . SENT Orgel NP , , The DT Illusion NN of IN Power NP , , 40 CD . SENT 15 CD . SENT Orgel NP , , The DT Illusion NN of IN Power NP , , 47 CD 48 CD . SENT 16 CD . SENT A DT . SENT M NP . SENT Nagler NP , , A DT Source NN Book NN in IN Theatrical JJ History NN New NP York NP . SENT Dover NP , , 1952 CD 3 CD . SENT Plutarch NP recounts VVZ that IN Solon NP warned VVD Thespis NP that IN his PP$ plays NNS were VBD lies NNS that WDT might MD find VV they PP way NN into IN the DT belief NN of IN the DT people NNS . SENT If IN we PP honor VV and CC commend VV such JJ play NN as IN this DT , , we PP shall MD find VV it PP someday RB in IN our PP$ business NN . SENT 17 CD . SENT The DT concept NN of IN liminality NN is VBZ that IN derived VVN from IN the DT anthropological JJ work NN of IN Victor NP Turner NP . SENT 18 CD . SENT Peter NP Brook NP , , The DT Empty JJ Space NP New NP York NP . SENT Atheneum NN , , 1984 CD 9 CD . SENT 19 CD . SENT Nggi NP wa NP Thiong'o NP , , Decolonizing VVG the DT Mind NN Harrare NP . SENT Zimbabwe NP Publishing NP House NP , , 1987 CD 37 CD 8 CD . SENT 20 CD . SENT Brook NP , , The DT Empty JJ Space NP 9 CD . SENT 21 CD . SENT Steven NP Gallup NP , , A DT History NN of IN the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP London NP . SENT Weidenfeld NP and CC Niclolson NP , , 1987 CD 175 CD , , 176 CD 7 CD . SENT 22 CD . SENT Elizabeth NP Mortimer NP , , The DT Salzburg NP Festival NP , , Austria NP Today NP 1979 CD . SENT 23 CD . SENT Eugen NP Hadamaovsky NP , , Propaganda NN and CC National NP Power NP , , International NP Propaganda NN and CC Communications NP , , introduction NN by IN Wilbur NP Schramm NP , , trans NP . SENT Alice NP Mavrogordato NP and CC Ilse NP DeWitt NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Arno NP Press NP , , 1972 CD 173 CD 182 CD . SENT First NP published VVD Oldenburg NP , , Germany NP , , 1933 CD , , as IN a DT master's JJ thesis NN . SENT Hadamaovsky NP was VBD a DT deputy NN to TO Goebbels NP and CC dedicated VVD his PP$ work NN To TO the DT master NN of IN Political JJ propaganda NN Dr NN . SENT Joseph NP Goebbels NP whose WP$ brilliant JJ leadership NN transformed VVD the DT discredited JJ weapon NN of IN German JJ politics NNS into IN a DT creative JJ art NN . SENT This DT document NN also RB explains VVZ the DT strategy NN and CC tactics NNS of IN discrediting VVG liberalism NN in IN such JJ detail NN that IN it PP could MD have VH been VBN the DT intellectual JJ basis NN of IN George NP Bush's NP 1988 CD campaign NN battle NN plan NN . SENT The DT thesis NN deserves VVZ new JJ consideration NN for IN its PP$ insights NNS into IN the DT fascist JJ mentality NN and CC its PP$ goals NNS of IN unity NN and CC sameness NN and CC opposition NN to TO differences NNS . SENT 24 CD . SENT Vladimir NP Propp NP , , Morphology NN of IN the DT Folktale NN Austin NP . SENT U NP of IN Texas NP P NN , , 1968 CD revised VVN edition NN . SENT Since IN the DT tale NN like IN the DT festival NN is VBZ exceptionally RB diverse JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT the DT material NN . SENT . SENT . SENT must MD be VB classified VVN . SENT The DT accuracy NN of IN all DT further JJR study NN depends VVZ on IN the DT accuracy NN of IN classification NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT it PP must MD itself PP be VB the DT result NN of IN certain JJ preliminary JJ study NN . SENT What WP we PP see VVP , , however RB , , is VBZ precisely RB the DT reverse NN . SENT the DT majority NN of IN researchers NNS begin VVP with IN classification NN , , imposing VVG it PP upon IN the DT material NN from IN without IN and CC not RB extracting VVG it PP from IN the DT material NN itself PP . SENT 5 LS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT it PP is VBZ necessary JJ to TO place VV the DT classification NN of IN tales NNS on IN a DT new JJ track NN . SENT It PP must MD be VB transferred VVN into IN formal JJ , , structural JJ features NNS . SENT And CC , , in IN order NN to TO do VV this DT , , these DT features NNS must MD be VB investigated VVN . SENT 6 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Not RB a DT single JJ concrete JJ fact NN can MD be VB explained VVN without IN the DT study NN of IN these DT abstract JJ bases NNS . SENT 15 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT historian NN , , inexperienced JJ in IN morphological JJ problems NNS , , will MD not RB see VV a DT resemblance NN where WRB one PP actually RB exists VVZ . SENT he PP will MD omit VV coincidences NNS which WDT are VBP important JJ to TO him PP , , but CC which WDT he PP does VVZ not RB notice VV . SENT Emphasis NN mine NN . SENT And CC conversely RB , , where WRB a DT similarity NN is VBZ perceived VVN , , a DT specialist NN in IN morphology NN will MD be VB able JJ to TO demonstrate VV that IN compared VVN phenomena NNS are VBP completely RB heteronomous JJ . SENT We PP see VVP , , then RB , , that WDT very RB much RB depends VVZ upon IN the DT study NN of IN forms NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT undertaken VVN from IN the DT viewpoint NN of IN abstract JJ , , formal JJ problems NNS . SENT Such JJ crude NN , , uninteresting VVG work NN of IN this DT kind NN is VBZ a DT way NN to TO generalize VV interesting JJ constructions NNS . SENT 16 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT This DT makes VVZ possible JJ the DT study NN of IN the DT tale NN according VVG to TO the DT functions NNS of IN its PP$ dramatis NN personae NNS . SENT 2 CD O NP Propp's NP work NN suggests VVZ the DT reasoning NN and CC process NN behind IN the DT selection NN of IN the DT three CD basic JJ elements NNS selected VVN for IN this DT study NN according VVG to TO their PP$ functions NNS . SENT place NN , , ideal NN , , force NN and CC their PP$ various JJ equivalents NNS used VVN throughout IN the DT analysis NN . SENT 25 CD . SENT The DT terms NNS are VBP from IN a DT quote NN on IN a DT postcard NN sold VVN by IN the DT Chautauqua NP Institution NP in IN 1987 CD . SENT The DT quotation NN , , Chautauqua NP is VBZ a DT place NN , , an DT ideal NN , , and CC a DT force NN , , was VBD attributed VVN to TO its PP$ founder NN , , John NP Vincent NP Heyl NP . SENT 26 CD . SENT Mikhail NP Bakhtin NP , , Popular NP Festive JJ Forms NNS and CC Images NNS in IN Rabelais NP , , Rabelais NP and CC His PP$ World NN . SENT Translated VVN by IN Helene NP Iswolsky NP from IN Tvorchestvo NP Fransua NP Rable NP , , Moscow NP , , Khudozhestvennia NP literatura NP , , 1965 CD from IN the DT 194 CD O NN doctoral JJ original NN . SENT Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP , , 1984 CD 265 CD . SENT 27 CD . SENT One CD deeper JJR symbolic JJ pattern NN could MD be VB the DT emergence NN of IN the DT species NN from IN the DT water NN . SENT this DT festival NN becomes VVZ then RB an DT enactment NN of IN that DT ritual NN of IN passage NN as IN a DT return NN to TO a DT point NN of IN origin NN . SENT However RB , , this DT would MD be VB a DT pattern NN encoded VVN at IN the DT function NN level NN , , one PP derived VVD from IN selective JJ interpretation NN and CC not RB one CD necessarily RB expressed VVN in IN explicit JJ goals NNS or CC observed JJ effects NNS . SENT If IN this DT pattern NN should MD be VB found VVN enacted VVN in IN other JJ festivals NNS , , that WDT is VBZ , , a DT recurrence NN of IN imagery NN , , language NN , , and CC water NN related JJ events NNS , , then RB possibly RB a DT significant JJ function NN of IN a DT festival NN could MD be VB identified VVN as IN a DT connector NN to TO meanings NNS of IN ancient JJ , , evolutionary JJ beginnings NNS . SENT It PP cannot NN be VB suggested VVN within IN this DT study NN that IN this DT actually RB is VBZ a DT function NN of IN a DT festival NN . SENT the DT idea NN is VBZ to TO point VV out RP the DT potential JJ value NN of IN searching VVG for IN the DT unnoticed JJ work NN or CC function NN of IN a DT festival NN . SENT 28 CD . SENT Rufus NP Triplett NP , , second JJ president NN of IN the DT Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP , , Inc NP . SENT , , quoted VVN in IN a DT headline NN in IN the DT Chattanooga NP Times NPS on IN or CC about IN June NP 1 CD , , 1986 CD . SENT 29 CD . SENT Roy NP Strong NP , , Art NP and CC Power NP . SENT Renaissance NP Festivals NNS 1450 CD 1650 CD Woodbridge NP , , Suffolk NP , , England NP . SENT The DT Boydell NP Press NP , , 1984 CD xiii NNS . SENT Splendour NN at IN Court NP . SENT Renaissance NP Spectacle NN and CC the DT Theatre NP of IN Power NP was VBD used VVN as IN Strong's NP 1973 CD title NN of IN the DT book NN was VBD revised VVN and CC expanded VVN in IN 1984 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ in IN the DT sense NN of IN his PP$ term NN theater NN of IN power NN that IN the DT phrase NN was VBD selected VVN for IN the DT title NN of IN this DT work NN . SENT 30 CD . SENT Umberto NP Eco NP , , A DT Theory NN of IN Semiotics NN Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP UP IN 1976 CD 134 CD . SENT 31 CD . SENT Timothy NP J NP . SENT Reiss NP , , excerpt NN from IN unpublished JJ course NN outline NN for IN Emory NP University NP 1985 CD summer NN session NN seminar NN , , Toward IN an DT Archaeology NN of IN the DT Modern NP European NP Theater NP . SENT 32 CD . SENT Eco NP , , A DT Theory NN of IN Semiotics NNS , , 15 CD O NN . SENT 33 CD . SENT Roy NP Strong NP , , Art NP and CC Power NP , , 172 CD . SENT 34 CD . SENT Reiss NP , , European NP Theater NP course NN outline NN . SENT 35 CD . SENT Tyrone NP Guthrie NP and CC Robertson NP Davies NP , , Renown NN at IN Stratford NP . SENT The DT First JJ Thirty CD Years NNS 2 CD Vols NNS . SENT Toronto NP . SENT Clarke NP , , Irwin NP , , 1953 CD 32 CD . SENT 36 CD . SENT In IN view NN of IN the DT apparent JJ scarcity NN of IN world NN class NN examples NNS , , it PP appears VVZ a DT matter NN of IN fortunate JJ chance NN that IN my PP$ visit NN to TO Charleston's NP Spoleto NP festival NN provided VVD such PDT a DT model NN of IN excellence NN . SENT In IN actuality NN this DT was VBD not RB a DT random JJ encounter NN but CC more RBR a DT courtship NN . SENT The DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NP , , one CD of IN the DT initiating VVG sponsors NNS of IN the DT festival NN , , was VBD as RB much RB interested JJ in IN meeting VVG a DT budding JJ arts NNS lover NN like IN me PP as IN I PP was VBD in IN getting VVG acquainted VVN with IN the DT festival NN . SENT The DT NEA NP intended VVD that IN a DT model NN of IN a DT European JJ festival NN of IN all PDT the DT arts NNS be VB created VVN in IN the DT American NP South NP , , where WRB it PP was VBD felt VVN such PDT a DT festival NN role NN model NN would MD be VB more RBR unusual JJ . SENT According VVG to TO the DT 1986 CD interview NN with IN the DT festival's NNS newly RB appointed VVN general JJ manager NN , , Nigel NP Redden NP , , who WP had VHD worked VVN for IN the DT NEA NP . SENT The DT place NN idea NN was VBD imposed VVN to TO some DT extent NN on IN the DT Festival NP of IN Two CD Worlds NP , , on IN Gian NP Carlo NP Menotti NP , , by IN the DT National NP Endowment NP for IN the DT Arts NPS , , which WDT suggested VVD he PP look VVP to TO the DT South NP rather RB than IN to TO the DT Hudson NP River NP area NN , , where WRB he PP had VHD initially RB thought VVN of IN looking VVG . SENT That DT is VBZ , , he PP had VHD initially RB thought VVN of IN looking VVG to TO Caramoor NP or CC some DT of IN those DT places NNS up IN the DT Hudson NP . SENT But CC the DT people NNS at IN the DT NEA NP said VVD . SENT Look NN , , there EX are VBP so RB many JJ festivals