/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/41/file12.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Fran NP ais NNS Contact NP Us NP Help NN Search NP Canada NP Site NN Home NP Site NN Map NN FAQ NP Links NP What's NP New NP . SENT Annual JJ Report NP Special JJ Edition NN 35 CD th NN Anniversary NN 1969 CD 2004 CD Volume NN I NN PDF NN version NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT 40 CD MB NP Cat NP . SENT No UH . SENT . SENT SF NP 1 CD 2005 CD E NP HTML NP ISBN NP . SENT 0 CD 662 JJ 40468 CD 8 CD Since IN 1970 CD , , Canadians NNS have VHP witnessed VVN a DT clear JJ progression NN in IN nearly RB all DT aspects NNS of IN their PP$ daily JJ lives NNS when WRB it PP comes VVZ to TO official JJ languages NNS . 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SENT key JJ players NNS Support VVP for IN bilingualism NN At IN home NN In IN the DT national JJ capital NN On IN the DT Internet NN Abroad RB To TO judge VV and CC protect VV Bijuralism NN The DT administration NN of IN justice NN Public NP security NN Conclusion NN CHAPTER NN 4 CD GROWING VVG AND CC LEARNING VVG Progress NN in IN raising VVG educational JJ levels NNS The DT quest NN for IN educational JJ rights NNS Exogamy NN The DT educational JJ challenges NNS facing VVG the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP Recruiting NN rights NNS holder NN students NNS Adapting VVG to TO diversity NN The DT educational JJ challenges NNS facing VVG the DT Francophone JJ minority NN Target NP Francophone JJ school NN population NN Early JJ childhood NN An DT overall JJ strategy NN Intergovernmental NP co NP operation NN Second JJ language NN learning VVG Post NP secondary JJ education NN Colleges NNS Universities NNS Distance NP learning VVG Language NP training NN Conclusion NN CHAPTER NN 5 CD COMMUNICATING VVG AND CC CREATING VVG Communications NP Regulations NNS that WDT reflect VVP the DT Canadian JJ reality NN The DT Canadian JJ Broadcasting NP Corporation NP The DT broadcasting NN industry NN Community NP media NN Culture NP Public NP support NN Community NP support NN Conclusion NN CHAPTER NN 6 CD HEALTH NN , , WORK NN AND CC TRAVEL VV Health NP Health NP Canada NP . 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SENT Its PP$ expertise NN in IN minority NN governance NN as RB well RB as IN second JJ language NN teaching NN , , translation NN and CC language NN technology NN , , bijuralism NN , , and CC more JJR , , is VBZ in IN fact NN much RB sought VVD after IN in IN world NN markets NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ important JJ to TO add VV that IN this DT expertise NN benefits VVZ not RB only JJ institutions NNS but CC also RB individuals NNS , , who WP , , by IN becoming VVG bilingual JJ , , broaden VV their PP$ horizons NNS . SENT If IN we PP have VHP used VVN the DT term NN progress NN to TO describe VV what WP has VHZ been VBN accomplished VVN over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS , , it PP is VBZ because IN the DT situation NN at IN the DT outset NN was VBD far RB from IN equitable JJ for IN the DT two CD official NN language NN communities NNS and CC the DT road NN toward IN equality NN was VBD full JJ of IN obstacles NNS . SENT It PP should MD be VB added VVN that IN we PP have VHP yet RB to TO reach VV our PP$ destination NN . SENT Although IN we PP have VHP covered VVN considerable JJ ground NN , , we PP still RB have VHP a DT considerable JJ distance NN to TO go VV . SENT Nevertheless RB , , our PP$ achievements NNS to TO date VV offer NN convincing JJ evidence NN that IN our PP$ mission NN can MD be VB accomplished VVN . SENT In IN the DT following VVG pages NNS , , we PP will MD examine VV the DT achievements NNS and CC challenges NNS of IN managing VVG linguistic JJ duality NN in IN Canada NP . SENT By IN now RB , , it PP has VHZ become VVN such PDT an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ personality NN that IN we PP will MD be VB discussing VVG this DT issue NN as IN if IN it PP were VBD a DT real JJ person NN . SENT Accordingly RB , , after IN examining VVG its PP$ framework NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , its PP$ legal JJ and CC historical JJ foundations NNS Chapter NP 1 CD , , we PP will MD analyse VV the DT face NN of IN duality NN Chapter NP 2 CD , , then RB , , in IN turn NN , , the DT degree NN to TO which WDT this DT duality NN is VBZ an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT way NN Canada NP governs VVZ itself PP Chapter NP 3 CD , , grows VVZ and CC learns VVZ Chapter NP 4 CD , , communicates VVZ and CC creates VVZ Chapter NP 5 CD , , and CC lives VVZ a DT healthy JJ lifestyle NN , , produces VVZ and CC travels VVZ Chapter NP 6 CD . SENT The DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP is VBZ conducting VVG this DT review NN to TO help VV Canada NP s PP citizens NNS and CC governments NNS better RBR understand VV the DT mission NN our PP$ country NN embarked VVN upon IN 35 CD years NNS ago RB and CC to TO consider VV ways NNS we PP can MD fully RB realize VV all DT we PP set VVN out RP to TO do VV . SENT The DT second JJ volume NN reports NNS on IN the DT Commissioner NP s PP activities NNS over IN the DT past JJ year NN . SENT In IN this DT volume NN , , we PP track VVP the DT progress NN of IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS , , launched VVN in IN March NP 2003 CD . SENT We PP also RB , , for IN the DT first JJ time NN , , issue NN report NN cards NNS on IN 29 CD federal JJ institutions NNS based VVN on IN their PP$ implementation NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT Furthermore RB , , the DT second JJ volume NN provides VVZ a DT follow VV up RP on IN actions NNS taken VVN by IN these DT institutions NNS based VVN on IN recommendations NNS made VVN in IN the DT Commissioner NP s VVZ 2003 CD 2004 CD Annual JJ Report NP . SENT Finally RB , , it PP provides VVZ a DT list NN of IN Canadian JJ official JJ language NN success NN stories NNS , , as RB well RB as RB follow VV ups NNS to TO investigations NNS and CC audits NNS done VVN throughout IN the DT last JJ year NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS CHAPTER NN 1 CD CANADA'S NP LINGUISTIC JJ FRAMEWORK NN To TO quote VV the DT Durham NP report NN 1838 CD , , they PP thus RB live VVP in IN a DT world NN of IN misconceptions NNS , , in IN which WDT each DT party NN is VBZ set VVN against IN the DT other JJ not RB only RB by IN diversity NN of IN feelings NNS and CC opinions NNS , , but CC by IN an DT actual JJ belief NN in IN an DT utterly RB different JJ set NN of IN facts NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT Thus RB it PP was VBD that IN the DT regional JJ meetings NNS a DT century NN and CC one CD quarter NN later RBR , , very RB often RB gave VVD us PP the DT impression NN of IN listening VVG not RB to TO a DT dialogue NN , , but CC to TO two CD soliloquies NNS . SENT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP , , Preliminary JJ Report NP , , Ottawa NP , , 1965 CD , , p NN . SENT 129 CD . SENT 1969 CD 2004 CD . SENT The DT 35 CD th NN anniversary NN of IN Canada NP s PP Official NP Languages NNS Act NP Thirty CD five CD years NNS ago RB , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP followed VVD up RP on IN the DT first JJ recommendations NNS of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NN by IN passing VVG the DT Official JJ Languages NNS Act NP . SENT This DT put VVD Canada NP s PP fundamental JJ linguistic JJ duality NN back RB on IN the DT agenda NN . SENT Over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS , , considerable JJ progress NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN with IN respect NN to TO official JJ languages NNS , , as IN comparisons NNS with IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP s PP findings NNS illustrate VVP . SENT In IN this DT chapter NN , , we PP will MD present VV highlights NNS of IN the DT recognition NN and CC establishment NN of IN Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT The DT milestones NNS in IN this DT chronology NN will MD be VB analysed VVN in IN greater JJR detail NN in IN the DT chapters NNS that WDT follow VVP in IN order NN to TO identify VV the DT gains NNS made VVD and CC the DT challenges NNS that WDT remain VVP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT origins NNS of IN duality NN 1867 CD The DT Constitution NP Act NP , , 1867 CD , , a DT pact NN between IN representatives NNS of IN Lower JJR Canada NP Quebec NP , , Upper NP Canada NP Ontario NP , , New NP Brunswick NP and CC Nova NP Scotia NP , , is VBZ passed VVN . SENT Later RBR , , it PP comes VVZ to TO be VB viewed VVN as IN a DT double JJ federal JJ pact NN . SENT one CD between IN the DT provinces NNS making VVG up RP the DT new JJ country NN , , and CC one CD between IN the DT English JJ and CC French JJ populations NNS , , the DT so RB called VVN founding NN peoples NNS . SENT Two CD dominant JJ traits NNS of IN contemporary JJ Canada NP are VBP thus RB established VVN . SENT federalism NN and CC linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Native JJ peoples NNS ancestral JJ rights NNS and CC , , later RBR , , multiculturalism NN round NN out IN the DT core JJ personality NN of IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT In IN the DT Constitution NP Act NP , , 1867 CD , , the DT country NN s PP linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ mostly RB reflected VVN in IN section NN 133 CD , , which WDT recognizes VVZ the DT right NN to TO use VV either DT English JJ or CC French JJ in IN the DT federal JJ parliament NN and CC the DT Quebec NP legislature NN , , as RB well RB as RB in IN courts NNS under IN federal JJ or CC Quebec NN jurisdiction NN . SENT Section NN 93 CD enshrines VVZ the DT rights NNS of IN Protestant JJ and CC Roman JJ Catholic JJ minorities NNS to TO denominational JJ schools NNS in IN provinces NNS where WRB they PP are VBP already RB recognized VVN , , which WDT at IN a DT time NN when WRB language NN is VBZ intimately RB associated VVN with IN religious JJ affiliation NN amounts NNS to TO recognition NN of IN language NN rights NNS in IN education NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , a DT guarantee NN that IN government NN will MD operate VV in IN French JJ and CC that IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN will MD be VB protected VVN . SENT A DT guarantee NN of IN denominational JJ education NN that WDT also RB translates VVZ into IN a DT guarantee NN of IN French JJ language NN education NN in IN Ontario NP and CC English NP language NN education NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT Late RB 19 CD th NN Century NN . SENT Crises NNS and CC organizing VVG by IN minorities NNS . SENT As RB early RB as IN 1871 CD , , the DT New NP Brunswick NP Schools NP Crisis NN illustrates VVZ the DT precarious JJ nature NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Francophone JJ schools NNS are VBP threatened VVN with IN closure NN unless IN they PP abandon VVP their PP$ Catholic JJ character NN . SENT This DT situation NN is VBZ repeated VVN elsewhere RB in IN Canada NP see VVP box NN . SENT 1871 CD New NP Brunswick NP Schools NP Crisis NN 1885 CD Northwest NP Rebellion NN 1890 CD Manitoba NP Schools NP Crisis NN 1901 CD Northwest NP Territories NP Schools NP Crisis NN 1912 CD Ontario NP Schools NP Crisis NN Francophone JJ minorities NNS from IN east JJ to TO west NN had VHD been VBN organizing VVG locally RB in IN religious JJ associations NNS and CC administering VVG their PP$ own JJ schools NNS and CC hospitals NNS since IN well RB before IN Confederation NP . SENT The DT Soci NP t NN Saint NP Jean NP Baptiste NP , , founded VVN in IN Quebec NP in IN 1834 CD , , had VHD local JJ chapters NNS in IN a DT number NN of IN Francophone JJ communities NNS across IN Canada NP . SENT But CC given VVN the DT risks NNS they PP face VVP , , Francophone JJ minorities NNS start VVP forming VVG their PP$ first JJ collective JJ organizations NNS in IN 1881 CD , , with IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT Soci NP t NN nationale NP des NP Acadiens NP in IN the DT Maritimes NP . SENT The DT same JJ scenario NN plays VVZ out RP in IN Ontario NP , , Manitoba NP and CC the DT other JJ provinces NNS . SENT In IN the DT years NNS that WDT follow VVP , , official JJ language NN minorities NNS in IN each DT province NN and CC territory NN form VVP their PP$ own JJ associations NNS see VVP box NN . SENT COMMUNITY NN OFFICIAL NN LANGUAGE NN GOVERNANCE NN Province NP Territory NP Advocacy NN organizations NNS for IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS founding NN date NN New NP Brunswick NP Soci NP t NN des NP Acadiens NP et CC Acadiennes NP du NP Nouveau NN Brunswick NP 1973 CD Soci NN t NN nationale NP de NP l NN Acadie NP 1881 CD Nova NP Scotia NP F NP d SYM ration NN acadienne NN de NP la NP Nouvelle NP cosse NP 1968 CD Prince NP Edward NP Island NP Soci NP t NN Saint NP Thomas NP d'Aquin NP 1919 CD Newfoundland NP and CC Labrador NP F NP d SYM ration NN des FW francophones NNS de NP Terre NP Neuve NP et CC Labrador NP 1973 CD Quebec NP Alliance NP Quebec NP 1982 CD , , Quebec NP Community NP Groups NNS Network NP 1995 CD Ontario NP Assembl NP e SYM des FW communaut NN s PP franco NP ontariennes NNS 1910 CD Manitoba NP Soci NP t NN franco NP manitobaine NN 1916 CD Saskatchewan NP Assembl NP e SYM communautaire NN fransaskoise NN 1912 CD Alberta NP Association NP canadienne NP fran NP aise NP de NP l'Alberta NP 1926 CD British NP Columbia NP F NP d SYM ration NN des FW francophones NN de FW la FW Colombie NP Britannique NP 1945 CD Northwest NP Territories NP F NP d SYM ration NN franco NP t NN noise NN 1978 CD Yukon NP Territory NP Association NP franco NP yukonnaise NN 1982 CD Nunavut NP Association NP des NP francophones NNS du NP Nunavut NP 1997 CD Canada NP Francophone JJ F NN d SYM ration NN des FW communaut NN s PP francophones VVZ et NP acadienne NP du NP Canada NP 1975 CD Note NN . SENT the DT names NNS used VVN for IN the DT organizations NNS are VBP their PP$ current JJ ones NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Throughout IN this DT century NN , , leadership NN , , activist JJ engagement NN and CC a DT collective JJ conscience NN develop VV , , and CC community NN governance NN gradually RB takes VVZ shape NN within IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN . SENT EARLY JJ STEPS NNS TOWARD IN BILINGUAL JJ SERVICES NNS IN IN THE DT GOVERNMENT NN OF IN CANADA NP 1927 CD French NP takes VVZ its PP$ place NN beside IN English NP on IN postage NN stamps NNS 1936 CD and CC bank NN notes VVZ 1945 CD Federal NP family NN allowance NN cheques NNS are VBP issued VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS for IN Quebec NP recipients NNS 1959 CD Simultaneous JJ interpretation NN is VBZ provided VVN in IN the DT House NP of IN Commons NP 1962 CD Federal NP family NN allowance NN cheques NNS are VBP issued VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS across IN Canada NP FEDERAL NP INSTITUTIONS NNS AT IN THE DT FOREFRONT NN OF IN LINGUISTIC JJ DUALITY NN 1934 CD The DT Translation NN Bureau NP 1936 CD The DT Canadian JJ Broadcasting NP Corporation NP 1939 CD The DT National NP Film NP Board NP 1952 CD The DT Coll NP ge NP militaire NN royal NN de NP Saint NP Jean NP 1957 CD The DT Canada NP Council NP for IN the DT Arts NP 1964 CD The DT Language NP Training NP Centre NP 1967 CD Telefilm NP Canada NP Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT years NNS of IN awakening VVG 1963 CD The DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NP B NP and CC B NP Commission NP , , chaired VVN by IN A DT . SENT Laurendeau NP and CC A NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Dunton NP , , is VBZ convened VVN by IN the DT government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Lester NP B NP . SENT Pearson NP to TO re NN examine VV the DT linguistic JJ duality NN instituted VVN by IN the DT federal JJ pact NN . SENT Starting VVG with IN its PP$ preliminary JJ report NN in IN 1965 CD , , the DT Commission NP provides VVZ a DT stark JJ assessment NN of IN the DT crisis NN in IN which WDT Canada NP finds VVZ itself PP . SENT It PP recommends VVZ a DT series NN of IN official JJ language NN measures NNS in IN a DT variety NN of IN areas NNS , , including VVG education NN , , culture NN , , labour NN , , immigration NN , , associations NNS and CC the DT workings NNS of IN the DT Public NP Service NP and CC the DT national JJ capital NN . SENT The DT guiding JJ principles NNS for IN these DT recommendations NNS are VBP equality NN of IN status NN , , as RB well RB as IN equality NN of IN opportunity NN for IN individuals NNS , , the DT creation NN of IN conditions NNS for IN cultural JJ development NN , , equality NN and CC a DT degree NN of IN self NN determination NN for IN each DT community NN and CC , , finally RB , , respect NN and CC generous JJ treatment NN for IN minorities NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT A DT large JJ body NN of IN knowledge NN and CC research NN is VBZ established VVN , , and CC the DT first JJ large JJ scale NN official NN language NN reform NN program NN is VBZ put VVN on IN the DT table NN . SENT 1969 CD The NP 1969 CD Official NP Languages NNS Act NP of IN Canada NP is VBZ the DT most RBS direct JJ outcome NN of IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP . SENT The DT Act NP is VBZ passed VVN by IN the DT government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Pierre NP Elliott NP Trudeau NP . SENT The DT Act NP formally RB recognizes VVZ the DT equal JJ status NN of IN English NP and CC French NP . SENT Its PP$ main JJ purpose NN is VBZ to TO ensure VV that IN the DT services NNS provided VVN by IN federal JJ institutions NNS are VBP available JJ in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS in IN the DT National NP Capital NP Region NN and CC in IN districts NNS designated VVN as IN bilingual JJ . SENT The DT concept NN of IN territoriality NN , , based VVN on IN bilingual JJ districts NNS , , will MD eventually RB be VB abandoned VVN in IN favour NN of IN one CD of IN personality NN individual JJ rights NNS in IN order NN to TO increase VV coverage NN of IN bilingual JJ services NNS . SENT The DT Act NP also RB creates VVZ the DT position NN of IN Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , whose WP$ role NN is VBZ to TO oversee VV implementation NN of IN the DT legislation NN , , receive VV and CC investigate VV complaints NNS lodged VVN by IN the DT public NN , , conduct VV independent JJ studies NNS and CC report NN to TO Parliament NP . SENT The DT parliamentary JJ resolution NN passed VVN in IN 1973 CD specifies VVZ its PP$ principles NNS and CC how WRB it PP will MD be VB administered VVN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Legislative JJ guarantee NN and CC a DT complaint NN mechanism NN to TO protect VV citizens NNS place NN in IN Canadian JJ society NN and CC their PP$ right NN to TO interact VV with IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN . SENT NEW JJ BRUNSWICK NP . SENT THE DT ONLY RB OFFICIALLY RB BILINGUAL JJ PROVINCE NN New NP Brunswick NP s PP approach VVP to TO language NN legislation NN is VBZ worthy JJ of IN mention NN . SENT Over IN the DT years NNS , , the DT province NN has VHZ passed VVN a DT number NN of IN laws NNS dealing VVG with IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT the DT Official JJ Languages NNS of IN New NP Brunswick NP Act NP 1969 CD . SENT the DT Act NP Recognizing VVG the DT Equality NN of IN the DT Two CD Official JJ Linguistic JJ Communities NNS in IN New NP Brunswick NP 1981 CD . SENT the DT Act NP to TO Amend NP the DT Official JJ Languages NNS of IN New NP Brunswick NP Act NP 1990 CD . SENT and CC the DT constitutional JJ amendment NN of IN 1993 CD New NP Brunswick NP , , which WDT enshrined VVD in IN the DT Constitution NP the DT principle NN of IN equality NN of IN the DT two CD linguistic JJ communities NNS through IN the DT addition NN of IN subsection NN 16 CD 1 CD to TO the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS . SENT In IN June NP 2002 CD , , the DT provincial JJ government NN took VVD an DT additional JJ step NN by IN passing VVG a DT new JJ Official NP Languages NNS Act NP following VVG the DT Court NN of IN Appeal NN ruling NN in IN the DT Charlebois NP case NN . SENT The DT new JJ Act NN modernized VVN and CC enhanced VVN the DT 1969 CD Act NP . SENT It PP had VHD a DT number NN of IN objectives NNS . SENT to TO ensure VV that IN the DT province NN was VBD fulfilling VVG its PP$ constitutional JJ obligations NNS under IN the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS of IN which WDT subsections NNS 16 CD 2 CD , , 17 CD 2 CD , , 18 CD 2 CD , , 19 CD 2 CD and CC 20 CD 2 CD apply VV only RB to TO New NP Brunswick NP , , and CC to TO ensure VV that IN court NN rulings NNS were VBD respected VVN . SENT Furthermore RB , , the DT new JJ Act NP . SENT placed VVN linguistic JJ obligations NNS on IN certain JJ municipalities NNS . SENT created VVN an DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS . SENT granted VVN the DT province NN s PP population NN the DT right NN to TO receive VV health NN care NN services NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT and CC provided VVD a DT mechanism NN for IN reviewing VVG the DT Act NP . SENT THE DT TONE NN SET VVN BY IN THE DT FIRST CD COMMISSIONER NN OF IN OFFICIAL JJ LANGUAGES NNS , , KEITH NP SPICER NN I PP spoke VVD of IN common JJ sense NN , , imagination NN and CC generosity NN a DT triad NN which WDT I NP later RBR told VVD our PP$ staff NN should MD be VB the DT operating VVG slogan NN for IN our PP$ whole JJ office NN . SENT I PP spoke VVD of IN hope NN , , not RB fear NN . SENT of IN fair JJ play NN . SENT of IN a DT better JJR chance NN for IN our PP$ children NNS . SENT of IN trying VVG to TO understand VV frustration NN on IN all DT sides NNS . SENT of IN exploiting VVG Canada NP s PP promise VVP to TO the DT world NN of IN a DT tolerant JJ society NN based VVN on IN two CD globe NN spanning VVG languages NNS . SENT I PP spoke VVD of IN two CD national JJ languages NNS , , then RB as IN always RB , , not RB as IN a DT problem NN but CC as IN an DT opportunity NN . SENT It PP helped VVD that IN I PP actually RB believed VVD all PDT this DT . SENT K NP . SENT Spicer NP , , Life NP Sentences NNS . SENT Memoirs NNS of IN an DT Incorrigible JJ Canadian NP , , Toronto NP , , McLelland NP and CC Stewart NP , , 2004 CD , , pp NP . SENT 98 CD 99 CD . SENT 1970 CD The NP Secretary NP of IN State NP launches VVZ the DT Official JJ Languages NNS in IN Education NP Program NP OLEP NP to TO support VV minority NN language NN and CC second JJ language NN education NN . SENT To TO date NN , , this DT remains VVZ one CD of IN Canadian NP Heritage NP s VVZ most RBS important JJ official JJ language NN programs NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Since IN then RB , , millions NNS of IN students NNS in IN the DT Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ communities NNS have VHP learned VVN the DT other JJ official NN language NN , , and CC thousands NNS of IN official JJ language NN minority NN students NNS have VHP gained VVN access NN to TO schools NNS in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN , , in IN part NN through IN OLEP NP funding NN . SENT 1971 CD The NP Government NP of IN Canada NP adopts VVZ an DT official JJ policy NN of IN multiculturalism NN , , which WDT recognizes VVZ the DT equal JJ value NN and CC dignity NN of IN all DT ethnocultural JJ groups NNS . SENT In IN 1982 CD , , the DT Charter NP enshrines VVZ Canada NP s PP multicultural NN nature NN in IN the DT Constitution NP , , and CC the DT 1988 CD Canadian JJ Multiculturalism NN Act NP completes VVZ this DT legislative JJ framework NN . SENT This DT multiculturalism NN policy NN acknowledges VVZ the DT growing VVG diversity NN of IN Canada NP s PP make VVP up RP , , which WDT stems VVZ largely RB from IN immigration NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Formal JJ recognition NN of IN multiculturalism NN and CC of IN the DT contribution NN of IN cultural JJ diversity NN to TO the DT social JJ fabric NN of IN Canada NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT years NNS of IN social JJ action NN 1974 CD The DT conflict NN with IN the DT Quebec NP air NN traffic NN controllers NNS , , which WDT begins VVZ in IN 1974 CD and CC runs VVZ through IN to TO 1980 CD , , highlights VVZ the DT tensions NNS surrounding VVG bilingualism NN in IN the DT country NN . SENT Shortly RB after IN the DT 1969 CD Act NP comes VVZ into IN force NN , , bilingualism NN is VBZ introduced VVN into IN air NN traffic NN communications NNS , , resulting VVG in IN a DT collision NN of IN diametrically RB opposed VVN views NNS on IN the DT scope NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Expansion NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN into IN the DT airline NN industry NN . SENT use NN of IN both DT official JJ languages NNS for IN technical JJ and CC scientific JJ purposes NNS . SENT 1977 CD The NP Charter NP of IN the DT French JJ Language NP Bill NP 101 CD is VBZ enacted VVN in IN Quebec NP in IN 1977 CD see VVP box NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Reinforcement NN of IN the DT French JJ fact NN in IN Quebec NP and CC , , by IN extension NN , , in IN Canada NP . SENT QUEBEC NP S NP LANGUAGE NN FRAMEWORK NN The DT goal NN of IN Quebec NP s PP language NN framework NN was VBD to TO promote VV French JJ as IN the DT primary JJ language NN used VVN in IN the DT province NN , , given VVN its PP$ minority NN status NN on IN the DT continent NN . SENT This DT framework NN was VBD implemented VVN gradually RB , , starting VVG in IN the DT 1960 CD s PP . SENT The DT Office NP qu NP b SYM cois NP de FW la FW langue NN fran NP aise NN was VBD created VVN in IN 1961 CD . SENT The DT Act NP to TO Promote VV the DT French JJ Language NP in IN Qu NP bec NP Bill NP 63 CD was VBD enacted VVN in IN 1969 CD . SENT The DT Official NP Language NP Act NP Bill NP 22 CD , , which WDT gave VVD pride NN of IN place NN to TO French JJ , , was VBD enacted VVN in IN 1974 CD . SENT The DT 1977 CD Charter NP of IN the DT French NP Language NP reinforced VVD the DT use NN of IN French JJ in IN the DT public JJ sphere NN . SENT The DT policy NN , , while IN affirming VVG the DT primacy NN of IN French JJ , , also RB recognized VVN the DT rights NNS of IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN and CC the DT contribution NN of IN English JJ institutions NNS to TO Quebec NP society NN . SENT For IN example NN , , in IN 1987 CD , , amendments NNS to TO the DT Act NP respecting VVG health NN services NNS and CC social JJ services NNS guaranteed VVN that IN health NN and CC social JJ services NNS would MD be VB delivered VVN to TO Anglophones NP in IN English NP . SENT Furthermore RB , , Bill NP 86 CD recognized VVD the DT right NN of IN minorities NNS to TO post VV signs NNS in IN their PP$ language NN also RB , , provided VVD French NP was VBD predominant JJ . SENT The DT co NP existence NN of IN the DT federal JJ and CC Quebec NN governments NNS language NN policies NNS is VBZ often RB perceived VVN as IN a DT source NN of IN conflict NN in IN Canada NP and CC provides VVZ plenty NN of IN fodder NN for IN columnists NNS . SENT While IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP policies NNS recognize VVP the DT language NN rights NNS of IN individuals NNS the DT personality NN principle NN and CC seek VV to TO further VV both DT languages NNS , , Quebec NP s PP policies NNS recognize VVP the DT language NN rights NNS of IN a DT community NN making VVG up RP the DT majority NN of IN the DT population NN in IN a DT given VVN territory NN the DT territorial JJ principle NN and CC place NN emphasis NN on IN a DT single JJ language NN . SENT The DT courts NNS have VHP considered VVN this DT distinction NN on IN a DT number NN of IN occasions NNS and CC , , generally RB speaking VVG , , have VHP recognized VVN the DT goals NNS of IN the DT Charter NP of IN the DT French JJ Language NP as IN legitimate JJ , , provided VVD its PP$ provisions NNS are VBP implemented VVN in IN accordance NN with IN the DT rights NNS set VVD out RP in IN the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS and CC the DT Quebec NP Charter NP of IN Human NP Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS . SENT 2 CD However RB , , the DT broader JJR approach NN of IN accommodation NN that WDT characterizes VVZ this DT relationship NN can MD be VB seen VVN as RB exemplary JJ because IN it PP was VBD born VVN of IN a DT democratic JJ process NN . SENT it PP is VBZ the DT democratic JJ process NN of IN adopting VVG the DT laws NNS and CC of IN implementing VVG them PP more RBR than IN the DT achieved VVN results NNS that WDT may MD in IN the DT long RB run VVN best RBS establish VV the DT legitimacy NN of IN the DT language NN planning NN effort NN in IN Quebec NP and CC Canada NP . SENT 3 CD In IN terms NNS of IN the DT results NNS obtained VVD , , some RB see VV Canada NP s PP situation NN as IN exemplary JJ on IN an DT international JJ scale NN as IN well RB . SENT In IN fact NN , , the DT 2004 CD Global NP Human NP Development NP Report NP of IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Development NP Programme NN UNDP NP cites VVZ Canada NP as IN a DT model NN for IN its PP$ system NN of IN asymmetric JJ federalism NN and CC the DT positive JJ effect NN this DT has VHZ on IN protecting VVG the DT Francophone JJ element NN . SENT 4 CD 1977 CD Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP is VBZ created VVN in IN 1977 CD to TO promote VV linguistic JJ duality NN in IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT This DT organization NN plays VVZ an DT important JJ role NN in IN promoting VVG the DT teaching NN of IN French JJ as IN a DT second JJ language NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Leadership NN and CC commitment NN to TO linguistic JJ duality NN in IN the DT Anglophone JJ majority NN . SENT a DT contribution NN to TO increased JJ bilingualism NN among IN young JJ Anglophones NP . SENT 1978 CD The NP Government NP of IN Canada NP supports VVZ the DT creation NN of IN the DT Court NP Challenges NNS Program NN of IN Canada NP in IN 1978 CD see VVP box NN . SENT 5 LS THE DT COURT NN CHALLENGES VVZ PROGRAM NN OF IN CANADA NP . SENT A DT WORLDWIDE JJ ONE CD OF IN A DT KIND NN In IN March NP 1992 CD , , Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP Justice NP Bertha NP Wilson NP wrote VVD in IN a DT letter NN to TO the DT Minister NP of IN Justice NP , , it PP is VBZ totally RB illusory JJ to TO confer VV rights NNS on IN people NNS who WP do VVP not RB have VH the DT means VVZ to TO enforce VV them PP . SENT With IN these DT words NNS , , she PP summed VVD up RB one CD of IN the DT foundations NNS of IN the DT Court NP Challenges NNS Program NN . SENT We PP may MD recall VV that IN , , during IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , a DT number NN of IN provincial JJ laws NNS virtually RB ignored VVD the DT protections NNS granted VVN by IN Canada NP s PP Constitution NP . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP created VVD the DT Court NP Challenges NNS Program NN in IN 1978 CD to TO help VV give VV individuals NNS and CC groups NNS with IN limited JJ resources NNS the DT ability NN to TO have VH their PP$ linguistic JJ rights NNS clarified VVN . SENT Over IN the DT years NNS , , the DT Program NN has VHZ undergone VVN many JJ changes NNS . SENT Its PP$ mandate NN was VBD expanded VVN in IN 1985 CD to TO include VV equality NN rights NNS with IN respect NN to TO legislation NN , , regulations NNS , , guidelines NNS and CC practices NNS at IN the DT federal JJ level NN only RB . SENT Because IN of IN budget NN cutbacks NNS , , the DT Program NN was VBD terminated VVN in IN 1992 CD but CC subsequently RB revived VVN in IN 1994 CD . SENT Since IN being VBG reinstated VVN , , it PP has VHZ been VBN administered VVN by IN a DT decision NN making VVG body NN that WDT is VBZ completely RB independent JJ from IN the DT government NN . SENT The DT Court NP Challenges NNS Program NN of IN Canada NP is VBZ the DT only RB known VVN program NN of IN its PP$ kind NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT Since IN it PP was VBD founded VVN 26 CD years NNS ago RB , , a DT number NN of IN now RB famous JJ language NN cases NNS have VHP received VVN financial JJ assistance NN from IN the DT Program NN , , including VVG the DT Ford NP , , Forest NP , , Mah NP , , Arsenault NP Cameron NP and CC Doucet NP Boudreau NP cases NNS , , to TO name VV just RB a DT few JJ . SENT The DT Program NN has VHZ enabled VVN a DT number NN of IN official JJ language NN communities NNS to TO go VV to TO court NN and CC , , in IN most JJS cases NNS , , obtain VV broad JJ , , generous JJ interpretations NNS of IN their PP$ language NN guarantees NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , school NN management NN was VBD finally RB achieved VVN thanks NNS to TO cases NNS supported VVN by IN this DT program NN , , although IN challenges NNS on IN this DT issue NN unfortunately RB continue VVP to TO be VB necessary JJ . SENT Source NN . SENT R SYM . SENT Goreham NP , , Language NP Rights NPS and CC the DT Court NP Challenges NNS Program NN , , Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Ottawa NP , , 1992 CD . SENT 1978 CD Quebec NP signs NNS an DT agreement NN with IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP in IN 1978 CD regarding VVG the DT management NN of IN immigration NN within IN its PP$ borders NNS . SENT A DT new JJ agreement NN in IN 1991 CD reinforces VVZ the DT role NN played VVN by IN the DT province NN . SENT This DT initiative NN proves VVZ to TO be VB a DT model NN that WDT would MD later RBR be VB adopted VVN by IN other JJ provinces NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Canada NP s PP demographic JJ policy NN becomes VVZ more JJR representative NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT 1980 CD The NP Joint NP Committee NP on IN Official NP Languages NNS is VBZ created VVN in IN 1980 CD , , bringing VVG together RB members NNS from IN the DT Senate NP and CC the DT House NP of IN Commons NPS . SENT It PP becomes VVZ a DT standing NN committee NN in IN 1984 CD and CC is VBZ replaced VVN by IN separate JJ Senate NP and CC House NP of IN Commons NPS standing VVG committees NNS on IN official JJ languages NNS in IN 2002 CD , , with IN mandates NNS under IN the DT 1988 CD Act NP . