/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/18/file20.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Intelligent JJ Design NN Humans NNS , , Cockroaches NNS , , and CC the DT Laws NP of IN Physics NN Copyright NP 1997 CD by IN Victor NP J NP . SENT Stenger NP Preprint NP of IN a DT paper NN submitted VVN to TO Creation NN Evolution NN . SENT Do VVP not RB reprint VV without IN permission NN from IN the DT author NN . SENT Other JJ Links NP . SENT The DT Mediocre JJ Universe NN This DT Feb NN . SENT 1996 CD Discover NP magazine NN article NN discusses VVZ the DT cosmological JJ hypothesis NN that IN our PP$ universe NN is VBZ but RB one CD of IN many JJ . SENT Design NN and CC the DT Anthropic JJ Principle NN Creationist NN Hugh NP Ross NP argues VVZ that IN the DT fundamental JJ constants NNS of IN nature NN are VBP so RB precisely RB tuned VVN that IN they PP could MD not RB have VH occurred VVN without IN an DT intelligent JJ designer NN . SENT Evolution NN is VBZ Not RB the DT Whole JJ Story NN s PP the DT bankruptcy NN of IN creation NN science NN becomes VVZ increasingly RB recognized VVN , , a DT new JJ catch NN phrase NN , , intelligent JJ design NN , , has VHZ been VBN adopted VVN by IN those DT who WP persist VVP in IN their PP$ attempts NNS to TO inject VV creationism NN into IN the DT science NN curriculum NN see VVP , , for IN example NN , , Of IN Pandas NNS and CC People NNS , , Davis NP 1993 CD . SENT Matsumura NP 1995 CD and CC Cole NP 1995 CD report NN on IN attempts NNS to TO introduce VV Pandas NNS into IN schools NNS . SENT Intelligent JJ design NN is VBZ a DT more RBR subtle JJ term NN than IN creation NN science NN , , one NN that WDT has VHZ far RB broader JJR implications NNS than IN the DT genesis NN of IN life NN on IN a DT minor JJ planet NN in IN the DT corner NN of IN a DT minor JJ galaxy NN . SENT The DT argument NN that IN the DT material NN universe NN resulted VVN from IN conscious JJ action NN outside IN itself PP can MD sound VV convincing VVG , , even RB to TO those DT who WP accept VVP biological JJ evolution NN as IN established JJ fact NN . SENT Many JJ who WP agree VVP that DT biblical JJ creation NN is VBZ not RB an DT appropriate JJ part NN of IN the DT science NN curriculum NN , , because IN it PP is VBZ not RB science NN , , may MD not RB object VV to TO including VVG material NN that WDT argues VVZ with IN greater JJR sophistication NN that IN the DT universe NN as IN a DT whole NN shows VVZ evidence NN for IN design NN . SENT I PP can MD foresee VV proponents NNS of IN intelligent JJ design NN campaigning NN for IN science NN lessons NNS to TO include VV statements NNS of IN the DT sort NN we PP often RB read VVP today NN in IN books NNS and CC the DT popular JJ press NN , , that DT modern JJ physics NN and CC cosmology NN have VHP uncovered VVN evidence NN for IN intelligence NN in IN the DT structure NN of IN the DT universe NN and CC this DT intelligence NN seems VVZ to TO act VV with IN us PP in IN mind NN Rolston NP III NP , , 1986 CD . SENT Wright NP , , 1992 CD . SENT Begley NP , , 1994 CD . SENT In IN fact NN , , science NN has VHZ done VVN no DT such JJ thing NN . SENT Just RB as IN we PP must MD continue VV to TO educate VV parents NNS and CC teachers NNS on IN the DT facts NNS of IN evolution NN , , we PP must MD also RB inform VV them PP that IN science NN has VHZ by IN no DT means NNS confirmed VVD the DT traditional JJ belief NN in IN a DT created VVN universe NN with IN humanity NN at IN its PP$ center NN . SENT Indeed RB , , if IN anything NN science NN indicates VVZ quite PDT the DT opposite NN . SENT Astronomical JJ observations NNS continue VVP to TO demonstrate VV that IN the DT earth NN is VBZ no DT more RBR significant JJ than IN a DT single JJ grain NN of IN sand NN on IN a DT vast JJ beach NN . SENT While IN a DT created VVN , , human JJ centered VVD universe NN can MD probably RB never RB be VB ruled VVN out RP , , nothing NN in IN our PP$ current JJ understanding NN of IN cosmology NN and CC physics NN requires VVZ it PP . SENT Furthermore RB , , we PP are VBP beginning VVG to TO understand VV the DT possible JJ physical JJ mechanisms NNS for IN the DT appearance NN of IN matter NN from IN nothing NN , , and CC for IN organization NN without IN design NN . SENT Evolutionists NNS have VHP successfully RB refuted VVD the DT usual JJ argument NN for IN design NN that WDT is VBZ grounded VVN on IN the DT intricacy NN of IN biological JJ life NN . SENT They PP have VHP convincingly RB demonstrated VVN , , to TO any DT rational JJ person NN , , that DT complexity NN sufficient JJ for IN life NN could MD readily RB have VH emerged VVN naturally RB in IN the DT primeval JJ chemical NN stew NN . SENT However RB , , the DT processes NNS of IN biological JJ evolution NN on IN earth NN still RB depended VVD on IN the DT pre NP existence NN , , billions NNS of IN years NNS ago RB , , of IN the DT particles NNS and CC laws NNS of IN physics NN . SENT For IN example NN , , consider VVP the DT calculation NN by IN astronomer NN Fred NP Hoyle NP , , often RB referred VVD to TO by IN creationists NNS , , that IN the DT odds NNS against IN DNA NN assembling VVG by IN chance NN are VBP 1040 CD , , 000 CD to TO one CD Hoyle NP , , 1981 CD . SENT This DT is VBZ true JJ , , but CC highly RB misleading JJ . SENT DNA NP did VVD not RB assemble VV purely RB by IN chance NN . SENT It PP assembled VVD by IN a DT combination NN of IN chance NN