NNS around IN up RB there RB , , there's RB so RB much JJ arts NNS activity NN going VVG on IN outside NN of IN New NP York NP , , that WDT you PP shouldn't VVD go VV there RB . SENT there's RB no DT point NN in IN putting VVG a DT festival NN there RB . SENT You PP should MD go VV to TO someplace RB where WRB there RB aren't JJ things NNS . SENT And CC Charleston NP is VBZ sort NN of IN ideal NN in IN that WDT it PP has VHZ an DT enormous JJ cultural JJ history NN . SENT That DT is VBZ , , the DT first JJ ballet NN company NN in IN America NP started VVD here RB in IN 179 CD O NN . SENT the DT first JJ opera NN ever RB done VVN in IN America NP was VBD done VVN here RB . SENT the DT first JJ theater NN in IN America NP was VBD here RB I PP mean VVP every DT city NN has VHZ the DT first JJ something NN but CC this DT has VHZ a DT lot NN of IN cultural JJ firsts NNS . SENT 37 CD . SENT A DT few JJ elements NNS of IN these DT differing VVG tales NNS unfold VV throughout IN the DT narrow JJ limits NNS of IN this DT study NN . SENT Not RB all DT are VBP present JJ , , especially RB Menotti's NP and CC Riley's NP stories NNS because IN of IN their PP$ crowded JJ schedules NNS at IN festival NN time NN . SENT Yet RB the DT main JJ direction NN of IN their PP$ thinking NN is VBZ included VVN in IN several JJ key JJ quotations NNS from IN the DT transcribed VVN interviews NNS in IN 1986 CD and CC 1988 CD . SENT These DT stories NNS reflect VVP basic JJ aspects NNS of IN the DT early JJ struggle NN faced VVN by IN Riley NP and CC Menotti NP that WDT might MD not RB have VH been VBN revealed VVN in IN their PP$ own JJ words NNS if IN they PP had VHD been VBN available JJ for IN interviews NNS in IN 1986 CD or CC 1988 CD . SENT No DT doubt VVP other JJ interpretations NNS will MD emerge VV as IN the DT festival's NNS archives NN are VBP made VVN public JJ . SENT Redden NP was VBD sensitive JJ to TO this DT uncertainty NN about IN the DT analysis NN of IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival's NP origin NN and CC basic JJ idea NN . SENT I PP think VVP the DT mayor NN would MD have VH a DT different JJ tale NN . SENT I PP think VVP some DT of IN the DT board NN members NNS would MD have VH a DT different JJ tale NN . SENT I PP think VVP Gian NP Carlo NP might MD have VH a DT different JJ tale NN . SENT 38 CD . SENT Carol NP E NP . SENT Miles NP , , Robert NP Wilson NP . SENT A DT Study NN of IN His PP$ Creative JJ Process NN , , master's NNS thesis NN , , Trinity NP U NP , , San NP Antonio NP , , Texas NP , , 1984 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Robert NP Wilson NP . SENT . SENT . SENT opted VVN for IN a DT radically RB different JJ way NN of IN making VVG theater NN . SENT Through IN his PP$ longtime JJ practice NN of IN splitting NN apart RB the DT elements NNS of IN the DT theater NN the DT text NN , , non JJ verbal JJ sound NN , , decor NN and CC lighting VVG he PP has VHZ created VVN a DT very RB personal JJ style NN of IN presenting VVG his PP$ ideas NNS . SENT His PP$ work NN is VBZ based VVN on IN the DT visual JJ and CC aural JJ instead RB of IN the DT verbal JJ . SENT The DT dramatic JJ value NN of IN spectacle NN by IN far RB outweighs VVZ the DT traditional JJ literary JJ dominance NN found VVN in IN most RBS Western JJ theater NN . SENT In IN his PP$ work NN there EX are VBP no DT plots NNS , , no DT traditional JJ characters NNS that WDT interact VV with IN each DT other JJ , , no DT thematic JJ , , political JJ , , or CC moral JJ theses NNS to TO sway VV the DT emotions NNS or CC opinions NNS of IN the DT audience NN , , and CC no DT representational JJ use NN of IN scenery NN , , lighting NN , , and CC sound NN . SENT Yet CC it PP is VBZ theater NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Wilson's NP personal JJ perceptions NNS have VHP created VVN a DT style NN that IN Stefan NP Brecht NP has VHZ called VVN a DT theater NN of IN visions NNS in IN Brecht's NP Theater NP of IN Visions NNS . SENT Robert NP Wilson NP 2 CD 3 CD . SENT 39 CD . SENT Some DT of IN Robert NP Wilson's NP past JJ associates NNS have VHP demonstrated VVN some DT of IN his PP$ imagistic JJ techniques NNS . SENT Carol NP Miles NP choreography NN in IN the DT 1988 CD Charleston NP Spoleto NN production NN of IN Dvorak's NP Rusalka NP was VBD a DT masterpiece NN of IN dramatic JJ effect NN in IN the DT difficult JJ ballroom NN scene NN . SENT I PP am VBP indebted JJ to TO her PP for IN explaining VVG Robert NP Wilson's NP concept NN of IN non JJ traditional JJ theatrical JJ forms NNS . SENT Her PP$ own JJ directing NN and CC choreography NN , , seen VVN on IN videotape NN from IN several JJ of IN her PP$ works NNS in IN France NP in IN 1986 CD 7 CD , , in IN her PP$ 1986 CD Hamlet NP for IN the DT Atlanta NP Shakespeare NP Company NP , , and CC in IN her PP$ The NP House NP of IN Bernard NP Alba NP at IN Theater NP Emory NP , , Emory NP University NP , , February NP 1989 CD , , were VBD strong JJ influences NNS on IN the DT development NN of IN my PP$ own JJ imagistic JJ festival NN ideas NNS . SENT A DT Wilsonian JJ like JJ festival NN theater NN staged VVD throughout IN an DT entire JJ city NN was VBD proposed VVN for IN Chattanooga's NP festival NN by IN Doris NP Hays NP , , see VVP Chapter NP III NP . SENT Possibly RB one CD day NN soon RB financial JJ support NN will MD be VB granted VVN for IN Miles NP own JJ similar JJ proposed VVN production NN , , City NP Opera NP , , which WDT is VBZ waiting VVG for IN its PP$ own JJ empty JJ space NN and CC force NN . SENT 40 CD . SENT What WP is VBZ new JJ is VBZ art NN power NN the DT power NN , , as IN Charleston's NP energetic JJ 38 CD year NN old JJ mayor NN , , Joseph NP P NN . SENT Riley NP Jr NP . SENT , , puts VVZ it PP , , to TO revitalize VV a DT sagging VVG downtown NN business NN district NN , , to TO raise VV the DT cultural JJ level NN of IN a DT very RB wide JJ spectrum NN of IN the DT city's JJ population NN and CC to TO boost VV civic JJ pride NN . SENT Charles NP Michener NP , , Newsweek NP , , May NP 28 CD , , 1981 CD . SENT 41 CD . SENT Guthrie NP , , Tyrone NP , , and CC Davies NP , , Robertson NP . SENT Renown NN at IN Stratford NP . SENT A DT Record NP of IN the DT Shakespeare NP Festival NP in IN Canada NP . SENT Toronto NP . SENT Clarke NP , , Irwin NP Company NP Ltd NP . SENT . SENT 1953 CD , , vii NP . SENT Several JJ of IN Davies NP novels NNS , , especially RB in IN the DT Francis NP Cornish NP trilogy NN , , use VVP the DT Stratford NP Festival NP as IN a DT dramatic JJ device NN . SENT In IN the DT 1988 CD final JJ book NN in IN the DT Cornish NP series NN , , The DT Lyre NN of IN Orpheus NP , , the DT Stratford NP Festival NP holds VVZ center NN stage NN for IN the DT restored VVN Hoffman NP opera NN production NN where WRB the DT action NN climaxes NNS and CC many JJ of IN the DT threads NNS are VBP woven VVN together RB . SENT One PP can MD see VV at IN the DT festival NN . SENT The DT festival NN is VBZ where WRB all PDT the DT key JJ institutional JJ elements NNS foundation NN , , university NN , , artists NNS , , critics NNS are VBP gathered VVN for IN audience NN and CC performers NNS alike RB to TO interact VV in IN one CD place NN at IN the DT same JJ time NN . SENT The DT function NN of IN the DT festival NN in IN fiction NN and CC drama NN is VBZ a DT topic NN that WDT could MD not RB be VB explored VVN in IN this DT study NN , , but CC it PP should MD be VB included VVN in IN an DT expanded JJ analysis NN of IN the DT art NN of IN festival NN . SENT Other JJ examples NNS of IN the DT festival NN fair JJ carnival NN in IN works NNS of IN art NN includes VVZ . SENT Brecht's NP carnival NN scene NN in IN Galileo NP , , the DT looming VVG presence NN of IN the DT 1939 CD New NP York NP World's NP Fair NP in IN Doctorow's NP World's NP Fair NP , , the DT meeting NN place NN of IN high JJ and CC low JJ in IN Jonson's NP Bartholomew NP Fair NP , , the DT rowdy JJ mob NN scene NN Hogarth NP painted VVD in IN Southwark NP Fair NP , , and CC Schumann's NP disconnected JJ cadences NNS and CC tonal JJ breaks NNS in IN the DT Carnaval NP concerto NN . SENT 42 CD . SENT Guthrie NP , , Davies NP , , Renown NN at IN Stratford NP , , 31 CD 32 CD . SENT 43 CD . SENT M NP . SENT M NP . SENT Bakhtin NP , , Rabelais NP and CC His PP$ World NP , , trans NP . SENT Helene NP Iswolsky NP 1965 CD . SENT Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP UP IN 1984 CD 265 CD . SENT 44 CD . SENT Roland NP Barthes NP , , Empire NN of IN Signs NNS , , trans NP . SENT Richard NP Howard NP 1970 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Hill NP and CC Wang NP , , 1982 CD 3 CD O NN 32 CD . SENT Barthes NP caption NN under IN an DT overhead JJ map NN reads VVZ . SENT The DT City NP is VBZ an DT ideogram NN . SENT the DT Text NN continues VVZ . SENT As IN such JJ , , the DT City NP can MD be VB a DT meaningful JJ text NN like IN the DT festivals NNS and CC angoras NNS it PP contains VVZ . SENT 45 CD . SENT Northrop NP Frye NP , , The DT Great NP Code NP . SENT The DT Bible NP and CC Literature NN New NP York NP . SENT Harcourt NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Frye NP concludes VVZ his PP$ book NN with IN a DT point NN relevant JJ to TO the DT matter NN of IN what WP is VBZ encoded VVN in IN language NN code NN such JJ as IN the DT Bible NP or CC a DT serious JJ festival NN . SENT Yet RB perhaps RB it PP is VBZ only RB through IN the DT study NN of IN works NNS of IN human JJ imagination NN that IN we PP can MD make VV any DT real JJ contact NN with IN the DT level NN of IN vision NN beyond IN faith NN . SENT For IN such JJ vision NN is VBZ , , among IN other JJ things NNS , , the DT quality NN in IN all DT serious JJ religions NNS that WDT enables VVZ them PP to TO be VB associated VVN with IN human JJ products NNS of IN culture NN and CC imagination NN , , where WRB the DT limit NN is VBZ the DT conceivable JJ and CC not RB the DT actual JJ . SENT 231 CD 232 CD . SENT The DT ancient JJ tie NN of IN church NN and CC festival NN remains VVZ beyond IN this DT study's JJ limits NNS , , but CC further JJR exploration NN of IN this DT central JJ aspect NN of IN the DT festival NN seems VVZ indicated VVN . SENT 46 CD . SENT Strong RB , , Roy NP . SENT Art NP and CC Power NP . SENT Renaissance NP Festivals NNS 145 CD O NN 165 CD O NN . SENT Woodbridge NP , , England NP . SENT Boydell NP Press NP , , 1984 CD . SENT First RB published VVN in IN 1974 CD at IN Splendour NN at IN Court NP . SENT Renaissance NP Spectacle NN and CC the DT Theatre NP of IN Power NP , , 172 CD . SENT The DT earlier JJR title NN provided VVD the DT idea NN for IN the DT dissertation's NNS title NN as RB well RB as IN its PP$ central JJ concept NN . SENT 47 CD . SENT Christopher NP Hunt NP , , The DT Official JJ Souvenir NN Program NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT . SENT 1981 CD Charleston NP . SENT David NP L NP . SENT Rawle NP Associates NPS , , 1981 CD 73 CD . SENT 48 CD . SENT Alessandro NP Falassi NP , , ed NP . SENT , , Time NP Out NP of IN Time NP . SENT Essays NNS on IN the DT Festival NP Albuquerque NP . SENT U NP of IN New NP Mexico NP P NN , , 1987 CD . SENT From IN his PP$ introduction NN to TO Marianne NP Mesnil's NP essay NN , , Place NP and CC Time NP in IN the DT Carnivalesque NP Festival NP , , 184 CD . SENT The DT importance NN of IN the DT urban JJ environment NN as IN a DT functional JJ element NN is VBZ stressed VVN in IN this DT article NN . SENT 49 CD . SENT Certainly RB no DT tabular JJ reduction NN does VVZ justice NN to TO any DT work NN of IN imagination NN . SENT However RB , , this DT classification NN scheme NN provides VVZ a DT useful