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Creation NN of IN a DT parliamentary JJ oversight NN mechanism NN to TO foster VV the DT equality NN of IN the DT two CD official JJ languages NNS . SENT 1981 CD Implementation NN of IN the DT National NP Program NN for IN the DT Integration NP of IN Both DT Official JJ Languages NNS in IN the DT Administration NP of IN Justice NP POLAJ NP begins VVZ in IN 1981 CD with IN co NP operation NN between IN the DT Secretary NP of IN State NP of IN Canada NP , , the DT Department NP of IN Justice NP and CC other JJ federal JJ institutions NNS and CC institutions NNS of IN higher JJR education NN . SENT POLAJ NP fosters VVZ the DT development NN of IN common JJ law NN tools NNS in IN French JJ and CC of IN civil JJ law NN tools NNS in IN English NP , , as RB well RB as IN legal JJ information NN tools NNS to TO enable VV both DT systems NNS of IN law NN to TO be VB taught VVN and CC practised VVN in IN the DT minority NN official NN language NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Improved JJ access NN to TO justice NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS , , as IN the DT players NNS in IN the DT Canadian JJ justice NN system NN have VHP specialized VVN terminology NN , , teaching NN and CC documentary NN tools NNS . SENT 1982 CD In IN 1982 CD , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP led VVD by IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Pierre NP Elliott NP Trudeau NP repatriates VVZ the DT Constitution NP and CC adds VVZ to TO it PP the DT Canadian JJ Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS . SENT A DT number NN of IN sections NNS of IN the DT Charter NP 16 CD to TO 20 CD and CC 23 CD guarantee NN language NN rights NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT The DT Charter NP . SENT affirms VVZ the DT equal JJ status NN of IN English NP and CC French NP in IN Canada NP , , which WDT means VVZ that IN all DT laws NNS must MD be VB passed VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS , , that WDT either RB of IN the DT two CD can MD be VB used VVN for IN any DT parliamentary JJ business NN and CC in IN legal JJ proceedings NNS in IN federal JJ courts NNS , , and CC that DT anyone NN can MD receive VV services NNS from IN , , and CC communicate VV with IN , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP in IN the DT official JJ language NN of IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ choice NN . SENT affirms VVZ that IN New NP Brunswick NP is VBZ an DT officially RB bilingual JJ province NN . SENT and CC recognizes VVZ the DT right NN of IN parents NNS in IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS to TO manage VV their PP$ own JJ public JJ education NN facilities NNS and CC to TO have VH their PP$ children NNS receive VVP instruction NN in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT years NNS of IN legal JJ challenges NNS 1985 CD Parliament NP adds VVZ Part NP XVII NP to TO the DT Criminal NP Code NP , , specifying VVG language NN rights NNS that WDT apply VVP under IN criminal JJ law NN . SENT However RB , , it PP is VBZ not RB until IN 1990 CD that WDT defendants NNS obtain VVP a DT general JJ right NN to TO a DT trial NN in IN their PP$ language NN in IN all DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT The DT right NN to TO be VB heard VVN by IN a DT judge NN , , prosecutor NN and CC jury NN that WDT understand VVP the DT official JJ language NN of IN the DT accused VVN in IN criminal JJ proceedings NNS throughout IN Canada NP . SENT 1985 CD The NP Committee NP of IN Deputy NP Ministers NPS of IN Official JJ Languages NNS is VBZ created VVN in IN 1985 CD to TO centralize VV management NN of IN the DT government NN s PP official JJ language NN priorities NNS and CC programs NNS . SENT The DT accountability NN framework NN built VVN into IN the DT 2003 CD Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS grants VVZ the DT Committee NP jurisdiction NN over IN all DT issues NNS relating VVG to TO the DT application NN of IN the DT Act NP . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT All DT public JJ servants NNS are VBP encouraged VVN to TO play VV a DT leadership NN role NN , , assume VV responsibility NN and CC foster JJ horizontal JJ co NP ordination NN . SENT 1988 RB The DT new JJ Official NP Languages NNS Act NP tabled VVD by IN the DT government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Brian NP Mulroney NP is VBZ passed VVN in IN 1988 CD to TO ensure VV that IN the DT language NN rights NNS guaranteed VVN in IN the DT 1982 CD Charter NP are VBP fully RB implemented VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ considerably RB broader JJR in IN scope NN than IN the DT 1969 CD version NN . SENT The DT first JJ five CD parts NNS of IN the DT Act NP dealing NN with IN the DT operations NNS of IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP and CC its PP$ relations NNS with IN citizens NNS prevail VVP over IN any DT other JJ federal JJ legislation NN or CC regulation NN except IN the DT Canadian JJ Human NP Rights NPS Act NP . SENT Part NP VII NP commits VVZ federal JJ institutions NNS to TO enhancing VVG the DT vitality NN and CC supporting VVG and CC assisting VVG the DT development NN of IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS while IN fostering VVG the DT full JJ recognition NN and CC use NN of IN both DT English JJ and CC French JJ in IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT The DT mission NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS is VBZ expanded VVN and CC organized VVN around IN six CD roles NNS . SENT ombudsman NN , , auditing NN , , promotion NN and CC education NN , , institutional JJ and CC community NN liaison NN , , monitoring NN and CC court NN remedies NNS . SENT The DT Act NP is VBZ supplemented VVN by IN the DT 1992 CD Official JJ Languages NNS Communications NPS with IN and CC Services NPS to TO the DT Public NP Regulations NNS . SENT Since IN 1994 CD , , approximately RB 30 CD federal JJ institutions NNS must MD also RB meet VV special JJ reporting NN requirements NNS under IN Part NP VII NP . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Reinforcement NN of IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP responsibility NN for IN promoting VVG official JJ languages NNS . SENT improved JJ guarantees NNS regarding VVG the DT exercise NN of IN legal JJ remedies NNS where WRB the DT right NN to TO be VB able JJ to TO work VV and CC receive VV services NNS in IN the DT official JJ language NN of IN one CD s PP choice NN is VBZ not RB respected VVN . SENT important JJ recognition NN of IN linguistic JJ minorities NNS as IN communities NNS . SENT OFFICIAL JJ LANGUAGES NNS GOVERNANCE NN Implementing VVG rights NNS requires VVZ political JJ leadership NN , , organizational JJ capacity NN and CC resources NNS . SENT This DT type NN of IN governance NN takes VVZ place NN on IN a DT number NN of IN levels NNS . SENT federal JJ , , provincial JJ territorial JJ and CC municipal JJ . SENT At IN the DT federal JJ level NN , , political JJ leadership NN is VBZ provided VVN by IN Cabinet NP and CC has VHZ been VBN co NP ordinated NN , , since IN 2001 CD , , by IN a DT Minister NP responsible JJ for IN Official JJ Languages NNS . SENT Of IN course NN , , the DT legislative JJ framework NN is VBZ handled VVN by IN Parliament NP and CC its PP$ standing NN committees NNS on IN official JJ languages NNS since IN 1980 CD . SENT The DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS monitors VVZ the DT government NN s PP commitments NNS vis NN vis FW the DT provisions NNS and CC spirit NN of IN the DT Act NP . SENT Co NP ordination NN at IN the DT administrative JJ level NN is VBZ provided VVN by IN the DT Privy JJ Council NP Office NP through IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Branch NP since IN 2001 CD , , under IN the DT leadership NN of IN the DT Committee NP of IN Deputy NP Ministers NPS of IN Official JJ Languages NNS since IN 1985 CD . SENT The DT Minister NP of IN Canadian NP Heritage NP manages VVZ the DT main JJ budget NN dedicated VVN to TO official JJ languages NNS outside IN the DT Public NP Service NP and CC co NP ordinates NNS the DT implementation NN of IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Act NP , , Treasury NP Board NP sets VVZ the DT guidelines NNS for IN the DT federal JJ administration NN , , and CC the DT Department NP of IN Justice NP ensures VVZ that DT legislation NN in IN this DT area NN is VBZ consistent JJ . SENT All DT federal JJ institutions NNS are VBP subject JJ to TO the DT Act NP , , and CC some DT 30 CD are VBP required VVN to TO meet VV special JJ reporting NN requirements NNS under IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Act NP with IN respect NN to TO development NN of IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS and CC the DT promotion NN of IN English JJ and CC French JJ in IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT At IN the DT provincial JJ territorial JJ level NN , , two CD provinces NNS , , Quebec NP and CC New NP Brunswick NP , , have VHP had VHN highly RB developed VVN language NN frameworks NNS for IN a DT number NN of IN years NNS . SENT In IN 1986 CD , , Ontario NP finally RB began VVD to TO address VV the DT almost RB total JJ lack NN of IN French JJ language NN services NNS . SENT The DT Northwest NP Territories NP and CC the DT Yukon NP passed VVD positive JJ language NN laws NNS in IN 1984 CD and CC 1988 CD , , respectively RB . SENT Prince NP Edward NP Island NP 1999 CD , , Nunavut NP 1999 CD and CC Nova NP Scotia NP 2004 CD all RB have VHP very RB recent JJ laws NNS that WDT stem VVP from IN previous JJ policies NNS on IN the DT provision NN of IN services NNS in IN French NP . SENT Manitoba NP not RB only RB has VHZ a DT policy NN dedicated VVN to TO French JJ language NN services NNS 1988 CD , , but CC the DT province NN is VBZ also RB subject JJ to TO specific JJ constitutional JJ obligations NNS . SENT British NP Columbia NP and CC Newfoundland NP and CC Labrador NP have VHP no DT laws NNS or CC policies NNS regarding VVG official JJ languages NNS . SENT Alberta NP and CC Saskatchewan NP both CC enacted VVN regressive JJ pieces NNS of IN official JJ language NN legislation NN 1988 CD , , although IN the DT latter NN recently RB developed VVD a DT French JJ language NN services NNS policy NN 2003 CD . SENT However RB , , all PDT the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS have VHP been VBN working VVG together RB on IN French JJ language NN services NNS through IN the DT Ministerial JJ Conference NN on IN Francophone JJ Affairs NPS since IN 1994 CD and CC , , in IN education NN , , through IN the DT Council NP of IN Ministers NPS of IN Education NP , , Canada NP CMEC NP since IN 1967 CD . SENT At IN the DT municipal JJ level NN , , New NP Brunswick NP and CC Quebec NP have VHP both CC imposed VVN legislated VVN language NN frameworks NNS that WDT take VVP minorities NNS into IN account NN at IN the DT municipal JJ level NN . SENT As IN well RB , , there EX are VBP cities NNS in IN Nova NP Scotia NP , , Ontario NP , , Manitoba NP , , Saskatchewan NP , , Alberta NP and CC the DT Northwest NP Territories NP that WDT have VHP proclaimed VVD their PP$ bilingual JJ status NN or CC offer NN services NNS in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT 1988 CD Positive JJ rulings NNS and CC legislative JJ setbacks NNS . SENT While IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP is VBZ undergoing VVG a DT renaissance NN , , two CD judgments NNS from IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP in IN Forest NP 6 CD and CC Mercure NP 7 CD restore VV language NN rights NNS in IN Western NP Canada NP , , although IN with IN very RB different JJ outcomes NNS . SENT The DT Forest NP judgment NN acknowledges VVZ that IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Manitoba NP Act NP , , 1870 CD is VBZ the DT counterpart NN of IN section NN 133 CD of IN the DT Constitution NP Act NP , , 1867 CD and CC that WDT , , under IN the DT Constitution NP , , Manitoba NP is VBZ required VVN to TO translate VV its PP$ laws NNS and CC regulations NNS and CC expand VV access NN to TO courts NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT The DT Mercure NP judgment NN acknowledges VVZ that IN the DT content NN of IN section NN 110 CD of IN The DT Northwest NP Territories NP Act NP is VBZ similar JJ to TO section NN 133 CD of IN the DT Constitution NP Act NP , , 1867 CD , , but CC rules NNS that IN this DT Act NP is VBZ not RB entrenched VVN in IN the DT Constitution NP and CC therefore RB offers VVZ no DT constitutional JJ guarantees NNS . SENT To TO avoid VV being VBG subject JJ to TO the DT same JJ language NN framework NN as IN Manitoba NP , , Saskatchewan NP and CC Alberta NP respectively RB pass VV the DT Act NN Respecting IN the DT Use NN of IN the DT English JJ and CC French JJ Languages NNS in IN Saskatchewan NP 1988 CD and CC the DT Languages NNS Act NP 1988 CD , , which WDT revoke VV the DT historical JJ rights NNS of IN their PP$ linguistic JJ minorities NNS . SENT The DT resulting VVG outcry NN in IN the DT Franco NP Saskatchewanian NP community NN leads VVZ the DT Secretary NP of IN State NP to TO sign VV the DT first JJ Canada NP Community NP agreement NN with IN this DT community NN in IN 1990 CD . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Restoration NN of IN Franco NP Manitoban NP language NN rights NNS . SENT new JJ awareness NN of IN the DT fragility NN of IN the DT rights NNS of IN linguistic JJ minorities NNS . SENT new JJ support NN from IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP . SENT 1990 CD The NP Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP ruling NN in IN the DT 1990 CD Mah NP case NN clarifies VVZ the DT purpose NN of IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Charter NP , , namely RB , , to TO preserve VV and CC promote VV the DT two CD official JJ languages NNS of IN Canada NP , , and CC their PP$ respective JJ cultures NNS , , by IN ensuring VVG that IN each DT language NN flourishes VVZ , , as RB far RB as IN possible JJ , , in IN provinces NNS where WRB it PP is VBZ not RB spoken VVN by IN the DT majority NN of IN the DT population NN . SENT The DT ruling NN also RB acknowledges VVZ that IN section NN 23 CD is VBZ to TO remedy VV past JJ injustices NNS . SENT 8 CD French JJ language NN school NN management NN is VBZ established VVN in IN most JJS provinces NNS and CC territories NNS following VVG this DT judgment NN see VVP box NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT A DT new JJ interpretive JJ framework NN for IN section NN 23 CD that WDT guarantees VVZ school NN management NN for IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS . SENT THE DT CREATION NN OF IN OFFICIAL JJ LANGUAGE NN MINORITY NN SCHOOL NN BOARDS NNS 1846 CD Quebec NN . SENT A DT law NN is VBZ passed VVN guaranteeing VVG denominational JJ school NN boards NNS in IN Quebec NP , , thereby RB granting VVG school NN management NN to TO the DT province NN s PP Anglophone JJ minority NN . SENT In IN 1997 CD , , a DT constitutional JJ amendment NN eliminates VVZ the DT denominational JJ school NN system NN and CC establishes VVZ Anglophone JJ school NN boards NNS . SENT 1978 CD New NP Brunswick NP . SENT Homogeneous JJ school NN boards NNS are VBP established VVN . SENT 1986 CD Ontario NP . SENT The DT first JJ board NN is VBZ established VVN in IN Toronto NP , , followed VVN by IN one CD in IN Ottawa NP in IN 1988 CD and CC in IN Prescott NP Russell NP in IN 1992 CD . SENT Since IN 1997 CD , , eight CD Catholic NP and CC four CD public JJ Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS have VHP been VBN created VVN . SENT 1990 CD Prince NP Edward NP Island NP . SENT One CD school NN board NN covers VVZ the DT province NN s PP entire JJ Acadian JJ population NN . SENT 1991 CD Yukon NP Territory NP . SENT The DT Comit NP scolaire NP de NP l NN cole NN milie NP Tremblay NP is VBZ turned VVN into IN a DT school NN board NN , , but CC the DT present JJ Yukon NP Francophone JJ School NP Board NP No NP . SENT 23 CD is VBZ created VVN in IN 1995 CD . SENT 1993 CD Alberta NP . SENT The DT first JJ three CD Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS are VBP created VVN , , with IN a DT fourth JJ added VVD in IN 2000 CD . SENT 1994 CD Northwest NP Territories NP . SENT The DT Conseil NP scolaire NP francophone JJ de NP Yellowknife NP is VBZ created VVN . SENT 1994 CD Manitoba NP . SENT The DT Franco NP Manitoban NP School NP Division NP No NP . SENT 49 CD is VBZ created VVN . SENT 1994 CD Saskatchewan NP . SENT The DT Conseil NP scolaire NP fransaskois NN de NP la NP Vieille NP is VBZ created VVN in IN Gravelbourg NP , , followed VVN by IN seven CD new JJ Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS in IN 1995 CD , , then RB scaled VVN back RB to TO a DT single JJ school NN division NN in IN January NP 1999 CD . SENT 1995 CD British NP Columbia NP . SENT The DT Conseil NP scolaire NP francophone JJ is VBZ created VVN . SENT 1996 CD Nova NP Scotia NP . SENT The DT Conseil NP scolaire NN acadien NN provincial JJ is VBZ created VVN , , although IN it PP was VBD preceded VVN by IN a DT board NN administered VVN in IN French JJ in IN the DT Clare NP Argyle NP region NN in IN 1982 CD . SENT 1997 CD Newfoundland NP . SENT The DT Conseil NP scolaire NP francophone JJ provincial JJ is VBZ created VVN . SENT Nunavut NP is VBZ still RB awaiting VVG genuine JJ school NN management NN for IN Francophones NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT years NNS of IN re NN evaluation NN EVALUATING VVG FEDERAL JJ PROGRAMS NNS IN IN THE DT 1990 CD s PP In IN the DT mid JJ 1990 CD s PP , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP conducted VVD a DT program NN review NN in IN an DT effort NN to TO cut VV its PP$ expenditures NNS . SENT The DT government NN restructuring NN that WDT resulted VVD took VVD on IN many JJ forms NNS . SENT federal JJ responsibilities NNS were VBD passed VVN on IN to TO new JJ agencies NNS or CC transferred VVN to TO other JJ levels NNS of IN government NN , , services NNS were VBD privatized VVN , , programs NNS were VBD eliminated VVN and CC budgets NNS were VBD considerably RB reduced VVN . SENT This DT restructuring NN undermined VVD much JJ past JJ progress NN in IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT Treasury NP Board NP s PP control VVP over IN a DT variety NN of IN areas NNS of IN government NN activity NN decreased VVD markedly RB , , efforts NNS under IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Act NP were VBD only RB minimally RB co NP ordinated NP , , official NN language NN oriented JJ activities NNS were VBD relegated VVN to TO the DT back JJ burner NN , , the DT number NN of IN federal JJ offices NNS designated VVN as IN bilingual JJ declined VVD , , and CC so RB on IN . SENT 9 CD Overall RB , , progress NN toward IN real JJ equality NN of IN both DT official JJ languages NNS actually RB lost VVD ground NN during IN this DT period NN . SENT Nearly RB 10 CD years NNS later RBR , , the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS sought VVD to TO remedy VV this DT situation NN . SENT Although IN the DT plan NN represents VVZ a DT new JJ departure NN , , this DT corrective JJ action NN still RB falls VVZ short JJ of IN the DT constitutional JJ obligation NN to TO do VV more JJR in IN the DT area NN of IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT 1996 CD An DT innovation NN in IN joint JJ governance NN arises VVZ in IN 1996 CD with IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT National NP Committee NP for IN Canadian NP Francophonie NP Human NP Resources NPS Development NP , , which WDT is VBZ made VVN up RP of IN representatives NNS from IN a DT number NN of IN federal JJ institutions NNS and CC the DT minority NN Francophone JJ community NN . SENT The DT model NN is VBZ copied VVN in IN 1998 CD by IN the DT National NP Human NP Resources NPS Development NP Committee NP for IN the DT English NP Language NP Minority NP Community NP , , then RB applied VVN to TO other JJ areas NNS , , such JJ as IN health NN in IN 2000 CD and CC immigration NN in IN 2002 CD . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS gain VV greater JJR control NN over IN their PP$ community NN economic JJ development NN . SENT a DT new JJ model NN of IN federal JJ community NN official NN language NN governance NN is VBZ introduced VVN . SENT 1999 CD The NP 1999 CD Beaulac NP 10 CD judgment NN by IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP specifies VVZ that DT equality NN of IN official JJ languages NNS in IN Canada NP means VVZ equal JJ access NN to TO services NNS of IN equal JJ quality NN . SENT Language NN rights NNS require VVP government NN measures NNS in IN order NN to TO be VB implemented VVN , , and CC therefore RB create VV obligations NNS on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT State NP . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Language NN rights NNS must MD in IN all DT cases NNS be VB interpreted VVN in IN a DT manner NN consistent JJ with IN the DT preservation NN and CC development NN of IN official JJ language NN communities NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT 2000 CD The NP 2000 CD Arsenault NP Cameron NP 11 CD judgment NN by IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP defines VVZ the DT powers NNS to TO be VB held VVN by IN school NN boards NNS and CC the DT obligations NNS to TO be VB fulfilled VVN by IN governments NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Consolidates VVZ the DT principle NN of IN school NN management NN by IN and CC for IN minority NN communities NNS , , which WDT had VHD already RB been VBN acknowledged VVN in IN the DT Mah NP 12 CD ruling NN 1990 CD , , and CC reinforces VVZ the DT collective JJ nature NN of IN the DT right NN to TO receive VV instruction NN in IN the DT minority NN language NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT years NNS of IN revitalization JJ 2001 CD A NP Minister NP responsible JJ for IN Official JJ Languages NNS is VBZ appointed VVN for IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN 2001 CD . SENT Recognition NN of IN the DT setbacks NNS in IN the DT official JJ languages NNS file VVP results NNS in IN the DT federal JJ Action NP Plan NP being VBG prepared VVN and CC ultimately RB launched VVN in IN 2003 CD . SENT Its PP$ role NN is VBZ to TO translate VV government NN leadership NN into IN initiatives NNS , , which WDT it PP is VBZ in IN charge NN of IN co NP ordinating NN . SENT The DT Official NP Languages NNS Branch NP of IN the DT Privy JJ Council NP Office NP provides VVZ administrative JJ support NN to TO the DT Minister NP . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP gives VVZ greater JJR importance NN to TO the DT official JJ languages NNS issue NN . SENT leadership NN and CC accountability NN are VBP concentrated VVN in IN a DT ministerial JJ position NN . SENT 2002 CD When WRB the DT Immigration NN and CC Refugee NN Protection NP Act NP is VBZ renewed VVN in IN 2002 CD , , official JJ languages NNS are VBP incorporated VVN as IN a DT recruitment NN criterion NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP creates VVZ the DT Citizenship NN and CC Immigration NN Canada NP Francophone JJ Minority NP Communities NNS Steering VVG Committee NP . SENT The DT Act NP is VBZ followed VVN the DT same JJ year NN by IN a DT regulation NN that WDT grants VVZ immigration NN applicants NNS higher JJR scores NNS for IN knowledge NN of IN Canada NP s PP official JJ languages NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT New JJ support NN from IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP to TO Francophone JJ communities NNS for IN pilot NN projects NNS fostering VVG Francophone JJ immigration NN . SENT 2002 CD The DT crisis NN surrounding VVG the DT attempted JJ closure NN , , then RB downsizing VVG of IN Ottawa NP s PP Montfort NP Hospital NP comes VVZ to TO an DT end NN in IN 2002 CD after IN large JJ scale NN mobilization NN of IN the DT Ontarian NP and CC Canadian NP Francophonie NP and CC a DT legal JJ battle NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Improvements NNS in IN the DT health NN care NN services NNS provided VVN to TO the DT Franco NP Ontarian NP minority NN . SENT confirmation NN of IN health NN care NN as IN a DT development NN priority NN for IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS throughout IN the DT country NN . SENT acknowledgment NN of IN the DT unwritten JJ constitutional JJ principle NN of IN minority NN protection NN . SENT 2003 CD In IN the DT Doucet NP Boudreau NP v NN . SENT Nova NP Scotia NP judgment NN 2003 CD , , the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP affirms VVZ that IN the DT courts NNS must MD issue VV remedies NNS based VVN on IN the DT purpose NN of IN the DT right NN and CC that IN they PP can MD retain VV their PP$ jurisdiction NN to TO declare VV a DT remedy NN complete JJ and CC effective JJ . SENT 13 CD Achievements NNS . SENT Confirmation NN of IN the DT rights NNS and CC obligations NNS of IN governments NNS to TO act VV diligently RB with IN respect NN to TO education NN , , given VVN the DT progressive JJ erosion NN of IN official JJ language NN communities NNS . SENT 2003 CD The DT government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Jean NP Chr NP tien NP announces VVZ its PP$ Action NP Plan NP for IN Official JJ Languages NNS in IN 2003 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ supported VVN by IN an DT additional JJ budget NN envelope NN of IN some DT 750 CD million CD delivered VVN over IN five CD years NNS , , to TO offset VV the DT negative JJ effects NNS of IN government NN restructuring NN on IN the DT promotion NN of IN official JJ languages NNS and CC the DT development NN of IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS , , especially RB in IN the DT area NN of IN education NN . SENT It PP also RB addresses VVZ new JJ sectors NNS such JJ as IN language NN technologies NNS and CC immigration NN . SENT Coordination NN of IN the DT Plan NN is VBZ entrusted VVN to TO the DT Minister NP responsible JJ for IN Official JJ Languages NNS . SENT The DT Plan NN is VBZ accompanied VVN by IN an DT accountability NN framework NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Organized JJ approach NN by IN the DT federal JJ administration NN , , long RB with IN an DT accountability NN framework NN . SENT 2004 CD Treasury NP Board NP reviews VVZ its PP$ official JJ language NN policies NNS and CC guidelines NNS in IN 2004 CD . SENT One CD of IN its PP$ policies NNS now RB imposes VVZ across IN the DT board NN imperative JJ staffing NN as IN the DT standard NN for IN bilingual JJ positions NNS . SENT This DT review NN leads VVZ to TO long RB awaited VVD major JJ changes NNS . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT Reinforcement NN of IN language NN standards NNS in IN the DT staffing NN process NN for IN the DT federal JJ administration NN , , with IN greater JJR respect NN for IN the DT merit NN principle NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Conclusion NN This DT chronology NN illustrates VVZ the DT advances NNS , , some DT hard JJ won NN , , that WDT led VVD to TO the DT establishment NN of IN Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT The DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP s PP dramatic JJ assessment NN in IN the DT late JJ 1960 CD s PP provided VVD the DT initial JJ impetus NN . SENT The DT first JJ Official NP Languages NNS Act NP of IN 1969 CD gave VVD rise NN to TO an DT uninterrupted JJ series NN of IN advances NNS , , especially RB in IN the DT legislative JJ and CC legal JJ fields NNS . SENT It PP led VVD to TO language NN rights NNS being VBG enshrined VVN in IN the DT Constitution NP through IN the DT 1982 CD Canadian JJ Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS , , then RB the DT strengthening NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP in IN 1988 CD , , particularly RB as RB regards VVZ the DT government NN s PP obligations NNS toward IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS . SENT However RB , , it PP fell VVD to TO the DT courts NNS to TO clarify VV the DT scope NN of IN these DT laws NNS . SENT In IN the DT wake NN of IN these DT advances NNS , , governance NN mechanisms NNS were VBD progressively RB implemented VVN , , both CC in IN the DT various JJ levels NNS of IN government NN and CC in IN the DT official JJ language NN communities NNS . SENT In IN the DT majority NN Anglophone JJ community NN , , openness NN to TO linguistic JJ duality NN increased VVD , , especially RB in IN terms NNS of IN learning VVG French JJ as IN a DT second JJ language NN . SENT These DT advances NNS also RB changed VVD the DT face NN of IN Canada NP , , in IN its PP$ federal JJ administration NN , , schools NNS , , grocery NN stores NNS , , on IN its PP$ roads NNS in IN short JJ , , in IN Canadians NNS daily JJ lives NNS . SENT Though IN we PP have VHP come VVN a DT long JJ way NN , , there EX are VBP still RB many JJ challenges NNS ahead RB . SENT Canadian JJ society NN has VHZ become VVN considerably RB more RBR diverse JJ since IN Confederation NP . SENT Aboriginal JJ peoples NNS are VBP gradually RB taking VVG their PP$ rightful JJ place NN in IN the DT country NN s PP governance NN . SENT There EX has VHZ been VBN a DT tremendous JJ influx NN of IN immigrants NNS , , and CC Canadian JJ multiculturalism NN attests VVZ to TO the DT country NN s PP desire VVP to TO recognize VV this DT variety NN of IN ethnocultural JJ identities NNS while IN encouraging VVG national JJ cohesion NN . SENT Group NN identities NNS are VBP less RBR centered VVN on IN language NN and CC religion NN than IN in IN the DT 19 CD th NN century NN and CC involve VV a DT sense NN of IN belonging VVG to TO many JJ different JJ groups NNS . SENT Still RB , , linguistic JJ duality NN remains VVZ one CD of IN the DT structural JJ features NNS of IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT While IN Canada NP s PP personality NN now RB reflects VVZ its PP$ cultural JJ diversity NN , , it PP continues VVZ to TO express VV itself PP in IN two CD official JJ languages NNS . SENT We PP can MD see VV that IN the DT progress NN made VVN with IN official JJ languages NNS is VBZ linked VVN to TO a DT combination NN of IN factors NNS , , including VVG the DT mobilization NN of IN minority NN groups NNS , , political JJ leadership NN , , court NN intervention NN and CC the DT support NN of IN the DT majority NN . SENT At IN least JJS five CD turning VVG points NNS stand VVP out RP in IN the DT above JJ chronology NN , , and CC each DT is VBZ marked VVN by IN strong JJ political JJ leadership NN with IN regard NN to TO official JJ languages NNS . SENT the DT convening VVG of IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP by IN the DT government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Lester NP B NP . SENT Pearson NP in IN 1963 CD . SENT the DT enactment NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP by IN the DT Government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Pierre NP Elliott NP Trudeau NP in IN 1969 CD . SENT the DT entrenching VVG of IN the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS in IN the DT Constitution NP in IN 1982 CD , , an DT initiative NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Pierre NP Elliott NP Trudeau NP . SENT the DT enactment NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP by IN the DT Government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Brian NP Mulroney NP in IN 1988 CD . SENT and CC the DT adoption NN of IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official JJ Languages NNS by IN the DT Government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Jean NP Chr NP tien NP in IN 2003 CD . SENT The DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS appears VVZ to TO portend VV a DT new JJ , , more RBR global JJ approach NN to TO official JJ languages NNS . SENT After IN implementing VVG Canada NP s PP language NN framework NN gradually RB , , piece NN by IN piece NN the DT Public NP Service NP , , equitable JJ participation NN , , minority NN communities NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , the DT government NN now RB appears VVZ to TO be VB forging VVG an DT overall