and CC the DT laws NNS of IN physics NN . SENT Without IN the DT laws NNS of IN physics NNS as IN we PP know VVP them PP , , life NN on IN earth NN as IN we PP know VVP it PP would MD not RB have VH evolved VVN in IN the DT short JJ span NN of IN six CD billion CD years NNS . SENT The DT nuclear JJ force NN was VBD needed VVN to TO bind NN protons NNS and CC neutrons NNS in IN the DT nuclei NNS of IN atoms NNS . SENT electromagnetism NN was VBD needed VVN to TO keep VV atoms NNS and CC molecules NNS together RB . SENT and CC gravity NN was VBD needed VVN to TO keep VV the DT resulting VVG ingredients NNS for IN life NN stuck VVN to TO the DT surface NN of IN the DT earth NN . SENT These DT forces NNS must MD have VH been VBN in IN operation NN within IN seconds NNS of IN the DT start NN of IN the DT big JJ bang NN , , 10 CD 15 CD billion CD years NNS ago RB , , to TO allow VV for IN the DT formation NN of IN protons NNS and CC neutrons NNS out RP of IN quarks NNS and CC their PP$ storage NN in IN stable JJ hydrogen NN and CC deuterium NN atoms NNS . SENT Free JJ neutrons NNS disintegrate VV in IN minutes NNS . SENT To TO be VB able JJ to TO hang VV around RP for IN billions NNS of IN years NNS so RB that IN they PP could MD later RBR join VV with IN protons NNS in IN making VVG chemical JJ elements NNS in IN stars NNS , , neutrons NNS had VHD to TO be VB bound VVN in IN deuterons NNS and CC other JJ light JJ nuclei NNS where WRB energetics NNS prevented VVD their PP$ decay NN . SENT Gravity NN was VBD needed VVN to TO gather VV atoms NNS together RB into IN stars NNS and CC to TO compress VV stellar JJ cores NNS , , raising VVG the DT core JJ temperatures NNS to TO tens NNS of IN millions NNS of IN degrees NNS . SENT These DT high JJ temperatures NNS made VVD nuclear JJ reactions NNS possible JJ , , and CC over IN billions NNS of IN years NNS the DT elements NNS of IN the DT chemical JJ periodic JJ table NN were VBD synthesized VVN as IN the DT by IN product NN . SENT When WRB the DT nuclear JJ fuel NN in IN the DT more RBR massive JJ , , faster JJR burning NN stars NNS was VBD spent VVN , , the DT laws NNS of IN physics NNS called VVN for IN them PP to TO explode VV as IN supernovae NNS , , sending VVG into IN space NN the DT elements NNS manufactured VVN in IN their PP$ cores NNS . SENT In IN space NN , , gravity NN could MD gather VV these DT elements NNS into IN planets NNS circling VVG the DT smaller JJR , , longer RBR lived VVN stars NNS . SENT Finally RB , , after IN about IN ten CD billion CD years NNS , , the DT carbon NN , , oxygen NN , , nitrogen NN and CC other JJ elements NNS on IN a DT small JJ planet NN attached VVN to TO a DT small JJ , , stable JJ star NN could MD begin VV the DT process NN of IN evolution NN toward IN the DT complex JJ structures NNS we PP call VVP life NN . SENT In IN recent JJ years NNS , , creationist NN theologians NNS , , and CC even RB a DT few JJ physicists NNS , , have VHP heavily RB promoted VVN what WP they PP claim VVP is VBZ a DT remarkable JJ fine NN tuning VVG of IN the DT basic JJ laws NNS and CC constants NNS of IN physics NN , , without IN which WDT life NN as IN we PP know VVP it PP would MD never RB have VH developed VVN Barrow NP , , 1986 CD . SENT Rolston NP III NP . SENT If IN the DT universe NN had VHD appeared VVN with IN slight JJ variations NNS in IN the DT strengths NNS of IN the DT fundamental JJ forces NNS or CC the DT masses NNS of IN elementary JJ particles NNS , , that DT universe NN would MD be VB pure JJ hydrogen NN at IN one CD extreme NN , , or CC pure JJ helium NN at IN the DT other JJ . SENT Neither DT would MD have VH allowed VVN for IN the DT eventual JJ production NN of IN heavy JJ elements NNS , , such JJ as IN carbon NN , , necessary JJ for IN life NN . SENT Similarly RB , , if IN gravity NN had VHD not RB been VBN many JJ orders NNS of IN magnitude NN weaker JJR than IN electromagnetism NN , , stars NNS would MD not RB have VH lived VVN long RB enough RB to TO produce VV the DT elements NNS of IN life NN . SENT Long RB before IN they PP could MD fabricate VV heavy JJ chemical NN elements NNS , , stars NNS would MD have VH collapsed VVN . SENT Only RB the DT fact NN that IN the DT gravitational JJ force NN was VBD forty NN orders NNS of IN magnitude NN weaker JJR prevented VVN this DT from IN happening VVG . SENT In IN a DT calculation NN similar JJ to TO Hoyle's NP , , mathematician NN Roger NP Penrose NP has VHZ estimated VVN that IN the DT probability NN of IN a DT universe NN with IN our PP$ particular JJ set NN of IN physical JJ properties NNS is VBZ one CD part NN in IN 1010123 CD Penrose NP 1989 CD . SENT 343 CD . SENT However RB , , neither CC Penrose NP nor CC anyone NN else RB can MD say VV how WRB many JJ of IN the DT other JJ possible JJ universes NNS formed VVN with IN different JJ properties NNS could MD still RB have VH lead NN to TO some DT form NN of IN life NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ half JJ , , then RB the DT probability NN for IN life NN is VBZ fifty CD percent NN . SENT Ignoring VVG this DT absent JJ link NN in IN their PP$ chain NN of IN logic NN , , promoters NNS of IN intelligent JJ design NN put VVD forward RB the DT so RB called VVN anthropic JJ coincidences NNS as IN evidence NN for IN a DT universe NN that WDT was VBD created VVN with IN humans NNS in IN mind NN . SENT I PP have VHP heard VVN Christian JJ philosopher NN William NP Lane NP Craig NP make VV this DT claim NN