JJ device NN for IN organizing VVG the DT chaos NN of IN a DT festival NN into IN categories NNS for IN interpretive JJ comparison NN . SENT In IN examining VVG the DT wide JJ array NN of IN festival NN categories NNS on IN the DT template NN , , it PP is VBZ clear JJ that IN categories NNS such JJ as IN programming NN , , results NNS , , management NN , , or CC critical JJ reaction NN in IN themselves PP merit VVP extensive JJ exploration NN . SENT Any DT serious JJ arts NNS festival's NNS programming NN would MD itself PP merit VV a DT separate JJ monograph NN and CC critical JJ probe NN , , and CC in IN fact NN most JJS available JJ festival NN histories NNS primarily RB provide VVP this DT valuable JJ documentation NN as IN chronological JJ lists NNS of IN performance NN events NNS and CC their PP$ financing NN . SENT However RB , , questions NNS of IN potential JJ deeper JJR significances NNS and CC social JJ meanings NNS often RB remain VVP unexplored VVN by IN these DT individual JJ festival NN histories NNS , , collections NNS of IN studies NNS of IN particular JJ events NNS looked VVD at IN in IN isolation NN , , as IN Roy NP Strong JJ observed VVD . SENT 50 CD . SENT Charles NP S NP . SENT Wadsworth NP , , interview NN tape NN recorded VVN during IN chamber NN series NN break NN at IN Charleston's NP Dock NP Street NP Theater NP during IN the DT Spoleto NP Festival NP , , May NP 1986 CD . SENT 51 CD . SENT The DT eleven NN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT posters NNS form VVP a DT unique JJ representation NN of IN the DT evolution NN of IN this DT festival NN and CC its PP$ unpredictable JJ offerings NNS . SENT Each DT poster NN differs VVZ widely RB . SENT 52 CD . SENT Wadsworth NP had VHD visited VVN with IN the DT Riverbend NP organizers NNS in IN late JJ 1982 CD , , when WRB his PP$ Lincoln NP Center NP chamber NN society NN was VBD performing VVG in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT He PP offered VVD several JJ suggestions NNS for IN associates NNS who WP could MD be VB artistic JJ directors NNS for IN Riverbend NP . SENT Now RB retired VVN from IN the DT Lincoln NP Center NP organization NN , , he PP represents VVZ a DT unique JJ musical JJ force NN in IN creating VVG popular JJ audiences NNS for IN American JJ chamber NN music NN , , while IN retaining VVG his PP$ downhome NN Newnan NP , , Georgia NP , , modesty NN and CC humor NN . SENT 53 CD . SENT This DT observation NN was VBD made VVN by IN an DT Atlanta NP ceramic JJ jewelry NN artist NN , , Dorothy NP Kimball NP . SENT She PP observed VVD a DT string NN of IN colored VVN lights NNS on IN my PP$ 1989 CD makeshift JJ Christmas NP tree NN , , a DT large JJ palm NN plant NN . SENT The DT comment NN triggered VVD this DT idea NN of IN the DT festive JJ nature NN of IN differences NNS in IN a DT more RBR general JJ sense NN . SENT 54 CD . SENT The DT festival's JJ first JJ general JJ manager NN , , Christine NP L NP . SENT Reed NP , , wrote VVD in IN the DT first JJ 1977 CD program NN . SENT There EX is VBZ abundant JJ reason NN for IN the DT appropriateness NN of IN Charleston NP , , South NP Carolina NP , , as IN the DT site NN of IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT its PP$ pride NN in IN sustaining VVG its PP$ own JJ rich JJ aesthetic JJ heritage NN of IN architectural JJ and CC botanical JJ treasures NNS , , its PP$ long JJ time NN concern NN for IN the DT educational JJ process NN the DT College NP of IN Charleston NP is VBZ the DT oldest JJS municipal JJ college NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS , , the DT establishment NN of IN a DT repository NN of IN its PP$ life NN style NN the DT Museum NP of IN Charleston NP is VBZ the DT oldest JJS museum NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS , , the DT forming VVG of IN the DT St NP . SENT Cecelia NP society NN in IN 1762 CD as IN an DT outlet NN for IN the DT musically RB inclined VVN , , the DT first JJ theatre NN in IN America NP built VVN exclusively RB for IN theatrical JJ purposes NNS the DT Dock NP Street NP Theater NP , , and CC the DT first JJ opera NN in IN this DT country NN Flora NP was VBD performed VVN in IN Charleston NP in IN 1735 CD . SENT 55 CD . SENT John NP Gruen NP , , Menotti NP New NP York NP . SENT Macmillan NP , , 1978 CD . SENT 56 CD . SENT Joseph NP P NN . SENT , , Riley NP , , Jr NP . SENT , , Mayor NP of IN Charleston NP , , Statement NN in IN 1978 CD official NN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT program NN guide NN , , 12 CD . SENT 57 CD . SENT Max NP Reinhardt NP , , Austria NP Today NP , , 1979 CD . SENT 58 CD . SENT The DT emergence NN of IN Piccolo NP Spoleto NP two CD years NNS after IN the DT first JJ 1977 CD festival NN suggests VVZ that IN there EX were VBD numerous JJ needs NNS that IN the DT main JJ festival NN was VBD not RB addressing VVG . SENT Piccolo NP , , its PP$ several JJ hundred CD events NNS sponsored VVN by IN the DT City NP of IN Charleston NP , , probably RB could MD be VB moved VVN to TO another DT time NN of IN year NN if IN it PP actually RB were VBD meeting VVG extremely RB different JJ needs NNS from IN the DT main JJ festival NN . SENT A DT difference NN greater JJR than IN each DT festival's JJ programming NN is VBZ the DT cost NN of IN both DT high JJ and CC low JJ art NN , , more RBR precisely RB expensive JJ or CC free JJ performances NNS , , which WDT are VBP highly RB innovative JJ in IN the DT Piccolo NP offerings NNS . SENT The DT big JJ and CC little JJ festivals NNS appear VVP to TO be VB complementary JJ , , each DT drawing VVG their PP$ magic NN and CC power NN from IN their PP$ differing VVG purposes NNS , , a DT difference NN contained VVN within IN Menotti's NP aesthetic JJ philosophy NN . SENT 59 CD . SENT Redden NP announced VVD at IN the DT festival's JJ 1988 CD news NN conference NN that IN the DT festival NN was VBD in IN the DT black JJ , , meaning VVG that DT sufficient JJ unearned JJ , , or CC grant NN and CC donation NN revenues NNS , , had VHD been VBN raised VVN to TO pay VV expenses NNS . SENT Considering VVG the DT festival's JJ early JJ days NNS of IN large JJ deficits NNS , , it PP was VBD a DT significant JJ achievement NN . SENT 60 CD . SENT For IN this DT analysis NN , , the DT methodology NN used VVN in IN the DT functions NNS categories NNS for IN Charleston's NP festival NN Chapter NP II NP can MD be VB continued VVN . SENT Although IN such PDT a DT chart NN lacks VVZ descriptive JJ power NN , , these DT categories NNS suggest VVP the DT basic JJ elements NNS that WDT appear VVP in IN most JJS festivals NNS as RB well RB as IN the DT specific JJ features NNS of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP in IN 1987 CD . SENT Name NN . SENT Riverbend NP Festival NP Type NN . SENT Popular JJ entertainment NN Model NP . SENT Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Plum NP Nelly NP Purpose NN . SENT Bring VV community NN together RB , , improve VV economy NN , , present JJ arts NNS Results NNS . SENT Large JJ crowds NNS , , develop VV riverfront NN , , build VV pride NN Programming NN . SENT Highlighted VVN popular JJ musical JJ entertainers NNS such JJ as IN Willie NP Nelson NP , , Sarah NP Vaughn NP with IN the DT Chattanooga NP Symphony NP Orchestra NN , , Blood NP , , Sweat NP Tears NNS , , Chicago NP , , Arlo NP Guthrie NP and CC Pete NP Seeger NP , , the DT Spinners NNS , , the DT Judds NNS , , a DT classical JJ chamber NN trio NN in IN residence NN , , and CC about RB two CD dozen NN other JJ performers NNS Budget NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT 3 CD million CD Duration NN . SENT Ten CD days NNS Location NP and CC theaters NNS . SENT Several JJ acres NNS of IN a DT downtown JJ riverfront NN park NN plus CC a DT few JJ other JJ indoor JJ and CC outdoor JJ sites NNS Artistic JJ Director NP . SENT O NP Management NP . SENT Self NN perpetuating VVG board NN , , a DT contracted VVN local JJ management NN staff NN Workers NNS . SENT Hundreds NNS of IN volunteers NNS , , part NN time NN staff NN Audience NN . SENT As RB many JJ as IN 1 CD OO NP , , OOO NP spectators NNS gathered VVD for IN the DT most RBS popular JJ concerts NNS , , such JJ as IN Chicago NP in IN 1987 CD . SENT total JJ estimated JJ audience NN was VBD 25 CD O NN , , OOO NP Audience NN access NN . SENT 8 CD plastic JJ lapel NN pin NN for IN all DT events NNS Related JJ events NNS . SENT Water NN skiing NN and CC hydroplane NN motorboat NN races NNS on IN the DT Tennessee NP River NP . SENT triathlon NN . SENT downtown JJ parade NN Food NN . SENT Some DT two CD dozen NN vendors NNS offered VVD food NN , , drinks NNS , , and CC souvenirs NNS Reaction NN . SENT City NN leaders NNS have VHP described VVN the DT festival NN as IN the DT city's JJ signature NN piece NN . SENT Featured VVN in IN Southern NP Living VVG magazine NN as IN key JJ event NN Profit NN . SENT 75 CD , , OOO NP estimated VVD 61 CD . SENT Of IN course NN , , in IN 198 CD O NN 81 CD none NN of IN us PP would MD have VH thought VVN to TO articulate VV such JJ general JJ concepts NNS of IN sameness NN or CC the DT idea NN of IN observing VVG the DT empty JJ space NN as IN I PP have VHP employed VVN the DT phrase NN , , although IN the DT idea NN is VBZ present JJ in IN what WP Robbins NP and CC I PP wrote VVD on IN May NP 5 CD . SENT How WRB could MD such JJ a DT completely RB foreign JJ idea NN of IN looking VVG at IN nothing NN surface NN in IN the DT first JJ place NN . SENT It PP was VBD not RB until IN November NP 1987 CD , , when WRB I PP was VBD searching VVG for IN some DT entry NN point NN to TO writing VVG a DT final JJ academic JJ essay NN about IN Riverbend's NP meanings NNS , , that IN the DT concept NN came VVD to TO me PP while IN reading VVG Peter NP Brook's NP The DT Empty JJ Space NP , , whose WP$ implications NNS were VBD discussed VVN in IN Chapter NP I PP . SENT The DT effect NN was VBD analogous JJ to TO that DT of IN looking VVG at IN the DT surrounding VVG contextual JJ landscape NN in IN reverse JJ video NN . SENT The DT dark NN and CC the DT light JJ spaces NNS were VBD reversed VVN . SENT in IN a DT moment NN of IN insight NN there EX was VBD nothing NN , , absence NN , , empty JJ space NN symbolized VVN by IN a DT zero NN signifying VVG no DT meaning NN present VV yet RB this DT no DT thing NN became VVD a DT presence NN much RB like IN a DT blank JJ space NN on IN a DT grid NN of IN elements NNS . SENT 62 CD . SENT Awareness NN of IN this DT empty JJ space NN , , which WDT of IN course NN was VBD not RB completely RB empty JJ , , began VVD with IN memory NN of IN remarks NNS that IN I PP , , as IN the DT city's JJ public JJ affairs NNS director NN , , wrote VVD for IN the DT mayor's NNS welcoming VVG comments NNS at IN the DT last JJ Downtown NN Arts NP Festival NP in IN 1972 CD . SENT He PP had VHD stressed VVN the DT vitality NN that IN the DT arts NNS bring VVP to TO the DT city NN and CC , , an DT always RB present JJ theme NN , , called VVD attention NN to TO the DT unusual JJ scenic JJ beauty NN of IN mountains NNS , , river NN , , and CC lakes NNS that IN Chattanoogans NP should MD strive VV to TO live VV up RB to TO and CC match VV in IN our PP$ imaginative JJ human JJ works NNS . SENT 63 CD . SENT The DT sequence NN of IN influences NNS , , the DT process NN of IN opening VVG a DT new JJ definition NN of IN festival NN , , and CC the DT larger JJR context NN of IN the DT sources NNS that WDT influenced VVD this DT one CD city's NN creation NN of IN a DT festival NN are VBP revealed VVN in IN part NN by IN much RB earlier JJR efforts NNS . SENT From IN 1898 CD into IN the DT early JJ 19 CD OOs NNS , , Chattanooga NP hosted VVD