JJ strategy NN to TO bring VV the DT complementarity NN of IN all PDT these DT dimensions NNS together RB . SENT The DT following VVG chapters NNS will MD discuss VV the DT aforementioned JJ achievements NNS and CC challenges NNS in IN greater JJR detail NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS CHAPTER NN 2 CD THE DT FACE NN OF IN CANADA NP We PP have VHP constantly RB declared VVN our PP$ desire NN to TO see VV all DT Canadians NNS associating VVG in IN a DT climate NN of IN equality NN , , whether IN they PP belong VVP to TO the DT Francophone JJ or CC Anglophone JJ society NN . SENT Members NNS of IN other JJ ethnic JJ groups NNS , , which WDT we PP prefer VVP to TO call VV cultural JJ groups NNS , , must MD enjoy VV these DT same JJ advantages NNS and CC meet VV the DT same JJ restrictions NNS . SENT Integration NN , , with IN respect NN for IN both CC the DT spirit NN of IN democracy NN and CC the DT most RBS deep JJ rooted VVN human JJ values NNS , , can MD engender VV healthy JJ diversity NN within IN a DT harmonious JJ and CC dynamic JJ whole NN . SENT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP . SENT Book NP IV NP . SENT The DT Cultural JJ Contribution NN of IN the DT Other JJ Ethnic JJ Groups NNS , , Ottawa NP , , 1969 CD , , p NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT Linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , first JJ and CC foremost RB a DT matter NN of IN language NN . SENT Everywhere RB in IN the DT world NN , , speaking VVG , , listening VVG , , writing VVG and CC reading VVG help NN to TO shape VV communities NNS over IN time NN . SENT The DT fact NN that IN this DT communication NN takes VVZ place NN in IN Canada NP in IN two CD official JJ languages NNS not RB only RB strengthens VVZ our PP$ respective JJ linguistic JJ communities NNS but CC also RB gives VVZ shape NN to TO our PP$ linguistic JJ duality NN , , which WDT is VBZ a DT collectively RB shared VVN condition NN , , an DT image NN that IN we PP project VVP to TO ourselves PP and CC the DT world NN . SENT This DT second JJ chapter NN will MD illustrate VV how WRB much RB Canada NP has VHZ changed VVN over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS while IN preserving VVG linguistic JJ duality NN as IN one CD of IN the DT fundamental JJ elements NNS of IN its PP$ personality NN . SENT The DT principal JJ achievements NNS we PP will MD see VV in IN this DT chapter NN are VBP . SENT PRINCIPAL JJ ACHIEVEMENTS NNS Two CD official NN language NN communities NNS preserved VVN even RB as IN the DT Canadian JJ population NN became VVD ethnoculturally RB diverse JJ . SENT French NP more RBR solidly RB established VVN in IN Quebec NP . SENT Increased VVN participation NN by IN minorities NNS in IN the DT governance NN of IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT Generalized VVN efforts NNS to TO provide VV translation NN and CC interpretation NN . SENT Growth NN of IN individual JJ bilingualism NN in IN Canada NP and CC of IN bilingualism NN in IN organizations NNS and CC businesses NNS operating VVG nationwide JJ . SENT Dialogue NN engaged VVD in IN civil JJ society NN between IN official JJ language NN communities NNS . SENT public JJ opinion NN generally RB favourable JJ and CC stable JJ with IN respect NN to TO bilingualism NN . SENT Increased JJ participation NN by IN Francophones NP in IN the DT governance NN of IN immigration NN . SENT since IN 1978 CD in IN Quebec NP , , since IN 2002 CD in IN the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP . SENT The DT two CD language NN groups NNS growing VVG closer JJR , , which WDT is VBZ one CD of IN the DT effects NNS of IN exogamy NN . SENT and CC International NP leadership NN by IN Canada NP in IN developing VVG cultural JJ diversity NN and CC bilingualism NN and CC in IN strengthening VVG the DT world NN Francophonie NP and CC the DT Commonwealth NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS A DT bilingual JJ society NN Ethnolinguistic JJ composition NN of IN the DT population NN There EX are VBP three CD trends NNS influencing VVG Canada NP s PP demographic JJ evolution NN from IN the DT viewpoint NN of IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT both DT major JJ linguistic JJ communities NNS have VHP been VBN maintained VVN . SENT in IN an DT ongoing JJ trend NN , , official JJ language NN minorities NNS are VBP making VVG up RP a DT smaller JJR proportion NN of IN Canada NP s PP population NN . SENT and CC Canada NP s PP population NN is VBZ becoming VVG more RBR and CC more RBR cosmopolitan JJ . SENT Diversification NN . SENT Canada NP s PP population NN grew VVD considerably RB and CC changed VVD greatly RB during IN the DT 20 CD th NN century NN . SENT Census NP data NNS from IN 1871 CD to TO 2001 CD show NN the DT population NN increasing VVG from IN 3 CD . SENT 5 CD million CD to TO almost RB 30 CD million CD , , and CC comparable JJ data NNS on IN ethnic JJ origin NN from IN 1871 CD to TO 1991 CD show NN a DT phenomenon NN of IN ethnocultural JJ diversification NN underway JJ see VVP Figure NP 1 CD . SENT While IN the DT proportion NN of IN the DT population NN of IN French JJ ethnic JJ origin NN remained VVD relatively RB stable JJ , , the DT proportion NN of IN British JJ origin NN decreased VVD as IN the DT proportion NN of IN people NNS of IN other JJ origins NNS grew VVD . SENT French NP and CC English NP , , still RB . SENT During IN this DT period NN , , English NP and CC French NP remained VVD the DT two CD most JJS spoken VVN languages NNS in IN the DT country NN . SENT In IN 2001 CD , , only RB 10 CD of IN the DT population NN most RBS often RB spoke VVD a DT language NN other JJ than IN English JJ or CC French JJ in IN the DT home NN . SENT 14 CD People NNS with IN Chinese JJ as IN their PP$ mother NN tongue NN ranked VVD third JJ , , comprising VVG 3 CD of IN the DT Canadian JJ population NN . SENT 15 CD Did VVD you PP know VVP Expo NP 67 CD , , which WDT took VVD place NN in IN Montr NP al NP at IN the DT very JJ time NN when WRB the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP was VBD preparing VVG its PP$ report NN , , was VBD one CD of IN the DT events NNS that WDT spotlighted VVD the DT existence NN of IN Canada NP s PP Francophone JJ community NN . SENT This DT event NN was VBD to TO show VV the DT whole JJ world NN , , but CC also RB the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP , , that DT French JJ was VBD an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT country NN s PP fabric NN However RB , , linguistic JJ minorities NNS as IN a DT percentage NN of IN the DT population NN have VHP continued VVN to TO decrease VV see VV Figures NNS 2 CD and CC 3 CD . SENT While IN the DT minority NN with IN French JJ as IN a DT mother NN tongue NN grew VVD by IN a DT third JJ to TO reach VV approximately RB a DT million CD in IN 2001 CD , , this DT now RB represents VVZ no DT more JJR than IN 4 CD of IN the DT population NN of IN Canada NP outside IN Quebec NP , , compared VVN to TO 7 CD in IN 1951 CD . SENT This DT relative JJ decrease NN is VBZ largely RB explained VVN by IN the DT significant JJ growth NN of IN the DT English JJ speaking NN population NN , , particularly RB as IN a DT result NN of IN immigrants NNS joining VVG the DT Anglophone JJ majority NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , Quebec NP s PP minority NN of IN people NNS with IN English NP as IN a DT mother NN tongue NN has VHZ swung VVN widely RB , , going VVG from IN 600 CD , , 000 CD in IN 1951 CD to TO almost RB 800 CD , , 000 CD and CC then RB back RB down RB to TO 600 CD , , 000 CD people NNS in IN 2001 CD . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , its PP$ relative JJ share NN of IN Quebec NP s PP population NN shrank VVD from IN 14 CD to TO 8 CD . SENT This DT relative JJ decrease NN was VBD mainly RB due JJ to TO the DT exodus NN of IN English JJ speakers NNS to TO other JJ provinces NNS during IN the DT 1980 CD s PP . SENT Since IN 1991 CD , , a DT clearer JJR picture NN is VBZ obtained VVN by IN looking VVG at IN the DT demolinguistic JJ trends NNS from IN the DT point NN of IN view NN of IN first JJ official NN language NN spoken VVN , , defined VVN as IN the DT official JJ language NN that IN a DT census NN respondent NN currently RB speaks VVZ and CC in IN most JJS cases NNS first RB learned VVD . SENT 16 CD Over IN the DT past JJ 10 CD years NNS , , we PP have VHP seen VVN the DT French JJ speaking NN minority NN in IN Canada NP and CC the DT English JJ speaking NN minority NN in IN Quebec NP both CC decrease VV by IN half PDT a DT percentage NN point NN see VVP Figure NP 4 CD . SENT Let VV us PP examine VV how WRB linguistic JJ duality NN has VHZ taken VVN root NN in IN various JJ segments NNS of IN society NN the DT general JJ population NN , , civil JJ society NN and CC the DT private JJ sector NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Within IN the DT general JJ population NN Until IN the DT second JJ half NN of IN the DT 20 CD th NN century NN , , Canada NP s PP English NP and CC French JJ communities NNS lived VVD relatively RB separate JJ lives NNS and CC needed VVD only RB a DT minimal JJ level NN of IN bilingualism NN . SENT In IN 1931 CD , , 13 CD of IN the DT Canadian JJ population NN was VBD considered VVN to TO be VB bilingual JJ . SENT 17 CD In IN 1951 CD , , this DT figure NN remained VVD almost RB unchanged JJ at IN 12 CD but CC it PP started VVD to TO climb VV in IN the DT mid JJ 1960 CD s PP and CC reached VVD 18 CD , , or CC 5 CD . SENT 2 CD million CD individuals NNS , , in IN 2001 CD see VVP Figure NP 5 CD . SENT 18 CD Five CD million CD people NNS the DT equivalent NN of IN the DT population NN of IN an DT influential JJ country NN like IN Denmark NP or CC Finland NP . SENT Quebec NP accounted VVD for IN most JJS of IN the DT increase NN in IN individual JJ bilingualism NN , , where WRB the DT number NN of IN bilingual JJ speakers NNS went VVD from IN 1 CD million CD 26 CD to TO 3 CD million CD 41 CD between IN 1951 CD and CC 2001 CD . SENT In IN comparison NN , , New NP Brunswick NP saw VVD its PP$ number NN of IN bilingual JJ speakers NNS grow VVP from IN 100 CD , , 000 CD 19 CD to TO 250 CD , , 000 CD 34 CD in IN the DT same JJ period NN . SENT Across IN Canada NP , , the DT rate NN of IN bilingualism NN today NN is VBZ higher JJR among IN Francophones NP 44 CD than IN among IN Anglophones NP 9 CD . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , however RB , , more JJR Anglophones NP are VBP bilingual JJ 67 CD than IN Francophones NP 37 CD . SENT Among IN youth NN 15 CD to TO 24 CD years NNS of IN age NN , , we PP can MD see VV that IN the DT bilingualism NN level NN has VHZ doubled VVN in IN the DT past JJ 30 CD years NNS among IN Anglophones NP outside IN Quebec NP to TO reach VV 14 CD , , while IN it PP has VHZ increased VVN by IN a DT third JJ among IN Francophones NP in IN Quebec NP to TO reach VV 42 NP see VV Figure NP 6 CD . SENT With IN the DT population NN becoming VVG increasingly RB bilingual JJ and CC the DT principle NN of IN duality NN taking VVG root NN , , people NNS in IN politics NNS have VHP had VHD to TO meet VV higher JJR expectations NNS . SENT Since IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Pierre NP Elliott NP Trudeau NP , , all DT prime JJ ministers NNS have VHP been VBN able JJ to TO speak VV both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Similarly RB , , the DT heads NNS of IN the DT major JJ political JJ parties NNS have VHP been VBN bilingual JJ or CC have VH had VHN to TO learn VV their PP$ second JJ official NN language NN . SENT In IN national JJ politics NNS , , it PP s VVZ now RB a DT given VVN that IN a DT party NN leader NN , , let VV alone RB a DT prime JJ minister NN , , must MD be VB somewhat RB or CC fluently RB bilingual JJ . SENT Jeffrey NP Simpson NP , , The DT Globe NP and CC Mail NP , , February NP 28 CD , , 2004 CD . SENT However RB , , there EX is VBZ still RB a DT long JJ way NN to TO go VV with IN respect NN to TO individual JJ bilingualism NN because IN , , as IN we PP will MD see VV , , Canadians NNS support VVP for IN the DT idea NN of IN using VVG our PP$ two CD official JJ languages NNS exceeds VVZ their PP$ actual JJ ability NN to TO speak VV both DT languages NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Civil JJ society NN Canadian JJ civil JJ society NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , non JJ governmental JJ and CC not RB for IN profit NN organizations NNS , , do VVP not RB fall VV under IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP , , but CC they PP adhere VV to TO its PP$ spirit NN in IN large JJ part NN and CC now RB embody VVP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Bilingualism NN in IN national JJ associations NNS . SENT Most RBS large JJ national JJ organizations NNS increasingly RB operate VVP in IN both DT languages NNS , , among IN them PP , , for IN example NN , , Volunteer NN Canada NP , , the DT Association NP for IN Canadian NP Studies NPS , , the DT Canadian JJ Paralympic JJ Committee NP , , the DT Canadian NP Institute NP of IN Actuaries NNS , , Saint NP John NP Ambulance NN , , the DT Canadian NP Environmental NP Network NP , , and CC the DT Canadian JJ Urban NP Transit NP Association NP . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP has VHZ certainly RB helped VVD promote VV this DT bilingual JJ face NN through IN various JJ programs NNS now RB implemented VVN by IN Canadian NP Heritage NP . SENT For IN example NN , , there EX are VBP the DT Assistance NP for IN Interpretation NN and CC Translation NN Program NN and CC the DT Development NP of IN Official NP Language NP Services NPS Program NP , , which WDT have VHP existed VVN for IN 25 CD years NNS . SENT One CD of IN the DT challenges NNS related VVN to TO the DT level NN of IN commitment NN within IN civil JJ society NN is VBZ the DT danger NN of IN limiting VVG linguistic JJ duality NN to TO the DT translation NN or CC interpretation NN of IN national JJ content NN , , without IN factoring NN in IN the DT experience NN and CC aspirations NNS of IN each DT of IN the DT different JJ groups NNS making VVG up RP the DT official JJ language NN communities NNS . SENT Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP . SENT The DT dialogue NN around IN Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN has VHZ taken VVN shape NN through IN a DT number NN of IN initiatives NNS by IN civil JJ society NN groups NNS . SENT Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP CPF NP is VBZ one CD of IN these DT groups NNS . SENT It PP actively RB supports VVZ French JJ as IN a DT second JJ language NN education NN through IN its PP$ lobbying NN , , training NN and CC resource NN networking NN activities NNS . SENT 19 CD Created VVN in IN 1977 CD , , this DT association NN has VHZ spread VVN across IN the DT country NN and CC has VHZ some DT 18 CD , , 000 CD volunteer NN members NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ helped VVN the DT Anglophone JJ community NN achieve VV a DT deeper JJR appreciation NN of IN the DT value NN of IN Canada NP s PP duality NN and CC understand VV the DT importance NN of IN learning VVG French JJ . SENT Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP is VBZ particularly RB supportive JJ of IN French JJ immersion NN , , which WDT has VHZ been VBN remarkably RB successful JJ since IN its PP$ beginnings NNS in IN 1965 CD . SENT Not RB only RB have VH several JJ million CD young JJ Anglophone JJ students NNS developed VVD skills NNS in IN their PP$ other JJ official JJ language NN thanks NNS to TO this DT intensive JJ method NN , , but CC they PP have VHP been VBN exposed VVN to TO a DT variety NN of IN cultural JJ experiences NNS that WDT have VHP given VVN them PP a DT broader JJR view NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT For IN example NN , , as RB of IN 2002 CD 2003 CD there RB were VBD some DT 357 CD , , 000 CD Anglophone JJ students NNS in IN French JJ immersion NN more RBR about IN French JJ immersion NN in IN Chapter NP 4 CD . SENT Interestingly RB , , French JJ immersion NN is VBZ also RB one CD of IN Canada NP s PP major JJ exports NNS in IN international JJ education NN , , with IN educators NNS in IN Japan NP , , Wales NP , , Spain NP and CC the DT USA NP applying VVG made VVN in IN Canada NP immersion NN methodology NN to TO the DT teaching NN of IN second JJ languages NNS , , enhancing VVG the DT language NN skills NNS of IN young JJ people NNS around IN the DT globe NN . SENT J NP . SENT Shea NP , , Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP , , Canada NP s PP Education NP Revolution NP in IN its PP$ Second NP Generation NP , , Canadian NP Issues NPS Th NN mes FW canadiens NP , , June NP 2003 CD , , p NN . SENT 39 CD . SENT Exchanges NNS . SENT Numerous JJ government NN initiatives NNS aimed VVN at IN promoting VVG learning NN and CC exchanges NNS between IN young JJ people NNS in IN Canada NP have VHP been VBN supported VVN by IN the DT official JJ languages NNS policy NN since IN the DT 1970 CD s PP . SENT These DT include VVP EduCanada NP , , Katimavik NP , , 20 CD Exchanges NNS Canada NP , , 21 CD Young NP Canada NP Works NP 22 CD and CC programs NNS for IN official JJ language NN monitors NNS and CC official JJ language NN bursaries NNS . SENT 23 CD Thousands NNS of IN young JJ people NNS have VHP thus RB contributed VVN to TO the DT official JJ languages NNS dialogue NN and CC started VVD to TO prepare VV for IN the DT bilingual JJ and CC multicultural NN Canada NP of IN today NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT private JJ sector NN The DT private JJ sector NN , , especially RB large JJ nationwide JJ businesses NNS and CC those DT operating NN in IN Quebec NP , , are VBP also RB increasingly RB accepting VVG Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Aware JJ of IN the DT size NN of IN the DT Francophone JJ market NN share NN , , large JJ companies NNS such JJ as IN Bell NP , , Bombardier NP , , banks NNS and CC financial JJ institutions NNS often RB project VVP their PP$ corporate JJ image NN in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT MY PP$ VIEW NN Interview NN with IN John NP Stanton NP , , President NP and CC Founder NN , , Running VVG Room NP Ltd NP , , Edmonton NP Our PP$ entry NN in IN the DT province NN of IN Quebec NP forced VVD us PP to TO look VV at IN being NN and CC becoming VVG a DT fully RB bilingual JJ company NN . SENT Operating VVG in IN the DT two CD languages NNS helped VVD mature VV us PP as IN a DT company NN . SENT When WRB we PP offered VVD our PP$ various JJ forms NNS in IN the DT two CD languages NNS in IN Ottawa NP , , we PP realized VVD that IN 20 CD to TO 30 CD of IN those DT picked VVN up RP were VBD in IN French NP . SENT We PP realized VVD that IN quite RB inadvertently RB we PP had VHD in IN effect NN been VBN forcing VVG our PP$ Francophone JJ clients NNS to TO use VV English NP . SENT Operating VVG in IN both DT languages NNS in IN Quebec NP and CC in IN cities NNS like IN Ottawa NP , , Moncton NP and CC Sudbury NP was VBD a DT huge JJ challenge NN initially RB . SENT Now RB we PP are VBP able JJ to TO offer VV our PP$ products NNS and CC services NNS in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT Retailers NNS need VVP to TO think VV of IN language NN in IN terms NNS of IN what WP the DT customer NN wants VVZ . SENT We PP need VVP to TO be VB respectful JJ of IN our PP$ customers NNS . SENT Public JJ reaction NN to TO our PP$ decision NN to TO become VV bilingual NN has VHZ been VBN really RB positive JJ . SENT We PP have VHP had VHN loads NNS of IN compliments NNS for IN instance NN on IN our PP$ bilingual JJ Web NP site NN and CC telephone NN messages NNS . SENT What WP help VV might NN government NN provide VV . SENT One CD important JJ area NN is VBZ translation NN . SENT It PP would MD be VB very RB helpful JJ if IN some DT sort NN of IN advisory JJ resource NN were VBD able JJ to TO help VV companies NNS find VV the DT right JJ French JJ terminology NN in IN certain JJ specialized JJ fields NNS such JJ as IN ours PP . SENT Interviewed VVN on IN January NP 13 CD , , 2005 CD Even RB a DT smaller JJR business NN Mountain NP Equipment NP Co NP op NN MEC NP has VHZ recently RB contributed VVN to TO the DT promotion NN of IN the DT French JJ language NN as IN part NN of IN its PP$ expansion NN with IN the DT production NN of IN a DT French JJ glossary NN of IN outdoor JJ sports NNS terms NNS . SENT 24 CD In IN relation NN to TO the DT challenges NNS involved VVN in IN transforming VVG a DT unilingual JJ business NN into IN a DT bilingual JJ one NN , , MEC NP s PP President NP , , Peter NP Robinson NP , , has VHZ indicated VVN that IN serving VVG the DT Francophone JJ community NN has VHZ expanded VVN the DT outdoor JJ equipment NN co NP operative JJ s PP sales NNS and CC membership NN and CC has VHZ also RB fostered VVN new JJ enthusiasm NN among IN its PP$ employees NNS and CC even RB its PP$ suppliers NNS . SENT 25 CD Table NN of IN Contents NNS Public JJ opinion NN about IN bilingualism NN How WRB do VVP Canadian JJ citizens NNS view VVP Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Numerous JJ opinion NN polls NNS have VHP been VBN conducted VVN on IN this DT issue NN over IN the DT years NNS , , and CC these DT snapshots NNS formed VVD the DT basis NN for IN a DT report NN on IN this DT subject NN prepared VVN recently RB by IN the DT Centre NP for IN Research NP and CC Information NP on IN Canada NP CRIC NP . SENT 26 CD In IN general JJ , , it PP appears VVZ that DT support NN for IN bilingualism NN has VHZ changed VVN relatively RB little JJ . SENT The DT studies NNS showed VVD that DT support NN for IN bilingualism NN varies VVZ across IN respondent NN categories NNS . SENT more RBR supportive JJ less CC supportive JJ Quebec NP Atlantic NP provinces NNS Ontario NP Western NP provinces NNS young JJ people NNS more RBR than IN older JJR people NNS women NNS more RBR than IN men NNS Francophones NNS more RBR than IN allophones NNS more JJR than IN Anglophones NP PUBLIC JJ OPINION NN On IN the DT principle NN . SENT Support NN remains VVZ strong JJ on IN matters NNS of IN principle NN . SENT Since IN 1987 CD , , 77 CD of IN Canadians NNS recognize VVP the DT importance NN of IN preserving VVG both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT In IN 1977 CD and CC in IN 2002 CD , , approximately RB 80 CD of IN Canadians NNS supported VVD the DT right NN of IN all DT citizens NNS to TO receive VV Government NP of IN Canada NP services NNS in IN their PP$ own JJ official NN language NN . SENT Education NN . SENT There EX has VHZ been VBN great JJ progress NN in IN Canadians NNS support VVP for IN education NN . SENT Between IN 1965 CD and CC 2002 CD , , Anglophones NP support NN for IN public JJ funding NN of IN French JJ language NN schools NNS outside IN Quebec NP jumped VVD from IN 14 CD to TO 91 CD . SENT Costs NNS . SENT Support NN is VBZ somewhat RB low JJ when WRB the DT question NN asked VVD refers VVZ vaguely RB to TO bilingualism NN on IN a DT national JJ scale NN or CC refers VVZ to TO the DT resources NNS this DT requires VVZ . SENT From IN 1977 CD to TO 2003 CD , , Canadian JJ public JJ support NN went VVD from IN 51 CD to TO 56 CD , , with IN a DT drop NN to TO 46 CD following VVG the DT failure NN of IN the DT Meech NP Lake NP Constitutional JJ Accord NP . SENT Since IN 1977 CD , , between IN 40 CD and CC 50 CD of IN Canadians NNS believe VVP that IN too RB much JJ effort NN has VHZ gone VVN into IN bilingualism NN . SENT Globalization NN . SENT One CD of IN the DT promising JJ signs NNS revealed VVN by IN this DT CRIC JJ poll NN is VBZ that DT support NN for IN bilingualism NN increases NNS when WRB seen VVN from IN the DT point NN of IN view NN of IN Canada NP adapting VVG to TO a DT globalized VVN economy NN . SENT 90 CD of IN Canadians NNS agree VVP that IN people NNS who WP speak VVP more JJR than IN one CD language NN have VHP a DT greater JJR chance NN of IN success NN in IN the DT globalized VVN economy NN . SENT 74 CD of IN Anglophones NP and CC 93 CD of IN Francophones NP believe VVP that IN their PP$ children NNS should MD learn VV the DT other JJ official NN language NN . SENT Diversity NN . SENT Support NN is VBZ also RB strong JJ when WRB bilingualism NN is VBZ considered VVN from IN the DT point NN of IN view NN of IN diversity NN . SENT 70 CD of IN Canadians NNS and CC , , in IN particular JJ , , 75 CD of IN those DT born VVN abroad RB believe VVP that DT bilingualism NN makes VVZ Canada NP more RBR welcoming VVG for IN immigrants NNS . SENT Analysis NN of IN these DT data NN shows VVZ that IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP still RB needs VVZ to TO promote VV linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT MY PP$ VIEW NN Interview NN with IN Beverly NP Nann NP Order NP of IN British NP Columbia NP , , President NP , , Vancouver NP Asian NP Heritage NP Month NN Society NP The DT more JJR languages NNS you PP know VVP , , the DT better JJR off IN you PP are VBP . SENT Knowing VVG another DT language NN is VBZ a DT door NN into IN the DT other JJ culture NN . SENT Bilingualism NN is VBZ one CD of IN our PP$ distinguishing VVG features NNS . SENT It PP makes VVZ us PP different JJ from IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT downside NN to TO bilingualism NN . SENT The DT challenge NN is VBZ to TO make VV it PP a DT reality NN , , to TO make VV it PP inclusive JJ , , not RB exclusive JJ . SENT The DT challenge NN is VBZ how WRB to TO get VV everyone NN on IN board NN . SENT If IN we PP truly RB want VVP to TO be VB a DT bilingual JJ country NN , , we PP have VHP to TO start VV with IN kids NNS in IN the DT schools NNS . SENT Why WRB aren NP t NN we PP doing VVG that IN . SENT We PP have VHP to TO create VV opportunities NNS to TO be VB exposed VVN to TO French JJ and CC to TO use VV it PP . SENT One CD way NN would MD be VB to TO have VH more JJR contacts NNS with IN the DT Francophone JJ community NN here RB in IN Vancouver NP . SENT Bilingualism NN is VBZ a DT major JJ contributor NN to TO our PP$ multicultural NN society NN . SENT If IN you PP know VVP a DT second JJ language NN , , learning VVG a DT third JJ or CC even RB a DT fourth JJ is VBZ so RB much RB easier JJR . SENT The DT resistance NN here RB is VBZ not RB to TO bilingualism NN or CC to IN having VHG two CD official JJ languages NNS . SENT It PP comes VVZ from IN the DT frustration NN of IN not RB having VHG the DT opportunity NN to TO learn VV French JJ and CC use VV it PP . SENT People NNS know VVP that IN being VBG bilingual JJ is VBZ essential JJ if IN you PP want VVP a DT career NN in IN the DT Public NP Service NP . SENT Whatever WDT backlash NN there EX is VBZ comes VVZ from IN people NNS feeling VVG a DT lack NN of IN opportunity NN . SENT Interviewed VVN on IN January NP 11 CD , , 2005 CD Table NN of IN Contents NNS Active JJ minorities NNS Where WRB there EX is VBZ a DT majority NN , , there EX is VBZ a DT minority NN , , and CC together RB they PP illustrate VVP a DT universally RB established VVN social JJ phenomenon NN . SENT resources NNS tend VVP to TO be VB unequally RB distributed VVN among IN the DT elements NNS making VVG up RP a DT community NN . SENT There EX is VBZ nothing NN predetermined VVN about IN how WRB majorities NNS and CC minorities NNS relate VVP , , not RB even RB numbers NNS . SENT These DT relations NNS depend VVP on IN the DT relative JJ levels NNS of IN wealth NN , , power NN and CC status NN that WDT develop VVP among IN the DT components NNS of IN a DT community NN . SENT Majorities NNS are VBP naturally RB little RB inclined VVN to TO egalitarianism NN when WRB the DT current JJ situation NN is VBZ to TO their PP$ advantage NN . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB up RB to TO minorities NNS to TO create VV change NN and CC promote VV innovations NNS . SENT 27 CD Without IN minorities NNS becoming VVG aware JJ , , mobilizing VVG and CC making VVG strategic JJ approaches NNS to TO majorities NNS , , some DT kinds NNS of IN progress NN would MD not RB be VB made VVN . SENT As IN W NP . SENT Kymlicka NP stated VVD , , minority NN nationalism NN has VHZ proved VVN to TO be VB an DT effective JJ vehicle NN by IN which WDT national JJ groups NNS can MD modernize VV their PP$ societies NNS , , and CC participate VV more RBR actively RB in IN the DT global JJ economy NN and CC in IN the DT increasingly RB dense JJ networks NNS of IN international JJ law NN and CC civil JJ society NN . SENT 28 CD Linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ in IN fact NN a DT type NN of IN relationship NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN instituted VVN to TO create VV political JJ and CC social JJ equality NN between IN Canada NP s VVZ two CD linguistic JJ components NNS . SENT Governance NN of IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS Canada NP s PP Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ minorities NNS are VBP indeed RB active JJ and CC have VHP gradually RB mobilized VVN in IN order NN to TO advance VV their PP$ interests NNS through IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT Over IN the DT course NN of IN the DT 20 CD th NN century NN , , they PP organized VVD representative JJ organizations NNS in IN all PDT the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS and CC , , starting VVG in IN the DT 1960 CD s PP , , they PP began VVD receiving VVG financial JJ support NN from IN the DT Secretary NP of IN State NP , , later RBR Canadian JJ Heritage NP . SENT Canada NP Community NP agreements NNS . SENT Since IN the DT 1990 CD s PP , , Canadian NP Heritage NP has VHZ negotiated VVN Canada NP Community NP agreements NNS to TO provide VV financial JJ support NN for IN the DT development NN of IN minority NN communities NNS . SENT These DT agreements NNS encouraged VVD partnerships NNS and CC increased JJ co NP operation NN within IN the DT communities NNS , , which WDT had VHD to TO define VV their PP$ collective JJ priorities NNS and CC administer VV the DT resources NNS provided VVN under IN an DT overall JJ development NN plan NN . SENT However RB , , the DT level NN of IN financial JJ support NN they PP received VVD has VHZ clearly RB proven VVN insufficient JJ to TO fund VV the DT implementation NN of IN these DT plans NNS and CC has VHZ led VVN to TO competition NN for IN resources NNS , , which WDT has VHZ not RB always RB supported VVN community NN cohesion NN . SENT Canadian NP Heritage NP is VBZ currently RB redefining VVG its PP$ approach NN . SENT Joint JJ governance NN . SENT More RBR recently RB , , new JJ forms NNS of IN governance NN have VHP developed VVN that IN not RB only RB promote VV horizontal JJ federal JJ co NP operation NN , , but CC also RB enable VV representatives NNS of IN federal JJ institutions NNS and CC of IN Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ minority NN communities NNS to TO work VV together RB and CC co NP ordinate NN their PP$ efforts NNS to TO make VV Government NP of IN Canada NP support NN for IN their PP$ development NN more RBR relevant JJ and CC effective JJ . SENT The DT National NP Committee NP for IN Canadian NP Francophonie NP Human NP Resources NPS Development NP was VBD the DT pioneer NN and CC model NN in IN 1997 CD . SENT The DT strength NN of IN this DT formula NN resides VVZ in IN sound JJ collaboration NN between IN partners NNS , , with IN each DT party NN bringing VVG its PP$ expertise NN and CC authority NN to TO the DT table NN . SENT They PP agree VVP on IN a DT common JJ definition NN of IN the DT development NN issues NNS in IN a DT sector NN and CC on IN the DT integrated JJ sectoral JJ development NN strategy NN that IN best JJS meets VVZ the DT needs NNS of IN the DT communities NNS , , then RB co NP ordinate NN its PP$ implementation NN . SENT This DT formula NN was VBD applied VVN to TO Quebec NP s PP Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN 1998 CD . SENT Variations NNS on IN this DT community NN government NN joint JJ committee NN approach NN were VBD used VVN in IN the DT areas NNS of IN health NN in IN 2000 CD , , immigration NN in IN 2002 CD and CC justice NN in IN 2003 CD 2004 CD . SENT A DT memorandum NN of IN understanding NN between IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP , , the DT Government NN of IN Manitoba NP , , the DT Association NP of IN Bilingual JJ Municipalities NNS , , and CC the DT Economic NP Development NP Council NP for IN Manitoba NP established VVD a DT joint JJ committee NN and CC a DT framework NN document NN for IN ongoing JJ co NP operation NN between IN the DT three CD levels NNS of IN government NN for IN economic JJ and CC human JJ resources NNS development NN in IN Manitoba NP s PP Francophone JJ community NN . SENT This DT type NN of IN joint JJ committee NN , , to TO the DT extent NN that IN it PP actually RB designs VVZ and CC implements VVZ an DT integrated JJ development NN plan NN for IN the DT official JJ language NN minority NN of IN a DT province NN , , strongly RB reflects VVZ the DT spirit NN of IN section NN 43 CD of IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Act NP . SENT It PP appears VVZ that IN similar JJ approaches NNS involving VVG service NN focussed VVD , , multilateral JJ co NP operation NN may MD also RB be VB in IN the DT works NNS in IN Atlantic NP Canada NP . SENT MY PP$ VIEW NN Interview NN with IN Frances NP Russell NP , , Winnipeg NP journalist NN and CC author NN Duality NN is VBZ at IN the DT core NN of IN what