in IN a DT debate NN on IN the DT existence NN of IN God NP . SENT In IN the DT same JJ debate NN , , Craig NP contended VVD that IN the DT great JJ age NN of IN the DT universe NN , , which WDT dwarfs VVZ human JJ history NN , , is VBZ in IN fact NN a DT sign NN of IN God's NP plan NN for IN humanity NN because IN billions NNS of IN years NNS were VBD needed VVN to TO allow VV life NN to TO evolve VV . SENT Craig NP evidently RB accepts VVZ evolution NN . SENT You PP would MD have VH thought VVN God NP could MD be VB a DT lot NN more RBR efficient JJ . SENT And CC Craig NP did VVD not RB rationalize VV why WRB humanity NN rather RB than IN cockroaches NNS was VBD the DT goal NN God NP had VHD in IN mind NN . SENT So RB as IN you PP see VVP , , we PP have VHP a DT lot NN more RBR explaining VVG to TO do VV after IN we PP explain VVP how WRB life NN developed VVD on IN earth NN by IN natural JJ processes NNS . SENT Even RB if IN life NN evolved VVN naturally RB on IN earth NN with IN no DT outside JJ interference NN , , the DT existence NN of IN stars NNS and CC planets NNS , , quarks NNS and CC electrons NNS , , and CC the DT very JJ laws NNS of IN physics NN themselves PP can MD be VB presented VVN as IN evidence NN for IN intelligent JJ design NN to TO the DT universe NN . SENT Furthermore RB , , given VVN the DT egocentrism NN that WDT seems VVZ to TO characterize VV the DT human JJ race NN , , convincing VVG people NNS that IN the DT universe NN was VBD designed VVN with IN them PP in IN mind NN is VBZ as RB easy JJ as IN convincing VVG a DT child NN that IN candy NN is VBZ good JJ for IN him PP . SENT Perhaps RB the DT universe NN was VBD created VVN for IN the DT sole JJ purpose NN of IN producing VVG you PP and CC me PP . SENT I PP have VHP no DT objection NN to TO discussing VVG the DT possibility NN , , as RB long RB as IN the DT discussion NN is VBZ critical JJ , , rational JJ , , and CC objective NN . SENT The DT most RBS common JJ argument NN that WDT is VBZ still RB given VVN by IN believers NNS when WRB they PP are VBP asked VVN to TO present VV scientific JJ evidence NN for IN a DT creator NN is VBZ . SENT How WRB can MD all DT of IN this DT gesturing VVG to TO the DT world NN around IN us PP have VHP happened VVN by IN chance NN . SENT As IN we PP have VHP seen VVN , , the DT most RBS brilliant JJ exposition NN of IN the DT case NN for IN evolution NN will MD not RB answer VV this DT question NN , , because IN it PP still RB presumes VVZ the DT pre NP existence NN of IN laws NNS of IN physics NNS and CC values NNS of IN physical JJ constants NNS that WDT had VHD to TO be VB delicately RB balanced VVN for IN human JJ and CC cockroach NN life NN to TO evolve VV . SENT The DT Argument NN from IN Probability NN Before IN addressing VVG the DT question NN of IN how WRB the DT laws NNS of IN physics NNS can MD have VH come VVN about RB in IN the DT absence NN of IN intelligent JJ design NN , , let VV me PP provide VV a DT response NN to TO the DT arguments NNS from IN probability NN outlined VVN above IN . SENT If IN we PP properly RB compute VV , , according VVG to TO statistical JJ theory NN , , the DT probability NN for IN the DT universe NN existing VVG with IN the DT properties NNS it PP has VHZ , , the DT result NN is VBZ unity NN . SENT The DT universe NN exists VVZ with IN one CD hundred CD percent NN probability NN unless IN you PP are VBP an DT idealist NN who WP believes VVZ everything NN exists VVZ only RB in IN your PP$ own JJ mind NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , the DT probability NN for IN one CD of IN a DT random JJ set NN of IN universes NNS being VBG our PP$ particular JJ universe NN is VBZ a DT different JJ question NN . SENT And CC the DT probability NN that IN one CD of IN a DT random JJ set NN of IN universes NNS is VBZ a DT universe NN that WDT supports VVZ some DT form NN of IN life NN is VBZ a DT third JJ question NN . SENT I PP submit VVP it PP is VBZ this DT last JJ question NN that WDT is VBZ the DT important JJ one NN and CC that IN we PP have VHP no DT reason NN to TO be VB sure JJ that IN this DT probability NN is VBZ small JJ . SENT I PP have VHP made VVN some DT estimates NNS of IN the DT probability NN that IN a DT chance NN distribution NN of IN physical JJ constants NNS can MD produce VV a DT universe NN with IN properties NNS sufficient JJ that IN some DT form NN of IN life NN would MD have VHP likely RB had VHN sufficient JJ time NN to TO evolve VV . SENT In IN this DT study NN , , I PP randomly RB varied VVD the DT constants NNS of IN physics NNS I PP assume VVP the DT same JJ laws NNS of IN physics NNS as RB exist VVP in IN our PP$ universe NN , , since IN I PP know VVP no RB other JJ over IN a DT range NN of IN ten CD orders NNS of IN magnitude NN around IN their PP$ existing JJ values NNS . SENT For IN each DT resulting VVG toy NN universe NN , , I PP computed VVD various JJ quantities NNS such JJ as IN the DT size NN of IN atoms NNS and CC the DT lifetimes NNS of IN stars NNS . SENT I PP found VVD that IN almost RB all DT combinations NNS of IN physical JJ constants NNS lead VVP to TO universes NNS , , albeit IN strange JJ ones NNS , , that WDT would MD live VV long RB enough RB for IN some DT type NN of IN complexity NN to TO form VV Stenger NP 1995 CD . SENT chapter NN 8 CD . SENT This DT is VBZ illustrated VVN in IN figure NN 1 CD . SENT Figure NN 1 CD . SENT Distribution NN of IN stellar JJ lifetimes NNS for IN 100 CD random