an DT annual JJ week NN long JJ May NP festival NN with IN concerts NNS , , parades NNS , , bicycle NN races NNS , , flower NN shows NNS , , citizens NNS in IN carnival NN dress NN , , and CC king NN and CC queen NN coronations NNS . SENT These DT were VBD major JJ events NNS involving VVG towns NNS around IN the DT city NN . SENT A DT midway NN carnival NN occupied VVD downtown JJ city NN streets NNS . SENT Regional JJ events NNS celebrated VVD the DT Norwegian JJ god NN Balfur's NP arrival NN in IN Spring NP the DT Festival NP of IN Nature NP , , a DT provocative JJ hint NN of IN nature's JJ statement NN of IN a DT festival NN of IN differences NNS when WRB the DT plant NN kingdom NN is VBZ in IN full JJ blossom NN and CC in IN full JJ embrace VV and CC exchange VV of IN differences NNS . SENT These DT festivals NNS had VHD several JJ commonalities NNS with IN the DT creation NN , , purposes NNS , , and CC programming NN of IN the DT current JJ Riverbend NP Festival NP , , but CC it PP appears VVZ the DT only JJ surviving VVG element NN is VBZ the DT August NP debutante NN presentation NN , , the DT Cottonball NP Gala NP . SENT These DT festivals NNS were VBD unknown JJ to TO all DT local JJ Riverbend NP organizers NNS until IN March NP 1988 CD . SENT Then RB , , when WRB several JJ of IN us PP read VVP copies NNS of IN the DT Chattanooga NP News NP Free NP Press NP articles NNS that IN I PP had VHD found VVN at IN the DT public JJ library NN , , we PP were VBD struck VVN by IN the DT similarity NN of IN having VHG had VHN at IN that DT time NN a DT local JJ man NN pick VV up RP from IN uncertain JJ sources NNS the DT idea NN of IN having VHG a DT major JJ town NN festival NN for IN many JJ of IN the DT same JJ reasons NNS we PP had VHD chosen VVN in IN 1981 CD . SENT It PP would MD be VB trite JJ to TO say VV that DT history NN repeats VVZ itself PP . SENT But CC empty JJ space NN theory NN predicts VVZ that IN the DT scenic JJ mountain NN town NN would MD inspire VV imaginative JJ dreaming VVG of IN cultural JJ artifacts NNS to TO match VV those DT of IN its PP$ natural JJ context NN . SENT More RBR extensive JJ work NN in IN searching VVG for IN such JJ historic JJ patterns NNS is VBZ indicated VVN . SENT In IN 1935 CD , , the DT second JJ National NP Folk NP Festival NP was VBD held VVN in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT This DT spring NN event NN was VBD part NN of IN a DT national JJ resurgence NN in IN gathering VVG and CC performing VVG authentic JJ folk NN ballads NNS and CC in IN restoring VVG the DT purity NN of IN the DT folk NN , , mainly RB white JJ folk NN . SENT In IN a DT study NN of IN the DT racist JJ White NP Top NP Folk NP Festival NP of IN the DT 193 CD Os NN in IN Virginia NP , , Chattanooga's NP hosting VVG of IN this DT event NN drew VVD comment NN for IN its PP$ inclusion NN of IN black JJ singers NNS . SENT Sarah NP Gertrude NP Knott NP , , who WP founded VVD the DT National NP Folk NP Festival NP in IN 1934 CD , , presented VVD a DT broad JJ range NN of IN performers NNS , , including VVG black JJ , , who WP shared VVD the DT stage NN with IN whites NNS . SENT The DT picture NN of IN our PP$ folk NN life NN today NN would MD not RB be VB complete JJ , , she PP said VVD , , without IN the DT contributions NNS of IN the DT Negro NP . SENT At IN her PP$ second JJ annual JJ festival NN in IN 1935 CD , , held VVN in IN Chattanooga NP , , Tennessee NP surely RB as IN race NN conscious JJ an DT area NN as IN south JJ Virginia NP Knott's NP mountain NN fiddlers NNS and CC ballad NN singers NNS shared VVD the DT program NN with IN a DT thousand CD voice NN black JJ chorus NN singing NN spirituals NNS . SENT David NP E NP . SENT Whisnant NP , , All PDT That DT is VBZ Native JJ and CC Fine JJ . SENT the DT Politics NN of IN Culture NP in IN an DT American JJ Region NN . SENT Chapel NP Hill NP . SENT UNC NP P NN , , 1983 CD , , 244 CD . SENT I PP am VBP indebted JJ to TO Allen NP Tullos NP of IN Emory NP University's NP Graduate NP Institute NP of IN Liberal NP Arts NP for IN mentioning VVG this DT work NN late RB in IN the DT research NN for IN this DT study NN . SENT The DT intentionally RB racist JJ purposes NNS of IN White NP Top JJ merit NN comparison NN with IN similar JJ German JJ ideologies NNS of IN the DT 193 CD Os NN . SENT White NP Top NP reflects VVZ an DT extreme JJ example NN of IN racially RB exclusive JJ programming NN and CC admission NN to TO the DT white JJ top NN of IN the DT mountain NN . SENT However RB , , the DT image NN of IN a DT thousand CD voice NN black JJ chorus NN evokes VVZ the DT sing VVP festival NN , , Southern NP Voices NNS , , proposed VVN during IN the DT 1981 CD planning NN seminars NNS by IN Doris NP Hays NP . SENT When WRB the DT formal JJ research NN was VBD underway JJ , , we PP were VBD very RB negligent JJ in IN not RB paying VVG attention NN to TO the DT nature NN of IN past JJ festivals NNS in IN the DT city NN . SENT Longo's NP previous JJ research NN in IN a DT city NN newspaper NN insert NN had VHD esaped VVN notice NN . SENT During IN the DT 195 CD Os NN and CC early RB 7 CD Os NN , , the DT city's NP Allied NP Arts NPS Council NP sponsored VVD an DT annual JJ spring NN or CC fall VV weekend NN arts NNS festival NN with IN primarily RB outside IN performing VVG and CC visual JJ arts NNS . SENT The DT last JJ downtown NN spring NN arts NNS festival NN held VVN in IN 1972 CD . SENT According VVG to TO a DT conversation NN with IN the DT festival's JJ chairperson NN , , Kathy NP Patten NP , , the DT downtown JJ retail JJ merchants NNS complained VVD so RB much RB about IN the DT loss NN of IN business NN during IN the DT festival NN that IN it PP was VBD discontinued VVN . SENT All PDT the DT parking NN spaces NNS were VBD filled VVN , , the DT merchants NNS complained VVD . SENT The DT festival NN itself PP was VBD primarily RB visual JJ arts NNS , , including VVG crafts NNS , , juried JJ paintings NNS , , pottery NN , , and CC a DT small JJ amount NN of IN performing VVG arts NNS . SENT A DT few JJ clowns NNS amused VVN the DT crowd NN . SENT dancers NNS had VHD a DT brief JJ presentation NN , , and CC the DT Chattanooga NP Symphony NP Orchestra NN played VVD . SENT After IN that DT , , for IN nearly RB a DT decade NN no DT central JJ arts NNS festival NN of IN any DT kind NN enlivened VVD downtown JJ Chattanooga NP . SENT 64 CD . SENT The DT record NN of IN the DT struggle NN to TO fill VV the DT city's JJ empty JJ festival NN space NN is VBZ one CD local JJ example NN of IN the DT power NN of IN a DT philosophy NN of IN sameness NN to TO suppress VV dissent NN , , diversity NN , , and CC , , differences NNS . SENT Although IN it PP was VBD proposed VVN previously RB that IN a DT theater NN of IN differences NNS could MD be VB termed VVN Menottian NP , , no DT such JJ specific JJ term NN for IN a DT theater NN of IN sameness NN has VHZ presented VVN itself PP . SENT It PP must MD suffice VV to TO observe VV that DT propagandistic JJ mass NN spectacles NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT Nazi JJ fascist JJ versions NNS noted VVD earlier RBR , , by IN their PP$ operative JJ nature NN , , cannot NN allow VVP aesthetic JJ differences NNS that WDT threaten VVP values NNS of IN unity NN , , oneness NN , , sameness NN , , similarities NNS , , harmony NN . SENT As IN Western JJ societies NNS have VHP learned VVN through IN two CD world NN wars NNS , , it PP is VBZ the DT tendency NN to TO evolve VV in IN the DT direction NN of IN totality NN the DT single JJ controlling JJ mind NN that IN the DT democratic JJ concept NN of IN plurality NN and CC diversity NN is VBZ designed VVN to TO guard VV against IN , , not RB under IN certain JJ conditions NNS always RB successfully RB , , as IN the DT history NN of IN Germany NP in IN the DT 193 CD Os NN suggests VVZ . SENT The DT intellectual JJ bases NNS for IN two CD opposing VVG philosophies NNS of IN human JJ wellbeing NN , , which WDT lacks VVZ any DT simple JJ resolution NN , , seem VVP indicated VVN by IN this DT line NN of IN reasoning NN . SENT From IN this DT perspective NN , , the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP documents NNS show VVP an DT evolving VVG ideological JJ process NN to TO fill VV an DT absence NN with IN presence NN , , emptiness NN with IN meaning NN , , albeit IN a DT meaning NN that WDT functioned VVD to TO oppose VV plurality NN and CC diversity NN . SENT 65 CD . SENT In IN contrast NN to TO the DT formal JJ plan NN , , composer NN Doris NP Hays NP alternative JJ festival NN vision NN now RB appears VVZ as IN a DT valuable JJ text NN that WDT is VBZ the DT forgotten JJ script NN of IN what WP a DT trained JJ artist NN actually RB created VVN in IN response NN to TO Chattanooga's NP empty JJ space NN . SENT 66 CD . SENT Gianni NP Longo NP , , the DT foundation's JJ community NN development NN consultant NN , , had VHD worked VVN with IN other JJ cities NNS and CC was VBD an DT editor NN of IN Learning NP from IN Baltimore NP , , a DT series NN that WDT drew VVD lessons NNS from IN experiences NNS of IN various JJ cities NNS . SENT Following VVG a DT meeting NN for IN discussion NN and CC brain NN storming VVG , , and CC preceding VVG preparation NN of IN the DT planning NN grant NN , , he PP met VVD with IN me PP and CC explained VVD his PP$ five CD project NN community NN development NN concept NN , , one CD item NN being VBG a DT city NN fair NN . SENT This DT was VBD at IN a DT dinner NN meeting NN which WDT the DT other JJ three CD organizers NNS could MD not RB attend VV . SENT Longo NP said VVD that IN his PP$ approval NN of IN and CC recommendation NN of IN the DT grant NN application NN was VBD dependent JJ on IN my PP$ taking VVG the DT primary JJ leadership NN position NN . SENT Although IN I PP explained VVD my PP$ other JJ commitments NNS , , and CC argued VVD that IN any DT of IN the DT other JJ three CD organizers NNS or CC others NNS were VBD better RBR qualified VVN for IN this DT project NN , , Longo NP insisted VVD . SENT I PP agreed VVD to TO take VV that DT responsibility NN until IN artistic JJ and CC administrative JJ directors NNS could MD be VB appointed VVN under IN a DT new JJ board NN . SENT He PP accepted VVD this DT stipulation NN , , but CC when WRB it PP developed VVD that IN an DT artistic JJ director NN would MD not RB be VB included VVN in IN the DT early JJ stages NNS we PP had VHD to TO devise VV new JJ leadership NN arrangements NNS . SENT The DT other JJ three CD organizers NNS could MD not RB or CC would MD not RB take VV the DT full JJ responsibility NN . SENT We PP did VVD not RB want VV to TO expand VV the DT board NN until IN new JJ leadership NN was VBD in IN place NN . SENT After IN a DT few JJ months NNS of IN discussing VVG the DT interest NN and CC qualifications NNS of IN influential JJ civic JJ leaders NNS , , I PP was VBD very RB pleased VVN that IN we PP agreed VVD on IN a DT popular JJ local JJ university NN music NN professor NN who WP would MD take VV my PP$ place NN and CC who WP also RB could MD serve VV in IN the DT combined JJ role NN of IN president NN and CC artistic JJ director NN . SENT Dr NP . SENT Walker NP Breland NP , , who WP inspired VVD us PP all RB by IN believing VVG that IN Chattanooga NP could MD have VH just RB as RB fine VV an DT arts NNS festival NN as IN Charleston NP , , took VVD office NN in IN early JJ 1982 CD . SENT He PP and CC the DT new JJ board NN , , especially RB Mrs NN . SENT Lee NP Parham NP , , vice NN president NN , , performed VVD herculean JJ tasks NNS in IN creating VVG the DT first JJ festival NN by IN mid JJ 1982 CD . SENT This DT partial JJ solution NN resolved VVD the DT functional JJ , , and CC by IN then RB obvious JJ , , need VVP for IN the DT knowledge NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN . SENT The DT two CD festivals NNS Parham NP and CC Breland NP created VVD had VHD an DT aesthetic JJ quality NN lacking VVG in IN the DT later RBR commercialized VVN productions NNS . SENT However RB , , it PP now RB appears VVZ that IN the DT policies NNS and CC decisions NNS that WDT led VVD to TO this DT step NN demanded VVD far RB too RB much JJ of IN this DT combination NN artistic JJ leadership NN structure NN just RB as IN they PP did VVD of IN the DT promotional JJ firm NN contracted VVD to TO manage VV the DT festival NN . SENT Breland NP was VBD paid VVN as IN artistic JJ director NN the DT second JJ year NN in IN addition NN to TO serving VVG as IN president NN of IN Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP , , Inc NP . SENT His PP$ scholarly JJ analysis NN of IN that DT period NN would MD provide VV a DT very RB useful JJ insight NN into IN the DT fundamental JJ issues NNS of IN art NN and CC power NN , , power NN and CC art NN , , associated VVN with IN Chattanooga's NP new JJ town NN festival NN . SENT No DT doubt NN a DT collection NN of IN his PP$ and CC other JJ related JJ documents NNS generated VVN by IN the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation's NP continuing VVG interest NN and CC research NN grants NNS would MD provide VV a DT valuable JJ anthology NN for IN others NNS interested VVN in IN the DT creation NN of IN a DT town NN arts NNS festival NN , , or CC in IN the DT making NN of IN any DT kind NN of IN festival NN . SENT 67 CD . SENT Those DT who WP signed VVD the DT orginal JJ grant NN application NN in IN May NP 1981 CD were VBD Deanne NP Werner NP , , Frank NP M NP . SENT Robbins NP III NP , , Nelson NP Irvine NP attorney NN , , and CC myself PP . SENT It PP may MD be VB more JJR than IN a DT coincidence NN that WDT most JJS of IN us PP Mickey NP Robbins NP , , Nelson NP Irvine NP , , Lee NP Parham NP , , Sam NP Robinson NP , , and CC I PP , , who WP were VBD so RB active JJ in IN providing VVG the DT initial JJ energy NN for IN the DT festival NN were VBD amateur JJ musicians NNS . SENT Energized VVN by IN the DT talents NNS of IN versatile JJ professional JJ pianist NN and CC opera NN accompanist NN Deanne NP Werner NP who WP later JJR married JJ Nelson NP Irvine NP , , we PP would MD play VV and CC sing VV at IN our PP$ 198 CD O NN 82 CD social JJ gatherings NNS as RB much RB as IN we PP would MD debate VV the DT festival NN we PP imagined VVD for IN the DT town NN . SENT Music NN was VBD a DT basic JJ love NN of IN the DT group NN and CC it PP was VBD natural JJ to TO combine VV music NN making NN and CC festival NN talk NN sessions NNS with IN anyone NN who WP wanted VVD to TO sit VV in IN and CC jam NN . SENT This DT suggests VVZ a DT very RB close JJ connection NN between IN the DT desire NN for IN a DT party NN and CC the DT desire NN for IN a DT festival NN . SENT What WP became VVD the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP first RB surfaced VVD in IN discussions NNS at IN Sally NP and CC Sam NP Robinson's NP home NN in IN June NP or CC July NP 1980 CD , , before IN I PP visited VVD Salzburg NP . SENT After IN that DT stimulating JJ trip NN in IN August NP , , I PP hosted VVD a DT dinner NN meeting NN at IN my PP$ home NN in IN September NP 1980 CD , , when WRB materials NNS from IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT and CC the DT Salzburg NP Festival NP were VBD reviewed VVN by IN about RB one CD dozen NN persons NNS interested VVN in IN the DT idea NN of IN a DT town NN festival NN for IN Chattanooga NP . SENT The DT strongest JJS encouragement NN came VVD from IN Robert NP Austin NP , , artistic JJ director NN of IN the DT Chattanooga NP Opera NP , , and CC Lynn NP Grimsley NP , , executive JJ director NN of IN the DT city's NP Allied NP Arts NPS Fund NP . SENT 68 CD . SENT It PP was VBD not RB until IN 1986 CD that IN some DT of IN the DT foundation NN director's NNS private JJ views NNS were VBD accidentally RB revealed VVN to TO me PP in IN some DT of IN the DT old JJ file NN notes NNS of IN Robbins NP initial JJ telephone NN conversation NN with IN Montague NP in IN early JJ April NP 1981 CD . SENT The DT foundation NN director's NN responses NNS to TO Robbins NP suggestions NNS during IN the DT initial JJ telephone NN inquiry NN , , based VVN on IN the DT actual JJ notes NNS of IN that DT conversation NN , , were VBD that IN the DT idea NN of IN a DT festival NN was VBD great JJ and CC that IN they PP were VBD interested VVN in IN something NN similar JJ and CC maybe RB could MD tie VV in IN . SENT He PP said VVD he PP did VVD not RB want VV to TO put VV words NNS in IN our PP$ mouths NNS , , but CC that DT something NN should MD be VB submitted VVN with IN no DT local JJ sponsorship NN . SENT Aim NN high NN , , go VV first JJ class NN , , do VVP it PP right RB , , be VB comprehensive JJ were VBD the DT phrases NNS used VVD . SENT The DT foundation NN director NN was VBD concerned VVN that IN the DT community NN spirit NN seemed VVD to TO stop VV with IN contributions NNS to TO the DT Allied NP Arts NPS Fund NP and CC felt VVD that IN Chattanooga NP now RB had VHD mature JJ arts NNS organizations NNS . SENT He PP saw VVD Spoleto NN as IN a DT little JJ of IN a DT rip NN off IN emphasis NN mine NN . SENT He PP was VBD intrigued VVN with IN the DT economics NNS of IN amenities NNS and CC urged VVD the DT group NN to TO focus VV on IN the DT economic JJ benefits NNS of IN a DT festival NN . SENT He PP urged VVD us PP to TO get VV wide JJ ranging VVG , , diverse JJ people NNS who WP could MD start VV the DT ball NN rolling VVG by IN the DT summer NN of IN 1982 CD , , if IN we PP could MD get VV the DT community's JJ support NN . SENT He PP was VBD concerned VVN with IN the DT fractured JJ community NN and CC felt VVD the DT need NN for IN a DT project NN to TO pull VV everybody NN together RB . SENT I PP still RB am VBP puzzled VVN by IN a DT leadership NN philosophy NN that WDT would MD view VV Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT as IN a DT rip NN off IN when WRB that DT was VBD the DT primary JJ model NN we PP proposed VVD and CC visited VVD . SENT this DT seems VVZ less JJR tolerance NN of IN differing VVG views NNS than IN secret JJ political JJ manipulation NN of IN the DT actors NNS on IN the DT stage NN . SENT A DT healthy JJ debate NN that WDT included VVD the DT foundation NN director NN and CC his PP$ associates NNS would MD have VH been VBN far RB more JJR useful JJ to TO the DT community NN than IN such JJ behind IN the DT scenes NNS maneuvering NN . SENT 69 CD . SENT I PP will MD long RB remember VV that DT afternoon NN when WRB Mickey NP Robbins NP and CC I PP enjoyed VVD the DT spring NN sunshine NN and CC the DT limitless JJ possibilities NNS of IN going VVG first JJ class NN while IN sitting VVG in IN his PP$ backyard NN to TO draft VV a DT proposal NN for IN the DT foundation NN . SENT We PP alternated VVD in IN taking VVG notes NNS as IN each DT of IN us PP put VVD our PP$ dreams NNS on IN paper NN . SENT Freed VVN of IN mundane JJ financial JJ concerns NNS , , we PP dreamed VVD big JJ , , as IN all PDT the DT Riverbend NP leaders NNS have VHP done VVN since IN that DT time NN . SENT 70 CD . SENT The DT June NP 30 CD , , 1981 CD , , letter NN from IN Deaderick NP C NP . SENT Montague NP was VBD addressed VVN to TO Frank NP M NP . SENT Robbins NP III NP , , with IN copies NNS to TO Nelson NP Irvine NP , , Sidney NP Hetzler NP , , and CC Gianni NP Longo NP . SENT it PP is VBZ in IN the DT author's JJ Riverbend NP archives NN . SENT 71 CD . SENT Apparently RB the DT intense JJ desire NN to TO have VH some DT kind NN of IN festival NN blinded VVD me PP to TO the DT actual JJ political JJ situation NN . SENT Hindsight NN suggests VVZ the DT imperative JJ board NN diversification NN tone NN of IN language NN , , for IN example NN overruled VVD the DT committee's JJ independent JJ judgment NN at IN this DT moment NN . SENT Also RB , , except IN in IN our PP$ few JJ meetings NNS , , little RB continuing VVG public JJ dialogue NN was VBD offered VVN . SENT our PP$ only JJ regular JJ contact NN was VBD through IN Longo NP and CC , , later RBR , , Storey NP . SENT This DT restriction NN against IN appointing VVG an DT artistic JJ director NN was VBD received VVN and CC passed VVN around RP at IN one CD of IN our PP$ weekly JJ Monday NP meetings NNS at IN the DT Gazebo NN restaurant NN on IN Fountain NP Square NP . SENT We PP interpreted VVD this DT as RB meaning VVG that IN any DT future JJ grant NN would MD be VB withheld VVN if IN we PP proceeded VVD to TO search VV for IN an DT artistic JJ director NN as IN outlined VVN in IN the DT original JJ proposal NN . SENT The DT effect NN on IN the DT group NN was VBD to TO inhibit VV including VVG what WP seemed VVD to TO be VB the DT primary JJ source NN of IN energy NN and CC vision NN in IN the DT other JJ festivals NNS visited VVD . SENT It PP was VBD clear JJ that IN major JJ festivals NNS , , such JJ as IN Spoleto NP , , had VHD evolved VVN out RP of IN the DT imagination NN of IN a DT Menotti NP with IN bold JJ visions NNS in IN a DT receptive JJ environment NN . SENT I PP did VVD not RB see VV how WRB our PP$ festival NN could MD fully RB develop VV and CC mature VV without IN this DT kind NN of IN person NN , , but CC we PP knew VVD we PP were VBD prohibited VVN from IN going VVG ahead RB in IN that DT direction NN . SENT The DT effect NN was VBD to TO move VV qualified JJ artistic JJ input NN into IN later JJR stages NNS of IN what WP was VBD in IN fact NN a DT political JJ as RB well RB as IN an DT aesthetic JJ process NN in IN which WDT the DT functions NNS of IN artistic JJ vision NN and CC local JJ power NN were VBD intertwined VVN . SENT 72 CD . SENT The DT foundation NN was VBD generous JJ in IN its PP$ funding NN concept NN if IN not RB in IN its PP$ aesthetic JJ insights NNS into IN the DT creation NN of IN arts NNS festivals NNS . SENT An DT earlier JJR paragraph NN in IN the DT Dec NP . SENT 2 CD contract NN cover NN letter NN noted VVD . SENT In IN addition NN , , the DT Foundation NP agrees VVZ at IN this DT time NN to TO contribute VV an DT additional JJ 7 CD O NN , , OOO NP in IN 1982 CD for IN the DT above RB mentioned VVN purposes NNS if IN Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP is VBZ able JJ to TO obtain VV up RP front JJ money NN in IN an DT amount NN not RB less JJR than IN 3 CD OO NP , , OOO NP in IN additional JJ cash NN , , credit NN , , loan NN guarantees NNS or CC as IN co NP signatures NNS on IN a DT note NN with IN which WDT to TO book VV performers NNS . SENT In IN the DT event NN you PP are VBP unable JJ to TO attract VV support NN of IN this DT magnitude NN from IN the DT community NN prior RB to TO March NP 1 CD , , we PP ask VVP that IN you PP refund VV to TO the DT Foundation NP all RB of IN the DT grant NN funds NNS which WDT have VHP not RB yet RB been VBN spent VVN . SENT The DT refund NN request NN was VBD not RB enforced VVN . SENT It PP was VBD in IN this DT context NN of IN early JJ deadlines NNS and CC extreme JJ pressure NN to TO find VV other JJ funding NN sources NNS that IN the DT festival's JJ commercial JJ side NN of IN its PP$ developing VVG personality NN developed VVD , , which WDT the DT lack NN of IN an DT artistic JJ director NN also RB fostered VVD . SENT The DT same JJ conditions NNS led VVN to TO the DT sale NN of IN admission NN pins NNS and CC various JJ sponsorships NNS the DT following VVG year NN . SENT The DT implications NNS of IN