WP it PP means VVZ to TO be VB a DT Canadian JJ . SENT Duality NN not RB only RB created VVN Canada NP , , it PP defined VVD our PP$ national JJ character NN and CC wrote VVD our PP$ national JJ narrative NN . SENT It PP is VBZ duality NN that WDT led VVD to TO our PP$ respect NN for IN difference NN and CC accommodation NN of IN diversity NN the DT hallmark NN of IN our PP$ culture NN and CC the DT mainstay NN of IN our PP$ values NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT It PP must MD , , at IN all DT costs NNS , , be VB maintained VVN . SENT Without IN it PP , , Canada NP ceases VVZ to TO be VB . SENT Tragically RB , , a DT major JJ opportunity NN was VBD lost VVN early RB on IN with IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP failure NN to TO create VV bilingual JJ regions NNS as IN originally RB envisaged VVN under IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT Now RB , , 30 CD years NNS later RBR , , the DT Government NN of IN Manitoba NP is VBZ attempting VVG to TO turn VV back RB the DT clock NN , , but CC it PP may MD well RB be VB too RB late JJ . SENT The DT latest JJS census NN shows VVZ Manitoba NP has VHZ suffered VVN the DT largest JJS loss NN among IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS in IN bilingual JJ capacity NN . SENT Without IN critical JJ mass NN , , the DT minority NN language NN cannot NN survive VVP and CC withers VVZ . SENT Canada NP must MD move VV quickly RB to TO establish VV bilingual JJ regions NNS and CC to TO accord VV the DT highest JJS priority NN to TO the DT teaching NN of IN Canadian JJ history NN to TO both DT French JJ and CC English JJ Canadians NNS . SENT Future JJ generations NNS must MD know VV our PP$ founding JJ story NN . SENT They PP do VVP not RB . SENT Future JJ generations NNS must MD understand VV how WRB we PP came VVD to TO be VB who WP we PP are VBP . SENT They PP do VVP not RB . SENT A DT country NN cannot NN subsist VV in IN the DT ether NN . SENT It PP must MD be VB on IN the DT ground NN , , living VVG and CC breathing VVG alongside IN its PP$ citizens NNS . SENT Interviewed VVN on IN January NP 12 CD and CC 20 CD , , 2005 CD Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT Francophone JJ minority NN Until IN the DT 1960 CD s PP , , Francophones NP in IN Canada NP had VHD in IN common JJ a DT French JJ Canadian JJ identity NN , , with IN those DT in IN the DT Atlantic NP provinces NNS sharing VVG an DT additional JJ Acadian JJ identity NN . SENT Both CC these DT identities NNS were VBD founded VVN on IN the DT French JJ language NN and CC the DT Roman NP Catholic NP religion NN . SENT Except IN in IN Quebec NP , , these DT identities NNS were VBD largely RB unconnected JJ to TO government NN , , which WDT operated VVD mainly RB in IN English NP . SENT The DT nationalist JJ movement NN in IN Quebec NP and CC the DT development NN of IN the DT welfare NN state NN progressively RB undermined VVD this DT French JJ Canadian JJ unity NN . SENT 29 CD The NP B NP and CC B NP Commission NP was VBD created VVN at IN this DT time NN . SENT Did VVD you PP know VVP Western NP Francophonie NP . SENT Francophone JJ communities NNS have VHP been VBN present JJ in IN Western NP Canada NP since IN well RB before IN Confederation NP . SENT The DT vitality NN of IN their PP$ communities NNS was VBD evidenced VVN by IN their PP$ Catholic JJ parishes NNS and CC associations NNS such JJ as IN the DT Soci NP t NN Saint NP Jean NP Baptiste NP , , the DT Dames NP de NP Sainte NP Anne NP , , and CC so RB on IN . SENT They PP had VHD religious JJ communities NNS that WDT provided VVD education NN , , hospital NN care NN and CC social JJ services NNS . SENT They PP were VBD also RB major JJ economic JJ players NNS in IN the DT fur NN trade NN , , and CC later RBR in IN agriculture NN . SENT Today NN , , this DT heritage NN can MD be VB seen VVN not RB only RB in IN the DT number NN of IN communities NNS that WDT continue VVP to TO live VV in IN French JJ but CC also RB in IN the DT geographical JJ names NNS that WDT reflect VVP the DT historical JJ French JJ presence NN , , such JJ as IN Portage NP la NP Prairie NP , , Manitoba NP . SENT Fort NP Qu'Appelle NP , , Saskatchewan NP . SENT Lacombe NP , , Alberta NP . SENT and CC Quesnel NP , , British NP Columbia NP . SENT Except IN in IN Quebec NP , , Francophones NP will MD continue VV to TO make VV up RP minority NN language NN communities NNS in IN the DT future NN . SENT In IN response NN to TO the DT changes NNS taking VVG place NN around IN them PP , , to TO federal JJ intervention NN in IN the DT governance NN of IN official JJ languages NNS and CC to TO provincial JJ intervention NN in IN education NN and CC health NN , , the DT former JJ French JJ Canadian JJ and CC Acadian JJ associations NNS are VBP increasingly RB being VBG restructured VVN on IN a DT provincial JJ or CC territorial JJ basis NN . SENT they PP are VBP complemented VVN by IN the DT existing JJ nationwide JJ organizations NNS see VVP box NN . SENT By IN creating VVG the DT F NN d SYM ration NN des FW francophones NNS hors NP Qu NP bec NP FFHQ NP in IN 1975 CD , , the DT Francophone JJ minorities NNS in IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS created VVD a DT common JJ vision NN for IN themselves PP . SENT While IN the DT vision NN received VVD financial JJ support NN from IN the DT Secretary NP of IN State NP , , the DT Francophone JJ minority NN was VBD concerned VVN that IN its PP$ existence NN would MD be VB overshadowed VVN by IN the DT new JJ multiculturalism NN policy NN and CC that IN the DT official JJ languages NNS policy NN was VBD aimed VVN mainly RB at IN bilingualism NN in IN the DT Public NP Service NP . SENT The DT FFHQ NP s PP publications NNS , , The DT Heirs NNS of IN Lord NP Durham NP 30 CD and CC Face NP to TO Face NP with IN a DT Failing NP Country NP 31 CD paint NN a DT sombre JJ picture NN of IN the DT situation NN experienced VVN by IN this DT minority NN and CC argue VVP for IN corrective JJ action NN . SENT The DT spirit NN of IN this DT argument NN would MD eventually RB reappear VV in IN key JJ judgments NNS of IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP . SENT Governance NN within IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN also RB operates VVZ through IN an DT extensive JJ network NN of IN institutions NNS that WDT cover VVP all DT sectors NNS and CC areas NNS of IN the DT country NN . SENT A DT number NN of IN national JJ organizations NNS representing VVG community NN radio NN stations NNS , , senior JJ citizens NNS , , the DT press NN , , parents NNS , , lawyers NNS , , women NNS , , the DT health NN sector NN are VBP members NNS of IN the DT F NN d SYM ration NN des FW communaut NN s PP francophones VVZ et NP acadienne NP du NP Canada NP the DT FFHQ NP s PP name VVP since IN 1991 CD , , while IN other JJ organizations NNS such JJ as IN the DT F NN d SYM ration NN culturelle NN canadienne NP fran NP aise NN , , the DT Association NP canadienne NP d SYM ducation NN de NP langue NN fran NP aise NN and CC the DT F NN d SYM ration NN nationale NP des NP conseils VVZ scolaires NNS francophones NNS are VBP themselves PP large JJ associations NNS . SENT The DT new JJ name NN , , the DT F NN d SYM ration NN des FW communaut NN s PP francophones VVZ et NP acadienne NP du NP Canada NP FCFA NP , , reflects VVZ a DT new JJ vision NN that WDT values VVZ the DT diversity NN of IN the DT Canadian NP Francophonie NP and CC is VBZ more JJR in IN tune NN with IN Quebec NP . SENT The DT Francophone JJ minority NN has VHZ finally RB recognized VVN that IN cultural JJ diversity NN in IN Canada NP has VHZ also RB come VVN to TO their PP$ communities NNS , , and CC it PP is VBZ once RB again RB reaching VVG out RP to TO the DT Francophone JJ majority NN in IN Quebec NP , , especially RB since IN setting VVG up RP an DT office NN in IN Quebec NP in IN 1988 CD . SENT In IN recent JJ years NNS , , Quebec NP has VHZ also RB played VVN a DT more RBR active JJ role NN in IN the DT Canadian JJ Francophonie NP . SENT It PP is VBZ interesting JJ to TO note VV that IN in IN Ontario NP , , for IN example NN , , leadership NN in IN the DT Francophone JJ community NN is VBZ changing VVG to TO reflect VV the DT growing VVG diversity NN of IN this DT community NN . SENT Many JJ sectoral JJ organizations NNS now RB represent VVP the DT interests NNS and CC aspirations NNS of IN the DT different JJ segments NNS of IN this DT community NN and CC are VBP in IN some DT ways NNS compelling JJ the DT large JJ community NN organizations NNS to TO redefine VV themselves PP . SENT The DT Association NP des NP communaut NP s PP franco NP ontariennes NP has VHZ reviewed VVN its PP$ structure NN in IN the DT past JJ few JJ years NNS to TO reflect VV this DT new JJ reality NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT Anglophone JJ minority NN The DT history NN of IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP is VBZ a DT different JJ story NN . SENT Since IN the DT late JJ 1970 CD s PP , , when WRB the DT Parti NP qu NP b SYM cois NP was VBD elected VVN in IN this DT province NN , , the DT Anglophone JJ population NN has VHZ not RB shared VVN a DT common JJ sense NN of IN belonging VVG . SENT Its PP$ ethnocultural JJ composition NN is VBZ as RB diverse JJ as IN the DT population NN in IN the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP , , and CC Anglo NP Quebeckers NP identify VV more JJR with IN Canada NP as IN a DT whole NN than IN with IN their PP$ province NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , it PP was VBD the DT Quebec NP nationalist NN movement NN that WDT pushed VVD them PP into IN taking VVG an DT interest NN in IN their PP$ own JJ collective JJ existence NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT 32 CD Immediately RB following VVG the DT 1976 CD Quebec NP election NN , , a DT few JJ Anglophone JJ interest NN groups NNS sprang VVD up RP . SENT Participation NN Quebec NN , , Positive JJ Action NP Committee NP , , Townshippers NP Association NP , , and CC others NNS . SENT But CC it PP was VBD really RB during IN the DT consultations NNS prior RB to TO the DT adoption NN of IN the DT Charter NP of IN the DT French JJ Language NP in IN 1977 CD that IN the DT Anglophone JJ community NN realized VVD that IN it PP would MD be VB more RBR efficient JJ to TO work VV together RB , , thus RB the DT Council NP of IN Quebec NP Minorities NNS was VBD created VVN . SENT The DT PQ NP government NN s PP re IN election NN in IN 1981 CD then RB led VVN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN organizations NNS to TO regroup VV under IN the DT banner NN of IN Alliance NP Quebec NP , , which WDT was VBD created VVN in IN 1982 CD . SENT This DT organization NN receives VVZ financial JJ support NN from IN Canadian NP Heritage NP under IN its PP$ official JJ languages NNS policy NN . SENT Alliance NP Quebec NP relies VVZ on IN its PP$ broad JJ based VVN membership NN and CC on IN regional JJ chapters NNS that WDT reflect VVP the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN across IN the DT province NN . SENT It PP has VHZ played VVN a DT key JJ role NN in IN gaining VVG legal JJ recognition NN of IN the DT right NN to TO education NN in IN English NP as RB set VVD out RP in IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Charter NP . SENT It PP has VHZ helped VVN obtain VV improved JJ health NN and CC social JJ services NNS and CC ensured VVN that IN the DT language NN rights NNS of IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN were VBD respected VVN when WRB responsibility NN for IN labour NN force NN development NN was VBD transferred VVN from IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP to TO Quebec NP . SENT MY PP$ VIEW NN Interview NN with IN Richard NP Walling NP , , Executive NP Director NP , , Holland NP Centre NP Health NP and CC Social NP Services NPS in IN English NP in IN the DT Greater NP Quebec NP City NP Area NP We PP should MD never RB underestimate VV the DT importance NN of IN having VHG a DT legislative JJ framework NN . SENT The DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP reminded VVD the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP that IN linguistic JJ minorities NNS exist VVP and CC need VVP assistance NN . SENT The DT Act NP created VVD an DT environment NN for IN the DT communities NNS , , in IN effect NN telling VVG communities NNS that IN they PP had VHD their PP$ space NN . SENT It PP forced VVD different JJ federal JJ departments NNS to TO invest VV in IN them PP . SENT Twenty CD years NNS ago RB , , these DT communities NNS were VBD mainly RB focused VVN on IN their PP$ rights NNS . SENT Today NN , , they PP are VBP taking VVG charge NN and CC suggesting VVG solutions NNS , , in IN health NN and CC education NN , , for IN example NN . SENT We PP can MD now RB move VV forward RB with IN much RB more JJR confidence NN than IN 35 CD years NNS ago RB . SENT The DT Act NP enabled VVD us PP to TO make VV progress NN . SENT Even RB though IN its PP$ numbers NNS have VHP declined VVN , , the DT English JJ language NN community NN in IN Quebec NP is VBZ more RBR dynamic JJ . SENT We PP have VHP a DT great JJ deal NN more JJR experience NN and CC research NN behind IN us PP . SENT This DT is VBZ fertile JJ ground NN for IN research NN . SENT We PP are VBP doing VVG more JJR and CC more JJR work NN with IN McGill NP University NP and CC the DT Canadian NP Institute NP for IN Research NP on IN Linguistic JJ Minorities NNS in IN Moncton NP . SENT Our PP$ communities NNS are VBP very RB diverse JJ . SENT The DT Anglophone JJ communities NNS in IN Harrington NP Harbour NP and CC Montr NP al NP are VBP worlds NNS apart RB . SENT In IN fact NN , , many JJ of IN our PP$ communities NNS , , like IN the DT one NN in IN the DT Gasp NN , , are VBP very RB much JJ like IN small JJ Francophone JJ communities NNS outside IN Quebec NP . SENT The DT Act NP gives VVZ vulnerable JJ communities NNS a DT fighting NN chance NN . SENT Interviewed VVN on IN January NP 12 CD , , 2005 CD During IN the DT 1990 CD s PP , , negotiations NNS between IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP and CC community NN groups NNS to TO reach VV a DT Canada NP Community NP agreement NN resulted VVD in IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT Quebec NP Community NP Groups NNS Network NP QCGN NP . SENT Formed VVN in IN 1995 CD , , the DT QCGN NP is VBZ made VVN up RP of IN 23 CD member NN organizations NNS , , among IN them PP Alliance NP Quebec NP , , regional JJ organizations NNS and CC interest NN groups NNS representing VVG sectors NNS such JJ as IN health NN and CC social JJ services NNS , , adult NN education NN , , employment NN , , farming NN , , the DT arts NNS , , the DT press NN , , Catholics NPS , , Blacks NPS , , young JJ people NNS and CC parents NNS . SENT One CD of IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN s PP governance NN challenges NNS is VBZ that IN Anglophones NP still RB do VVP not RB strongly RB identify VV with IN the DT groups NNS seeking VVG to TO represent VV them PP . SENT A DT recent JJ study NN commissioned VVN by IN the DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS showed VVD that DT half NN of IN Anglophones NP in IN Quebec NP do VVP not RB know VV which WDT group NN best NN represents VVZ their PP$ interests NNS . SENT 33 CD The NP Commissioner NP has VHZ noted VVN that IN both DT Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ minority NN communities NNS are VBP tending VVG to TO put VV more JJR emphasis NN on IN diversity NN and CC are VBP seeking VVG to TO create VV alliances NNS with IN the DT majorities NNS . SENT In IN addition NN , , the DT organizations NNS representing VVG these DT minorities NNS have VHP a DT wealth NN of IN human JJ resources NNS , , in IN the DT form NN of IN volunteers NNS or CC employees NNS , , who WP are VBP helping VVG make VV Canadian JJ society NN more RBR just RB and CC equitable JJ with IN respect NN not RB only RB to TO linguistic JJ duality NN but CC also RB to TO democracy NN and CC socioeconomics NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT need NN to TO continue VV strengthening VVG this DT leadership NN and CC promoting VVG its PP$ role NN in IN advancing VVG Canadian JJ society NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Duality NN , , diversity NN and CC the DT intermingling VVG of IN cultures NNS and CC ethnicities NNS In IN short JJ , , Canada NP is VBZ a DT world NN leader NN in IN three CD of IN the DT most RBS important JJ areas NNS of IN ethnocultural JJ relations NNS . SENT immigration NN , , indigenous JJ peoples NNS , , and CC the DT accommodation NN of IN minority NN nationalisms NNS . SENT That IN we PP have VHP managed VVN to TO cope VV with IN all PDT these DT forms NNS of IN diversity NN simultaneously RB while IN still RB managing VVG to TO live VV together RB in IN peace NN and CC civility NN is VBZ , , by IN any DT objective JJ standard NN , , a DT remarkable JJ achievement NN . SENT Will NP Kymlicka NP , , Finding VVG Our PP$ Way NN . SENT Rethinking VVG Ethnocultural JJ Relations NNS in IN Canada NP , , Toronto NP , , New NP York NP , , Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 1998 CD , , p NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT face NN of IN Canada NP s PP duality NN has VHZ been VBN progressively RB transformed VVN by IN the DT intermingling VVG of IN English JJ and CC French JJ cultures NNS , , the DT recognition NN of IN Native JJ peoples NNS , , and CC the DT arrival NN of IN people NNS with IN different JJ ethnicities NNS and CC cultures NNS . SENT The DT biculturalism NN fervently RB supported VVN by IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP certainly RB remains VVZ a DT fertile JJ ground NN for IN contemporary JJ Canadian JJ culture NN , , but CC the DT diversity NN of IN our PP$ influences NNS has VHZ given VVN rise NN to TO multiculturalism NN , , which WDT now RB also RB expresses VVZ itself PP through IN our PP$ linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT A DT PIN NN REFLECTING VVG CANADA NP S NP SOCIAL JJ FABRIC NN A DT fabric NN is VBZ woven VVN of IN many JJ threads NNS . SENT Those DT of IN us PP who WP speak VVP English NP and CC those DT of IN us PP who WP speak VVP French JJ ourselves PP made VVD up RP of IN many JJ different JJ elements NNS have VHP joined VVN together RB to TO weave VV a DT social JJ fabric NN called VVN Canada NP . SENT The DT golden JJ fabric NN at IN the DT centre NN of IN the DT pin NN symbolizes VVZ the DT meeting NN place NN of IN our PP$ two CD linguistic JJ communities NNS and CC the DT richness NN of IN the DT dialogue NN between IN them PP . SENT Wearers NNS of IN the DT emblem NN of IN the DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS are VBP signifying VVG heir NN commitment NN to TO fostering VVG harmonious JJ human JJ relations NNS between IN English JJ speaking NN and CC French JJ speaking VVG components NNS of IN Canada NP s PP social JJ fabric NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Aboriginal JJ peoples NNS and CC duality NN Canada NP s VVZ Aboriginal JJ peoples NNS and CC their PP$ ancestral JJ rights NNS certainly RB predate VV the DT Canadian JJ government NN and CC the DT country NN s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT While IN relations NNS between IN the DT English JJ and CC French JJ , , and CC later RBR with IN immigrant NN communities NNS , , formed VVD the DT basis NN for IN building VVG the DT country NN , , Aboriginal JJ peoples NNS were VBD gradually RB marginalized VVN and CC found VVN themselves PP in IN socio NN economically RB disadvantaged JJ circumstances NNS . SENT Little RB by IN little RB , , their PP$ ancestral JJ languages NNS have VHP died VVN out RP . SENT Today NN , , only RB about IN 50 CD Aboriginal JJ languages NNS still RB exist VVP , , spoken VVN by IN an DT ever RB shrinking VVG proportion NN of IN the DT Aboriginal JJ population NN . SENT 34 CD Aboriginals NNS have VHP ancestral JJ rights NNS that WDT were VBD recognized VVN in IN the DT 1982 CD Canadian JJ Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS . SENT The DT Charter NP sets VVZ out RP in IN some DT detail NN the DT rights NNS of IN English JJ and CC French JJ as IN official JJ languages NNS of IN Canada NP and CC the DT education NN rights NNS of IN the DT Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ minorities NNS . SENT These DT rights NNS do VVP not RB conflict NN but CC are VBP in IN fact NN complementary JJ . SENT Rights NNS for IN Aboriginal JJ languages NNS are VBP very RB important JJ because IN language NN is VBZ the DT essential JJ tool NN we PP use VVP to TO construct VV our PP$ identity NN as IN individuals NNS and CC as IN members NNS of IN a DT community NN . SENT Indeed RB , , language NN laws NNS in IN the DT Northwest NP Territories NP , , Nunavut NP and CC , , to TO some DT extent NN , , the DT Yukon NP have VHP recognized VVN the DT linguistic JJ contribution NN of IN the DT Aboriginal JJ and CC Inuit NP peoples NNS by IN granting VVG these DT languages NNS certain JJ rights NNS and CC privileges NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Multiculturalism NN Paradoxically RB , , the DT work NN of IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP brought VVD to TO light VV another DT reality NN that WDT developed VVD over IN the DT course NN of IN the DT 20 CD th NN century NN the DT diversity NN of IN Canada NP s PP composition NN as IN a DT result NN of IN immigration NN . SENT Demands NNS for IN multiculturalism NN . SENT Citizens NNS making VVG up RP the DT new JJ face NN of IN Canada NP pleaded VVD in IN favour NN of IN a DT more RBR inclusive JJ vision NN . SENT Canadians NNS of IN Ukrainian JJ origin NN , , for IN example NN , , pointed VVD out RP their PP$ role NN in IN colonizing VVG the DT Canadian JJ West NN and CC called VVD for IN multiculturalism NN in IN place NN of IN biculturalism NN . SENT Although IN the DT Commission NP kept VVD its PP$ reflections NNS focused VVN on IN the DT link NN between IN the DT two CD languages NNS and CC two CD cultures NNS of IN the DT founding JJ peoples NNS , , it PP agreed VVD that IN the DT descendants NNS of IN the DT British JJ and CC French JJ peoples NNS are VBP no RB longer RB the DT only JJ ones NNS in IN Canada NP and CC they PP will MD have VH to TO take VV this DT very RB important JJ human JJ factor NN into IN account NN . SENT 35 CD Official JJ multiculturalism NN . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP made VVD this DT a DT reality NN in IN 1971 CD when WRB it PP adopted VVD an DT official JJ multiculturalism NN policy NN that WDT recognized VVD the DT equal JJ value NN and CC dignity NN of IN all DT ethnocultural JJ groups NNS . SENT The DT Charter NP enshrined VVD Canada NP s PP multicultural NN character NN in IN 1982 CD , , and CC the DT 1988 CD Canadian JJ Multiculturalism NN Act NP set VVD out RP its PP$ scope NN . SENT Canadian JJ multiculturalism NN is VBZ linked VVN to TO linguistic JJ duality NN and CC the DT recognition NN of IN the DT rights NNS of IN Aboriginal JJ peoples NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Immigration NN Growth NN . SENT The DT immigrant NN population NN has VHZ grown VVN at IN a DT rate NN three CD times NNS higher JJR than IN that DT of IN the DT Canadian JJ born VVN population NN , , and CC therefore RB represents VVZ an DT increasingly RB greater JJR proportion NN of IN Canada NP s PP inhabitants NNS see VVP Figure NP 7 CD . SENT This DT has VHZ had VHN a DT significant JJ impact NN on IN the DT country NN s PP demographics NNS and CC an DT even RB greater JJR impact NN on IN the DT Francophone JJ population NN , , which WDT has VHZ seen VVN its PP$ numbers NNS decrease VVP through IN assimilation NN and CC a DT low JJ birth NN rate NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , the DT main JJ effect NN of IN immigration NN has VHZ been VBN to TO increase VV the DT size NN of IN the DT Anglophone JJ population NN . SENT In IN 2001 CD , , there EX were VBD more JJR than IN eight CD English JJ mother NN tongue NN immigrants NNS for IN every DT French JJ mother NN tongue NN immigrant NN see VVP Figure NP 8 CD . SENT Quebec NP . SENT Until IN very RB recently RB , , this DT imbalance NN existed VVD in IN both DT Quebec NP and CC the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP . SENT In IN recent JJ years NNS , , however RB , , Quebec NP has VHZ been VBN able JJ to TO partially RB rectify VV the DT situation NN through IN a DT joint JJ federal JJ provincial JJ agreement NN reached VVN in IN 1978 CD that WDT gave VVD the DT province NN the DT power NN to TO manage VV its PP$ own JJ immigration NN programs NNS . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , Quebec NP has VHZ been VBN able JJ to TO increase VV its PP$ population NN of IN French JJ mother NN tongue NN or CC French JJ speaking VVG immigrants NNS , , which WDT has VHZ helped VVN strengthen VV Canada NP s PP Francophonie NP . SENT Quebec NP s PP Anglophone JJ minority NN is VBZ itself PP increasingly RB made VVD up RP of IN individuals NNS of IN diverse JJ ethnic JJ backgrounds NNS . SENT Today NN , , 67 CD of IN people NNS whose WP$ first JJ official NN language NN is VBZ English NP are VBP of IN an DT origin NN other JJ than IN Canadian NP or CC British NP . SENT 36 CD Francophone JJ minority NN . SENT In IN 2001 CD , , while IN appearing VVG before IN the DT Standing NP Committee NP on IN Citizenship NN and CC Immigration NN , , the DT Commissioner NP asked VVD the DT Department NP of IN Citizenship NN and CC Immigration NN to TO ensure VV that IN the DT Francophone JJ population NN benefits NNS from IN immigration NN . SENT Data NNS from IN 2003 CD illustrate VVP the DT small JJ extent NN to TO which WDT immigration NN has VHZ increased VVN the DT Francophone JJ population NN see VVP table NN . SENT This DT request NN produced VVD results NNS , , since IN the DT new JJ 2002 CD Immigration NN and CC Refugee NN Protection NP Act NP stipulated VVD that DT immigration NN must MD support VV the DT development NN of IN the DT two CD linguistic JJ communities NNS and CC promote VV the DT principle NN of IN equal JJ status NN of IN both DT languages NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT LANGUAGE NN KNOWLEDGE NN OF IN IMMIGRANTS NNS BY IN PROVINCE NN AND CC TERRITORY NN , , 2003 CD Y NN . SENT T NN . SENT B LS . SENT C LS . SENT N NP . SENT W NP . SENT T NN . SENT NT NP . SENT ALTA NP . SENT SASK NP . SENT MAN UH . SENT ONT NNS . SENT QUE NP . SENT N NP . SENT B SYM . SENT N NP . SENT S NP . SENT P NN . SENT E SYM . SENT I PP . SENT N NP . SENT L NP . SENT CANADA NP English NP 30 CD 15 CD , , 083 CD 48 CD 6 CD 7 CD , , 741 CD 883 CD 2 CD , , 726 CD 62 CD , , 202 CD 6 CD , , 639 CD 351 CD 803 JJ 85 CD 190 CD 96 CD , , 787 CD French JJ 0 CD 108 CD 0 CD 0 CD 99 JJ 0 CD 45 CD 1 CD , , 020 CD 8 CD , , 612 CD 58 CD 25 JJ 0 CD 0 CD 9 CD , , 967 CD FrenchandEnglish NN 9 CD 584 CD 0 CD 0 CD 399 JJ 0 CD 114 CD 3 CD , , 401 CD 11 CD , , 488 CD 67 CD 111 JJ 11 CD 9 CD 16 CD , , 193 CD NeitherFrenchnorEnglish NP 18 CD 19 CD , , 453 CD 43 CD 0 CD 7 CD , , 591 CD 735 CD 3 CD , , 607 CD 53 CD , , 118 CD 12 CD , , 812 CD 191 CD 537 JJ 57 CD 160 CD 98 CD , , 322 CD Total JJ 57 CD 35 CD , , 228 CD 91 CD 6 CD 15 CD , , 830 CD 1 CD , , 618 CD 6 CD , , 492 CD 119 CD , , 741 CD 39 CD , , 551 CD 667 CD 1 CD , , 476 CD 153 CD 359 CD 221 CD , , 269 CD Source NN . SENT Permanent JJ Resident NN Data NP System NP PRDS NP , , Citizenship NN and CC Immigration NN Canada NP . SENT In IN November NP 2003 CD , , this DT requirement NN translated VVN into IN action NN when WRB the DT Department NP launched VVD the DT Strategic JJ Framework NN to TO Foster NP Immigration NN to TO Francophone JJ Minority NP Communities NNS outside IN Quebec NP . SENT The DT Framework NN describes VVZ a DT series NN of IN measures NNS designed VVN to TO increase VV Francophone JJ immigration NN from IN 3 CD . SENT 4 CD to TO 4 CD . SENT 4 CD by IN 2008 CD . SENT In IN 2004 CD , , the DT Department NP began VVD developing VVG recruitment NN missions NNS in IN regions NNS of IN the DT world NN that WDT could MD be VB sources NNS of IN Francophone JJ or CC Francophile NP immigrants NNS . SENT The DT Framework NN is VBZ also RB designed VVN to TO encourage VV Francophone JJ immigration NN into IN small JJ Francophone JJ and CC Acadian JJ communities NNS and CC to TO facilitate VV the DT process NN of IN integrating VVG immigrants NNS . SENT Communities NNS are VBP enthusiastic JJ about IN this DT measure NN , , and CC a DT number NN of IN pilot NN projects NNS are VBP currently RB underway JJ . SENT The DT following VVG provinces NNS and CC territories NNS have VHP entered VVN into IN immigration NN agreements NNS with IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP . SENT British NP Columbia NP , , Saskatchewan NP , , Manitoba NP , , Prince NP Edward NP Island NP and CC the DT Yukon NP . SENT Even RB though IN language NN clauses NNS are VBP part NN of IN these DT agreements NNS , , they PP are VBP very RB vague JJ . SENT CITIZENS NNS AS IN AGENTS NNS OF IN CHANGE NN Immigration NN . SENT After IN Commissioners NNS received VVD complaints NNS relating VVG to TO the DT immigration NN process NN , , the DT Department NP of IN Citizenship NN and CC Immigration NN broadened VVD its PP$ interpretation NN of IN the DT Canadian NP Francophonie NP by IN reversing VVG its PP$ decision NN to TO prevent VV two CD immigrants NNS from IN settling VVG in IN Francophone JJ communities NNS outside IN Quebec NP . SENT The DT Department NP also RB rectified VVN the DT unequal JJ administration NN of IN language NN competency NN tests NNS for IN people NNS wishing VVG to TO immigrate VV to TO Canada NP . SENT Thanks NNS to TO a DT study NN showing VVG that IN Francophones NP had VHD to TO travel VV greater JJR distances NNS than IN Anglophones NP to TO take VV the DT tests NNS , , it PP is VBZ now RB possible JJ to TO take VV the DT French JJ test NN in IN a DT greater JJR number NN of IN countries NNS . SENT Citizenship NN . SENT After IN complaints NNS were VBD filed VVN with IN the DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official JJ Languages NNS against IN Citizenship NN and CC Immigration NN Canada NP , , the DT Department NP is VBZ now RB required VVN to TO hold VV its PP$ citizenship NN ceremonies NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS , , and CC citizenship NN judges NNS must MD be VB able JJ to TO communicate VV in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT While IN the DT agreements NNS support VVP Francophone JJ immigration NN and CC commit VV governments NNS to TO consult VV with IN representatives NNS of IN the DT Francophone JJ community NN , , there EX are VBP no DT firm NN commitments NNS with IN respect NN to TO the DT number NN or CC percentage NN of IN provincial JJ nominees NNS that WDT must MD be VB Francophone JJ . SENT None NN of IN these DT provinces NNS reports NNS on IN the DT number NN of IN Francophones NP among IN the DT nominees NNS they PP choose VVP , , but CC the DT department NN is VBZ committed VVN to TO ensuring VVG accountability NN from IN the DT provinces NNS in IN this DT matter NN . SENT At IN present JJ , , it PP is VBZ difficult JJ to TO measure VV the DT impact NN that IN these DT agreements NNS are VBP having VHG . SENT It PP is VBZ well RB known VVN that IN the DT numbers NNS of IN Francophone JJ immigrants NNS to TO Quebec NP and CC bilingual JJ immigrants NNS to TO the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP have VHP increased VVN . SENT People NNS speaking VVG both DT languages NNS represented VVD 4 CD . SENT 4 CD of IN all DT immigrants NNS in IN 2000 CD and CC 6 CD in IN 2003 CD . SENT 37 CD IMMIGRATION NN HEADLINERS NNS Increasing VVG numbers NNS of IN immigrants NNS are VBP star JJ performers NNS in IN their PP$ field NN on IN the DT Canadian JJ stage NN , , a DT sign NN of IN greater JJR integration NN into IN Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Here RB are VBP some DT examples NNS . SENT Corneille NP , , Rwanda NP , , singer NN Micha NP lle NP Jean NP , , Haiti NP , , journalist NN Wajdi NP Mouawad NP , , Lebanon NP , , playwright NN Adrienne NP Clarkson NP , , Hong NP Kong NP , , Governor NP General NP Atom NN Egoyan NP , , Egypt NP , , director NN Michael NP Ondaatje NP , , Sri NP Lanka NP , , author NN In IN Canada NP s VVZ 38 CD th NN Parliament NP , , 38 CD members NNS 12 CD and CC 12 CD senators NNS 11 RB were VBD born VVN outside IN Canada NP . SENT Issues NNS . SENT Nine CD million CD dollars NNS in IN funding NN is VBZ being VBG allocated VVN over IN five CD years NNS to TO support VV Francophone JJ immigration NN initiatives NNS included VVD in IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT beginning NN , , but CC the DT lack NN of IN resources NNS is VBZ starting VVG to TO have VH an DT impact NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , since IN the DT launch NN of IN the DT Strategic JJ Framework NN in IN 2003 CD , , progress NN seems VVZ to TO have VH slowed VVN at IN the DT Department NP of IN Citizenship NN and CC Immigration NN . SENT A DT number NN of IN the DT measures NNS described VVN in IN the DT Action NP Plan NP are VBP at IN the DT draft NN stage NN or CC so RB far RB are VBP only JJ intentions NNS . SENT Moreover RB , , outside IN Quebec NP , , almost RB everything NN related VVN to TO Francophone JJ immigration NN is VBZ still RB to TO be VB created