JJ universes NNS in IN which WDT four CD basic JJ physics NN constants NNS the DT proton NN and CC electron NN masses NNS and CC the DT strengths NNS of IN the DT electromagnetic JJ and CC strong JJ forces NNS are VBP varied VVN by IN ten CD orders NNS of IN magnitude NN around IN their PP$ existing JJ values NNS in IN our PP$ universe NN . SENT Otherwise RB , , the DT laws NNS of IN physics NNS are VBP unchanged JJ . SENT Note NN that IN in IN well RB over IN half PDT the DT universes NNS , , stars NNS live VVP at IN least JJS a DT billion CD years NNS . SENT From IN Stenger NP 1995 CD . SENT Every DT shuffle NN of IN a DT deck NN of IN cards NNS leads VVZ to TO a DT 52 CD card NN sequence NN that WDT has VHZ low RB a DT priori NN probability NN , , but CC has VHZ unit NN probability NN once IN the DT cards NNS are VBP all RB on IN the DT table NN . SENT Similarly RB , , the DT fine NN tuning VVG of IN the DT constants NNS of IN physics NN , , said VVD to TO be VB so RB unlikely JJ , , could MD very RB well RB have VH been VBN random JJ . SENT we PP just RB happen VVP to TO be VB in IN the DT universe NN that WDT turned VVD up RP in IN that DT particular JJ deal NN of IN the DT cards NNS . SENT Note NN that IN my PP$ thesis NN does VVZ not RB require VV more JJR than IN one CD universe NN to TO exist VV , , although IN some DT cosmological JJ theories NNS propose VVP this DT . SENT Even RB if IN ours PP is VBZ the DT only JJ universe NN , , and CC that DT universe NN happened VVD by IN chance NN , , we PP have VHP no DT basis NN to TO conclude VV that IN a DT universe NN without IN some DT form NN of IN life NN was VBD so RB unlikely JJ as RB to TO have VH required VVN a DT miracle NN . SENT Simplicity NN and CC Physical JJ Law NN So IN the DT argument NN from IN probability NN fails VVZ . SENT Many JJ sets NNS of IN physical JJ constants NNS could MD have VH produced VVN a DT universe NN with IN life NN , , albeit IN life NN very RB unlike IN our PP$ own JJ . SENT But CC what WP about IN the DT laws NNS of IN physics NNS themselves PP . SENT Can MD we PP take VV their PP$ mere JJ existence NN as IN evidence NN for IN intelligent JJ design NN . SENT Let VV me PP begin VV by IN addressing VVG two CD commonsense NN notions NNS . SENT 1 LS you PP cannot VV get VV something NN from IN nothing NN , , and CC 2 CD the DT order NN of IN the DT universe NN requires VVZ the DT pre NP existence NN of IN an DT active JJ intelligence NN to TO do VV the DT ordering VVG . SENT I PP will MD leave VV it PP to TO the DT theologians NNS to TO explain VV how WRB the DT postulate NN of IN a DT creator NN God NP solves VVZ the DT problem NN of IN creation NN ex JJ nihilo NN , , since IN God NP is VBZ something NN that WDT , , itself PP , , must MD have VH come VVN , , uncreated JJ , , from IN nothing NN . SENT Instead RB I PP will MD address VV the DT physics NN issues NNS implied VVN by IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT universe NN from IN nothing NN . SENT In IN physics NN terms NNS , , creation NN ex JJ nihilo NN appears VVZ to TO violate VV both CC the DT first JJ and CC second JJ laws NNS of IN thermodynamics NNS . SENT The DT first JJ law NN of IN thermodynamics NN is VBZ equivalent JJ to TO the DT principle NN of IN conservation NN of IN energy NN . SENT the DT total JJ energy NN of IN a DT closed JJ system NN is VBZ constant JJ . SENT any DT energy NN change NN must MD be VB compensated VVN by IN a DT corresponding JJ inflow NN or CC outflow NN from IN the DT system NN . SENT Einstein NP showed VVD that DT mass NN and CC energy NN are VBP equivalent JJ , , by IN E NP mc NP 2 CD . SENT So RB , , if IN the DT universe NN started VVD from IN nothing NN , , energy NN conservation NN would MD seem VV to TO have VH been VBN violated VVN by IN the DT creation NN of IN matter NN . SENT Some DT energy NN from IN outside NN is VBZ apparently RB required VVN . SENT However RB , , our PP$ best JJS estimate NN today NN is VBZ that IN the DT total JJ energy NN of IN the DT universe NN is VBZ zero CD within IN a DT small JJ zero CD point NN energy NN that IN results NNS from IN quantum NN fluctuations NNS , , with IN the DT positive JJ energy NN of IN matter NN balanced VVN by IN the DT negative JJ potential JJ energy NN of IN gravity NN . SENT Since IN the DT total JJ energy NN is VBZ zero CD , , no DT energy NN was VBD needed VVN to TO produce VV the DT universe NN and CC the DT first JJ law NN was VBD not RB violated VVN . SENT The DT second JJ law NN of IN thermodynamics NN requires VVZ that IN the DT entropy NN , , or CC disorder NN , , of IN the DT universe NN must MD increase VV or CC at IN least JJS stay VV constant JJ with IN time NN . SENT This DT would MD seem VV to TO imply VV that IN the DT universe NN started VVD out RP in IN a DT greater JJR state NN of IN order NN than IN it PP has VHZ today NN , , and CC so RB must MD have VH been VBN designed VVN . SENT However RB , , this DT argument NN holds VVZ only RB for IN a DT universe NN of IN constant JJ volume NN . SENT The DT maximum JJ entropy NN of IN any DT object NN is VBZ that IN of IN a DT black JJ hole NN of IN the DT same JJ volume NN . SENT In IN an DT expanding VVG universe NN , , the DT maximum JJ allowable JJ entropy NN of IN the DT universe NN is VBZ continually RB increasing VVG , , allowing VVG more JJR and CC more JJR room NN for IN order NN to TO form VV as IN time NN goes VVZ by IN . SENT If IN we PP extrapolate VV the DT big JJ bang NN back RB to TO the DT earliest JJS definable JJ time NN , , the DT so RB called VVN Planck NP time NN 10 CD 43 CD second NN , , we PP find VVP that DT universe NN started VVD out RP in IN a DT condition NN of IN maximum JJ entropy NN total NN chaos NN . SENT The DT universe NN had VHD no DT order NN at IN the DT earliest RBS definable JJ instant NN . SENT If IN there EX was VBD a DT creator NN , , it PP had VHD nothing NN to TO create VV . SENT Note NN also RB that IN one CD cannot NN ask VVP , , much RB less JJR answer NN , , What WP happened VVD before IN the DT big JJ bang NN . SENT Since IN no DT time NN earlier RBR than IN the DT Planck NP time NN can MD be VB logically RB defined VVN , , the DT whole JJ notion NN of IN time NN before IN the DT big JJ bang NN is VBZ meaningless JJ . SENT Furthermore RB , , within IN the DT framework NN of IN Einstein's NP relativity NN , , time NN is VBZ the DT fourth JJ dimension NN of IN spacetime NN . SENT Defining VVG this DT fourth JJ dimension NN as IN ict NN , , where WRB t NN is VBZ what WP you PP read VVP on IN a DT clock NN , , i NP sqrt NP 1 CD , , and CC c LS is VBZ the DT speed NN of IN light NN , , the DT coordinates VVZ of IN time NN and CC space NN are VBP interchangeable JJ . SENT In IN short JJ , , time NN is VBZ inextricably RB intertwined VVN with IN space NN and CC came VVD into IN being NN when WRB or CC where WRB language NN is VBZ inadequate JJ to TO mathematics NNS here RB spacetime NN came VVD into IN being NN . SENT Spontaneous JJ Order NN So RB , , where WRB did VVD the DT order NN of IN the DT universe NN come VVN from IN , , if IN it PP did VVD not RB exist VV at IN the DT beginning NN . SENT Where WRB did VVD the DT laws NNS of IN physics NNS come VVN from IN , , if IN not RB from IN some DT great JJ lawgiver NN . SENT We PP are VBP now RB beginning VVG to TO grasp VV how WRB the DT laws NNS of IN physics NNS could MD have VH come VVN about RB naturally RB , , as IN the DT universe NN spontaneously RB exploded VVD in IN the DT big JJ bang NN . SENT To TO understand VV this DT , , we PP first RB have VHP to TO recognize VV the DT prejudice NN that WDT is VBZ built VVN into IN the DT whole JJ concept NN of IN physical JJ law NN . SENT When WRB Newton NP developed VVD mechanics NNS and CC gravity NN , , the DT Judeo NN Christian JJ notion NN of IN God NP given VVN law NN was VBD already RB deeply RB engraved VVN in IN his PP$ thinking NN , , by IN his PP$ culture NN . SENT Even RB today NN , , science NN is VBZ interpreted VVN by IN public NN , , media NNS , , and CC scientists NNS alike RB as IN the DT process NN of IN learning VVG the DT mind NN of IN God NP . SENT 1 CD However RB , , the DT laws NNS of IN physics NN , , at IN least JJS in IN their PP$ formal JJ expressions NNS , , are VBP no RB less RBR human JJ inventions NNS than IN the DT laws NNS by IN which WDT we PP govern VVP ourselves PP . SENT They PP represent VVP our PP$ imperfect JJ attempts NNS at IN economical JJ and CC useful JJ descriptions NNS of IN the DT observations NNS we PP make VVP with IN our PP$ senses NNS and CC instruments NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB to TO say VV we PP subjectively RB determine VV how WRB the DT universe NN behaves VVZ , , or CC that IN it PP has VHZ no DT orderly JJ behavior NN . SENT Few JJ scientists NNS deny VVP that IN an DT objective NN , , ordered VVN reality NN exists VVZ that WDT is VBZ independent JJ of IN human JJ life NN and CC experience NN . SENT We PP simply RB have VHP to TO recognize VV that IN the DT concept NN of IN natural JJ law NN carries VVZ with IN it PP certain JJ metaphysical JJ baggage NN that WDT is VBZ tied VVN to TO our PP$ traditional JJ , , pre NP scientific JJ modes NNS of IN thought NN . SENT We PP are VBP going VVG a DT step NN beyond IN logic NN to TO conclude VV that IN the DT existence NN in IN the DT universe NN of IN order NN , , which WDT we PP conventionally RB label VVP as IN the DT laws NNS of IN nature NN , , implies VVZ a DT cosmic JJ lawgiver NN . SENT We PP are VBP gradually RB learning VVG that IN several JJ of IN the DT laws NNS of IN physics NN , , those DT that WDT seem VVP the DT most RBS universal JJ and CC profound JJ , , are VBP in IN fact NN little RB more RBR than IN statements NNS about IN the DT simplicity NN of IN nature NN that WDT can MD almost RB go VV unsaid VVN . SENT The DT laws NNS of IN energy NN , , momentum NN , , and CC angular JJ momentum NN conservation NN have VHP been VBN shown VVN to TO be VB statements NNS about IN the DT homogeneity NN of IN space NN and CC time NN . SENT The DT first JJ law NN of IN thermodynamics NNS , , conservation NN of IN energy NN , , results NNS from IN there RB being VBG no DT unique JJ moment NN in IN time NN . SENT 2 CD Conservation NP of IN momentum NN follows VVZ from IN the DT Copernican JJ principle NN that IN there EX is VBZ no DT preferred JJ position NN in IN space NN . SENT Other JJ conservation NN laws NNS , , such JJ as IN charge NN and CC nucleon NN number NN , , also RB arise VV from IN analogous JJ assumptions NNS of IN simplicity NN . SENT For IN the DT mathematically RB inclined VVN , , the DT conserved VVN quantities NNS are VBP generators NNS of IN the DT symmetry NN transformations NNS involved VVD . SENT A DT homogeneous JJ universe NN , , one CD with IN a DT high JJ level NN of IN symmetry NN , , is VBZ the DT simplest JJS of IN all DT possible JJ universes NNS , , just RB the DT