the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation's NP funding NN policies NNS are VBP encoded VVN in IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP and CC throughout IN the DT community NN , , and CC merit VVP more RBR extensive JJ economic JJ and CC public JJ policy NN analysis NN than IN is VBZ possible JJ here RB . SENT 73 CD . SENT The DT idea NN in IN inviting VVG participants NNS was VBD that IN you PP are VBP who WP you PP present VVP yourself PP to TO be VB . SENT This DT was VBD a DT departure NN from IN the DT usual JJ Chattanooga NP way NN of IN classifying VVG individuals NNS by IN mountain NN or CC ridge NN altitude NN level NN , , wealth NN , , neighborhood NN , , and CC job NN title NN . SENT This DT practice NN has VHZ continued VVN with IN subsequent JJ appointments NNS to TO the DT Riverbend NP board NN , , excepting VVG black JJ representation NN . SENT It PP brought VVD many JJ new JJ persons NNS to TO leadership NN positions NNS in IN the DT city's NNS performing VVG arts NNS . SENT It PP was VBD a DT step NN in IN creating VVG a DT new JJ arts NNS structure NN in IN the DT city NN , , which WDT the DT foundation's JJ executive NN director NN and CC our PP$ group NN agreed VVD was VBD needed VVN . SENT We PP had VHD little JJ choice NN in IN creating VVG Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP because IN none NN of IN the DT Allied NP Arts NP organizations NNS would MD accept VV the DT foundation NN grant NN . SENT This DT was VBD a DT destructive JJ step NN that WDT could MD have VH been VBN avoided VVN if IN there EX had VHD been VBN more JJR dialogue NN of IN all DT interested JJ parties NNS at IN the DT outset NN . SENT However RB , , several JJ persons NNS in IN the DT traditional JJ arts NNS organizations NNS strongly RB resisted VVD an DT independent JJ festival NN at IN that DT time NN . SENT 74 CD . SENT This DT was VBD an DT issue NN discussed VVN in IN materials NNS from IN Charleston NP and CC Salzburg NP . SENT The DT extreme JJ position NN of IN a DT high JJ art NN orientation NN was VBD expressed VVN in IN a DT quotation NN from IN Menotti NP in IN a DT New NP York NP Times NP article NN on IN May NP 26 CD , , 1981 CD , , I'm NP not RB very RB sympathetic JJ to TO the DT tendency NN to TO bring VV art NN to TO the DT people NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT seeming JJ contradiction NN in IN view NN of IN his PP$ goal NN of IN creating VVG a DT festival NN in IN 1958 CD for IN the DT joy NN of IN it PP and CC of IN making VVG arts NNS the DT main JJ course NN , , but CC his PP$ comment NN can MD be VB taken VVN within IN the DT context NN of IN Tyrone NP Guthrie's NP definition NN of IN a DT serious JJ festival NN , , in IN which WDT artistic JJ expression NN is VBZ goal NN , , not RB means VVZ . SENT The DT original JJ idea NN of IN juxtaposing VVG artistic JJ elements NNS can MD be VB seen VVN in IN the DT name NN of IN the DT concluding VVG party NN for IN all DT seminar NN participants NNS held VVN at IN one CD of IN the DT member's NP Sharon NP Mills NP home NN . SENT It PP was VBD called VVN Bar NP B NP Q NP , , Beer NP , , Blue NP Jeans NPS , , and CC Bach NP and CC featured VVD a DT University NP of IN Tennessee NP at IN Chattanooga NP chamber NN trio NN and CC faculty NN pianist NN Arthur NP Rivituso NP . SENT The DT spirit NN of IN the DT party NN led VVD naturally RB to TO the DT spirit NN of IN the DT first JJ Riverbend NP arts NNS festival NN which WDT the DT Olan NP Mills NP company NN has VHZ supported VVN consistently RB with IN funds NNS and CC staff NN . SENT High JJ and CC low JJ art NN programming NN was VBD not RB mutually RB exclusive JJ at IN this DT beginning VVG phase NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP , , which WDT was VBD funded VVN by IN the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP planning NN grant NN in IN part NN as IN a DT demonstration NN of IN use NN of IN the DT performing VVG arts NNS to TO generate VV funds NNS for IN the DT festival NN . SENT Several JJ of IN these DT musicales NNS were VBD hosted VVD but CC were VBD discontinued VVN due JJ in IN part NN to TO lack NN of IN staff NN support NN . SENT 75 CD . SENT Gianni NP Longo NP , , The DT Making VVG of IN the DT Festival NP , , New NP York NP . SENT The DT Institute NP for IN Environmental NP Action NP , , 1981 CD 22 CD . SENT 76 CD . SENT Longo NP , , The DT Making VVG of IN the DT Festival NP , , 37 CD 38 CD . SENT 77 CD . SENT Longo NP , , The DT Making VVG of IN The DT Festival NP , , 33 CD . SENT 78 CD . SENT Race NN is VBZ a DT problematic JJ , , useless JJ term NN but CC it PP reflects VVZ the DT reality NN of IN that DT period NN , , and CC it PP remains VVZ an DT active JJ mental JJ category NN today NN . SENT It PP is VBZ used VVN reluctantly RB . SENT 79 CD . SENT Hay NP is VBZ an DT extraordinarily RB successful JJ avant JJ garde NN composer NN and CC performer NN . SENT A DT sample NN of IN her PP$ credentials NNS can MD be VB seen VVN in IN a DT review NN of IN the DT performances NNS at IN Spoleto NP Festival NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT in IN 1981 CD . SENT Allan NP Kozinn NP wrote VVD in IN the DT Charleston NP News NP Courier NP on IN May NP 3 CD O NN , , 1981 CD . SENT Miss NP Hays NP was VBD raised VVN in IN Tennessee NP and CC moved VVD to TO New NP York NP in IN 1969 CD . SENT There RB , , she PP has VHZ made VVN a DT considerable JJ career NN as IN a DT pianist NN specializing VVG in IN difficult JJ music NN that WDT uses VVZ cluster NN effects NNS , , often RB produced VVN by IN taking VVG elbows NNS or CC full JJ arms NNS to TO the DT keyboard NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT She PP has VHZ also RB earned VVD a DT reputation NN as IN a DT composer NN with IN a DT flair NN for IN multi NNS media NNS musical JJ and CC theatrical JJ events NNS , , and CC at IN Thursday's NP Piccolo NP Spoleto NP concert NN she PP was VBD featured VVN as IN a DT composer NN , , pianist NN , , birdcall NN blower NN , , synthesist NN , , photographer NN and CC water NN pourer NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT For IN the DT most JJS part NN , , this DT concert NN was VBD the DT first JJ chunk NN of IN music NN I've NN heard VVD here RB that IN was VBD not RB only RB composed VVN in IN the DT last JJ half NN of IN the DT 2 CD Oth NN century NN , , but CC sounded VVD like IN it PP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT Thursday NP concert NN , , by IN the DT way NN , , was VBD well RB attended VVN , , and CC it PP seemed VVD that IN old JJ and CC young JJ alike RB enjoyed VVN the DT strange JJ variety NN of IN things NNS they PP saw VVD and CC heard VVD . SENT A DT more RBR recent JJ review NN in IN the DT Village NP Voice NP August NP 16 CD , , 1989 CD by IN Kyle NP Gann NP of IN Hays NP folk NN opera NN in IN production NN , , The DT Glass NP Woman NP , , contrasted VVD her PP$ work NN to TO Philip NP Glass's NP Fall NN of IN the DT House NP of IN Usher NP , , presented VVN July NP 14 CD 16 CD , , 1989 CD , , at IN Alice NP Tully NP Hall NP in IN the DT Lincoln NP Center NP complex NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT the DT future NN of IN this DT one NN is VBZ worth IN keeping VVG an DT ear NN out RP for IN . SENT If IN musically RB conservative JJ , , The DT Glass NP Woman NP was VBD 150 CD times NNS as IN enjoyable JJ as IN the DT Glass NP House NP heard VVD two CD weeks NNS earlier RBR . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Hays NP fledgling NN work NN is VBZ a DT better JJR bet NN even RB if IN the's NNS a DT woman NN , , even RB if IN they've NN never RB heard VVD of IN her PP , , than IN these DT assembly NN line NN famous JJ name NN extravaganzas NNS that WDT seem VVP to TO have VH no DT artistic JJ impulse NN behind IN them PP whatsoever RB . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Opera NP America NP , , by IN investing VVG time NN , , resources NNS , , and CC faith NN in IN artists NNS more RBR serious JJ than IN fashionable JJ , , is VBZ taking VVG brave JJ steps NNS in IN that DT direction NN . SENT No DT other JJ phrases NNS so RB well RB capture VV the DT essence NN of IN the DT commercial JJ Riverbend NP Festival NP that WDT has VHZ evolved VVN than IN assembly NN line NN famous JJ name NN extravaganzas NNS that WDT seem VVP to TO have VH no DT artistic JJ impulse NN behind IN them PP whatsoever RB . SENT 80 CD . SENT Why WRB did VVD I PP insist VVP that DT classical JJ music NN performances NNS were VBD so RB desirable JJ in IN our PP$ discussions NNS of IN Chattanooga's NP festival NN . SENT Hays NP had VHD been VBN my PP$ musical JJ inspiration NN for IN many JJ years NNS , , dating VVG from IN an DT evening NN in IN 1967 CD when WRB , , after IN playing VVG in IN the DT Memorial NP Auditorium NP her PP$ obligatory JJ piano NN pieces NNS as IN a DT scholarship NN winner NN at IN the DT city's NP Cottonball NP Gala NP for IN debutantes NNS , , she PP and CC I PP along RB with IN the DT Robbins NP went VVD to TO the DT Admiral NN Benbow NP motel NN lounge NN for IN conversation NN . SENT When WRB the DT country NN music NN singer NN stopped VVN for IN intermission NN , , we PP persuaded VVD Hays NP to TO play VV some DT of IN the DT Mozart NP , , Bach NP , , and CC Beethoven NP she PP had VHD just RB played VVN at IN the DT Cottonball NP . SENT The DT room NN was VBD full JJ of IN persons NNS who WP probably RB would MD not RB have VH been VBN assumed VVN to TO be VB classical JJ music NN lovers NNS . SENT They PP soon RB stopped VVD talking VVG and CC drinking VVG and CC listened VVD as IN Hays NP displayed VVD her PP$ virtuosity NN and CC the DT lively JJ , , sensual JJ power NN of IN the DT music NN in IN such JJ intimate JJ quarters NNS . SENT They PP applauded VVD vigorously RB after IN each DT piece NN and CC asked VVD her PP for IN more JJR , , remaining VVG completely RB silent JJ during IN each DT piece NN , , which WDT she PP had VHD memorized VVN . SENT Finally RB , , after IN some DT 3 CD O NN minutes NNS she PP gave VVD the DT piano NN back RB to TO the DT now RB well RB rested VVD and CC obliging JJ country NN singer NN . SENT Hays NP returned VVD to TO our PP$ table NN to TO a DT standing NN ovation NN from IN these DT blue JJ collar NN workers NNS who WP , , I've NN been VBN told VVN for IN years NNS , , will MD not RB attend VV classical JJ concerts NNS because IN they PP do VVP not RB like VV the DT music NN . SENT I PP have VHP known VVN that DT belief NN was VBD nonsense JJ since IN that DT night NN in IN 1967 CD in IN the DT smokey NP lounge NN of IN the DT Admiral NN Benbow NP . SENT Sometimes RB the DT artist NN must MD be VB brought VVN to TO the DT audience NN . SENT This DT is VBZ an DT effort NN not RB as IN cost NN efficient JJ as IN bringing VVG the DT audience NN to TO the DT artist NN in IN the DT concert NN hall NN for IN their PP$ amusement NN and CC edification NN . SENT This DT journey NN to TO the DT theater NN also RB may MD not RB be VB as RB likely JJ to TO bring VV the DT magical JJ joy NN of IN long JJ dead JJ improvisational JJ composers NNS such JJ as IN Mozart NP and CC Bach NP to TO an DT appreciative JJ audience NN who WP may MD even RB have VH booed VVD if IN they PP had VHD known VVN this DT was VBD serious JJ , , high JJ art NN . SENT Is VBZ it PP not RB a DT significant JJ and CC similar JJ semiotic JJ statement NN of IN social JJ hierarchy NN that IN the DT Riverbend NP expects VVZ its PP$ audiences NNS to TO find VV it PP in IN its PP$ riverfront NN enclosure NN , , rather RB than IN for IN its PP$ entertainers NNS to TO reach VV out RP to TO all DT parts NNS of IN the DT