kind NN we PP would MD expect VV to TO happen VV by IN accident NN . SENT In IN such PDT a DT universe NN , , many JJ conservation NN laws NNS will MD automatically RB exist VV . SENT In IN general NN , , the DT conservation NN laws NNS need VVP no DT explanation NN beyond IN the DT mathematical JJ symbols NNS used VVN to TO represent VV the DT corresponding JJ symmetry NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , an DT observed JJ violation NN of IN a DT conservation NN law NN would MD demand VV an DT explanation NN , , for IN then RB we PP would MD have VH evidence NN for IN a DT deviation NN from IN simplicity NN and CC homogeneity NN . SENT To TO explain VV this DT deviation NN , , we PP have VHP to TO go VV beyond IN the DT assumptions NNS that WDT require VVP the DT fewest JJS parameters NNS , , that WDT is VBZ , , are VBP the DT most RBS economical JJ . SENT By IN an DT equally RB simple JJ but CC somewhat RB different JJ argument NN , , the DT second JJ law NN of IN thermodynamics NN is VBZ found VVN not RB to TO be VB some DT underlying JJ principle NN of IN the DT universe NN , , but CC rather RB an DT arbitrary JJ convention NN we PP humans NNS make VVP in IN defining VVG the DT direction NN of IN time NN . SENT Nothing NN in IN known VVN fundamental JJ physics NN forbids VVZ the DT violation NN of IN the DT second JJ law NN . SENT No DT mechanical JJ principle NN prevents VVZ the DT air NN emptying VVG from IN a DT room NN when WRB you PP open VVP the DT door NN , , killing VVG everyone NN inside RB . SENT Physics NN does VVZ not RB forbid VV a DT human NN from IN growing VVG younger JJR or CC the DT dead JJ rising NN . SENT All PDT that DT has VHZ to TO happen VV for IN these DT miraculous JJ events NNS is VBZ that IN the DT molecules NNS involved VVN are VBP accidentally RB moving VVG in IN the DT right JJ direction NN at IN the DT right JJ instant NN . SENT Of IN course NN these DT miracles NNS are VBP not RB observed VVN to TO happen VV except IN in IN fantasies NNS , , but CC only RB because IN they PP are VBP so RB highly RB unlikely JJ . SENT We PP introduce VV the DT second JJ law NN to TO codify VV what WP all DT of IN human JJ experience NN testifies VVZ , , that DT air NN does VVZ not RB empty JJ from IN a DT room NN , , people NNS do VVP not RB grow VV younger JJR , , and CC the DT dead JJ do VVP not RB rise VV . SENT But CC these DT events NNS are VBP not RB impossible JJ , , just RB highly RB improbable JJ . SENT Influenced NP , , like IN Newton NP , , by IN our PP$ culture NN , , we PP falsely RB state VVP that IN these DT unlikely JJ events NNS cannot NN happen VVP because IN the DT second JJ law NN forbids VVZ them PP from IN doing VVG so RB . SENT The DT second JJ law NN of IN thermodynamics NNS , , along RB with IN the DT arrow NN of IN time NN and CC the DT notions NNS of IN causality NN and CC determinism NN , , arise VVP as IN statistical JJ statements NNS about IN the DT likelihood NN of IN events NNS that WDT emerge VVP as IN principles NNS we PP invent VVP to TO describe VV the DT world NN of IN everyday JJ experiences NNS . SENT Other JJ , , more RBR complex JJ and CC less RBR universal JJ laws NNS of IN physics NNS appear VVP to TO arise VV from IN spontaneously RB broken VVN symmetries NNS . SENT When WRB a DT quantity NN such JJ as IN momentum NN is VBZ observed VVN not RB to TO be VB conserved VVN , , we PP introduce VV the DT notion NN of IN a DT force NN to TO break VV the DT corresponding JJ spatial JJ symmetry NN . SENT By IN this DT means NN , , the DT force NN laws NNS and CC other JJ principles NNS that WDT give VVP structure NN to TO the DT universe NN arise VVP as RB spontaneously RB broken VVN symmetries NNS accidental JJ , , uncaused JJ events NNS that WDT occurred VVD in IN the DT first JJ fraction NN of IN a DT second NN of IN the DT big JJ bang NN as IN the DT expanding VVG universe NN cooled VVN . SENT The DT process NN can MD be VB likened VVN to TO the DT formation NN of IN structure NN in IN a DT snowflake NN from IN water NN vapor NN , , or CC the DT magnetizing VVG of IN a DT bar NN of IN iron NN cooled VVN below IN the DT Curie NP temperature NN . SENT The DT Appearance NN of IN Structure NN While IN the DT details NNS of IN the DT symmetry NN breaking NN mechanism NN referred VVD to TO here RB are VBP not RB fully RB developed VVN , , and CC further JJR work NN may MD negate VV this DT picture NN , , we PP have VHP at IN least JJS one CD highly RB successful JJ example NN of IN how WRB the DT process NN of IN spontaneous JJ structure NN formation NN from IN underlying JJ symmetry NN and CC chaos NN can MD have VH come VVN about RB . SENT The DT current JJ theory NN of IN elementary JJ particles NNS , , the DT so RB called VVN Standard NP Model NP of IN quarks NNS and CC leptons NNS the DT electron NN and CC neutrino NN are VBP examples NNS of IN leptons NNS , , agrees VVZ with IN all DT existing JJ observations NNS about IN the DT material NN world NN . SENT In IN two CD decades NNS since IN its PP$ inception NN , , no DT violation NN of IN the DT Standard NP Model NP has VHZ been VBN observed VVN . SENT Within IN the DT framework NN of IN this DT model NN , , electromagnetic JJ and CC weak JJ nuclear JJ forces NNS are VBP viewed VVN as IN low JJ energy NN manifestations NNS of IN a DT single JJ , , unified JJ electroweak NN force NN that WDT applies VVZ at IN higher JJR energies NNS and CC smaller JJR distances NNS . SENT At IN the