community NN and CC present VV some DT lively JJ Mozart NP in IN the DT smokey NP lounges NNS of IN the DT city NN pubs NNS , , bars NNS , , taverns NNS , , homes NNS , , churches NNS , , businesses NNS . SENT No DT doubt NN that WDT would MD be VB more RBR expensive JJ , , like IN branch NN banking NN . SENT But CC it PP truly RB would MD be VB a DT music NN of IN the DT masters NNS outreach NN . SENT This DT 1967 CD night NN appears VVZ to TO be VB for IN me PP the DT actual JJ beginning NN of IN the DT Riverbend NP Festival's NP ideal NN , , the DT festival NN creature NN that IN in IN many JJ ways NNS said VVD I PP can MD , , I PP can MD , , I PP can MD but CC would MD not RB move VV from IN its PP$ tents NNS and CC mooring VVG at IN the DT city's JJ point NN of IN origin NN . SENT 81 CD . SENT The DT Proposal NN for IN Funding NP to TO Establish VV a DT Chattanooga NP Festival NP , , by IN Bruce NP Storey NP of IN Variety NN Services NP , , was VBD submitted VVN to TO the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP , , Chattanooga NP , , Tennessee NP , , by IN Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP , , Inc NP . SENT , , November NP 23 CD , , 1981 CD . SENT It PP was VBD approved VVN by IN some DT two CD dozen NN participants NNS in IN the DT process NN during IN the DT summer NN and CC autumn NN of IN 1981 CD , , and CC it PP represented VVD the DT collective JJ preferences NNS of IN the DT group NN . SENT 82 CD . SENT Propp NP , , V NN . SENT Morphology NN of IN the DT Folktale NN . SENT Second JJ Edition NN , , revised VVN and CC edited VVN by IN Louis NP A NP . SENT Wagner NP . SENT Austin NP . SENT University NP of IN Texas NP Press NP , , 1968 CD , , 87 CD 88 CD . SENT 83 CD . SENT What's NP New NP in IN the DT Arts NPS . SENT Sidney NP N NP . SENT Hetzler NP , , Jr NP . SENT Chattanooga NP Times NP , , May NP 19 CD , , 1986 CD . SENT 84 CD . SENT From IN remarks NNS at IN a DT 1986 CD civic JJ conference NN in IN Chattanooga NP by IN Deaderick NP C NP . SENT Montague NP , , president NN , , Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP , , Chattanooga NP , , Tennessee NP . SENT Deaderick NP C NP . SENT Montague NP was VBD the DT individual JJ catalyst NN who WP made VVD the DT Riverbend NP Festival NP possible JJ so RB quickly RB after IN the DT idea NN surfaced VVN in IN May NP 1980 CD . SENT Several JJ of IN us PP had VHD talked VVN of IN approaching VVG the DT Lyndhurst NP Foundation NP but CC it PP was VBD not RB until IN Frank NP M NP . SENT Robbins NP III NP called VVD Montague NP in IN April NP 1981 CD that IN this DT contact NN was VBD made VVN . SENT Without IN Montague's NP support NN , , as RB much RB as IN several JJ years NNS probably RB would MD have VH passed VVN before IN enough JJ believers NNS would MD have VH been VBN found VVN . SENT Our PP$ first JJ proposal NN recommended VVD him PP for IN president NN of IN the DT group NN . SENT He PP declined VVD because IN of IN his PP$ foundation NN position NN . SENT By IN 1988 CD he PP had VHD resigned VVN from IN the DT foundation NN and CC was VBD elected VVN chairman NN of IN the DT foundation NN sponsored VVN Chattanooga NP Venture NP , , a DT private JJ , , nonprofit JJ volunteer NN group NN that WDT aims VVZ at IN broad JJ changes NNS in IN the DT community NN , , changes NNS that IN my PP$ own JJ set NN of IN experiences NNS suggests VVZ should MD come VV from IN openly RB elected VVN political JJ leaders NNS in IN existing VVG governmental JJ institutions NNS rather RB than IN from IN closed JJ private JJ groups NNS . SENT Whatever WDT our PP$ political JJ positions NNS , , there RB cannot NN be VB enough JJ credit NN given VVN to TO this DT thoughtful JJ , , dedicated JJ civic JJ worker NN for IN not RB only RB awarding VVG a DT planning VVG grant NN to TO our PP$ group NN but CC also RB for IN inspiring JJ all RB of IN us PP to TO aspire VV to TO create VV excellence NN in IN our PP$ festival NN . SENT Yet CC we PP learned VVD that IN we PP had VHD in IN 1981 CD and CC in IN later JJR years NNS different JJ definitions NNS of IN excellence NN , , conflicting VVG philosophies NNS of IN community NN , , and CC divergent JJ approaches NNS toward IN community NN change NN . SENT Although IN I PP criticize VVP Montague's NP philosophy NN in IN this DT study NN , , I PP in IN no DT way NN criticize VV him PP personally RB . SENT My PP$ convictions NNS about IN the DT sameness NN difference NN issue NN spring NN indirectly RB from IN civil JJ rights NNS events NNS in IN Boston NP and CC Chattanooga NP in IN 1968 CD , , about IN which WDT I PP have VHP written VVN in IN a DT 1973 CD Boston NP University NP Master's NP thesis NN , , The DT Feedback NN Factor NP in IN the DT Communication NP Process NN . SENT To TO my PP$ former JJ instructors NNS and CC later JJR colleagues NNS , , Albert NP J NP . SENT Sullivan NP and CC Otto NP Lerbinger NP , , I PP acknowledge VVP a DT debt NN that IN I PP am VBP repaying VVG in IN a DT small JJ way NN by IN attempting VVG to TO transmit VV portions NNS of IN their PP$ communication NN philosophies NNS in IN this DT work NN and CC in IN everyday JJ living NN . SENT 85 CD . SENT Excerpts NNS from IN a DT 1981 CD proposal NN written VVN at IN the DT request NN of IN festival NN organizers NNS by IN New NP York NP composer NN and CC pianist NN Doris NP Hays NP . SENT 86 CD . SENT Lyotard NP , , Jean NP Francois NP . SENT The DT Postmodern NN Condition NN . SENT A DT Report NN on IN Knowledge NN . SENT Translation NN from IN the DT French NP by IN Geoff NP Bennington NP and CC Brian NP Massumi NP . SENT Foreword NN by IN Fredric NP Jameson NP . SENT Minneapolis NP . SENT University NP of IN Minnesota NP Press NP , , 1984 CD , , xviii NP . SENT 87 CD . SENT Segrest NP , , Robert NP . SENT The DT Architecture NP of IN the DT Excluded VVN Middle NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Paper NN presented VVD at IN Emory NP University NP , , April NP 9 CD , , 1986 CD . SENT 88 CD . SENT Riverbend NP Festival NP . SENT A DT Comprehensive NP Evaluation NN . SENT Prepared VVN for IN Friends NNS of IN the DT Festival NP , , Inc NP . SENT , , by IN Urban NP Initiatives NNS , , New NP York NP City NP , , in IN association NN with IN Trahan NP , , Burden NP Charles NP of IN Baltimore NP , , Maryland NP . SENT Kaminsky NP Company NP of IN New NP York NP and CC Nashville NP . SENT and CC Tatge NP Productions NPS of IN New NP York NP , , 1988 CD . SENT 89 CD . SENT Alfreda NP L NP . SENT Irwin NP . SENT Three NP Taps VVZ of IN the DT Gavel NP . SENT Pledge NN to TO the DT Future NP The NP Chautauqua NP Story NP . SENT Third JJ edition NN . SENT Chautauqua NP , , N NP . SENT Y NP . SENT . SENT Chautauqua NP Institution NP , , 1987 CD . SENT ix NNS . SENT From IN scrapbook NN II NP , , Mrs NN . SENT Adelaide NP L NP . SENT Westcott NP , , page NN 7 CD . SENT Lewis NP Miller's NP speech NN on IN opening VVG night NN , , 1888 CD , , The DT Chautauqua NP Institution NP library NN . SENT Chautauqua NP has VHZ an DT extensive JJ library NN , , and CC I PP am VBP indebted JJ to TO its PP$ librarian NN , , Alfreda NP L NP . SENT Irwin NP , , for IN assistance NN in IN this DT research NN . SENT 90 CD . SENT Irwin NP , , Three NP Taps VVZ , , 73 CD . SENT 91 CD . SENT It PP would MD be VB enlightening JJ to TO make VV some DT comparison NN between IN names NNS of IN festivals NNS . SENT In IN the DT two CD festivals NNS studied VVN , , first RB was VBD the DT place NN , , then RB ideas NNS , , then RB tentative JJ names NNS , , Celebration NN of IN Togetherness NN festival NN function NN name NN , , then RB Riverbend NP Festival NP place NN name NN . SENT Many JJ of IN the DT Chattanooga NP group's NP names VVZ one CD comic NN came VVD up RP with IN Hetzfest NP came VVD from IN a DT brainstorming NN session NN one CD evening NN and CC focused VVN on IN the DT river NN , , suggesting VVG its PP$ power NN as IN a DT natural JJ framing NN device NN . SENT Chattanooga's NP festival NN name NN signifies VVZ a DT function NN different JJ from IN the DT foreignness NN of IN Charleston's NP Spoleto NP name NN that WDT seemed VVD to TO alarm NN some DT in IN Chattanooga NP . SENT However RB , , for IN Charleston NP and CC Melbourne NP , , Spoleto NP now RB signifies VVZ the DT idea NN , , not RB the DT place NN . SENT Chautauqua NP , , the DT Indian JJ name NN of IN the DT lake NN adjacent JJ to TO the DT Assembly's NP site NN , , now RB signifies VVZ an DT idea NN or CC spirit NN more JJR than IN a DT location NN . SENT the DT traveling VVG Chautauqua NP lyceums NNS expressed VVD the DT mobile JJ nature NN of IN these DT Assemblies NP . SENT The DT home NN place NN remains VVZ the DT primary JJ model NN of IN the DT experience NN , , although IN other JJ assemblies NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT one NN on IN Monteagle NP Mountain NP , , Tennessee NP , , express VVP the DT concept NN in IN their PP$ gate NN , , open RB sided VVN amphitheater NN , , and CC architecture NN . SENT 92 CD . SENT Irvin NP , , Three NP Taps VVZ , , 5 CD 7 CD . SENT 93 CD . SENT Signifieds NNS vary VVP from IN their PP$ signifiers NNS . SENT One CD reader NN of IN this DT paragraph NN , , who WP had VHD grown VVN up RP in IN New NP York NP City NP , , thought VVD it PP more RBR likely JJ that IN the DT Klu NP Klux NP Klan NP had VHD erected VVN these DT three CD crosses VVZ as IN a DT warning NN to TO blacks NNS driving VVG into IN the DT Southern JJ states NNS . SENT 94 CD . SENT Bakhtin NP , , M NP . SENT M NP . SENT Speech NN Genres NNS Other JJ Late JJ Essays NNS . SENT Translated VVN , , Vern NP W NP . SENT McGee NP . SENT Austin NP . SENT University NP of IN Texas NP Press NP , , 1986 CD , , 17 CD O NN . SENT 95 CD . SENT Jack NP McDonald NP . SENT 96 CD . SENT The DT Riverbend NP pin NN signifies VVZ more RBR than IN a DT mere JJ pass NN for IN cheap JJ entertainment NN and CC a DT week NN of IN beer NN and CC wine NN drinking NN and CC motorboat NN racing NN . SENT One CD of IN my PP$ pins NNS is VBZ ceramic JJ instead RB of IN plastic NN . SENT it PP was VBD given VVN to TO me PP by IN a DT board NN member NN , , Sam NP Robinson NP , , who WP was VBD one CD of IN the DT early JJ dreamers NNS . SENT Robinson NP has VHZ been VBN active JJ and CC valuable JJ as IN legal JJ council NN and CC political JJ adviser NN since IN the DT festival's JJ beginning NN . SENT he PP has VHZ in IN fact NN kept VVD parts NNS of IN the DT original JJ dream NN alive JJ , , although IN we PP have VHP had VHD long JJ arguments NNS about IN the DT particular JJ parts NNS , , such JJ as IN cohesion NN , , that WDT he PP supported VVD by IN ranking VVG them PP uppermost JJ during IN our PP$ small JJ group NN session NN at IN the DT final JJ seminar NN in IN 1981 CD . SENT He PP explained VVD that IN only JJ VIPs NNS , , staff NN , , and CC board NN members NNS are VBP given VVN the DT more RBR costly JJ pin NN , , and CC that IN it PP was VBD inexcusable JJ that IN I PP had VHD not RB been VBN given VVN one PP every DT year NN . SENT The DT gesture NN was VBD appreciated VVN , , and CC when WRB I PP used VVD the DT official JJ ceramic JJ entrance NN pin NN in IN 1988 CD , , my PP$ experience NN of IN feeling VVG set VVN off RP from IN ordinary JJ pin NN wearers NNS was VBD much JJ like IN the DT first JJ day NN of IN wearing VVG the DT gold JJ bars NNS of IN an DT Air NP Force NP second JJ lieutenant NN . SENT Feeling VVG like IN one CD of IN the DT in IN group NN again RB , , I PP ran VVD into IN the DT new JJ festival NN president NN , , Margaret NP Culpepper NP , , one CD afternoon NN on IN the DT crowded JJ promenade NN and CC introduced VVD myself PP , , saying VVG I PP was VBD happy JJ to TO see VV the DT festival NN had VHD solved VVN some DT of IN the DT location NN problems NNS from IN its PP$ early JJ years NNS and CC that IN I PP had VHD never RB imagined VVN when WRB I PP was VBD the DT president NN of IN the DT organizing VVG group NN that IN the DT city's JJ river NN park NN would MD attract VV so RB many JJ people NNS . SENT She PP said VVD she PP was VBD glad JJ to TO meet VV me PP , , but CC said VVD that IN the DT only JJ name NN she PP knew VVD from IN the DT beginning NN was VBD a DT Walker NP Breland NP who WP had VHD been VBN the DT first JJ president NN . SENT The DT shiny JJ official NN pin NN lost VVD some DT of IN its PP$ luster VV after IN that DT encounter NN . SENT time NN quickly RB erases VVZ the DT tracks NNS of IN pilgrims NNS to TO its PP$ festivals NNS , , and CC I PP sense VVP that DT regular JJ festival NN devotionals NNS are VBP obligatory JJ for IN the DT select JJ . SENT 97 CD . SENT See VV Preface NN endnote NN 5 CD , , for IN brief JJ definition NN of IN C NP . SENT S NP . SENT Peirce's NP triadic JJ theory NN of IN semiotics NNS . SENT 98 CD . SENT Strong RB , , Art NP and CC Power NP , , 172 CD 173 CD . SENT 99 CD . SENT Frank NP E NP . SENT X SYM . SENT Dance NP , , ed NP . SENT , , Toward IN a DT Theory NN of IN Human NP Communication NP . SENT Human NP Communication NP Theory NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Holt NP , , 1967 CD 295 CD 296 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT the DT helix NN presents VVZ a DT rather RB fascinating JJ variety NN of IN possibilities NNS for IN representing VVG pathologies NNS of IN communication NN . SENT If IN you PP take VVP an DT helically RB coiled VVN spring NN , , such JJ as IN the DT child's NNS toy NN that WDT tumbles VVZ down RP staircases NNS by IN coiling VVG in IN upon IN itself PP , , and CC pull VV it PP full JJ out RB in IN the DT vertical JJ position NN , , you PP can MD call VV to TO your PP$ imagination NN an DT entirely RB different JJ kind NN of IN communication NN than IN that WDT represented VVD by IN compressing VVG the DT spring NN as IN close NN as IN possible JJ upon IN itself PP . SENT If IN you PP extend VVP the DT spring NN halfway RB and CC then RB compress VV just RB one CD side NN of IN the DT helix NN , , you PP can MD envision VV a DT communication NN process NN open JJ in IN one CD dimension NN but CC closed VVD in IN another DT . SENT At IN any DT and CC all DT times NNS , , the DT helix NN gives VVZ geometrical JJ testimony NN to TO the DT concept NN that IN communication NN while IN moving VVG forward RB is VBZ at IN the DT same JJ moment NN coming VVG back RB upon IN itself PP and CC being NN affected VVN by IN its PP$ past JJ behavior NN , , for IN the DT coming JJ curve NN of IN the DT helix NN is VBZ fundamentally RB affected VVN by IN the DT curve NN from IN which WDT it PP emerges VVZ . SENT Yet RB , , even RB though IN slowly RB , , the DT helix NN can MD gradually RB free VV itself PP from IN lower JJR level NN distortions NNS . SENT Dance NN comments NNS in IN passing VVG that IN this DT geometric JJ form NN crops NNS up RB as IN a DT descriptive JJ device NN in IN a DT number NN of IN disciplines NNS , , such JJ as IN a DT model NN of IN the DT DNA NP molecule NN the DT key JJ code NN of IN life NN . SENT 100 CD . SENT 17 CD M NP . SENT M NP . SENT Bakhtin NP , , Methodology NN for IN the DT Human NP Sciences NPS , , Speech NN Genres NNS and CC Other JJ Late JJ Essays NNS , , trans NP . SENT Vern NP W NP . SENT McGee NP , , ed NP . SENT Caryl NP Emerson NP and CC Michael NP Holquist NP Austin NP . SENT U NP of IN Texas NP P NN , , 1986 CD 170 CD . SENT 101 CD . SENT 18 CD John NP J NP . SENT MacAloon NP , , ed NP . SENT , , Introduction NN . SENT Cultural JJ Performances NNS , , Culture NP Theory NN , , Rite NN , , Drama NN , , Festival NP , , Spectacle NN . SENT Rehearsals NNS Toward IN a DT Theory NN of IN Cultural JJ Performances NNS Philadelphia NP . SENT Institute NP for IN the DT Study NN of IN Human NP Issues NP , , 1984 CD . SENT Victor NP Turner NP , , From IN Ritual NN to TO Theatre NP . SENT The DT Human NP Seriousness NN of IN Play NP New NP York NP . SENT PAJ NP Publications NP , , 1982 CD . SENT 102 CD . SENT Umberto NP Eco NP , , A DT Theory NN of IN Semiotics NN Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP UP NP , , 1979 CD 134 CD . SENT 103 CD . SENT Vladimir NP Propp NP , , Theory NN and CC History NN of IN Folklore NN , , ed NP . SENT and CC intro NN . SENT Anatoly NP Liberman NP , , trans NP . SENT Ariadna NP Y NP . SENT Martin NP et NP al NP . SENT 1963 CD . SENT Leningrad NP . SENT Leningrad NP U NP . SENT Minneapolis NP . SENT U NP of IN Minnesota NP P NN , , 1984 CD xvii NNS . SENT With IN chapters NNS on IN Honoring VVG the DT Dead NP , , Ritual NN Meals NP , , Greeting VVG the DT Spring NN , , Greeting VVG Songs NNS and CC Incantations NNS , , Plant NN Cults NNS , , Death NP and CC Laughter NP , , Games NPS and CC Entertainments NNS , , the DT agrarian JJ festivals NNS study NN contains VVZ no DT clear JJ separation NN by IN intent NN , , function NN , , or CC effect NN categories NNS . SENT Propp's NP interest NN in IN rigorous JJ classification NN and CC detection NN of IN deep JJ structural JJ functions NNS The DT Morphology NN of IN the DT Folktale NN , , 1928 CD , , makes VVZ this DT study NN worthy JJ of IN closer JJR attention NN . SENT A DT translation NN of IN Propp's NP opening NN chapter NN , , The DT Commemoration NN of IN the DT Dead NP , , is VBZ found VVN in IN Time NP Out NP of IN Time NP . SENT Essays NNS on IN the DT Festival NP , , ed NP . SENT and CC trans NP . SENT Allesandro NP Falassi NP Albuquerque NP . SENT U NP of IN New NP Mexico NP P NN , , 1987 CD 233 CD 241 CD . SENT 104 CD . SENT 21 CD See NP Josef NP Pieper NP , , In IN Tune NP With IN the DT World NP . SENT A DT Theory NN of IN Festivity NN , , trans NP . SENT Richard NP and CC Clara NP Winston NP 1963 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Harcourt NP , , 1965 CD and CC J NP . SENT Huizinga NP , , Homo NN Ludens NP . SENT A DT Study NN of IN the DT Play NN Element NN in IN Culture NP 1944 CD . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Roy NP Publishers NPS , , 195 CD O NN . SENT 105 CD . SENT 22 CD Brook NP , , Peter NP . SENT The DT Empty JJ Space NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Atheneum NN , , 1984 CD 9 CD . SENT 106 CD . SENT 23 CD Mathematics NNS could MD not RB have VH advanced VVN without IN the DT invention NN of IN the DT concept NN of IN zero CD and CC a DT sign NN for IN it PP Britannica NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Not RB until IN the DT thirteenth JJ century NN did VVD Europeans NNS adopt VV the DT idea NN of IN zero CD , , based VVN on IN Islamic JJ algebra NN . SENT Most RBS ancient JJ languages NNS used VVD O NN for IN the DT position NN after IN 9 CD , , although IN the DT . SENT was VBD used VVN in IN Arabic NP and CC Kashmir NP . SENT A DT metaphor NN of IN empty JJ space NN suggests VVZ some DT undetermined JJ significance NN about IN the DT sign NN materiality NN of IN representing VVG nothing NN or CC the DT unknown NN by IN a DT dot VVP rather RB than IN a DT zero NN . SENT A DT recent JJ work NN on IN this DT problem NN , , Signifying VVG Nothing NN . SENT the DT Semiotics NN of IN Zero NP , , is VBZ valuable JJ in IN relating VVG the DT metaphor NN of IN empty JJ space NN to TO more JJR general JJ sign NN theories NNS of IN meaning NN . SENT 107 CD . SENT 24 CD Charles NP S NP . SENT Peirce NP , , Logic NN as IN Semiotic JJ . SENT The DT Theory NN of IN Signs NNS , , Ed NP . SENT Justus NP Buchler NP Philosophical JJ Writings NNS of IN Peirce NP , , 194 CD O NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Rpt NP . SENT 1955 CD 99 CD . SENT 108 CD . SENT 25 CD Some DT self NN labeled VVD town NN arts NNS festivals NNS actually RB function VVP more JJR as IN central JJ city NN urban JJ fairs NNS when WRB various JJ specific JJ marketing NN functions NNS and CC effects NNS are VBP revealed VVN . SENT It PP should MD be VB noted VVN in IN this DT context NN that IN Riverbend NP did VVD not RB become VV a DT city NN fair JJ as IN originally RB outlined VVN by IN a DT foundation NN consultant NN . SENT 109 CD . SENT 26 CD Paul NP Bouissac NP , , lecture NN , , Semiotics NN of IN Performance NP seminar NN , , Northwestern NP University NP , , 1986 CD International NP Summer NPS Institute NP for IN Semiotic JJ and CC Structural JJ Analysis NN . SENT 110 CD . SENT 27 CD Eco NP , , A DT Theory NN of IN Semiotics NNS , , 15 CD O NN . SENT 111 CD . SENT 28 CD Eco NP , , A DT Theory NN of IN Semiotics NNS , , 15 CD O NN . SENT 112 CD . SENT 29 CD Bakhtin NP , , Speech NN Genres NNS , , 169 CD . SENT 113 CD . SENT 30 CD Martin NP Krampen NP , , Phytosemiotics NP , , Frontiers NNS in IN Semiotics NN , , John NP Deely NP , , Brooke NP Williams NP , , Felicia NP E NP . SENT Kruse NP ed NP , , Bloomington NP . SENT Indiana NP UP IN 1986 CD 84 CD . SENT Jakob NP von NP Uxhull's NP primary JJ work NN is VBZ Bedeutungslehre NP , , Bios NNS , , vol NP . SENT 10 CD Leipzig NP , , Reprinted VVN in IN Streifzuge NP durch NP die VVP Umwelten NP von NP Tieren NP und NN Menshcen NP Bedeutungslehre NP , , by IN Jakob NP von NP Uxhull NP and CC Gerog NP Kriszat NP Frankfurt NP a DT . SENT M NP . SENT . SENT S NP . SENT Fischer NP Vrlag NP , , 1970 CD . SENT Umwelt NP is VBZ the DT key JJ term NN for IN the DT influence NN of IN modeling VVG in IN the DT sense NN used VVN here RB . SENT Krampen NP explains VVZ . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT structural JJ correspondence NN between IN each DT living NN being VBG as IN an DT autonomous JJ subject NN and CC its PP$ own JJ Umwelt NP . SENT The DT term NN of IN umwelt NN is VBZ difficult JJ to TO translate VV into IN English NP . SENT It PP means VVZ the DT subject JJ world NN of IN what WP is VBZ meaningful JJ impingement NN for IN the DT living NN being VBG in IN terms NNS of IN its PP$ own JJ information NN processing NN equipment NN , , sign NN systems NNS , , and CC codes NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT structure NN of IN connection NN between IN a DT living VVG being NN and CC its PP$ umwelt NN is VBZ mediated VVN by IN sign NN processes NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT 84 CD . SENT One CD example NN is VBZ a DT walk NN through IN a DT town NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Everything NN witnessed VVN during IN a DT walk NN through IN a DT town NN is VBZ geared VVN to TO human JJ needs NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Stairs NNS accommodate VVP ascending VVG legs NNS , , bannisters NN the DT arms NNS . SENT Each DT object NN is VBZ given VVN its PP$ form NN and CC its PP$ meaning NN by IN some DT function NN of IN human JJ life NN . SENT . SENT . SENT 85 CD . SENT Jakob NP von NP Uxhull's NP approach NN to TO biology NN as IN a DT science NN of IN life NN is VBZ a DT holist NN one NN . SENT The DT whole NN is VBZ not RB explained VVN by IN the DT functioning NN of IN its PP$ parts NNS , , but CC the DT meaning NN of IN the DT parts NNS is VBZ explained VVN according VVG to TO the DT plan NN of IN the DT whole NN , , a DT principle NN that WDT is VBZ not RB unlike IN the DT fundamental JJ proposition NN of IN Gestalt NN theory NN 95 CD . SENT 114 CD . SENT 31 CD Thomas NP A NP . SENT Sebeok NP , , lecture NN , , Introduction NN to TO Semiotics NN seminar NN , , Northwestern NP University NP , , 1986 CD International NP Summer NPS Institute NP for IN the DT Study NN of IN Semiotics NN and CC Structuralism NN . SENT