DT level NN of IN most JJS observations NNS , , these DT forces NNS are VBP vastly RB different JJ . SENT The DT electromagnetic JJ force NN acts NNS over IN macroscopic JJ distances NNS , , while IN the DT electroweak NN force NN is VBZ confined VVN to TO the DT atomic JJ nucleus NN . SENT The DT two CD forces NNS differ VVP enormously RB in IN strength NN . SENT Yet CC the DT Standard NP Model NP treats VVZ them PP in IN a DT unified JJ fashion NN at IN high JJ energies NNS , , and CC explains VVZ their PP$ differing VVG structure NN by IN means NNS of IN spontaneous JJ symmetry NN breaking NN that WDT occurs VVZ at IN lower JJR energies NNS . SENT Further JJR progress NN in IN understanding VVG these DT fundamental JJ mechanisms NNS has VHZ been VBN slowed VVN by IN the DT canceling VVG of IN the DT Superconducting JJ Supercollider NN that WDT would MD have VH probed VVN beyond IN the DT Standard NP Model NP . SENT A DT less RBR ambitious JJ although IN still RB gigantic JJ project NN is VBZ going VVG ahead RB in IN Europe NP , , but CC it PP will MD be VB a DT new JJ millennium NN before IN physicists NNS have VHP the DT data NNS they PP will MD need VV to TO determine VV whether IN spontaneous JJ symmetry NN breaking NN is VBZ indeed RB the DT process NN by IN which WDT the DT laws NNS of IN physics NNS evolved VVN in IN the DT first JJ fraction NN of IN a DT second NN of IN the DT big JJ bang NN . SENT Currently RB , , all RB we PP can MD say VV is VBZ that WDT we PP have VHP one CD firm NN example NN , , and CC many JJ theoretical JJ suggestions NNS , , that WDT will MD not RB be VB tested VVN experimentally RB for IN another DT decade NN . SENT Even RB if IN they PP all RB fail VVP these DT tests NNS , , it PP seems VVZ highly RB unlikely JJ that IN the DT process NN will MD yield VV evidence NN for IN the DT creator NN of IN Judeo NP Christian NP Islamic NP theology NN . SENT Implications NNS for IN Education NP In IN critically RB examining VVG evidence NN for IN or CC against IN intelligent JJ design NN to TO the DT universe NN , , it PP must MD be VB understood VVN that IN we PP are VBP following VVG the DT traditional JJ practice NN of IN science NN , , seeking VVG a DT scientific JJ explanation NN for IN observations NNS about IN the DT universe NN that WDT have VHP been VBN previously RB attributed VVN to TO the DT action NN of IN supernatural JJ deity NN . SENT Believers NNS will MD call VV us PP nasty JJ names NNS , , like IN atheist NN and CC secular JJ humanist NN , , and CC accuse VV us PP of IN undermining VVG faith NN and CC morality NN . SENT Certainly RB we PP cannot NN be VB dogmatic JJ in IN our PP$ approach NN , , or CC appear VVP to TO be VB preaching VVG a DT religion NN of IN scientism NN . SENT If IN we PP do VVP , , then RB we PP have VHP no DT more RBR right JJ to TO a DT piece NN of IN the DT science NN curriculum NN than IN the DT religionists NNS . SENT As RB in IN any DT scientific JJ investigation NN , , we PP must MD emphasize VV our PP$ commitment NN to TO the DT scientific JJ process NN and CC agree VVP to TO accept VV whatever WDT the DT conclusion NN of IN that DT process NN may MD be VB . SENT If IN that DT conclusion NN is VBZ evidence NN for IN supernatural JJ intelligent JJ design NN , , then RB so RB be VB it PP . SENT But CC if IN we PP cannot NN find VV such JJ evidence NN , , then RB we PP should MD not RB feel VV compelled VVN to TO soothe VV the DT sensitivities NNS of IN believers NNS by IN leaving VVG unchallenged JJ the DT assertion NN that IN their PP$ sectarian JJ prejudices NNS have VHP scientific JJ merit NN . SENT We PP must MD speak VV out RP forcefully RB whenever WRB anyone NN claims VVZ scientific JJ authority NN for IN beliefs NNS that WDT fail VVP the DT objective JJ tests NNS of IN scientific JJ method NN . SENT I PP realize VVP that IN the DT ideas NNS I PP have VHP covered VVN in IN this DT essay NN will MD be VB very RB difficult JJ to TO explain VV in IN the DT classroom NN , , even RB at IN the DT university NN level NN where WRB few JJ students NNS study NN physics NN at IN anything NN more RBR than IN a DT minimal JJ , , descriptive JJ level NN if IN they PP study VVP it PP at IN all DT . SENT Nevertheless RB , , we PP should MD not RB leave VV the DT field NN open JJ to TO those DT who WP demonstrate VVP no DT commitment NN to TO scientific JJ truth NN . SENT If IN teachers NNS cannot NN understand VVP or CC explain VVP the DT developments NNS in IN modern JJ physics NNS I PP have VHP outlined VVN above RB , , they PP can MD at IN least JJS emphasize VV the DT need NN to TO pursue VV these DT issues NNS in IN an DT open JJ , , objective JJ , , and CC rational JJ fashion NN . SENT They PP should MD point VV out RP the DT logical JJ flaws NNS in IN the DT anthropic JJ probability NN argument NN , , that WDT we PP must MD count VV all PDT the DT possible JJ ways NNS that IN life NN may MD have VH developed VVN . SENT And CC they PP can MD question VV the DT claim NN that IN creation NN ex JJ nihilo NN violates VVZ the DT laws NNS of IN physics NN , , that DT science NN requires VVZ a DT miracle NN to TO produce VV the DT universe NN . SENT At IN the DT least JJS , , teachers NNS should MD be VB made VVN aware JJ of IN the DT fact NN that IN modern JJ physics NNS and CC cosmology NN provide VVP no DT compulsion NN to TO introduce VV the DT uneconomical JJ hypothesis NN of IN a DT biblical JJ creator NN . SENT They PP must MD resist VV those DT who WP would MD attempt VV to TO force VV their PP$ personal JJ beliefs NNS into IN the DT classroom NN through IN the DT back JJ door NN of IN intelligent JJ design NN . SENT The DT process NN in IN which WDT we PP are VBP engaged VVN is VBZ the DT search NN for IN rational JJ evidence NN for IN or CC against IN intelligent JJ design NN . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB suffice VV to TO say VV that DT intelligent JJ design NN is VBZ possible JJ , , and CC proponents NNS of IN intelligent JJ design NN have VHP no DT right NN to TO re NN cast VVD the DT question NN as IN one CD in IN which WDT the DT non JJ existence NN of IN intelligent JJ design NN must MD be VB proven VVN . SENT Within IN the DT framework NN of IN Occam's JJ razor NN , , intelligent JJ design NN is VBZ an DT added JJ hypothesis NN and CC the DT proponent's NNS burden NN is VBZ to TO demonstrate VV why WRB it PP is VBZ necessary JJ to TO make VV this DT hypothesis NN . SENT I PP have VHP argued VVN that IN no DT evidence NN or CC rational JJ argument NN for IN intelligent JJ design NN can MD be VB found VVN in IN either CC the DT data NNS or CC the DT theories NNS of IN modern JJ physics NNS and CC cosmology NN . SENT If IN the DT hypothesis NN of IN intelligent JJ design NN is VBZ to TO be VB discussed VVN in IN science NN classrooms NNS , , then RB good JJ science NN methodology NN demands NNS that IN we PP make VVP clear JJ that IN this DT is VBZ an DT uneconomical JJ hypothesis NN that WDT is VBZ not RB required VVN by IN existing VVG scientific JJ knowledge NN . SENT The DT author NN is VBZ grateful JJ to TO Taner NP Edis NP and CC John NP Forester NP for IN their PP$ comments NNS on IN this DT essay NN . SENT Victor NP J NP . SENT Stenger NP is VBZ professor NN of IN physics NN and CC astronomy NN at IN the DT University NP of IN Hawaii NP and CC the DT author NN of IN Not RB By IN Design NP . SENT The DT Origin NN of IN the DT Universe NN Prometheus NP Books NPS , , 1988 CD and CC Physics NNS and CC Psychics NNS . SENT The DT Search NP for IN a DT World NN Beyond IN the DT Senses NNS Prometheus NP Books NPS , , 1990 CD . SENT This DT article NN is VBZ based VVN on IN a DT chapter NN from IN his PP$ latest JJS book NN . SENT The DT Unconscious JJ Quantum NP . SENT Metaphysics NNS in IN Modern NP Physics NN and CC Cosmology NN Prometheus NP Books NPS , , 1995 CD . SENT References NNS Barrow NP , , John NP D NP . SENT and CC Frank NP J NP . SENT Tipler NP 1986 CD . SENT Begley NP , , Sharon NP 1994 CD . SENT Science NP and CC the DT Sacred NP Newsweek NP November NP 28 CD . SENT 56 CD . SENT Cole NP , , John NP 1995 CD . SENT NCSE NP Reports NP 15 CD , , 1 CD . SENT 2 CD Davies NP , , Paul NP 1992 CD . SENT The DT Mind NN of IN God NP . SENT The DT Scientific JJ Basis NN for IN a DT Rational JJ World NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Simon NP and CC Schuster NP . SENT Davis NP , , Percival NP and CC Dean NP H NP . SENT Keaton NP 1993 CD . SENT Of IN Pandas NNS and CC People NNS . SENT Haughton NP . SENT Hawking NP , , Stephen NP 1988 CD . SENT A DT Brief NP History NN of IN Time NP . SENT From IN the DT Big NP Bang NP to TO Black NP Holes NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Bantam NN . SENT Hoyle NP , , F NP . SENT and CC C NP . SENT Wickramasinghe NP 1981 CD . SENT Evolution NN from IN Space NP . SENT J NP . SENT M NP . SENT Dent NN . SENT Matsumura NP , , Molleen NP 1995 CD . SENT NCSE NP Reports NP 15 CD , , 1 CD . SENT 7 CD . SENT Penrose NP , , Roger NP 1989 CD . SENT The DT Emperor's NP New NP Mind NN . SENT Concerning VVG Computers NNS , , Minds NNS , , and CC the DT Laws NP of IN Physics NN . SENT Oxford NP . SENT Oxford NP University NP Press NP . SENT Rolston NP III NP , , Holmes NP 1986 CD . SENT Shaken JJ Atheism NN . SENT A DT Look NN at IN the DT Fine JJ Tuned VVN Universe NN . SENT The DT Christian NP Century NP , , December NP 3 CD . SENT Stenger NP , , Victor NP J NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT The DT Unconscious JJ Quantum NP . SENT Metaphysics NNS in IN Modern NP Physics NN and CC Cosmology NN . SENT Amherst NP , , N NP . SENT Y NP . SENT . SENT Prometheus NP Books NPS . SENT Wright NP , , Robert NP 1992 CD . SENT What WP Does VVZ Science NP Tell VV Us PP About IN God NP . SENT Time NP December NP 28 CD . SENT 38 CD . SENT Notes NNS 1 CD The DT mind NN of IN God NP were VBD the DT final JJ words NNS of IN Stephen NP Hawking's NNS remarkable JJ best JJS seller NN , , A DT Brief NP History NN of IN Time NP Hawking NP , , 1988 CD . SENT This DT catchy JJ phrase NN was VBD absconded VVN by IN Paul NP Davies NP for IN the DT title NN his PP$ book NN , , The DT Mind NN of IN God NP . SENT The DT Scientific JJ Basis NN for IN a DT Rational JJ World NP Davies NP , , 1992 CD . SENT Physicist NN Davies NP has VHZ won VVN a DT million CD dollar NN prize NN for IN his PP$ writings NNS on IN religion NN and CC science NN . SENT 2 CD Admittedly RB , , the DT first JJ moment NN of IN the DT universe NN was VBD unique JJ , , but CC the DT implied JJ violation NN of IN conservation NN of IN energy NN is VBZ exactly RB what WP gives VVZ us PP the DT zero CD point NN energy NN mentioned VVD earlier RBR in IN the DT text NN . SENT Home NP Page NP Browse VV Search NP Feedback NN Links NP The NP FAQ NP Must MD Read VV Files NP Index NP Creationism NN Evolution NN Age NP of IN the DT Earth NP Flood NP Geology NN Catastrophism NN Debates NNS