VVN . SENT reception NN structures NNS , , integration NN services NNS , , etc FW . SENT A DT serious JJ effort NN will MD have VH to TO be VB made VVN to TO ensure VV the DT Department NP reaches VVZ its PP$ objectives NNS . SENT Finally RB , , in IN response NN to TO recommendations NNS made VVN by IN the DT Commissioner NP , , Canada NP s PP immigration NN nominee NN selection NN criteria NNS were VBD changed VVN to TO include VV more JJR nominees NNS with IN greater JJR knowledge NN of IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT This DT was VBD a DT significant JJ achievement NN . SENT CITIZENS NNS AS IN AGENTS NNS OF IN CHANGE NN Census NP . SENT In IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS received VVD complaints NNS from IN citizens NNS about IN census NN activities NNS being VBG conducted VVN primarily RB in IN English NP . SENT The DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP urged VVD Statistics NP Canada NP to TO permanently RB remedy VV the DT situation NN . SENT Today NN we PP must MD acknowledge VV Statistics NP Canada NP s PP exemplary JJ role NN in IN the DT collection NN and CC analysis NN of IN demolinguistic JJ data NNS . SENT Its PP$ work NN in IN this DT field NN has VHZ produced VVN one CD of IN the DT basic JJ tools NNS used VVN by IN researchers NNS and CC decision NN makers NNS alike RB . SENT Statistics NP Canada NP has VHZ consistently RB shown VVN a DT willingness NN to TO respond VV to TO input NN from IN stakeholders NNS in IN this DT field NN and CC has VHZ , , in IN fact NN , , gone VVN on IN to TO acquire VV an DT international JJ reputation NN in IN demolinguistics NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Cultural JJ diversity NN around IN the DT globe NN For IN several JJ years NNS , , Canada NP has VHZ been VBN lobbying VVG world NN forums NNS in IN support NN of IN cultural JJ diversity NN . SENT Canada NP argues VVZ that IN cultural JJ commodities NNS play VVP a DT more RBR significant JJ role NN in IN our PP$ societies NNS than IN other JJ products NNS and CC services NNS , , that DT cultural JJ diversity NN refers VVZ as RB much JJ to TO openness NN to TO other JJ cultures NNS as IN it PP does VVZ to TO the DT promotion NN of IN local JJ culture NN , , and CC that DT cultural JJ diversity NN plays VVZ a DT role NN in IN social JJ cohesion NN , , economic JJ prosperity NN and CC human JJ security NN . SENT Canada NP supports VVZ an DT international JJ instrument NN enabling VVG governments NNS to TO preserve VV and CC promote VV cultural JJ diversity NN . SENT Since IN the DT 1950 CD s PP , , Canada NP has VHZ been VBN active JJ in IN promoting VVG the DT Francophonie NP around IN the DT world NN in IN order NN to TO reflect VV Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Canada NP has VHZ been VBN involved VVN in IN many JJ different JJ organizations NNS that WDT make VVP up RP La NP Francophonie NP and CC , , in IN particular JJ , , hosted VVD the DT second JJ Qu NP bec NP , , 1987 CD and CC eighth JJ Moncton NP , , 1999 CD summits NNS . SENT This DT has VHZ been VBN the DT case NN throughout IN the DT Commonwealth NP since IN 1931 CD . SENT Canada NP is VBZ also RB attempting VVG to TO get VV UNESCO NP , , the DT World NP Trade NP Organization NP and CC the DT Organization NP of IN American NP States NPS to TO reach VV a DT consensus NN on IN cultural JJ diversity NN . SENT Canadian NP Heritage NP , , the DT department NN responsible JJ for IN this DT effort NN , , is VBZ working VVG with IN the DT government NN of IN Quebec NP and CC many JJ civil JJ society NN organizations NNS . SENT This DT effort NN is VBZ of IN course NN aided VVN by IN Canada NP s PP own VVP history NN , , which WDT has VHZ been VBN marked VVN by IN people NNS of IN diverse JJ origins NNS , , languages NNS and CC cultures NNS . SENT The DT instruments NNS that WDT protect VVP and CC promote VVP this DT diversity NN in IN Canada NP are VBP now RB being VBG tested VVN by IN globalization NN , , which WDT is VBZ why WRB this DT battle NN must MD be VB fought VVN on IN an DT international JJ level NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Conclusion NN Canada NP has VHZ made VVN great JJ strides NNS and CC reflects VVZ linguistic JJ duality NN to TO a DT much RB greater JJR extent NN than IN it PP did VVD 35 CD years NNS ago RB . SENT At IN the DT beginning NN of IN this DT chapter NN , , we PP listed VVD Canada NP s PP achievements NNS in IN the DT area NN of IN bilingualism NN . SENT However RB , , much RB remains VVZ to TO be VB done VVN before IN equal JJ status NN for IN our PP$ two CD official JJ languages NNS is VBZ assured VVN . SENT Here RB is VBZ a DT summary NN of IN some DT of IN the DT key JJ issues NNS that WDT will MD have VH to TO be VB tackled VVN head NN on IN . SENT Language NN data NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ difficult JJ to TO assess VV progress NN in IN the DT area NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN , , because IN language NN data NNS collected VVN over IN the DT years NNS are VBP not RB readily RB comparable JJ . SENT With IN more JJR and CC more JJR Canadians NNS having VHG neither DT English JJ nor CC French JJ as IN their PP$ mother NN tongue NN , , Statistics NP Canada NP has VHZ developed VVN useful JJ indicators NNS such JJ as IN first JJ official NN language NN spoken VVN . SENT Considering VVG the DT changes NNS in IN Canada NP s PP population NN , , in IN future NN we PP should MD include VV all PDT those DT people NNS who WP speak VVP the DT language NN rather RB than IN only RB those DT for IN whom WP it PP is VBZ the DT first JJ official NN language NN spoken VVN . SENT The DT Commissioner NP believes VVZ that IN central JJ agencies NNS must MD agree VV on IN suitable JJ and CC comparable JJ indicators NNS for IN their PP$ reporting VVG standards NNS . SENT Joint JJ governance NN . SENT In IN less JJR than IN a DT decade NN , , we PP have VHP seen VVN joint JJ governance NN structures NNS established VVD involving VVG government NN institutions NNS and CC official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT This DT model NN has VHZ opened VVN the DT door NN to TO enhanced JJ co NP operation NN that WDT will MD help VV achieve VV the DT goal NN defined VVN in IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT In IN addition NN to TO economic JJ development NN , , health NN , , and CC immigration NN , , other JJ areas NNS that WDT foster VV the DT vitality NN of IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS must MD benefit VV from IN better JJR governance NN as IN well RB . SENT the DT different JJ levels NNS of IN government NN must MD partner NN with IN community NN groups NNS to TO achieve VV this DT . SENT Learning VVG of IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT Despite IN Canadians NNS favourable JJ outlook NN on IN the DT country NN s VVZ two CD official JJ languages NNS , , more JJR must MD be VB done VVN to TO encourage VV them PP to TO learn VV and CC use VV their PP$ second JJ official NN language NN . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP must MD play VV a DT more RBR central JJ role NN in IN promoting VVG and CC supporting VVG this DT learning NN and CC in IN creating VVG community NN partnerships NNS . SENT Immigration NN . SENT Immigration NN was VBD addressed VVN fairly RB recently RB from IN the DT perspective NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT The DT 2003 CD Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS supports VVZ initiatives NNS to TO promote VV Francophone JJ immigration NN outside IN Quebec NP . SENT however RB , , this DT is VBZ just RB a DT starting VVG point NN . SENT Almost RB all RB of IN the DT immigration NN infrastructure NN still RB needs VVZ to TO be VB developed VVN . SENT reception NN structures NNS , , integration NN services NNS , , etc FW . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP needs VVZ to TO kick VV start VV this DT process NN in IN order NN to TO achieve VV its PP$ objectives NNS . SENT Multilateral JJ agreements NNS will MD be VB key JJ instruments NNS in IN this DT endeavour NN . SENT New JJ social JJ contract NN . SENT On IN a DT more RBR basic JJ level NN , , given VVN the DT population NN s PP changing VVG composition NN and CC structure NN , , we PP will MD in IN future NN have VHP to TO re NN evaluate VV the DT collective JJ identity NN being VBG promoted VVN by IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP . SENT This DT identity NN , , which WDT focuses VVZ in IN many JJ respects NNS on IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS s PP development NN through IN history NN , , should MD perhaps RB give VV way NN to TO the DT concept NN of IN a DT society NN governed VVN by IN a DT social JJ contract NN . SENT 38 RB The DT historic JJ and CC cultural JJ experience NN of IN Canadian JJ Aboriginals NNS , , Francophones NP , , Anglophones NP and CC allophones NNS is VBZ so RB diverse JJ that IN their PP$ rallying VVG point NN would MD be VB better RBR achieved VVN through IN the DT concept NN of IN a DT contract NN based VVN on IN relational JJ principles NNS . SENT These DT principles NNS would MD undoubtedly RB include VV democracy NN , , diversity NN , , openness NN , , non JJ aggression NN , , accommodation NN of IN others NNS , , mutual JJ respect NN , , inclusiveness NN , , equal JJ participation NN , , equal JJ rights NNS and CC opportunities NNS , , the DT rule NN of IN law NN , , respect NN for IN minorities NNS , , and CC linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT 39 CD Table NN of IN Contents NNS CHAPTER NN 3 CD GOVERNANCE NN It PP is VBZ not RB enough JJ to TO tell VV public JJ servants NNS that IN they PP may MD speak VV French JJ if IN they PP wish VVP . SENT the DT whole JJ milieu NN will MD have VH to TO be VB changed VVN if IN the DT public JJ service NN is VBZ to TO become VV a DT bilingual JJ institution NN . SENT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP . SENT Book NP III NP . SENT The DT Work NP World NP , , Ottawa NP , , 1969 CD , , p NN . SENT 204 CD . SENT The DT government NN is VBZ on IN the DT front JJ line NN in IN implementing VVG its PP$ official JJ languages NNS policy NN , , and CC it PP was VBD at IN the DT administrative JJ level NN that IN the DT first JJ steps NNS were VBD taken VVN to TO launch VV Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT The DT objectives NNS of IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP institutional JJ bilingualism NN are VBP to TO . SENT ensure VV that DT citizens NNS can MD communicate VV with IN , , and CC receive VV services NNS from IN , , federal JJ institutions NNS in IN the DT official JJ language NN of IN their PP$ choice NN . SENT ensure VV that DT employees NNS can MD work VV in IN the DT official JJ language NN of IN their PP$ choice NN in IN regions NNS where WRB there EX is VBZ a DT high JJ proportion NN of IN both DT linguistic JJ groups NNS . SENT and CC ensure VV that IN the DT linguistic JJ makeup NN of IN Canadian JJ society NN is VBZ reflected VVN within IN federal JJ institutions NNS . SENT To TO this DT we PP can MD add VV the DT objective NN that IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP regulate VV or CC actively RB support VV bilingualism NN on IN a DT wider JJR scale NN within IN Canada NP . SENT This DT chapter NN reviews VVZ the DT main JJ achievements NNS and CC the DT main JJ challenges NNS yet RB to TO be VB overcome VVN in IN these DT areas NNS . SENT The DT principal JJ achievements NNS may MD be VB briefly RB described VVN as RB follows VVZ . SENT PRINCIPAL JJ ACHIEVEMENTS NNS The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP bilingual JJ capacity NN has VHZ increased VVN . SENT for IN example NN , , the DT number NN of IN designated VVN bilingual JJ positions NNS has VHZ quadrupled VVN . SENT Various JJ ways NNS of IN serving VVG the DT public NN have VHP been VBN designed VVN , , such JJ as IN single JJ windows NNS , , which WDT can MD improve VV the DT provision NN of IN bilingual JJ services NNS . SENT Anglophones NP and CC Francophones NP participate VV equitably RB within IN the DT federal JJ administration NN nationwide RB . SENT Consumer NN products NNS carry VVP bilingual JJ labelling VVG . SENT The DT information NN technology NN gap NN between IN English NP and CC French NP is VBZ shrinking VVG , , thanks NNS to TO the DT growing VVG use NN of IN French JJ in IN digital JJ media NNS . SENT The DT image NN of IN a DT bilingual JJ Canada NP is VBZ more RBR widely RB disseminated VVN abroad RB . SENT The DT right NN to TO be VB heard VVN in IN either DT official JJ language NN in IN federal JJ courts NNS has VHZ been VBN established VVN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Services NP to TO the DT public NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS Improving VVG bilingual JJ skills NNS . SENT Until IN the DT 1960 CD s PP , , English JJ unilingualism NN was VBD viewed VVN as IN a DT rational JJ and CC efficient JJ way NN to TO operate VV within IN the DT federal JJ Public NP Service NP . SENT It PP seemed VVD natural JJ to TO use VV only RB English JJ in IN public JJ administration NN as IN well RB as RB with IN citizens NNS . SENT The DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP noted VVD that IN , , in IN 1965 CD , , only RB 9 CD of IN all DT positions NNS in IN the DT federal JJ administration NN were VBD designated VVN bilingual JJ . SENT While IN there EX were VBD a DT few JJ positions NNS in IN Ottawa NP , , the DT majority NN were VBD in IN Quebec NP . SENT they PP all RB probably RB involved VVN the DT delivery NN of IN services NNS to TO the DT public NN . SENT 40 CD Data NP from IN 1978 CD to TO 2004 CD show NN the DT growth NN in IN the DT number NN of IN positions NNS dealing VVG directly RB with IN the DT public NN designated VVN as IN bilingual JJ . SENT During IN this DT period NN , , the DT proportion NN of IN bilingual JJ positions NNS grew VVD from IN 14 CD to TO 25 CD of IN all DT service NN delivery NN positions NNS within IN the DT Public NP Service NP excluding VVG institutions NNS where WRB Treasury NP Board NP is VBZ not RB the DT employer NN . SENT The DT proportion NN of IN public JJ servants NNS in IN these DT positions NNS who WP met VVD the DT bilingual JJ requirements NNS rose VVD from IN 70 CD to TO 86 CD see VVP Figure NP 9 CD . SENT Management NN Framework NN . SENT Starting VVG with IN the DT government NN of IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ L NP . SENT B SYM . SENT Pearson NP , , and CC especially RB after IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP was VBD passed VVN in IN 1969 CD , , a DT radical JJ shift NN in IN perspective NN accompanied VVN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP language NN reform NN . SENT 41 CD Under IN the DT reform NN , , services NNS were VBD to TO be VB available JJ in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS in IN the DT National NP Capital NP Region NN and CC wherever WRB demand NN was VBD sufficient JJ . SENT Rules NNS were VBD set VVN for IN communication NN with IN the DT public NN and CC within IN the DT government NN . SENT The DT first JJ efforts NNS in IN the DT area NN of IN language NN of IN service NN were VBD made VVN . SENT Positions NNS were VBD designated VVN bilingual JJ , , but CC the DT choice NN to TO become VV bilingual JJ or CC remain VV unilingual JJ was VBD initially RB left VVN up RP to TO employees NNS . SENT The DT language NN training NN program NN , , which WDT was VBD established VVN in IN 1964 CD , , started VVD to TO expand VV . SENT In IN 1973 CD , , realizing VVG that IN the DT impetus NN behind IN bilingualism NN was VBD insufficient JJ , , the DT government NN passed VVD the DT Parliamentary JJ Resolution NN on IN Official JJ Languages NNS , , which WDT strengthened VVD the DT drive NN toward IN bilingualism NN . SENT The DT Treasury NP Board NP became VVD more RBR demanding JJ and CC increased JJ training NN and CC merit NN awards NNS . SENT Although IN the DT results NNS obtained VVN continued VVD to TO fall VV short JJ of IN the DT objectives NNS , , a DT gradual JJ shift NN was VBD underway JJ . SENT LANGUAGE NN OMBUDSMAN NN Investigating VVG complaints NNS lodged VVN by IN members NNS of IN the DT public NN and CC formulating VVG recommendations NNS are VBP some DT of IN the DT main JJ roles NNS of IN Canada NP s PP Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS . SENT Every DT year NN , , about RB 900 CD of IN the DT some DT 1 CD , , 200 CD complaints NNS received VVD concern NN language NN of IN service NN , , almost RB 80 CD of IN which WDT are VBP founded VVN . SENT The DT investigations NNS enable VVP the DT Commissioner NP not RB only RB to TO resolve VV immediate JJ problems NNS , , but CC also RB to TO work VV with IN the DT federal JJ institutions NNS to TO achieve VV sustainable JJ results NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT House NP of IN Commons NP improved VVD its PP$ French JJ services NNS following VVG complaints NNS about IN commissionaires NNS , , guided VVN tours NNS and CC commemorative JJ plaques NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ interesting JJ to TO note VV that IN some DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS also RB have VHP official JJ language NN commissioners NNS . SENT the DT Northwest NP Territories NP 1991 CD , , Nunavut NP 1999 CD and CC New NP Brunswick NP 2003 CD . SENT Recent JJ innovations NNS . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP went VVD through IN a DT difficult JJ program NN review NN in IN the DT mid JJ 1990 CD s PP in IN an DT effort NN to TO reduce VV its PP$ expenditures NNS . SENT The DT ensuing VVG government NN restructuring NN often RB eroded VVD earlier JJR progress NN in IN the DT area NN of IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT 42 CD However RB , , this DT negative JJ restructuring NN also RB led VVN to TO innovations NNS in IN service NN delivery NN that WDT are VBP better RBR able JJ to TO address VV linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Single JJ windows NNS are VBP a DT good JJ example NN of IN this DT . SENT They PP offer VVP access NN to TO a DT range NN of IN federal JJ services NNS and CC , , in IN some DT cases NNS , , to TO services NNS from IN other JJ levels NNS of IN government NN or CC even RB the DT private JJ sector NN . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT Canada NP Business NP Service NP Centres VVZ Network NP and CC the DT Service NP Canada NP Access NP Centres NNS have VHP shown VVN that IN they PP optimize VV bilingual JJ resources NNS and CC improve VV linguistic JJ minorities NNS access NN to TO services NNS in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN . SENT Manitoba NP s PP bilingual JJ service NN centres NNS are VBP an DT excellent JJ example NN of IN this DT approach NN . SENT TRIPARTITE JJ BILINGUAL JJ SERVICE NN CENTRES NNS . SENT AN DT INNOVATION NN In IN Manitoba NP , , the DT federal JJ , , provincial JJ and CC municipal JJ governments NNS joined VVD forces NNS to TO provide VV the DT public NN with IN a DT range NN of IN bilingual JJ services NNS such JJ as IN program NN information NN , , bill NN payment NN services NNS , , etc FW . SENT The DT Saint NP Boniface NP Service NP Centre NP , , with IN its PP$ alternative JJ approach NN to TO the DT delivery NN of IN government NN services NNS , , was VBD subsequently RB replicated VVN in IN the DT Franco NP Manitoban NP communities NNS of IN Notre NP Dame NP de NP Lourdes NP and CC Saint NP Pierre NP Jolys NP . SENT The DT development NN of IN these DT services NNS followed VVD recommendations NNS made VVN by IN Judge NP Richard NP Chartier NP in IN his PP$ 1998 CD report NN entitled VVN Above IN All DT , , Common JJ Sense NN . SENT 43 CD Based VVN on IN Manitoba NP s PP experience VVP with IN bilingual JJ service NN centres NNS , , the DT federal JJ and CC Saskatchewan NP governments NNS will MD launch VV a DT pilot NN project NN in IN Regina NP in IN 2005 CD 2006 CD . SENT This DT measure NN was VBD part NN of IN a DT recommendation NN made VVN by IN the DT Commissioner NP in IN her PP$ report NN The DT Single NP Window NN Networks NNS of IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP , , published VVN in IN 2003 CD . SENT 44 CD Challenges NNS . SENT The DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS monitors VVZ the DT quality NN and CC quantity NN of IN federal JJ services NNS offered VVN to TO the DT public NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Language NN of IN sevice NN accounts NNS for IN about RB 80 CD of IN all DT complaints NNS received VVD . SENT In IN 2001 CD , , the DT Commissioner NP reviewed VVD the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP responses NNS to TO the DT recommendations NNS contained VVN in IN a DT series NN of IN studies NNS conducted VVN since IN 1994 CD on IN the DT delivery NN of IN services NNS to TO the DT public NN . SENT 45 CD This DT review NN highlighted VVD the DT slow JJ progress NN made VVN during IN this DT period NN . SENT in IN 30 CD of IN the DT roughly RB 3 CD , , 500 CD points NNS of IN service NN designated VVN as IN bilingual JJ , , services NNS were VBD not RB always RB available JJ in IN French NP . SENT Results NNS from IN observations NNS made VVN in IN 2004 CD showed VVD that IN in IN one CD quarter NN of IN approximately RB 300 CD high JJ demand NN offices NNS , , services NNS were VBD not RB always RB available JJ in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS see VVP the DT performance NN report NN on IN federal JJ institutions NNS in IN the DT second JJ volume NN of IN this DT report NN . SENT Since IN the DT Commissioner NP s PP review VVP in IN 2001 CD , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP has VHZ made VVN important JJ changes NNS , , namely RB the DT new JJ 2004 CD staffing NN policy NN states NNS that IN a DT candidate NN for IN a DT bilingual JJ position NN must MD generally RB be VB able JJ to TO satisfy VV the DT linguistic JJ requirements NNS of IN the DT position NN when WRB hired VVN . SENT CANADA NP REVENUE NN AGENCY NN . SENT ONGOING JJ IMPROVEMENT NN IN IN SERVICES NNS OFFERED VVN IN IN BOTH DT LANGUAGES NNS The DT Canada NP Revenue NP Agency NP CRA NP is VBZ one CD of IN the DT federal JJ institutions NNS that IN deals NNS with IN a DT large JJ number NN of IN Canadians NNS over IN the DT years NNS . SENT Many JJ complaints NNS have VHP been VBN lodged VVN , , often RB repeatedly RB , , against IN CRA NP about IN income NN tax NN forms NNS being VBG sent VVN out RP in IN the DT wrong JJ language NN , , the DT poor JJ quality NN of IN French JJ in IN its PP$ documents NNS , , and CC its PP$ inability NN to TO provide VV information NN in IN a DT requester NN s PP language NN . SENT The DT Agency NP , , however RB , , has VHZ made VVN remarkable JJ progress NN over IN the DT past JJ 15 CD years NNS . SENT Taxpayers NNS can MD easily RB complete VV tax NN returns NNS and CC obtain VV information NN from IN Agency NP staff NN in IN the DT language NN of IN their PP$ choice NN . SENT A DT recognition NN of IN the DT importance NN of IN providing VVG services NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS appears VVZ to TO have VH entered VVN CRA NP s PP organizational JJ culture NN . SENT The DT complaints NNS received VVN have VHP served VVN as IN a DT catalyst NN for IN this DT remarkable JJ progress NN . SENT A DT change NN in IN culture NN is VBZ nevertheless RB required VVN . SENT Even RB good JJ bilingual JJ capacity NN is VBZ not RB enough JJ to TO respond VV to TO the DT public NN effectively RB . SENT From IN the DT outset NN , , federal JJ employees NNS must MD offer VV the DT public NN the DT choice NN of IN using VVG either DT official JJ language NN , , whether IN an DT inquiry NN is VBZ made VVN over IN the DT telephone NN or CC in IN person NN . SENT This DT is VBZ one CD way NN of IN showing VVG respect NN for IN the DT public NN . SENT However RB , , active JJ offer NN is VBZ currently RB the DT Achilles NP heel NN of IN service NN delivery NN to TO the DT public NN . SENT it PP is VBZ limited JJ , , and CC has VHZ remained VVN stagnant JJ for IN 10 CD years NNS . SENT Following VVG the DT creation NN of IN Service NP Canada NP in IN the DT federal JJ budget NN of IN March NP 2005 CD , , the DT government NN must MD monitor VV these DT new JJ services NNS to TO ensure VV they PP are VBP available JJ and CC actively RB offered VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS so RB that IN the DT needs NNS of IN both DT official JJ language NN communities NNS are VBP met VVN . SENT Perhaps RB single JJ windows NNS , , with IN fully RB bilingual JJ staff NN or CC effective JJ on IN line NN services NNS would MD represent VV part NN of IN the DT solution NN , , at IN least JJS outside IN the DT major JJ bilingual JJ regions NNS of IN the DT country NN where WRB services NNS are VBP generally RB accessible JJ in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT Although IN it PP is VBZ the DT only JJ regulation NN governing VVG official JJ languages NNS , , the DT Official JJ Languages NNS Communications NPS with IN and CC Services NPS to TO the DT Public NP Regulation NP , , which WDT was VBD passed VVN almost RB 15 CD years NNS ago RB , , is VBZ another DT weak JJ link NN . SENT The DT Governor NP in IN Council NP must MD modify VV this DT regulation NN before IN the DT end NN of IN 2006 CD to TO respond VV to TO the DT Federal NP Court NP s PP decision NN in IN the DT Doucet NP case NN . SENT 46 CD In IN this DT process NN , , it PP will MD be VB essential JJ for IN the DT government NN to TO rethink VV the DT regulation NN to TO make VV it PP simpler JJR , , consistent JJ with IN case NN law NN , , and CC , , finally RB , , relevant JJ to TO the DT citizens NNS of IN Canada NP . SENT Because IN of IN government NN restructuring NN , , the DT Treasury NP Board NP is VBZ no DT longer RBR the DT employer NN for IN a DT growing VVG number NN of IN federal JJ agencies NNS . SENT In IN the DT future NN , , when WRB the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP creates VVZ new JJ agencies NNS such JJ as IN Service NP Canada NP , , it PP will MD have VH to TO ensure VV that IN its PP$ policy NN on IN the DT different JJ patterns NNS of IN service NN delivery NN fully RB respects VVZ official JJ language NN obligations NNS . SENT Legislation NN establishing VVG these DT agencies NNS will MD have VH to TO take VV explicit JJ account NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT For IN linguistic JJ duality NN to TO finally RB assume VV the DT place NN it PP deserves VVZ in IN the DT government NN and CC its PP$ institutions NNS , , a DT far RB reaching VVG change NN in IN culture NN is VBZ needed VVN . SENT Dyane NP Adam NP , , Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Annual JJ Report NP 2000 CD 2001 CD , , Ottawa NP , , p NN . SENT 76 CD . SENT Did VVD you PP know VVP Active JJ offer NN . SENT An DT office NN designated VVN as IN bilingual JJ is VBZ effective JJ when WRB the DT services NNS it PP offers VVZ are VBP of IN equal JJ quality NN in IN both DT languages NNS and CC it PP recognizes VVZ and CC respects VVZ an DT individual JJ s NN distinctiveness NN and CC his PP$ or CC her PP$ language NN and CC culture NN . SENT Signage NP , , posting VVG and CC documentation NN indicate VVP that DT services NNS are VBP available JJ in IN English NP and CC French NP . SENT Phone NN service NN is VBZ automatically RB offered VVN in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT Members NNS of IN the DT public NN are VBP greeted VVN in IN person NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS , , and CC communication NN continues VVZ in IN a DT client NN s PP preferred VVD language NN . SENT The DT linguistic JJ quality NN of IN service NN is VBZ satisfactory JJ . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Language NP of IN work NN Over IN and CC above IN bilingual JJ designation NN for IN positions NNS involving VVG services NNS to TO the DT public NN , , the DT one CD enduring JJ challenge NN since IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT federal JJ language NN policy NN has VHZ been VBN to TO create VV environments NNS in IN which WDT public JJ servants NNS can MD work NN , , be VB supervised VVN , , and CC have VH access NN to TO the DT tools NNS they PP need VVP in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT right NN under IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT Marginalized VVN French JJ . SENT In IN 1969 CD , , the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP observed VVD that IN the DT culture NN within IN the DT federal JJ administration NN , , a DT culture NN that WDT had VHD evolved VVN since IN the DT 1920 CD s PP , , resisted VVD not RB only JJ Francophones NP presence NN within IN the DT workplace NN , , but CC also RB the DT use NN of IN French NP . SENT The DT Commission NP also RB noted VVD that IN only RB two CD federal JJ institutions NNS had VHD a DT clearly RB defined VVN policy NN concerning VVG language NN of IN work NN . SENT the DT Canadian NP National NP Railway NP Corporation NP and CC Canada NP Mortgage NP and CC Housing NP Corporation NP . SENT 47 CD Advances NNS . SENT Data NNS compiled VVN for IN the DT Public NP Service NP between IN 1978 CD and CC 2004 CD nevertheless RB indicate VVP that IN significant JJ improvements NNS have VHP taken VVN place NN see VVP Figures NNS 10 CD and CC 11 CD on IN the DT next JJ page NN . SENT In IN positions NNS that WDT support VVP the DT use NN of IN both DT official JJ languages NNS at IN work NN , , namely RB internal JJ administrative JJ services NNS and CC supervisory JJ positions NNS , , language NN requirements NNS are VBP broader JJR and CC the DT proportion NN of IN employees NNS who WP satisfy VV the DT language NN requirements NNS has VHZ grown VVN . SENT The DT greatest JJS progress NN has VHZ occurred VVN in IN supervisory JJ positions NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ important JJ to TO add VV that DT employees NNS generally RB have VHP the DT tools NNS they PP need VVP in IN their PP$ language NN of IN choice NN . SENT Nevertheless RB , , in IN her PP$ recent JJ study NN Walking VVG the DT Talk NN , , the DT Commissioner NP indicated VVD that IN English NP is VBZ still RB the DT predominant JJ language NN in IN the DT organizational JJ culture NN of IN federal JJ departments NNS in IN the DT National NP Capital NP Region NN . SENT 48 CD Senior JJ management NN is VBZ perceived VVN as IN unilingual JJ , , although IN most JJS managers NNS meet VVP the DT linguistic JJ requirements NNS of IN their PP$ positions NNS . SENT Many JJ use VVP their PP$ second JJ official NN language NN only RB rarely RB , , and CC their PP$ behaviour NN usually RB drives VVZ the DT organizational JJ culture NN in IN their PP$ respective JJ institutions NNS . SENT Bilingual JJ regions NNS of IN Quebec NP . SENT The DT Commissioner NP noted VVD that IN the DT same JJ situation NN exists VVZ in IN federal JJ offices NNS located VVN in IN bilingual JJ regions NNS of IN Quebec NP . SENT Her PP$ most RBS recent JJ study NN on IN this DT subject NN indicated VVD that IN French NP clearly RB dominates VVZ as IN the DT language NN of IN work NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT 49 CD Anglophones NP , , as IN the DT linguistic JJ minority NN , , must MD often RB interact VV with IN their PP$ colleagues NNS in IN French NP . SENT However RB , , federal JJ public JJ servants NNS in IN Quebec NP must MD often RB interact VV in IN English NP with IN public JJ servants NNS from IN the DT National NP Capital NP Region NN . SENT Crown NN corporations NNS . SENT In IN the DT same JJ study NN , , the DT Commissioner NP also RB looked VVD at IN the DT language NN of IN work NN in IN eight CD Crown NP corporations NNS . SENT The DT results NNS of IN the DT study NN indicate VVP that IN in IN Crown NP corporations NNS in IN the DT National NP Capital NP Region NN , , the DT use NN of IN the DT two CD official JJ languages NNS mirrors VVZ the DT example NN set VVN by IN the DT departments NNS in IN the DT region NN , , which WDT is VBZ to TO use VV English JJ . SENT In IN Crown NP corporations NNS located VVN in IN Montr NP al NP , , the DT use NN of IN both DT official JJ languages NNS is VBZ almost RB equal JJ , , which WDT creates VVZ a DT strongly RB bilingual JJ work NN environment NN . SENT Regulatory JJ framework NN . SENT Although IN the DT Right RB Honourable JJ Lester NP B NP . SENT Pearson NP underlined VVD the DT importance NN of IN language NN of IN work NN in IN 1966 CD , , the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP of IN 1969 CD did VVD not RB directly RB address VV this DT issue NN . SENT Language NN of IN work NN became VVD part NN of IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP language NN policy NN in IN 1973 CD , , and CC this DT aspect NN was VBD further RBR strengthened VVN in IN 1988 CD , , with IN Part NN V NN of IN the DT Act NP containing VVG specific JJ language NN of IN work NN provisions NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT most RBS important JJ achievement NN occurred VVD only RB recently RB , , in IN 2004 CD , , with IN application NN of IN imperative JJ staffing NN for IN bilingual JJ positions NNS across IN the DT board NN , , particularly RB at IN the DT EX JJ level NN . SENT This DT will MD ensure VV greater JJR compliance NN with IN the DT merit NN principle NN . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT We PP cannot NN be VB satisfied VVN with IN achieving VVG the DT required JJ language NN profile NN , , since IN this DT does VVZ not RB necessarily RB mean VV that IN both DT official JJ languages NNS are VBP actually RB being VBG used VVN . SENT The DT Commissioner NP has VHZ proposed VVN the DT creation NN of IN an DT organizational JJ culture NN that WDT truly RB respects VVZ employees NNS language NN rights NNS through IN measures NNS taken VVN in IN three CD strategic JJ areas NNS . SENT leadership NN , , personal JJ capacity NN , , and CC institutional JJ capacity NN . SENT 50 RB These DT three CD areas NNS are VBP interdependent JJ and CC require VV ongoing JJ and CC simultaneous JJ attention NN . SENT However RB , , a DT great JJ deal NN of IN the DT solution NN depends VVZ on IN the DT leadership NN of IN senior JJ management NN . SENT without IN clear JJ involvement NN of IN all DT levels NNS of IN managers NNS , , the DT spirit NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP is VBZ often RB not RB respected VVN . SENT Furthermore RB , , the DT Commissioner NP believes VVZ that IN bilingual JJ requirements NNS must MD also RB apply VV to TO deputy JJ ministers NNS and CC associate NN deputy NN ministers NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT only JJ way NN to TO ensure VV that IN the DT work NN culture NN within IN the DT Public NP Service NP has VHZ every DT chance NN of IN reflecting VVG Canadian JJ linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Assets NNS . SENT The DT study NN Making VVG it PP Real RB highlighted VVD significant JJ assets NNS upon IN which WDT the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP can MD build VV in IN order NN to TO speed VV up RP its PP$ progress NN . SENT Bilingualism NN has VHZ enjoyed VVN great JJ support NN from IN both DT Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ employees NNS . SENT They PP agree VVP that IN French NP represents VVZ a DT positive JJ resource NN for IN all DT members NNS of IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT Moreover RB , , they PP are VBP proud JJ to TO be VB able JJ to TO work VV in IN a DT bilingual JJ environment NN . SENT Ultimately RB , , bilingualism NN leads VVZ to TO improved JJ service NN delivery NN to TO Canadians NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Equitable NP participation NN The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP institutional JJ bilingualism NN is VBZ not RB limited VVN to TO service VV delivery NN and CC the DT language NN of IN work NN . SENT it PP seeks VVZ to TO reflect VV linguistic JJ duality NN within IN the DT Public NP Service NP . SENT The DT government NN thus RB embodies VVZ bilingualism NN through IN the DT equitable JJ participation NN of IN Anglophones NP and CC Francophones NP in IN its PP$ operations NNS . SENT WITNESS NN AND CC CATALYST NN . SENT EDGAR NP GALLANT JJ AND CC SOCIETAL JJ CHANGE NN Edgar NP Gallant NP , , an DT Acadian JJ from IN Prince NP Edward NP Island NP , , became VVD a DT federal JJ public JJ servant NN upon IN joining VVG the DT Department NP of IN Finance NP in IN 1949 CD . SENT As IN a DT recent JJ graduate NN of IN the DT cole NN des NP Sciences NPS sociales NNS at IN Universit NP Laval NP , , he PP had VHD never RB had VHN the DT opportunity NN to TO perfect JJ his PP$ English NNS . SENT In IN his PP$ words NNS , , During IN my PP$ first JJ year NN , , I PP listened VVD more JJR than IN I PP spoke VVD . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT federal JJ Public NP Service NP in IN the DT 1950 CD s PP was VBD a DT unilingual JJ English JJ environment NN . SENT He PP quickly RB rose VVD through IN the DT ranks NNS to TO positions NNS of IN significant JJ responsibility NN , , such JJ as IN President NP of IN the DT Public NP Service NP Commission NP and CC Chairman NP of IN the DT National NP Capital NP Commission NP . SENT Throughout IN his PP$ long JJ career NN , , he PP was VBD both CC a DT witness NN to TO and CC a DT leader NN he PP prefers VVZ the DT term NN catalyst NN of IN the DT changes NNS taking VVG place NN in IN the DT Public NP Service NP to TO give VV both DT official JJ languages NNS equal JJ status NN . SENT Political JJ leaders NNS and CC senior JJ officials NNS had VHD to TO show VV great JJ determination NN . SENT To TO kick VV start VV the DT process NN , , a DT fairly RB authoritarian JJ style NN was VBD needed VVN . SENT It PP was VBD necessary JJ to TO impose VV certain JJ conditions NNS and CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN encourage VV unilingual JJ public JJ servants NNS to TO enrol VV in IN language NN courses NNS . SENT He PP believes VVZ that IN , , over IN time NN , , most RBS public JJ servants NNS have VHP come VVN to TO understand VV that IN the DT Public NP Service NP is VBZ there RB to TO serve VV all DT Canadians NNS , , many JJ of IN whom WP do VVP not RB speak VV English JJ . SENT According VVG to TO Edgar NP Gallant NP , , offering NN language NN training NN to TO public JJ servants NNS was VBD an DT important JJ factor NN in IN the DT success NN of IN what WP he PP refers VVZ to TO as IN the DT revolution NN in IN employees NNS attitudes NNS . SENT Instructors NNS were VBD teaching VVG the DT French JJ language NN , , but CC they PP also RB emphasized VVD French JJ culture NN . SENT Overall RB , , most RBS public JJ servants NNS came VVD to TO accept VV linguistic JJ duality NN as IN an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ personality NN . SENT If IN we PP let VVP this DT duality NN weaken VV , , Canada NP s PP very RB identity NN will MD suffer VV . SENT And CC in IN his PP$ view NN , , globalization NN and CC the DT constant JJ influence NN of IN the DT United NP States NPS make VVP it PP crucial JJ to TO strengthen VV this DT identity NN . SENT Increased JJ participation NN by IN Francophones NP . SENT Over IN the DT course NN of IN the DT 20 CD th NN century NN , , the DT main JJ problem NN related VVN to TO participation NN in IN the DT federal JJ administration NN was VBD the DT under IN representation NN of IN Francophones NP . SENT At IN the DT time NN of IN its PP$ inquiry NN in IN 1965 CD , , the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP reported VVD that IN the DT number NN of IN Francophones NP had VHD dropped VVN by IN half NN between IN 1918 CD and CC 1946 CD . SENT In IN 1965 CD , , the DT Commission NP estimated VVD that IN the DT federal JJ administration NN the DT Public NP Service NP plus CC the DT seven CD main JJ federal JJ agencies NNS consisted VVN of IN approximately RB 21 CD Francophones NNS , , while IN individuals NNS with IN French JJ as IN their PP$ mother NN tongue NN represented VVD approximately RB 28 CD of IN Canada NP s PP population NN . SENT As RB noted VVD above IN , , various JJ initiatives NNS were VBD undertaken VVN over IN the DT years NNS to TO improve VV the DT situation NN , , but CC it PP was VBD not RB until IN the DT new JJ Act NN was VBD passed VVN in IN 1988 CD that IN the DT expectations NNS of IN the DT Public NP Service NP in IN this DT regard NN were VBD spelled VVN out RP in IN Part NP VI NP . SENT Successive JJ Commissioners NNS of IN Official JJ Languages NNS have VHP persistently RB put VVN this DT question NN on IN the DT table NN , , suggesting VVG definitions NNS and CC criteria NNS as RB well RB as IN practical JJ approaches NNS to TO achieving VVG this DT goal NN . SENT Significant JJ progress NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN since IN 1966 CD in IN Francophone JJ participation NN in IN the DT federal JJ administration NN as IN a DT whole NN , , 51 CD which WDT rose VVD from IN 21 CD to TO 27 CD see VVP Figure NP 12 CD . SENT In IN 2004 CD , , Canadians NNS reporting VVG French JJ as IN their PP$ first JJ official NN language NN made VVD up RB 24 CD of IN the DT population NN . SENT It PP should MD be VB noted VVN that IN it PP is VBZ difficult JJ to TO obtain VV a DT clear JJ picture NN based VVN on IN available JJ data NNS . SENT For IN the DT purposes NNS of IN Statistics NP Canada NP and CC the DT implementation NN of IN government NN policy NN on IN official JJ languages NNS , , the DT linguistic JJ variable NN used VVN is VBZ the DT first JJ official NN language NN spoken VVN . SENT For IN the DT Treasury NP Board NP Secretariat NN , , however RB , , federal JJ civil JJ servants NNS are VBP classified VVN as IN Anglophone JJ or CC Francophone JJ based VVN on IN self NN identification NN , , which WDT then RB becomes VVZ their PP$ key JJ linguistic JJ identifier NN . SENT Comparisons NNS between IN datasets NNS can MD therefore RB be VB misleading JJ . SENT Concerns NNS within IN Quebec NP s PP Anglophone JJ minority NN . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , the DT rate NN of IN participation NN among IN Anglophones NP has VHZ started VVN to TO be VB cause NN for IN concern NN , , dropping VVG by IN half NN . SENT In IN 1961 CD , , Anglophones NP made VVD up RP around IN 13 CD of IN the DT population NN of IN Quebec NP and CC were VBD thus RB overrepresented VVN in IN the DT federal JJ administration NN . SENT In IN 2004 CD , , this DT community NN held VVN about IN 14 CD of IN jobs NNS in IN the DT federal JJ administration NN see VVP Figure NP 13 CD , , in IN line NN with IN its PP$ share NN of IN the DT population NN , , 13 CD . SENT However RB , , as RB noted VVD in IN the DT study NN by IN J NP . SENT Jedwab NP , , Anglophones NP occupy VV only RB 7 CD . SENT 6 CD of IN positions NNS within IN federal JJ departments NNS in IN Quebec NP . SENT 52 CD This DT situation NN is VBZ cause NN for IN concern NN , , as IN the DT Public NP Service NP is VBZ the DT part NN of IN the DT federal JJ administration NN that WDT offers VVZ the DT widest JJS range NN of IN services NNS to TO the DT public NN , , and CC it PP is VBZ important JJ that IN the DT minority NN be VB equitably RB represented VVN . SENT The DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS has VHZ recognized VVN this DT and CC aims VVZ to TO increase VV the DT number NN of IN Anglophone JJ employees NNS by IN 1 CD , , 000 CD . SENT Today NN . SENT Generally RB speaking VVG , , the DT Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ communities NNS have VHP achieved VVN equitable JJ representation NN in IN the DT federal JJ administration NN in IN relation NN to TO their PP$ respective JJ numbers NNS in IN the DT national JJ population NN . SENT Francophones NNS have VHP also RB increased VVN their PP$ participation NN in IN management NN positions NNS . SENT they PP held VVD 25 CD of IN such JJ positions NNS across IN the DT entire JJ federal JJ administration NN in IN 2004 CD . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Community NP development NN and CC official JJ language NN promotion NN Federal NP involvement NN When WRB it PP amended VVD the DT Official JJ Languages NNS Act NP in IN 1988 CD , , Parliament NP stipulated VVD in IN section NN 41 CD of IN the DT Act NP that IN the DT government NN and CC all DT federal JJ institutions NNS were VBD responsible JJ for IN supporting VVG the DT development NN of IN linguistic JJ minorities NNS and CC for IN promoting VVG linguistic JJ duality NN in IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT These DT responsibilities NNS also RB stemmed VVD from IN the DT stated JJ purpose NN of IN the DT Act NP . SENT Supporting VVG development NN . SENT The DT provisions NNS of IN the DT Act NP committed VVD the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP to TO enhancing VVG the DT vitality NN of IN the DT Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ linguistic JJ minorities NNS and CC to TO supporting VVG their PP$ development NN . SENT It PP is VBZ therefore RB the DT job NN of IN all DT federal JJ institutions NNS to TO implement VV measures NNS that WDT provide VVP concrete JJ support NN for IN the DT development NN of IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT More JJR encouragement NN necessary JJ . SENT Part NP VII NP sets VVZ out RP the DT obligation NN to TO promote VV English JJ and CC French JJ with IN a DT view NN to TO putting VVG Canadian JJ society NN on IN the DT path NN toward IN equality NN in IN the DT status NN and CC use NN of IN both DT languages NNS . SENT Unfortunately RB , , this DT stipulation NN remains VVZ one CD of IN the DT great JJ oversights NNS on IN the DT part NN of IN federal JJ institutions NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ important JJ to TO provide VV the DT necessary JJ guidance NN so IN that WDT institutions NNS define VV activities NNS designed VVN to TO promote VV linguistic JJ duality NN and CC assess VV their PP$ effectiveness NN . SENT 53 CD Framework NN for IN implementation NN . SENT Ever RB since IN the DT new JJ Act NN came VVD into IN force NN in IN 1988 CD , , the DT various JJ federal JJ institutions NNS have VHP seemed VVN reluctant JJ to TO embrace VV their PP$ obligations NNS under IN Part NP VII NP and CC have VHP too RB often RB relegated VVN their PP$ responsibilities NNS to TO the DT Department NP of IN Canadian NP Heritage NP . SENT 54 CD Indeed RB , , although IN the DT obligations NNS in IN question NN apply VV to TO all DT federal JJ institutions NNS , , the DT Act NP confers VVZ a DT co NP ordination NN role NN on IN the DT Minister NP of IN Canadian NP Heritage NP . SENT This DT department NN s PP lack VVP of IN authority NN over IN other JJ departments NNS and CC federal JJ institutions NNS has VHZ caused VVN inexcusable JJ delays NNS in IN the DT implementation NN of IN this DT part NN of IN the DT Act NP . SENT Although IN the DT Prime NP Minister NP s PP Office NP and CC Treasury NP Board NP have VHP at IN times NNS issued VVD directives NNS , , it PP appears VVZ that IN no DT overall JJ co NP ordination NN initiative NN has VHZ ever RB actually RB gotten VVN off RP the DT ground NN . SENT In IN 2003 CD , , the DT government NN adopted VVD an DT Accountability NN Framework NN that WDT specifies VVZ the DT responsibilities NNS of IN federal JJ departments NNS and CC institutions NNS with IN regard NN to TO Part NP VII NP . SENT Nevertheless RB , , it PP should MD be VB kept VVN in IN mind NN that IN this DT framework NN may MD be VB subject JJ to TO the DT vagaries NNS of IN government NN decision NN making NN . SENT The DT Commissioner NP is VBZ of IN the DT view NN that IN the DT Accountability NN Framework NN cannot NN be VB fully RB established VVN until IN the DT scope NN of IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Act NP is VBZ clarified VVN . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT In IN the DT absence NN of IN a DT clear JJ statutory JJ and CC regulatory JJ framework NN , , a DT genuine JJ willingness NN to TO put VV development NN and CC promotion NN measures NNS in IN place NN remains VVZ uncertain JJ at IN best JJS . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP in IN fact NN prefers VVZ to TO let VV court NN cases NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT Forum NP des NP maires VVZ de FW la FW p NN ninsule NN acadienne NN case NN , , 55 RB clarify VV the DT scope NN of IN Part NP VII NP . SENT The DT government NN claims VVZ that IN the DT obligations NNS under IN this DT part NN of IN the DT Act NP represent VVP political JJ commitments NNS and CC not RB enforceable JJ obligations NNS . SENT The DT issue NN will MD be VB decided VVN by IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP , , which WDT has VHZ agreed VVN to TO hear VV the DT appeal NN on IN the DT aforementioned JJ case NN , , unless IN Parliament NP chooses VVZ to TO settle VV the DT matter NN in IN the DT meantime NN through IN legislation NN , , by IN adopting VVG Bill NP S NP 3 CD introduced VVD by IN now RB retired VVN Senator NP Jean NP Robert NP Gauthier NP . SENT PART NN VII NP OF IN THE DT OFFICIAL JJ LANGUAGES NNS ACT NN . SENT THE DT HONOURABLE JJ JEAN NN ROBERT NP GAUTHIER NP S NP VISION NN The DT promotion NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ quite RB rightly RB associated VVN with IN the DT Honourable JJ Jean NP Robert NP Gauthier NP , , the DT retired JJ Senator NP and CC politician NN who WP made VVD this DT issue NN his PP$ number NN one CD priority NN during IN an DT outstanding JJ political JJ career NN . SENT Mr NP . SENT Gauthier NP was VBD the DT Member NP of IN Parliament NP for IN Ottawa NP Vanier NP from IN 1972 CD to TO 1994 CD and CC Senator NP from IN 1994 CD to TO 2004 CD . SENT Prior RB to TO that DT , , he PP served VVD as IN a DT school NN trustee NN for IN 12 CD years NNS . SENT Before IN his PP$ retirement NN from IN the DT Senate NP in IN 2004 CD , , the DT Honourable JJ Jean NP Robert NP Gauthier NP worked VVD energetically RB to TO convince VV his PP$ fellow JJ parliamentarians NNS to TO resolve VV the DT ambivalence NN in IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP with IN respect NN to TO Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT He PP tabled VVD several JJ bills NNS designed VVN to TO confer VV enforceability NN on IN this DT part NN of IN the DT Act NP , , which WDT commits VVZ the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP to TO enhancing VVG the DT vitality NN of IN Canada NP s PP English NP and CC French JJ linguistic JJ communities NNS and CC to TO promoting VVG full JJ recognition NN and CC use NN of IN English JJ and CC French JJ in IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT The DT goals NNS of IN the DT Honourable JJ Jean NP Robert NP Gauthier NP s PP proposals NNS have VHP been VBN to TO . SENT require VV federal JJ institutions NNS to TO take VV positive JJ measures NNS to TO implement VV the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP obligations NNS . SENT allow VV adoption NN of IN a DT regulation NN defining VVG federal JJ institutions NNS specific JJ obligations NNS . SENT and CC guarantee VV that DT anyone NN who WP lodges VVZ a DT complaint NN with IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS concerning VVG , , among IN other JJ things NNS , , an DT obligation NN or CC right RB contemplated VVN under IN Part NP VII NP , , has VHZ recourse NN to TO the DT courts NNS . SENT The DT Senate NP voted VVD unanimously RB to TO adopt VV the DT last JJ two CD bills NNS introduced VVN by IN Senator NP Gauthier NP , , although IN the DT first JJ one CD died VVD on IN the DT order NN paper NN when WRB the DT House NP of IN Commons NP was VBD prorogued VVN in IN 2003 CD . SENT The DT last JJ of IN the DT Senator NP s PP bills VVZ , , Bill NP S NP 3 CD , , has VHZ passed VVN second JJ reading NN in IN the DT House NP of IN Commons NP and CC was VBD sent VVN to TO the DT House NP of IN Commons NP Standing NP Committee NP on IN Official JJ Languages NNS for IN study NN in IN the DT spring NN of IN 2005 CD . SENT In IN our PP$ last JJ two CD annual JJ reports NNS , , we PP recommended VVD that IN the DT Parliament NP of IN Canada NP find VVP a DT legislative JJ or CC regulatory JJ means NNS of IN clarifying VVG the DT legal JJ scope NN of IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Act NP . SENT Strengthening VVG the DT Act NP would MD agree VV with IN the DT vision NN of IN Jean NP Robert NP Gauthier NP a DT tireless JJ defender NN of IN the DT rights NNS of IN linguistic JJ minorities NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Provinces NP and CC territories NNS . SENT key JJ players NNS The DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS are VBP critical JJ partners NNS in IN ensuring VVG the DT vitality NN and CC development NN of IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT In IN fact NN , , they PP signed VVD the DT first JJ provincial JJ federal JJ accords NNS on IN the DT promotion NN of IN official JJ languages NNS in IN 1988 CD . SENT These DT accords NNS encouraged VVD several JJ provinces NNS to TO adopt VV policies NNS or CC legislation NN on IN services NNS to TO the DT public NN for IN example NN , , bilingual JJ signage NN , , translation NN of IN documents NNS , , and CC language NN training NN . SENT Ministerial JJ Conference NN on IN Francophone JJ Affairs NPS . SENT Governmental JJ collaboration NN expanded VVN from IN bilateral JJ to TO multilateral JJ with IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT Ministerial JJ Conference NN on IN Francophone JJ Affairs NPS in IN 1994 CD . SENT 56 CD The DT purpose NN of IN this DT round NN table NN was VBD to TO stimulate VV leadership NN and CC intergovernmental JJ collaboration NN among IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS on IN matters NNS affecting VVG official JJ languages NNS and CC in IN particular JJ the DT vitality NN of IN Francophone JJ and CC Acadian JJ minorities NNS . SENT This DT body NN s PP discussions NNS have VHP primarily RB focused VVN on IN health NN , , economic JJ development NN and CC the DT visibility NN of IN Francophone JJ communities NNS . SENT Since IN 2003 CD , , Quebec NP has VHZ been VBN a DT full JJ participant NN and CC not RB merely RB an DT observer NN . SENT In IN 2005 CD , , the DT Government NN of IN the DT Yukon NP announced VVD the DT creation NN of IN a DT Francophone JJ Affairs NPS Secretariat NN , , a DT piece NN of IN good JJ news NN that WDT was VBD eagerly RB anticipated VVN by IN the DT Franco NP Yukoner NP community NN . SENT While IN the DT Ministerial JJ Conference NN on IN Francophone JJ Affairs NPS is VBZ to TO be VB commended VVN for IN its PP$ work NN , , it PP should MD also RB be VB encouraged VVN to TO expand VV its PP$ efforts NNS , , as IN it PP has VHZ a DT substantial JJ impact NN on IN the DT recognition NN of IN official JJ languages NNS in IN the DT provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ context NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Support VVP for IN bilingualism NN The DT government NN uses VVZ means NNS other JJ than IN its PP$ structure NN and CC activities NNS to TO help VV give VV life NN to TO linguistic JJ duality NN in IN Canada NP . SENT As IN we PP will MD now RB see VV , , it PP supports VVZ duality NN in IN several JJ other JJ areas NNS . SENT At IN home NN Canada NP s PP citizens NNS wake VVP up RP to TO linguistic JJ duality NN on IN a DT daily JJ basis NN . SENT For IN many JJ years NNS now RB , , under IN a DT regime NN in IN place NN since IN 1974 CD , , all RB packaged VVN and CC labelled VVN goods NNS they PP come VVP across RP are VBP printed VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Canadians NNS have VHP only RB to TO pick VV up RP a DT box NN of IN breakfast NN cereal NN , , pour VVP a DT glass NN of IN milk NN , , grab VV a DT tissue NN or CC squeeze VV out RP some DT toothpaste NN to TO see VV that IN their PP$ country NN provides VVZ labelling VVG in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT significant JJ development NN , , given VVN consumers NNS current JJ level NN of IN interest NN in IN product NN information NN . SENT Bilingual JJ labelling VVG on IN consumer NN products NNS is VBZ not RB a DT requirement NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP , , but CC other JJ laws NNS and CC regulations NNS , , including VVG the DT Consumer NN Packaging NN and CC Labelling VVG Regulation NN s PP . SENT 6 CD 2 CD , , do VVP require VV this DT . SENT The DT Commissioner NP has VHZ confirmed VVN that IN both DT industry NN and CC the DT public NN have VHP accepted VVN this DT practice NN and CC understand VV that IN its PP$ usefulness NN far RB outweighs VVZ its PP$ costs NNS . SENT 57 CD Achieving VVG bilingual JJ packaging NN and CC labelling VVG fostered VVN by IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP has VHZ become VVN an DT asset NN for IN Canadians NNS within IN the DT context NN of IN the DT globalization NN of IN trade NN . SENT Our PP$ bilingual JJ labelling VVG , , in IN fact NN , , predisposes VVZ us PP to TO the DT multilingualism NN required VVN by IN world NN markets NNS , , but CC we PP must MD remain VV vigilant JJ to TO preserve VV our PP$ bilingualism NN within IN an DT increasingly RB integrated JJ market NN . SENT LEADERSHIP NN AWARD NN OF IN THE DT OFFICE NN OF IN THE DT COMMISSIONER NN OF IN OFFICIAL JJ LANGUAGES NNS 2004 CD 2005 CD AWARDED VVN TO TO THE DT NATIONAL NP CAPITAL NN COMMISSION NN In IN 2004 CD 2005 CD , , Marcel NP Beaudry NP , , Chairman NP of IN the DT National NP Capital NP Commission NP NCC NP , , received VVD the DT Leon NP Leadership NN Award NN of IN the DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official JJ Languages NNS for IN the DT exemplary JJ effort NN made VVN by IN his PP$ organization NN to TO integrate VV both DT official JJ languages NNS into IN its PP$ operations NNS and CC promote VV linguistic JJ duality NN in IN the DT National NP Capital NP Region NN . SENT The DT NCC NN ensures VVZ that IN its PP$ services NNS are VBP provided VVN to TO the DT public NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT this DT is VBZ confirmed VVN by IN investigations NNS conducte NN by IN the DT Public NP Service NP Human NP Resources NPS Management NP Agency NP of IN Canada NP and CC the DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP . SENT The DT NCC NN also RB takes VVZ part NN in IN various JJ municipal JJ initiatives NNS designed VVN to TO promote VV linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Under IN Mr NP . SENT Beaudry NP s PP leadership NN , , the DT NCC NN adopted VVD a DT management NN framework NN that WDT encourages VVZ the DT use NN of IN both DT official JJ languages NNS in IN the DT workplace NN . SENT Under IN this DT framework NN , , lunchtime NN language NN classes NNS are VBP provided VVN to TO staff NN and CC a DT bilingual JJ protocol NN is VBZ used VVN to TO conduct VV meetings NNS see VV Volume NN II NP of IN the DT Annual JJ Report NN for IN more JJR details NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS In IN the DT national JJ capital NN The DT historic JJ compromise NN at IN the DT heart NN of IN Confederation NP led VVD to TO the DT selection NN of IN Ottawa NP , , on IN the DT border NN between IN Upper NP and CC Lower JJR Canada NP , , as IN the DT capital NN of IN the DT new JJ Canada NP . SENT In IN 1967 CD , , the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP wrote VVD that IN , , in IN Ottawa NP , , the DT French JJ language NN is VBZ scarcely RB recognized VVN officially RB in IN the DT provincial JJ and CC municipal JJ administrations NNS . SENT Nowhere RB else RB in IN Canada NP is VBZ there RB a DT comparable JJ concentration NN of IN Francophones NNS who WP have VHP so RB few JJ language NN rights NNS . SENT 58 CD It PP therefore RB recommended VVD that IN the DT equal JJ status NN of IN the DT two CD official NN languages NNS be VB fully RB recognized VVN in IN Ottawa NP and CC that IN public JJ services NNS , , the DT administration NN of IN justice NN , , and CC education NN be VB delivered VVN in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT The DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP quite RB rightly RB felt VVN that IN the DT capital NN must MD reflect VV Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Bilingualism NN was VBD gradually RB introduced VVN into IN municipal JJ and CC provincial JJ services NNS over IN the DT years NNS . SENT In IN 1982 CD , , Ottawa NP Municipal NP Council NP adopted VVD an DT official JJ languages NNS policy NN that WDT granted VVD the DT same JJ rights NNS , , status NN and CC privileges NNS to TO both DT official JJ language NN groups NNS . SENT When WRB municipal JJ amalgamation NN took VVD place NN in IN 1999 CD , , the DT City NP of IN Ottawa NP was VBD unsuccessful JJ in IN having VHG the DT province NN designate VV the DT city NN as IN bilingual JJ . SENT In IN 2001 CD , , the DT city NN adopted VVD a DT bilingualism NN policy NN . SENT On IN March NP 3 CD , , 2005 CD , , the DT province NN enacted VVN legislation NN officially RB requiring VVG the DT city NN to TO adopt VV a DT policy NN . SENT Although IN enacting VVG this DT legislation NN is VBZ a DT step NN in IN the DT right JJ direction NN , , the DT Act NP does VVZ not RB seem VV to TO guarantee VV equal JJ status NN to TO both DT official JJ languages NNS in IN municipal JJ service NN delivery NN . SENT Despite IN this DT , , the DT City NP of IN Ottawa NP , , as IN the DT nation NN s PP capital NN , , must MD continue VV to TO be VB guided VVN by IN these DT principles NNS of IN equality NN as IN it PP implements VVZ its PP$ bilingualism NN policy NN . SENT PARKS NNS CANADA NP . SENT THE DT BILINGUAL JJ FACE NN OF IN OUR PP$ NATURAL JJ AND CC HISTORICAL JJ HERITAGE NN Canada NP s VVZ national JJ parks NNS and CC historic JJ sites NNS are VBP considered VVN to TO be VB a DT reflection NN of IN the DT values NNS cherished VVN by IN Canadians NNS . SENT the DT preservation NN of IN our PP$ vast JJ open JJ spaces NNS and CC the DT promotion NN of IN our PP$ historical JJ heritage NN . SENT Just RB how WRB important JJ these DT parks NNS and CC sites NNS are VBP to TO our PP$ sense NN of IN identity NN can MD be VB seen VVN from IN the DT millions NNS of IN Canadians NNS and CC foreign JJ tourists NNS who WP visit VVP them PP . SENT Parks NP Canada NP was VBD slow JJ to TO catch VV up RP with IN the DT country NN s PP linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT During IN the DT first JJ two CD decades NNS that IN the DT Act NP was VBD in IN effect NN , , the DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP received VVD a DT large JJ number NN of IN complaints NNS concerning VVG unilingual JJ signage NN , , printed VVN materials NNS and CC visitor NN reception NN services NNS . SENT These DT complaints NNS from IN citizens NNS spurred VVD progress NN . SENT While IN some DT gaps NNS still RB exist VVP , , the DT situation NN has VHZ greatly RB improved VVN over IN the DT past JJ 15 CD years NNS , , and CC our PP$ parks NNS and CC historic JJ sites NNS across IN the DT country NN project NN a DT much RB better JJR image NN of IN our PP$ linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT More RBR generally RB , , the DT National NP Capital NP Commission NP , , a DT Crown NP corporation NN created VVN in IN 1959 CD to TO manage VV the DT development NN of IN the DT capital NN region NN , , must MD , , under IN the DT terms NNS of IN its PP$ mandate NN , , take VV into IN account NN equality NN of IN status NN of IN the DT official JJ languages NNS in IN Canada NP 59 CD Visitors NNS to TO the DT capital NN now RB invariably RB see VV a DT public JJ image NN reflecting VVG Canadian JJ duality NN . SENT Much RB remains VVZ to TO be VB done VVN , , however RB , , for IN private JJ businesses NNS to TO present VV the DT same JJ image NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS On IN the DT Internet NP Government NP On IN Line NP . SENT For IN some DT 10 CD years NNS , , communications NNS and CC the DT dissemination NN of IN information NN over IN the DT Internet NN have VHP played VVN a DT significant JJ role NN in IN Canadians NNS daily JJ lives NNS and CC the DT government NN services NNS they PP receive VVP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP announced VVD plans NNS to TO give VV Canadians NNS direct JJ access NN to TO all DT government NN information NN and CC services NNS when WRB and CC where WRB it PP suited VVN them PP . SENT Its PP$ goal NN was VBD to TO become VV the DT world NN s PP most RBS connected VVN government NN by IN 2005 CD . SENT 2004 CD . SENT It PP certainly RB appears VVZ that IN the DT government NN has VHZ made VVN tremendous JJ progress NN , , given VVN that IN in IN 2004 CD , , for IN the DT fourth JJ year NN in IN a DT row NN , , Canada NP led VVD the DT world NN in IN on IN line NN access NN to TO government NN services NNS . SENT 60 CD In IN addition NN to TO information NN on IN its PP$ own JJ services NNS , , the DT government NN s PP Web NP sites NNS provide VVP data NNS of IN all DT kinds NNS on IN Canada NP and CC Canadians NNS . SENT Industry NP Canada NP s PP Strategis NP site NN 61 CD and CC the DT Culture NP . SENT ca MD 62 CD site NN are VBP good JJ examples NNS of IN this DT . SENT It PP goes VVZ without IN saying VVG that IN Canada NP s PP goal NN of IN serving VVG its PP$ citizens NNS on IN line NN has VHZ created VVN a DT significant JJ linguistic JJ challenge NN . SENT The DT introduction NN of IN Government NP On IN Line NP led VVD to TO a DT huge JJ increase NN in IN the DT volume NN of IN documents NNS to TO be VB drafted VVN and CC translated VVN . SENT This DT issue NN has VHZ proven VVN especially RB challenging VVG for IN departments NNS involved VVN in IN technical JJ or CC scientific JJ fields NNS that WDT must MD produce VV a DT large JJ volume NN of IN specialized JJ and CC technical JJ documents NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT The DT process NN of IN digitizing VVG these DT documents NNS has VHZ placed VVN an DT added JJ burden NN on IN translation NN services NNS , , which WDT can MD no RB longer RB meet VV the DT demand NN . SENT The DT departments NNS in IN question NN should MD exercise VV tight JJ control NN over IN content NN to TO avoid VV unnecessary JJ digitization NN . SENT The DT Commissioner NP has VHZ nevertheless RB noted VVN shortcomings NNS on IN certain JJ federal JJ Web NP sites NNS with IN respect NN to TO the DT equivalence NN of IN English JJ and CC French JJ content NN , , the DT quality NN of IN French JJ versions NNS and CC the DT use NN of IN addresses NNS that WDT do VVP not RB comply VV with IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT One CD study NN published VVN by IN the DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP in IN 1999 CD and CC two CD in IN 2002 CD raised VVD the DT alarm NN and CC reminded VVD the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP of IN its PP$ obligations NNS with IN respect NN to TO official JJ languages NNS on IN Web NP sites NNS . SENT 63 CD Presence NN of IN French JJ on IN the DT Internet NN . SENT The DT growth NN of IN the DT Internet NN has VHZ also RB had VHN a DT significant JJ impact NN on IN the DT linguistic JJ landscape NN . SENT The DT government NN has VHZ made VVN a DT huge JJ investment NN in IN connectivity NN and CC the DT digitization NN of IN Canadian JJ content NN to TO counter VV the DT fact NN that IN the DT Internet NN entered VVD Canada NP as IN a DT primarily RB English JJ language NN phenomenon NN , , due JJ in IN large JJ part NN to TO the DT ubiquity NN of IN American JJ content NN . SENT Since IN 1998 CD , , Industry NP Canada NP s PP Francommunaut NP s PP virtuelles NNS program NN , , for IN example NN , , has VHZ addressed VVN the DT special JJ needs NNS of IN Francophone JJ and CC Acadian JJ communities NNS in IN the DT area NN of IN information NN and CC communications NN technologies NNS , , the DT creation NN and CC launch NN of IN Web NP sites NNS , , and CC the DT development NN of IN applications NNS , , content NN and CC services NNS . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT While IN the DT government NN has VHZ indicated VVN it PP will MD follow VV up RP on IN the DT Commissioner NP s PP recommendations NNS through IN a DT range NN of IN measures NNS , , several JJ of IN these DT recommendations NNS have VHP yet RB to TO be VB addressed VVN , , either CC because IN of IN lack NN of IN funds NNS or CC lack NN of IN commitment NN . SENT Canadian NP Heritage NP has VHZ played VVN an DT important JJ role NN in IN co NP ordinating VVG the DT government NN s PP support VVP . SENT however RB , , achieving VVG full JJ co NP ordination NN among IN the DT many JJ federal JJ institutions NNS still RB represents VVZ a DT major JJ challenge NN . SENT To TO deal VV with IN the DT ever RB increasing VVG need NN for IN translation NN , , Canada NP s PP translation NN resources NNS must MD be VB increased VVN tenfold RB and CC translators NNS must MD be VB given VVN the DT technological JJ tools NNS they PP need VVP to TO boost VV their PP$ productivity NN . SENT The DT investments NNS in IN language NN industries NNS announced VVD in IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS should MD support VV this DT . SENT With IN the DT Internet NN growing VVG at IN such PDT a DT phenomenal JJ rate NN , , the DT Commissioner NP urges VVZ the DT institutions NNS involved VVN to TO make VV a DT concerted JJ effort NN to TO implement VV these DT measures NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Abroad RB In IN 1965 CD , , a DT study NN prepared VVN for IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP noted VVD that IN Canada NP s PP foreign JJ policy NN did VVD not RB incorporate VV linguistic JJ duality NN as IN a DT precept NN , , important JJ goal NN , , technique NN , , process NN or CC benefit NN . SENT 64 CD Of IN course NN , , 40 CD years NNS later RBR , , Canada NP s PP image NN abroad RB has VHZ changed VVN considerably RB , , and CC our PP$ foreign JJ policy NN has VHZ made VVN a DT point NN of IN stressing VVG Canada NP s PP bilingual JJ nature NN , , in IN particular JJ through IN its PP$ leading JJ role NN in IN the DT Commonwealth NP and CC the DT International NP Organisation NP of IN the DT Francophonie NP . SENT The DT Speech NN from IN the DT Throne NP on IN October NP 5 CD , , 2004 CD , , and CC subsequent JJ statements NNS by IN Prime NP Minister NP Paul NP Martin NP noted VVD that DT cultural JJ diversity NN is VBZ a DT key JJ aspect NN of IN Canadian JJ identity NN and CC a DT source NN of IN creativity NN and CC innovation NN . SENT 65 CD The NP Department NP of IN Foreign NP Affairs NPS has VHZ pointed VVN out RP that IN our PP$ ability NN to TO have VH greater JJR influence NN on IN the DT world NN stage NN is VBZ rooted VVN in IN our PP$ values NNS and CC the DT importance NN we PP place VVP on IN diversity NN . SENT 66 CD A NP recent JJ study NN by IN the DT Commissioner NP concluded VVD that IN two CD pilot NN projects NNS by IN the DT Department NP of IN Foreign NP Affairs NPS designed VVD to TO emphasize VV Canada NP s PP diversity NN and CC linguistic JJ duality NN open JJ diplomacy NN and CC Canadian JJ studies NNS have VHP proven VVN to TO be VB efficient JJ tools NNS for IN promoting VVG Canadian JJ interests NNS . SENT 67 RB These DT programs NNS have VHP shown VVN that DT linguistic JJ duality NN opens VVZ doors NNS for IN us PP , , sharpens VVZ our PP$ understanding NN of IN the DT world NN and CC encourages VVZ non JJ Canadians NNS to TO enter VV into IN a DT dialogue NN and CC do VV business NN with IN us PP . SENT Nevertheless RB , , these DT projects NNS might MD never RB see VV the DT light NN of IN day NN as IN full JJ fledged VVN programs NNS . SENT The DT Department NP of IN Foreign NP Affairs NPS has VHZ not RB yet RB managed VVN to TO translate VV these DT initial JJ successes NNS into IN a DT rejuvenated VVN diplomacy NN . SENT Its PP$ strategic JJ plans NNS and CC priorities NNS have VHP not RB been VBN modified VVN to TO put VV linguistic JJ duality NN at IN the DT forefront NN , , and CC several JJ of IN Canada NP s VVZ most RBS important JJ diplomatic JJ missions NNS still RB have VHP only RB a DT tenuous JJ hold NN on IN this DT fundamental JJ part NN of IN our PP$ identity NN . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT marked JJ tendency NN to TO reduce VV linguistic JJ duality NN to TO its PP$ cultural JJ aspect NN , , despite IN the DT fact NN that IN it PP embodies VVZ far RB more JJR of IN the DT Canadian JJ personality NN economy NN , , governance NN , , and CC so RB on IN . SENT Yet RB a DT great JJ deal NN is VBZ at IN stake NN here RB , , especially RB in IN terms NNS of IN our PP$ relations NNS with IN the DT United NP States NP , , where WRB so RB many JJ of IN our PP$ national JJ interests NNS are VBP focused VVN . SENT The DT Minister NP of IN Foreign NP Affairs NPS recently RB emphasized VVD the DT importance NN of IN explaining VVG how WRB the DT principles NNS of IN tolerance NN , , pluralism NN and CC the DT celebration NN of IN differences NNS have VHP made VVN Canada NP a DT unique JJ and CC privileged JJ country NN . SENT 68 CD We PP should MD also RB expect VV to TO base VV one CD of IN the DT major JJ pillars NNS of IN Canadian JJ foreign JJ policy NN on IN our PP$ experience NN in IN the DT following VVG areas NNS . SENT governance NN of IN linguistic JJ and CC cultural JJ diversity NN legislation NN , , policies NNS , , civil JJ society NN , , etc FW . SENT . SENT the DT ombudsman NN role NN and CC the DT promotion NN of IN language NN rights NNS Court NP Challenges NNS Program NN . SENT language NN teaching NN language NN training NN in IN the DT Public NP Service NP , , immersion NN , , bilingual JJ education NN at IN the DT post NN secondary JJ level NN , , etc FW . SENT . SENT language NN technologies NNS computer NN assisted VVN translation NN , , etc FW . SENT . SENT and CC bijuralism NN legal JJ co NP drafting VVG , , and CC civil JJ and CC common JJ law NN teaching NN and CC research NN in IN our PP$ two CD official JJ languages NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS To TO judge VV and CC protect VV Linguistic JJ duality NN also RB plays VVZ a DT role NN at IN the DT federal JJ level NN in IN the DT judicial JJ process NN , , the DT administration NN of IN justice NN and CC the DT protection NN of IN citizens NNS . SENT these DT three CD topics NNS round JJ out IN this DT chapter NN . SENT Bijuralism NN Despite IN the DT many JJ barriers NNS that WDT were VBD encountered VVN during IN the DT 20 CD th NN century NN , , Canada NP s PP duality NN has VHZ been VBN an DT ongoing JJ presence NN in IN the DT form NN of IN bijuralism NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , the DT co NP existence NN within IN Canada NP s PP borders NNS of IN two CD legal JJ systems NNS common JJ law NN and CC civil JJ law NN . SENT Although IN the DT Parliament NP of IN Canada NP is VBZ not RB required VVN to TO recognize VV bijuralism NN in IN its PP$ legislative JJ activities NNS , , it PP does VVZ take VV this DT into IN account NN when WRB it PP sets VVZ the DT rules NNS that WDT may MD affect VV private JJ law NN originating VVG in IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS . SENT This DT accommodation NN led VVD to TO the DT practice NN of IN co NP drafting VVG , , which WDT has VHZ proven VVN to TO be VB extremely RB efficient JJ and CC should MD serve VV as IN a DT model NN in IN other JJ areas NNS of IN government NN administration NN . SENT Canada NP has VHZ been VBN recognized VVN as IN an DT international JJ leader NN in IN . SENT the DT use NN of IN French JJ in IN common JJ law NN teaching NN and CC research NN . SENT the DT use NN of IN English NP in IN civil JJ law NN teaching NN and CC research NN . SENT the DT translation NN of IN procedural JJ rules NNS and CC judicial JJ decisions NNS . SENT and CC more RBR generally RB , , basic JJ research NN on IN legal JJ reform NN . SENT 69 CD The DT interaction NN between IN the DT two CD systems NNS and CC the DT need NN to TO harmonize VV the DT terminology NN used VVN in IN federal JJ legislation NN with IN both DT systems NNS certainly RB pose VVP challenges NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ still RB a DT need NN to TO improve VV bilingual JJ skills NNS in IN the DT legal JJ community NN and CC to TO create VV more JJR points NNS of IN contact NN between IN the DT two CD systems NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT administration NN of IN justice NN The DT administration NN of IN justice NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS has VHZ been VBN evolving VVG since IN 1867 CD . SENT 1867 CD . SENT The DT Constitution NP Act NP , , 1867 CD s PP . SENT 133 CD gives VVZ citizens NNS appearing VVG before IN the DT courts NNS of IN Canada NP and CC Quebec NP the DT right NN to TO do VV so RB in IN either DT English NP or CC French NP . SENT 1870 CD . SENT The DT Manitoba NP ct NP , , 1870 CD s PP . SENT 23 CD establishes VVZ the DT same JJ right NN in IN Manitoba NP . SENT 1970 CD . SENT The DT Criminal NP Code NP contains VVZ language NN provisions NNS Part NP XIV NP . SENT 1 CD that WDT allow VVP an DT accused VVN to TO be VB tried VVN by IN a DT judge NN and CC , , if IN appropriate JJ , , by IN a DT jury NN who WP speaks VVZ his PP$ or CC her PP$ language NN . SENT However RB , , the DT provinces NNS could MD still RB sidestep VV their PP$ linguistic JJ obligations NNS . SENT 1982 CD . SENT The DT Constitution NP Act NP , , 1982 CD s PP . SENT 19 CD 2 CD recognizes VVZ the DT right NN to TO use VV both DT official JJ languages NNS before IN the DT courts NNS of IN New NP Brunswick NP . SENT 1985 CD . SENT Parliament NP adds VVZ Part NP XVII NP to TO the DT Criminal NP Code NP to TO provide VV better JJR protection NN in IN the DT area NN of IN linguistic JJ rights NNS . SENT 1990 CD . SENT An DT accused VVN person NN s PP right RB to TO a DT criminal JJ proceeding NN in IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ official JJ language NN is VBZ proclaimed JJ in IN all PDT the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS . SENT Several JJ Alberta NP , , Nova NP Scotia NP , , Prince NP Edward NP Island NP , , Newfoundland NP and CC Labrador NP , , the DT Northwest NP Territories NP , , the DT Yukon NP Territory NP and CC British NP Columbia NP also RB incorporate VV some DT provisions NNS of IN Part NP XVII NP of IN the DT Code NP into IN their PP$ own JJ legislation NN relating VVG to TO offences NNS . SENT 70 CD The NP Commissioner NP noted VVD in IN 1995 CD that IN citizens NNS belonging VVG to TO official JJ language NN minorities NNS were VBD not RB receiving VVG an DT active JJ offer NN of IN services NNS in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN before IN the DT courts NNS . SENT 71 CD In IN its PP$ decision NN on IN the DT Beaulac NP case NN in IN 1999 CD , , the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP recognized VVD that IN the DT provisions NNS of IN the DT Code NP address NN not RB only RB the DT equal JJ status NN of IN accused VVN persons NNS before IN the DT Court NP , , but CC also RB the DT real JJ equality NN of IN official JJ language NN communities NNS . SENT Members NNS of IN linguistic JJ minorities NNS must MD therefore RB expect VV to TO receive VV equal JJ access NN to TO services NNS of IN equal JJ quality NN before IN federal JJ courts NNS . SENT 72 CD Despite IN these DT guarantees NNS , , a DT substantial JJ number NN of IN jurists NNS , , lawyers NNS , , judges NNS , , prosecutors NNS and CC legal JJ workers NNS who WP practise VV in IN provinces NNS and CC territories NNS where WRB French NP is VBZ the DT minority NN language NN are VBP dissatisfied VVN with IN the DT judicial JJ and CC legal JJ services NNS provided VVN in IN French NP . SENT That DT was VBD the DT finding NN of IN a DT survey NN conducted VVN for IN the DT Department NP of IN Justice NP in IN 200273 CD in IN response NN to TO studies NNS published VVN by IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS . SENT 74 CD In IN Quebec NP , , a DT study NN by IN J NP . SENT Jedwab NP reported VVD that IN only RB 41 CD of IN Anglophones NP in IN Quebec NP were VBD satisfied VVN with IN judicial JJ services NNS in IN 2002 CD . SENT 75 CD Twenty CD years NNS of IN administration NN of IN justice NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS is VBZ a DT theme NN that WDT might MD lead VV some DT to TO conclude VV that DT equal JJ access NN to TO justice NN for IN all DT Canadians NNS , , regardless RB of IN their PP$ official JJ language NN , , is VBZ now RB a DT reality NN , , a DT fait NN accompli NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT conclusion NN we PP are VBP not RB able JJ to TO draw VV in IN 2001 CD . SENT Morris NP Rosenberg NP former JJ Deputy NP Minister NP of IN Justice NP , , Deputy NP Attorney NP General NP of IN Canada NP , , address NN to TO the DT symposium NN . SENT POLAJ NP . SENT Twenty CD years NNS of IN administration NN of IN justice NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS Taking VVG stock NN and CC looking VVG ahead RB , , Ottawa NP , , November NP 23 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT Since IN then RB , , the DT Department NP of IN Justice NP has VHZ established VVN a DT Consultative JJ Sub NP Committee NP on IN Access NP to TO Justice NP in IN Both DT Official JJ Languages NNS that WDT is VBZ made VVN up RP of IN representatives NNS from IN the DT language NN communities NNS and CC members NNS of IN the DT legal JJ professions NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ also RB established VVN a DT Federal JJ Provincial JJ Territorial JJ Task NP Force NP on IN Access NP to TO Justice NP in IN Both DT Official JJ Languages NNS . SENT Goals NNS . SENT In IN most JJS regions NNS of IN Canada NP that WDT are VBP predominantly RB Anglophone JJ , , and CC in IN the DT non JJ urban JJ regions NNS of IN Quebec NP , , improvements NNS must MD be VB made VVN to TO the DT bilingual JJ capacities NNS of IN the DT judiciary NN and CC the DT judicial JJ system NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Public NP security NN Two CD institutions NNS come VVN to TO mind VV when WRB the DT subject NN turns VVZ to TO public JJ security NN , , both DT domestic JJ security NN and CC the DT protection NN of IN our PP$ democratic JJ values NNS , , in IN Canada NP and CC abroad RB . SENT These DT are VBP , , of IN course NN , , the DT Royal NP Canadian NP Mounted VVD Police NNS and CC the DT Department NP of IN National NP Defence NN . SENT Both DT institutions NNS have VHP made VVN their PP$ mark NN over IN the DT years NNS and CC have VHP contributed VVN to TO Canada NP s PP enviable JJ image NN around IN the DT world NN . SENT However RB , , both CC face VV a DT number NN of IN challenges NNS related VVN to TO linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Royal NP Canadian NP Mounted VVD Police NP RCMP NN . SENT The DT RCMP NN is VBZ one CD of IN the DT federal JJ institutions NNS that IN best JJS symbolizes VVZ Canada NP and CC is VBZ among IN the DT most RBS visible JJ to TO Canadians NNS at IN large JJ . SENT In IN addition NN to TO being VBG bound VVN by IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP , , the DT RCMP NN is VBZ the DT very JJ embodiment NN of IN respect NN for IN the DT law NN and CC reflects VVZ the DT role NN of IN government NN in IN everyday JJ life NN . SENT Since IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , the DT RCMP NN has VHZ certainly RB made VVN progress NN in IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , training NN is VBZ now RB given VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS at IN its PP$ Regina NP school NN , , where WRB some DT 40 CD of IN the DT instructors NNS are VBP bilingual JJ . SENT Every DT year NN , , a DT Francophone JJ contingent NN is VBZ created VVN . SENT Since IN 1993 CD , , communication NN with IN candidates NNS wishing VVG to TO enter VV the DT force NN must MD be VB in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT Unfortunately RB , , these DT advances NNS have VHP not RB prevented VVN the DT RCMP NN from IN being VBG the DT subject NN of IN many JJ complaints NNS , , inquiries NNS and CC language NN audits NN over IN the DT years NNS . SENT Most JJS of IN these DT complaints NNS have VHP involved VVN the DT quality NN of IN services NNS offered VVN in IN both DT languages NNS by IN RCMP NN detachments NNS acting VVG as IN municipal JJ or CC provincial JJ police NN forces NNS . SENT In IN some DT places NNS , , integrating VVG a DT body NN of IN municipal JJ officers NNS into IN the DT RCMP NN has VHZ proven VVN particularly RB problematic JJ with IN respect NN to TO language NN and CC has VHZ raised VVN issues NNS of IN linguistic JJ identity NN and CC staff NN language NN training NN . SENT The DT RCMP NN must MD ensure VV that IN its PP$ detachments NNS have VHP the DT language NN capacities NNS required VVN to TO effectively RB meet VV the DT needs NNS of IN the DT communities NNS it PP serves VVZ . SENT National JJ efence NN . SENT Within IN the DT timeframe NN of IN 100 CD years NNS , , the DT Department NP of IN National NP Defence NN saw VVD its PP$ Francophone JJ contingent NN steadily RB decline NN , , from IN 36 CD to TO 13 CD between IN 1868 CD and CC 1946 CD . SENT 76 CD Two CD events NNS played VVD a DT key JJ role NN in IN the DT subsequent JJ shift NN toward IN bilingualism NN within IN the DT armed JJ forces NNS . SENT the DT creation NN of IN the DT Coll NP ge NP militaire NN royal NN de NP Saint NP Jean NP in IN 1952 CD , , where WRB officer NN training NN was VBD provided VVN in IN English JJ and CC French JJ note NN that IN officer NN training NN was VBD centralized VVN with IN the DT move NN to TO the DT Royal NP Military NP College NP in IN Kingston NP in IN 1994 CD , , and CC the DT appointment NN of IN the DT first JJ Francophone JJ Chief NP of IN the DT Defence NN Staff NN , , General NP Jean NP Victor NP Allard NP , , in IN 1966 CD . SENT General NP Allard NP instituted VVD a DT number NN of IN changes NNS in IN the DT language NN of IN work NN and CC the DT participation NN of IN Francophones NP in IN the DT Canadian JJ Forces NNS . SENT Since IN the DT adoption NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP , , real JJ progress NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN . SENT Between IN 1966 CD and CC 1987 CD , , for IN example NN , , the DT proportion NN of IN Francophones NP within IN the DT ranks NNS rose VVD from IN 17 CD to TO 28 CD and CC within IN the DT officer NN corps NN from IN 9 CD to TO 22 CD . SENT 77 CD Nevertheless RB , , the DT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS receives VVZ numerous JJ complaints NNS every DT year NN relating VVG to TO the DT armed JJ forces NNS . SENT In IN the DT early JJ 1990 CD s PP , , for IN example NN , , a DT complaint NN lodged VVN about IN services NNS provided VVN to TO military JJ families NNS led VVN to TO a DT new JJ policy NN that WDT was VBD more RBR respectful JJ of IN the DT language NN spoken VVN by IN family NN members NNS . SENT There EX are VBP two CD official JJ language NN issues NNS in IN Canada NP s PP armed VVN forces NNS . SENT the DT recruitment NN of IN bilingual JJ officers NNS and CC their PP$ training NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Although IN the DT Canadian JJ Forces NNS adopted VVD a DT policy NN in IN the DT late JJ 1990 CD s PP requiring VVG the DT officer NN corps NN to TO become VV completely RB bilingual JJ , , this DT goal NN has VHZ yet RB to TO be VB attained VVN . SENT To TO reach VV this DT goal NN , , officer NN training NN at IN all DT levels NNS must MD be VB offered VVN , , whatever WDT the DT cost NN , , in IN each DT officer NN s PP official JJ language NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Conclusion NN The DT face NN of IN the DT federal JJ administration NN has VHZ become VVN bilingual JJ since IN the DT 1960 CD s PP , , as RB shown VVN by IN the DT list NN of IN achievements NNS presented VVN at IN the DT beginning NN of IN this DT chapter NN , , but CC there EX are VBP still RB many JJ obstacles NNS on IN the DT road NN to TO equality NN . SENT As IN the DT 1990 CD s PP showed VVD , , political JJ and CC organizational JJ changes NNS for IN example NN , , partnerships NNS with IN the DT private JJ sector NN , , devolution NN , , new JJ Web NP based VVN service NN delivery NN models NNS and CC budgetary JJ decisions NNS may MD undermine VV linguistic JJ duality NN , , and CC it PP is VBZ important JJ to TO integrate VV these DT changes NNS fully RB into IN the DT government NN s PP operations NNS and CC organizational JJ culture NN . SENT It PP will MD be VB necessary JJ to TO pay VV special JJ attention NN to TO the DT following VVG key JJ issues NNS in IN future NN . SENT Services NNS to TO the DT public NN . SENT The DT stagnation NN that WDT has VHZ characterized VVN the DT development NN of IN services NNS to TO the DT public NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS for IN the DT past JJ 15 CD years NNS , , particularly RB in IN areas NNS with IN fewer JJR minorities NNS , , must MD be VB overcome VVN . SENT Innovative JJ approaches NNS such JJ as IN single JJ windows NNS and CC Service NP Canada NP may MD be VB profitably RB employed VVN for IN this DT purpose NN . SENT The DT implementation NN of IN new JJ service NN delivery NN models NNS will MD make VV it PP necessary JJ to TO review VV the DT Official JJ Languages NNS Communications NPS with IN and CC Services NPS to TO the DT Public NP Regulations NNS . SENT The DT time NN seems VVZ particularly RB right RB in IN light NN of IN the DT Federal NP Court NP decision NN in IN the DT Donnie NP Doucet NP 78 CD case NN , , which WDT obliged VVN the DT government NN to TO review VV the DT Regulations NNS . SENT Language NN of IN work NN . SENT Despite IN undeniable JJ progress NN in IN public JJ servants NNS bilingual JJ capacities NNS , , language NN of IN work NN continues VVZ to TO be VB a DT priority NN because IN this DT capacity NN must MD be VB ongoing JJ on IN a DT daily JJ basis NN . SENT It PP is VBZ still RB necessary JJ to TO create VV an DT organizational JJ culture NN around IN language NN of IN work NN that WDT combines VVZ invigorated VVN leadership NN on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT government NN and CC its PP$ managers NNS with IN solid JJ institutional JJ bilingual JJ capacities NNS and CC strong JJ individual JJ language NN skills NNS . SENT Internet NP . SENT The DT Internet NN is VBZ both CC a DT medium NN for IN delivering VVG an DT increasing VVG number NN of IN government NN services NNS and CC a DT mirror NN reflecting VVG Canadian JJ society NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT The DT Internet NN is VBZ quickly RB entering VVG our PP$ lives NNS and CC it PP is VBZ important JJ to TO improve VV the DT quality NN and CC quantity NN of IN the DT English JJ and CC French JJ content NN found VVD there RB . SENT The DT government NN must MD co NP ordinate NN its PP$ support NN in IN this DT area NN more RBR effectively RB . SENT Canada NP s PP image NN and CC place NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT Canadian JJ experience NN in IN such JJ areas NNS as IN language NN planning NN , , translation NN , , joint JJ drafting VVG of IN laws NNS , , language NN technology NN and CC bilingual JJ education NN is VBZ recognized VVN and CC exportable JJ . SENT The DT same JJ applies VVZ to TO its PP$ expertise NN in IN governing VVG minorities NNS and CC building VVG a DT society NN that WDT incorporates VVZ linguistic JJ duality NN and CC cultural JJ diversity NN . SENT Within IN the DT context NN of IN the DT implementation NN of IN its PP$ new JJ policy NN on IN international JJ relations NNS , , Canada NP should MD promote VV its PP$ linguistic JJ duality NN abroad RB more RBR effectively RB , , not RB only RB to TO respect VV this DT fundamental JJ characteristic NN but CC also RB to TO help VV spread VV this DT concept NN around IN the DT world NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS CHAPTER NN 4 CD GROWING VVG AND CC LEARNING VVG Education NN is VBZ vitally RB concerned VVN with IN both DT language NN and CC culture NN . SENT educational JJ institutionsn NNS exist VVP to TO transmit VV them PP to TO a DT younger JJR generation NN and CC to TO foster VV their PP$ development NN . SENT The DT future NN of IN language NN and CC culture NN , , both CC French NP and CC English NP , , thus RB depends VVZ upon IN an DT educational JJ r NN gime NN which WDT makes VVZ it PP possible JJ for IN them PP to TO remain VV present JJ and CC creative JJ . SENT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP . SENT Book NP II NP . SENT Education NP , , Ottawa NP , , 1968 CD , , p NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT If IN linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ truly RB at IN the DT heart NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ identity NN , , the DT educational JJ system NN must MD transmit VV it PP to TO Canadians NNS from IN early JJ childhood NN through IN to TO the DT start NN of IN their PP$ professional JJ lives NNS . SENT Today NN , , Canada NP is VBZ close JJ to TO achieving VVG such PDT a DT vision NN . SENT In IN the DT educational JJ field NN , , the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS have VHP been VBN marked VVN by IN significant JJ progress NN . SENT PRINCIPAL JJ ACHIEVEMENTS NNS In IN the DT language NN of IN the DT minority NN . SENT The DT rights NNS to TO instruction NN in IN the DT language NN of IN the DT minority NN and CC to TO school NN governance NN are VBP now RB enshrined VVN in IN the DT Constitution NP , , and CC the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP controls VVZ its PP$ own JJ school NN boards NNS , , as RB does VVZ the DT Francophone JJ minority NN in IN the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP . SENT Communities NNS are VBP working VVG together RB to TO finish VV building VVG the DT Francophone JJ educational JJ system NN for IN minorities NNS . SENT A DT comprehensive JJ network NN of IN English JJ and CC French JJ early JJ childhood NN services NNS exists VVZ in IN Quebec NP . SENT University NP and CC college NN networks NNS have VHP been VBN established VVN in IN the DT official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT these DT helped VVD double RB the DT number NN of IN Francophone JJ minority NN graduates NNS between IN 1971 CD and CC 1996 CD . SENT In IN second JJ language NN education NN . SENT Second JJ language NN teaching NN is VBZ delivered VVN across IN Canada NP . SENT Innovation NN in IN teaching VVG methods NNS through IN the DT introduction NN of IN immersion NN is VBZ a DT model NN for IN the DT world NN . SENT A DT permanent JJ structure NN for IN language NN training NN in IN the DT federal JJ administration NN is VBZ another DT field NN of IN expertise NN recognized VVN beyond IN Canada NP s PP borders NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Progress NN in IN raising VVG educational JJ levels NNS From IN the DT outset NN , , we PP must MD mention VV the DT progress NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN made VVN in IN raising VVG educational JJ levels NNS in IN Canada NP , , in IN both CC the DT official JJ language NN majorities NNS and CC minorities NNS . SENT Figure NN 14 CD illustrates VVZ this DT progress NN by IN comparing VVG the DT incidence NN of IN low JJ educational JJ levels NNS in IN different JJ generations NNS in IN 2001 CD . SENT Canada NP . SENT In IN Canada NP as IN a DT whole NN , , people NNS aged VVN 25 CD to TO 44 CD are VBP little RB affected VVN by IN low JJ educational JJ levels NNS between IN 15 CD and CC 19 CD , , while IN people NNS aged VVN 65 CD and CC over RB are VBP strongly RB affected VVN between IN 50 CD and CC 67 CD . SENT The DT gap NN between IN these DT two CD generations NNS represents VVZ the DT progress NN that WDT has VHZ taken VVN place NN over IN the DT past JJ 40 CD years NNS . SENT Majority NN minority NN variations NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT variation NN between IN official JJ language NN majorities NNS and CC minorities NNS among IN people NNS aged VVN 65 CD and CC over RB , , especially RB between IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN 67 CD and CC the DT Anglophone JJ majority NN 53 CD outside IN Quebec NP , , but CC also RB between IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN 49 CD and CC the DT Francophone JJ majority NN 64 CD within IN Quebec NP . SENT These DT differences NNS are VBP also RB present JJ among IN people NNS aged VVN 25 CD to TO 44 CD , , but CC are VBP less RBR pronounced JJ . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT quest NN for IN educational JJ rights NNS This DT progress NN has VHZ only RB been VBN possible JJ because IN Canada NP s PP history NN has VHZ been VBN marked VVN by IN fundamental JJ inequalities NNS in IN educational JJ rights NNS , , and CC because IN it PP was VBD possible JJ to TO overcome VV these DT inequalities NNS . SENT Here RB is VBZ a DT brief JJ historical JJ overview NN of IN developments NNS in IN this DT area NN . SENT The DT British NP North NP America NP Act NP of IN 1867 CD gave VVD the DT provinces NNS jurisdiction NN over IN education NN but CC also RB protected VVN the DT previously RB recognized VVN right RB to TO denominational JJ schools NNS for IN the DT minority NN in IN Quebec NP Protestant JJ schools NNS and CC Ontario NP Catholic NP schools NNS under IN section NN 93 CD . SENT Catholic JJ schools NNS in IN Manitoba NP were VBD subsequently RB protected VVN under IN the DT Manitoba NP Act NP of IN 1870 CD . SENT Over IN the DT following VVG century NN , , Quebec NP kept VVD its PP$ constitutional JJ commitments NNS by IN supporting VVG the DT Anglophone JJ Protestant JJ school NN system NN . SENT The DT Anglophone JJ minority NN first RB gained VVD control NN over IN their PP$ schools NNS in IN 1846 CD through IN legislation NN guaranteeing VVG the DT denominationality NN of IN schools NNS and CC their PP$ governance NN by IN religious JJ school NN boards NNS . SENT In IN New NP Brunswick NP , , Manitoba NP , , the DT Northwest NP Territories NP and CC Ontario NP , , various JJ efforts NNS by IN governments NNS to TO sidestep VV their PP$ obligation NN to TO deliver VV education NN in IN French JJ led VVN to TO conflicts NNS over IN schooling NN 79 CD at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT 19 CD th NN century NN . SENT However RB , , these DT struggles NNS did VVD not RB prevent VV a DT progressive JJ decline NN in IN Francophone JJ school NN enrolments NNS . SENT The DT Francophone JJ minority NN in IN most JJS Canadian JJ provinces NNS was VBD thus RB deprived VVN of IN public JJ schools NNS . SENT It PP was VBD the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP that WDT first RB sounded VVD the DT alarm NN on IN this DT situation NN . SENT The DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP of IN 1969 CD was VBD of IN limited JJ assistance NN because IN it PP applied VVD solely RB to TO the DT federal JJ sphere NN . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , the DT language NN framework NN implemented VVN by IN the DT Charter NP of IN the DT French NP Language NP raised VVD concerns NNS in IN the DT Anglophone JJ population NN about IN constraints NNS on IN recruiting VVG students NNS for IN English JJ language NN schools NNS . SENT Minorities NNS had VHD high JJ hopes NNS that IN constitutional JJ reform NN would MD finally RB allow VV the DT spirit NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN to TO spread VV throughout IN the DT educational JJ field NN . SENT During IN the DT constitutional JJ talks NNS of IN the DT 1980 CD s PP , , organizations NNS representing VVG Francophone JJ minorities NNS worked VVN in IN vain JJ to TO obtain VV recognition NN for IN their PP$ vision NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN and CC the DT collective JJ rights NNS that WDT should MD be VB granted VVN to TO them PP in IN a DT new JJ Constitution NP . SENT 80 CD Commissioner NP Max NP Yalden NP actively RB supported VVD enshrining VVG language NN guarantees NNS and CC educational JJ rights NNS for IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS . SENT The DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS , , which WDT is VBZ enshrined VVN in IN the DT Constitution NP Act NP , , 1982 CD , , grants VVZ official JJ language NN minority NN parents NNS the DT right NN to TO have VH their PP$ children NNS receive VVP instruction NN in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN . SENT This DT constitutional JJ guarantee NN was VBD promptly RB interpreted VVN by IN the DT courts NNS to TO broaden VV access NN to TO English JJ language NN schools NNS in IN Quebec NP . SENT 81 CD However RB , , it PP would MD take VV the DT Francophone JJ minority NN another DT 10 CD years NNS of IN court NN battles NNS to TO win VV the DT right NN for IN parents NNS to TO govern VV their PP$ schools NNS . SENT Three CD key JJ decisions NNS by IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP interpreted VVD educational JJ rights NNS , , and CC the DT right NN to TO governance NN in IN particular JJ , , from IN a DT collective JJ rights NNS perspective NN . SENT the DT Mah NP v NN . SENT Alberta NP decision NN in IN 1990 CD , , the DT Manitoba NP Reference NN in IN 1993 CD and CC the DT Arsenault NP Cameron NP v NN . SENT P NN . SENT E SYM . SENT I PP . SENT decision NN in IN 2000 CD . SENT 82 CD Commissioners NNS of IN Official JJ Languages NNS were VBD interveners NNS in IN the DT cases NNS that WDT led VVD to TO recognition NN of IN minorities NNS right RB to TO school NN governance NN . SENT WHO WP IS VBZ A DT RIGHTS NNS HOLDER NN . SENT Under IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS , , rights NNS holders NNS are VBP Canadian JJ citizens NNS who WP have VHP the DT right NN to TO have VH their PP$ children NNS receive VVP primary JJ and CC secondary JJ school NN instruction NN in IN the DT minority NN language NN . SENT This DT right NN is VBZ reserved VVN for IN Canadians NNS . SENT whose WP$ first JJ language NN learned VVD and CC still RB understood VVN is VBZ that IN of IN the DT English JJ or CC French JJ linguistic JJ minority NN population NN of IN the DT province NN in IN which WDT they PP reside VV . SENT 83 CD and CC who WP received VVD their PP$ primary JJ school NN instruction NN in IN Canada NP in IN English NP or CC French NP and CC reside VV in IN a DT province NN where WRB the DT language NN in IN which WDT they PP received VVD that DT instruction NN is VBZ that IN of IN the DT English JJ or CC French JJ linguistic JJ minority NN of IN the DT province NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , a DT citizen NN of IN Canada NP whose WP$ child NN has VHZ received VVN or CC is VBZ receiving VVG primary JJ or CC secondary JJ school NN instruction NN in IN English NP or CC French NP in IN Canada NP has VHZ the DT right NN to TO have VH all PDT their PP$ children NNS receive VVP primary JJ and CC secondary JJ school NN instruction NN in IN the DT same JJ language NN . SENT Rights NNS holders NNS also RB refers VVZ to TO the DT target NN school NN enrolments NNS under IN section NN 23 CD . SENT As IN researcher NN Ang NP line NN Martel NP stated VVD , , In IN using VVG the DT parents NNS as IN the DT means NN by IN which WDT children NNS are VBP entitled VVN to TO educational JJ services NNS , , section NN 23 CD fosters VVZ the DT transmission NN of IN the DT minority NN language NN from IN one CD generation NN to TO another DT , , and CC consequently RB its PP$ collective JJ preservation NN . SENT 84 CD ALBERTA NP FRANCOPHONE JJ PARENTS NNS AND CC THE DT MAH NP CASE NN . SENT THE DT FIGHT NN FOR IN A DT FRENCH JJ SCHOOL NN In IN the DT early JJ 1980 CD s PP , , a DT group NN of IN Francophone JJ parents NNS , , including VVG Jean NP Claude NP Mah NP , , joined VVD forces NNS through IN the DT Association NP Georges NP et CC Julia NP Bugnet NP and CC launched VVD an DT epic NN battle NN for IN recognition NN of IN the DT right NN to TO a DT French JJ school NN in IN Edmonton NP . SENT What WP did VVD we PP want VVP . SENT What WP did VVD the DT parents NNS want VVP to TO achieve VV through IN their PP$ demands NNS . SENT A DT quality NN French JJ school NN . SENT That IN and CC that IN alone RB , , Mr NP . SENT Mah NP said VVD a DT few JJ years NNS later RBR upon IN receiving VVG the DT Prix NP Bor NP al NP on IN behalf NN of IN the DT parents NNS association NN . SENT At IN the DT outset NN , , neither CC the DT majority NN community NN nor CC the DT Francophone JJ community NN were VBD behind IN the DT effort NN . SENT The DT court NN victories NNS were VBD a DT relief NN to TO the DT parents NNS . SENT The DT Supreme NP Court NP s PP judgment NN in IN Mah NP v NN . SENT Alberta NP in IN 1990 CD stands NNS as IN a DT landmark JJ decision NN in IN language NN rights NNS case NN law NN . SENT The DT Court NP established VVD that IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS confirms VVZ the DT constitutional JJ rights NNS of IN minorities NNS to TO receive VV instruction NN and CC manage VV school NN facilities NNS . SENT A DT notion NN of IN equality NN between IN Canada NP s PP official JJ language NN groups NNS is VBZ obviously RB present JJ in IN section NN 23 CD , , the DT Supreme NP Court NP declared VVD . SENT The DT Manitoba NP Reference NN and CC the DT creation NN of IN the DT School NP Division NP validated VVD 100 CD years NNS of IN effort NN by IN the DT community NN on IN the DT Schools NP Question NN . SENT We PP were VBD right JJ to TO take VV up RP the DT fight NN in IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP s PP view VVP because IN education NN is VBZ paramount JJ . SENT L NP o NN Robert NP , , former JJ Director NP General NP of IN the DT Franco NP Manitoban NP School NP Division NP . SENT The DT right NN to TO school NN governance NN was VBD a DT major JJ step NN forward RB for IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN and CC an DT additional JJ guarantee NN for IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP , , but CC it PP has VHZ not RB yet RB been VBN fully RB implemented VVN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Exogamy NN A DT by IN product NN of IN ethnocultural JJ diversification NN and CC intermingling VVG in IN Canada NP is VBZ exogamy NN . SENT the DT union NN of IN spouses NNS with IN different JJ mother NN tongues NNS . SENT Exogamy NN is VBZ a DT growing VVG phenomenon NN that IN linguistic JJ minorities NNS must MD face VV , , especially RB in IN their PP$ schools NNS . SENT Between IN 1971 CD and CC 2001 CD , , the DT rate NN of IN exogamy NN in IN Canada NP increased VVD from IN 15 CD to TO 31 CD among IN minority NN Anglophones NP , , and CC from IN 24 CD to TO 37 CD among IN minority NN Francophones NNS see VVP Figure NP 15 CD . SENT Exogamy NN affects VVZ Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ minorities NNS differently RB . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , 59 CD of IN Anglophones NP living VVG in IN exogamous JJ unions NNS used VVD their PP$ mother NN tongue NN in IN 2001 CD , , a DT slight JJ decline NN compared VVN to TO the DT 63 CD who WP did VVD so RB in IN 1971 CD . SENT In IN the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP , , Francophone JJ members NNS of IN exogamous JJ couples NNS make VVP little RB use VV of IN their PP$ mother NN tongue NN . SENT 8 CD in IN 1971 CD versus CC 12 CD in IN 2001 CD . SENT This DT historical JJ tendency NN of IN mixed JJ couples NNS to TO prefer VV the DT English JJ language NN for IN their PP$ children NNS has VHZ been VBN a DT long JJ standing NN concern NN within IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN see VVP Figure NP 16 CD . SENT A DT recent JJ study NN by IN Rodrigue NP Landry NP 85 CD showed VVD that DT exogamy NN within IN the DT Francophone JJ and CC Acadian JJ communities NNS continues VVZ to TO be VB a DT destabilizing JJ factor NN see VVP box NN . SENT however RB , , following VVG the DT example NN of IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP see VVP following VVG section NN , , exogamy NN may MD be VB seen VVN as IN an DT opportunity NN to TO expand VV the DT target NN school NN population NN . SENT In IN Francophone JJ minority NN communities NNS . SENT the DT rate NN of IN exogamy NN is VBZ 37 CD . SENT 50 CD of IN the DT target NN school NN population NN comes VVZ from IN exogamous JJ families NNS . SENT and CC 25 CD of IN children NNS in IN exogamous JJ families NNS retain VVP French JJ . SENT 86 CD Communities NNS and CC school NN stakeholders NNS have VHP already RB started VVN developing VVG strategies NNS to TO exploit VV the DT potential NN that IN exogamy NN offers NNS . SENT The DT guide NN Tu NP peux NP compter NN sur NP moi NNS I NN m NN with IN you PP , , produced VVN by IN Franco NP Albertans NP and CC intended VVN for IN Anglophone JJ parents NNS in IN exogamous JJ families NNS , , is VBZ a DT good JJ example NN of IN this DT . SENT 87 CD Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT educational JJ challenges NNS facing VVG the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP In IN Quebec NP , , there EX were VBD nine CD Anglophone JJ school NN boards NNS in IN 2003 CD operating VVG 360 CD English JJ language NN schools NNS that WDT served VVD some DT 105 CD , , 000 CD students NNS see VVP Figure NP 17 CD . SENT The DT situation NN is VBZ less RBR enviable JJ than IN in IN 1971 CD , , when WRB there EX were VBD 30 CD Protestant JJ school NN boards NNS , , primarily RB for IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN , , and CC approximately RB 250 CD , , 000 CD students NNS . SENT THE DT CHAMBERS NNS REPORT VVP ON RP ENGLISH JJ LANGUAGE NN EDUCATION NN IN IN QUEBEC NP 1992 CD Between IN 1970 CD and CC 1990 CD , , the DT adoption NN of IN the DT Charter NP of IN the DT French NP Language NP and CC various JJ measures NNS by IN the DT Government NN of IN Quebec NP had VHD serious JJ consequences NNS for IN Quebec NP s PP English NP language NN community NN , , especially RB in IN the DT area NN of IN education NN . SENT Over IN 15 CD years NNS , , enrolment NN in IN the DT Protestant JJ school NN system NN , , composed VVN primarily RB of IN English JJ language NN schools NNS , , decreased VVN from IN 250 CD , , 000 CD to TO 108 CD , , 000 CD , , a DT drop NN of IN 57 CD . SENT To TO study VV the DT question NN , , the DT government NN of IN Robert NP Bourassa NP established VVD a DT task NN force NN chaired VVN by IN Greta NP Chambers NPS . SENT The DT Chambers NPS Report NP , , 88 CD tabled VVD in IN 1992 CD , , painted VVD an DT alarming JJ portrait NN of IN the DT situation NN and CC even RB raised VVD the DT possibility NN that IN the DT English JJ language NN school NN system NN would MD eventually RB disappear VV . SENT The DT report NN had VHD several JJ positive JJ outcomes NNS . SENT the DT English JJ language NN community NN became VVD more RBR aware JJ of IN the DT importance NN of IN becoming VVG involved VVN in IN order NN to TO gain VV greater JJR control NN over IN their PP$ future NN , , and CC an DT advisory JJ committee NN reporting VVG to TO the DT Ministry NP of IN Education NP was VBD created VVN . SENT This DT committee NN , , which WDT has VHZ been VBN chaired VVN by IN Ms NN . SENT Chambers NNS since IN its PP$ creation NN , , plays VVZ a DT key JJ role NN in IN managing VVG the DT English JJ language NN school NN system NN . SENT In IN 2002 CD , , a DT report NN by IN the DT Missisquoi NP Institute NP revealed VVD that IN 10 CD years NNS after IN the DT publication NN of IN the DT Chambers NPS Report NP , , the DT situation NN had VHD considerably RB improved VVN . SENT 89 CD The NP 1997 CD reform NN designed VVN to TO secularize VV Quebec NP school NN boards NNS reduced VVD their PP$ number NN from IN 30 CD to TO nine CD and CC placed VVD both DT Protestant JJ and CC Catholic JJ schools NNS under IN Anglophone JJ boards NNS . SENT As IN well RB , , Anglophone JJ school NN enrolments NNS dropped VVD by IN approximately RB 60 CD during IN the DT 1970 CD s PP and CC 1980 CD s PP . SENT The DT alarm NN was VBD sounded VVN by IN the DT Chambers NPS Report NP in IN 1992 CD see VVP box NN . SENT This DT significant JJ drop NN was VBD the DT result NN of IN a DT declining VVG Anglophone JJ population NN caused VVN by IN out IN migration NN to TO other JJ provinces NNS , , a DT general JJ decline NN in IN school NN enrolments NNS nationally RB during IN this DT same JJ period NN and CC a DT more RBR restrictive JJ definition NN of IN the DT entitlement NN to TO instruction NN in IN English NP . SENT Still RB , , since IN 1991 CD , , Anglophone JJ school NN enrolments NNS have VHP expanded VVN slightly RB , , but CC at IN a DT slower JJR rate NN than IN in IN the DT country NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT Moreover RB , , following VVG the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP decision NN in IN Solski NP Casimir NP , , the DT Quebec NP school NN system NN had VHD to TO be VB more RBR responsive JJ to TO the DT needs NNS of IN Anglophone JJ children NNS , , parents NNS and CC communities NNS , , while IN upholding VVG the DT predominance NN of IN French NP in IN Quebec NP . SENT The DT Supreme NP Court NP indicated VVD that IN although IN the DT Quebec NP linguistic JJ framework NN remained VVD intact JJ , , an DT excessively RB strict JJ , , inflexible JJ , , not RB to TO say VV mathematical JJ application NN of IN the DT Charter NP of IN the DT French NP Language NP does VVZ not RB make VV it PP possible JJ to TO reconcile VV these DT divergent JJ interests NNS , , which WDT are VBP all RB equally RB important JJ . SENT 90 CD Table NN of IN Contents NNS Recruiting VVG rights NNS holder NN students NNS The DT Anglophone JJ school NN system NN in IN Quebec NP is VBZ fairly RB successful JJ at IN recruiting VVG students NNS with IN section NN 23 CD entitlement NN . SENT According VVG to TO a DT study NN by IN J NP . SENT Jedwab NP , , almost RB all DT young JJ Anglophones NP 92 CD do VVP attend VV English JJ language NN schools NNS . SENT These DT schools NNS also RB recruit VV approximately RB 75 CD of IN French JJ mother NN tongue NN students NNS who WP are VBP eligible JJ to TO enrol VV based VVN on IN their PP$ parents NNS entitlement NN . SENT Exogamy NN thus RB supports VVZ Quebec NP s PP English NP language NN schools NNS . SENT This DT source NN compensates VVZ in IN part NN for IN declining VVG enrolments NNS by IN children NNS with IN English NP as IN a DT mother NN tongue NN . SENT The DT other JJ important JJ source NN is VBZ migration NN from IN other JJ Canadian JJ provinces NNS and CC , , to TO a DT lesser JJR extent NN , , immigration NN from IN abroad RB . SENT 91 CD The DT challenge NN of IN preserving VVG English JJ language NN schools NNS is VBZ more RBR acute JJ in IN remote JJ rural JJ regions NNS . SENT The DT depopulation NN of IN Quebec NP s PP rural JJ areas NNS is VBZ not RB limited JJ to TO Francophone JJ communities NNS , , and CC many JJ Anglophone JJ schools NNS are VBP now RB facing VVG declining VVG enrolments NNS . SENT Although IN rights NNS holder NN children NNS of IN exogamous JJ couples NNS represent VVP a DT source NN of IN enrolment NN for IN these DT schools NNS , , the DT survival NN of IN these DT small JJ schools NNS remains VVZ at IN risk NN . SENT Expanded JJ distance NN education NN could MD in IN some DT way NN address VV this DT situation NN , , as RB witnessed VVN by IN Distance NP Education NP and CC Community NP Network NP , , a DT project NN launched VVN by IN Quebec NP s PP English NP language NN school NN boards NNS and CC Quebec NP s PP Ministry NP of IN Education NP . SENT Today NN , , this DT network NN offers VVZ 11 CD on IN line NN courses NNS to TO more JJR than IN 200 CD students NNS in IN 25 CD schools NNS from IN eight CD different JJ school NN boards NNS . SENT 92 CD Table NN of IN Contents NNS Adapting VVG to TO diversity NN The DT Anglophone JJ school NN system NN in IN Quebec NP is VBZ facing VVG the DT need NN to TO adjust VV to TO an DT increasingly RB diverse JJ student NN body NN . SENT For IN example NN , , allophone NN students NNS currently RB make VVP up RP one CD third NN of IN enrolments NNS in IN English JJ language NN schools NNS in IN the DT Montr NP al NP area NN see VVP Figure NP 18 CD . SENT In IN other JJ regions NNS of IN the DT province NN , , students NNS whose WP$ mother NN tongue NN is VBZ French JJ represent VV a DT quarter NN of IN English JJ language NN school NN enrolments NNS . SENT This DT diversity NN requires VVZ schools NNS to TO upgrade VV their PP$ students NNS language NN skills NNS . SENT It PP also RB places VVZ the DT schools NNS at IN the DT forefront NN of IN redefining VVG the DT Anglophone JJ community NN s PP cultural JJ identity NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT educational JJ challenges NNS facing VVG the DT Francophone JJ minority NN The DT Francophone JJ minority NN acquired VVD governance NN of IN their PP$ schools NNS very RB gradually RB see VV box NN in IN Chapter NP 1 CD . SENT 93 CD New NP Brunswick NP set VVD the DT ball NN rolling VVG in IN 1978 CD by IN fully RB implementing VVG duality NN in IN its PP$ school NN governance NN . SENT However RB , , the DT New NP Brunswick NP experience NN demonstrates VVZ how WRB fragile JJ such JJ progress NN can MD be VB . SENT The DT government NN dissolved VVN all DT school NN boards NNS in IN 1997 CD , , intending VVG to TO replace VV them PP with IN advisory JJ structures NNS . SENT Facing VVG the DT threat NN of IN legal JJ action NN , , the DT government NN backtracked VVD and CC re IN established JJ homogeneous JJ school NN boards NNS in IN 2001 CD . SENT In IN Ontario NP , , the DT first JJ Francophone JJ school NN board NN , , founded VVN in IN Toronto NP , , ates NP back RB to TO 1986 CD . SENT Everywhere RB else RB in IN Canada NP , , Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS came VVD into IN existence NN during IN the DT 1990 CD s PP . SENT Only RB Nunavut NP has VHZ yet RB to TO grant VV full JJ school NN governance NN to TO its PP$ Francophone JJ minority NN . SENT Unlike IN in IN 1971 CD , , when WRB no DT legislation NN guaranteed VVD the DT Francophone JJ minority NN exclusive JJ control NN over IN its PP$ school NN boards NNS , , there EX are VBP now RB 30 CD Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS in IN minority NN communities NNS . SENT In IN 2003 CD , , these DT boards NNS managed VVD some DT 675 CD French JJ language NN schools NNS serving VVG approximately RB 146 CD , , 000 CD students NNS . SENT The DT Francophone JJ minority NN s PP school NN enrolments NNS have VHP , , however RB , , decreased VVD by IN approximately RB 25 CD since IN 1971 CD see VVP Figure NP 19 CD . SENT This DT has VHZ mirrored VVD the DT general JJ decrease NN in IN Canadian JJ school NN enrolments NNS occurring VVG during IN this DT period NN , , but CC Francophone JJ minority NN enrolments NNS have VHP failed VVN to TO recover VV over IN the DT past JJ 10 CD years NNS . SENT As RB discussed VVN below RB , , the DT primary JJ challenge NN facing VVG the DT Francophone JJ school NN system NN is VBZ the DT fact NN that IN it PP recruits VVZ only RB half JJ of IN the DT students NNS entitled VVN to TO its PP$ services NNS . SENT The DT reader NN should MD be VB aware JJ that IN in IN half NN of IN all DT cases NNS the DT target NN school NN population NN of IN today NN has VHZ lost VVN this DT constitutional JJ right NN to TO minority NN language NN education NN for IN their PP$ own JJ children NNS and CC for IN succeeding VVG generations NNS . SENT D SYM . SENT Adam NP , , Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , in IN A DT . SENT Martel NP , , Rights NP , , Schools NP and CC Communities NNS in IN Minority NN Contexts NNS . SENT 1986 CD 2002 CD . SENT Toward IN the DT Development NP of IN French NP through IN Education NP , , Ottawa NP , , Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , 2001 CD , , p NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Target NP Francophone JJ school NN population NN The DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS sounded VVD the DT alarm NN on IN the DT problem NN of IN rights NNS holder NN Francophones NNS as RB early RB as IN 1991 CD . SENT 94 CD Groundbreaking JJ studies NNS by IN Ang NP line NN Martel NP highlighting VVG the DT enrolment NN decline NN in IN this DT target NN school NN population NN between IN 1986 CD and CC 1996 CD , , predicted VVN that IN this DT downward JJ trend NN would MD continue VV , , and CC noted VVD that DT only JJ half NN of IN this DT population NN was VBD enrolled VVN in IN French JJ schools NNS . SENT In IN an DT update NN to TO these DT studies NNS , , Rodrigue NP Landry NP observed VVD the DT ongoing JJ decline NN in IN the DT enrolment NN of IN children NNS of IN parents NNS who WP are VBP rights NNS holders NNS and CC even RB noted VVD the DT troubling JJ fact NN that IN only RB one CD child NN out IN of IN two CD in IN this DT target NN school NN population NN receives VVZ French JJ as IN a DT mother NN tongue NN , , and CC many JJ of IN these DT will MD be VB unable JJ to TO pass VV on IN entitlement NN to TO their PP$ children NNS see VVP Figure NP 20 CD . SENT 95 CD Table NN of IN Contents NNS Early RB childhood NN Education NN starts VVZ at IN age NN two CD or CC three CD and CC not RB five CD , , as RB currently RB occurs VVZ in IN most JJS of IN Canada NP s PP school NN systems NNS . SENT Until IN very RB recently RB , , most JJS governments NNS have VHP neglected VVN the DT early JJ childhood NN education NN sector NN . SENT Only RB Quebec NP has VHZ taken VVN a DT leading JJ role NN in IN this DT field NN through IN its PP$ 1997 CD program NN to TO create VV low JJ cost NN childcare NN centres NNS . SENT This DT program NN also RB delivers VVZ services NNS to TO the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN and CC Aboriginal JJ communities NNS . SENT More RBR generally RB in IN Canada NP , , the DT federal JJ Department NP of IN Social NP Development NP and CC the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS are VBP pursuing VVG their PP$ efforts NNS to TO partially RB address VV the DT existing JJ needs NNS by IN developing VVG a DT national JJ system NN to TO educate VV and CC care VV for IN young JJ children NNS . SENT The DT Francophone JJ minority NN is VBZ concerned VVN about IN the DT future NN of IN its PP$ young JJ children NNS , , who WP have VHP access NN to TO few JJ resources NNS and CC services NNS . SENT Minority NN Francophones NNS believe VVP that IN they PP receive VVP a DT proportionally RB smaller JJR share NN of IN the DT country NN s PP childcare NP services NNS , , which WDT are VBP currently RB available JJ to TO only RB 8 CD of IN children NNS outside IN Quebec NP . SENT 96 CD The NP Commission NP nationale NP des NP parents NNS francophones NNS CNPF NP , , the DT Francophone JJ communities NNS national JJ spokesperson NN on IN the DT issue NN of IN early JJ childhood NN education NN , , reminds VVZ us PP that IN there EX is VBZ no DT point NN in IN rushing VVG . SENT we PP must MD start VV off RP on IN the DT right JJ foot NN . SENT 97 CD Given VVN the DT difficulties NNS that IN minority NN communities NNS face VVP in IN educating VVG their PP$ children NNS and CC passing VVG on IN their PP$ own JJ language NN , , such JJ tools NNS should MD already RB be VB in IN place NN . SENT No DT one CD today NN questions NNS the DT fact NN that IN the DT future NN of IN young JJ children NNS and CC the DT communities NNS to TO which WDT they PP will MD belong VV is VBZ being VBG played VVN out RP in IN early JJ childhood NN . SENT CANADIAN JJ PARENTS NNS FOR IN FRENCH JJ AND CC THE DT COMMISSION NN NATIONALE NP DE NP PARENTS NNS FRANCOPHONES NP These DT two CD organizations NNS have VHP impressive JJ track NN records NNS in IN the DT field NN of IN official JJ language NN teaching NN . SENT Founded VVN in IN 1977 CD , , the DT organization NN Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP CPF NP is VBZ a DT tireless JJ promoter NN of IN the DT teaching NN of IN French JJ as IN a DT second JJ language NN . SENT It PP wields VVZ considerable JJ influence NN over IN parents NNS , , school NN boards NNS and CC provincial JJ governments NNS , , with IN the DT goal NN of IN ensuring VVG that IN the DT largest JJS possible JJ number NN of IN young JJ Canadians NNS are VBP exposed VVN to TO French JJ language NN and CC culture NN . SENT The DT CPF NP is VBZ a DT key JJ stakeholder NN in IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS announced VVD in IN March NP 2003 CD . SENT One CD of IN the DT objectives NNS of IN this DT plan NN is VBZ to TO double VV the DT number NN of IN young JJ Canadians NNS aged VVN 15 CD to TO 19 CD years NNS with IN knowledge NN of IN their PP$ second JJ official NN language NN by IN 2013 CD . SENT This DT will MD increase VV the DT percentage NN from IN 24 CD to TO 50 CD . SENT The DT Commission NP nationale NP des NP parents NNS Francophones NP CNPF NP , , which WDT celebrated VVD its PP$ 25 CD th NN anniversary NN in IN 2004 CD , , has VHZ been VBN recognized VVN for IN the DT key JJ role NN it PP played VVD in IN implementing VVG school NN governance NN for IN Francophones NP outside IN Quebec NP . SENT It PP has VHZ received VVN support NN from IN provincial JJ organizations NNS and CC many JJ volunteers NNS , , and CC , , with IN school NN governance NN now RB a DT fait NN accompli NNS , , its PP$ efforts NNS have VHP clearly RB been VBN successful JJ , , even RB though IN we PP still RB need VVP to TO fight VV for IN our PP$ rights NNS before IN the DT courts NNS . SENT The DT CNPF NP is VBZ now RB concentrating VVG its PP$ energies NNS on IN implementing VVG a DT series NN of IN early JJ childhood NN initiatives NNS . SENT Its PP$ project NN Partir NP en FW fran NP ais NNS is VBZ designed VVN to TO meet VV the DT demand NN for IN childcare NN services NNS tailored VVN to TO the DT French JJ language NN and CC culture NN and CC to TO provide VV educational JJ tools NNS that WDT will MD help VV young JJ children NNS learn VVP . SENT In IN 2004 CD , , the DT two CD organizations NNS signed VVD a DT memorandum NN of IN understanding NN recognizing VVG both DT partners NNS commitment NN to TO the DT promotion NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN through IN the DT delivery NN of IN education NN in IN French NP . SENT In IN its PP$ Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP is VBZ proposing VVG to TO provide VV support NN for IN access NN to TO daycares NNS and CC preschools NNS as IN one CD means NNS of IN recapturing VVG the DT target NN school NN population NN defined VVN under IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Charter NP . SENT The DT CNPF NP has VHZ echoed VVN this DT federal JJ plan NN by IN suggesting VVG a DT goal NN of IN having VHG 80 CD of IN five CD yearold NP children NNS of IN parents NNS who WP are VBP rights NNS holders NNS enrolled VVD in IN French JJ language NN preschools NNS by IN 2009 CD . SENT To TO reach VV this DT objective NN , , it PP will MD be VB necessary JJ to TO co NP ordinate JJ early JJ intervention NN and CC provide VV universal JJ access NN to TO childcare NN and CC family NN centres NNS . SENT Given VVN the DT important JJ role NN that IN these DT centres NNS must MD play VV , , it PP would MD be VB useful JJ to TO integrate VV them PP into IN or CC physically RB connect VV them PP to TO the DT community NN s PP schools NNS . SENT A DT few JJ projects NNS are VBP currently RB in IN progress NN in IN Francophone JJ communities NNS in IN the DT West NP . SENT In IN Manitoba NP , , two CD pilot NN projects NNS involving VVG early JJ childhood NN and CC family NN centres NNS are VBP underway JJ in IN schools NNS in IN Saint NP Boniface NP and CC the DT village NN of IN le FW des FW Ch NN nes NNS . SENT Launched VVN in IN 2004 CD by IN the DT Coalition NP la NP petite JJ enfance NN francophone JJ , , which WDT brings VVZ together RB community NN organizations NNS , , the DT school NN board NN and CC the DT province NN , , these DT projects NNS are VBP benefiting VVG from IN close JJ co NP operation NN with IN eight CD provincial JJ ministries NNS . SENT In IN Saskatchewan NP , , the DT Association NP des NP parents NNS and CC its PP$ partners NNS from IN the DT R NP seau NN sant NP et NP soci NP t NN en IN fran NP ais NNS launched VVN the DT Enfant FW a DT n NN project NN in IN March NP 2005 CD , , which WDT is VBZ designed VVN to TO offer VV integrated JJ support NN services NNS to TO families NNS and CC children NNS , , combined VVN with IN primary JJ health NN care NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS An DT overall JJ strategy NN One NN of IN the DT priorities NNS of IN Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS in IN minority NN contexts NNS is VBZ to TO recruit VV the DT children NNS of IN rights NNS holders NNS . SENT The DT F NN d SYM ration NN nationale NP des NP conseils VVZ scolaires NNS francophones NNS FNCSF NP recently RB reviewed VVD the DT gaps NNS that WDT must MD be VB filled VVN to TO implement VV a DT comprehensive JJ Francophone JJ school NN system NN see VVP box NN . SENT A DT series NN of IN needs NNS relate VVP to TO the DT target NN school NN population NN . SENT recruiting NN students NNS , , promoting VVG the DT French JJ language NN , , welcoming VVG and CC guiding VVG exogamous JJ parents NNS and CC teaching VVG French JJ in IN preschool JJ . SENT In IN addition NN , , the DT Francophone JJ system NN needs VVZ early JJ childhood NN services NNS , , childcare NN and CC qualified JJ staff NN at IN all DT levels NNS . SENT School NN infrastructure NN remains VVZ deficient JJ in IN a DT number NN of IN school NN boards NNS . SENT The DT school NN community NN centre NN model NN , , which WDT has VHZ proven VVN successful JJ in IN approximately RB 20 CD locations NNS across IN Canada NP , , is VBZ one CD option NN see VVP box NN . SENT This DT model NN may MD also RB accommodate VV early JJ childhood NN educational JJ services NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ the DT advantage NN of IN bringing VVG schools NNS and CC communities NNS closer RBR together RB a DT crucial JJ challenge NN when WRB a DT community NN s PP vitality NN is VBZ at IN stake NN . SENT PRIORITY NN NEEDS NNS OF IN FRANCOPHONE JJ MINORITY NN SCHOOL NN BOARDS NNS 98 CD Promotion NP of IN French JJ language NN education NN , , and CC identification NN and CC recruitment NN of IN the DT target NN school NN population NN defined VVN under IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Charter NP . SENT Programs NNS for IN welcoming VVG , , supporting VVG and CC guiding VVG exogamous JJ parents NNS and CC teaching VVG French JJ in IN preschool JJ . SENT Early JJ childhood NN and CC childcare NN services NNS . SENT Language NN upgrading NN programs NNS improving VVG French JJ at IN school NN . SENT Equitable JJ school NN programs NNS , , especially RB at IN the DT secondary JJ level NN . SENT Construction NN of IN new JJ schools NNS and CC repair NN and CC renovation NN of IN existing VVG ones NNS . SENT Recruitment NN of IN regular JJ and CC specialized JJ teaching NN staff NN and CC administrative JJ staff NN . SENT Specialized JJ services NNS in IN French JJ for IN example NN , , special JJ education NN teachers NNS , , psychologists NNS . SENT With IN education NN remaining VVG under IN provincial JJ or CC territorial JJ jurisdiction NN , , educational JJ programs NNS and CC resources NNS available JJ to TO the DT Francophone JJ minority NN suffer VVP from IN a DT lack NN of IN consistency NN and CC equity NN . SENT This DT minority NN is VBZ therefore RB requesting VVG not RB a DT standardization NN of IN programs NNS , , but CC equal JJ coverage NN in IN terms NNS of IN quality NN and CC quantity NN as RB well RB as IN a DT national JJ strategy NN for IN developing VVG and CC distributing VVG educational JJ resources NNS tailored VVN to TO the DT minority NN s PP specific JJ needs NNS . SENT To TO overcome VV the DT challenges NNS outlined VVN in IN the DT FNCSF NP s PP study VVP , , a DT strategy NN is VBZ currently RB under IN consideration NN by IN the DT Table NN sectorielle NN de NP l NN ducation NN , , an DT organization NN made VVD up RP of IN the DT main JJ Francophone JJ community NN organizations NNS involved VVN in IN education NN as RB well RB as IN representatives NNS of IN the DT federal JJ , , provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ governments NNS . SENT This DT process NN should MD conclude VV in IN 2005 CD with IN the DT completion NN of IN a DT co NP ordinated JJ action NN plan NN for IN the DT full JJ implementation NN of IN section NN 23 CD . SENT 99 CD The NP Commissioner NP expects VVZ that IN the DT different JJ levels NNS of IN government NN will MD , , in IN accordance NN with IN their PP$ constitutional JJ obligations NNS , , join VV the DT school NN boards NNS and CC community NN organizations NNS in IN conducting VVG this DT exercise NN , , and CC that IN they PP will MD actively RB participate VV in IN implementing VVG the DT resulting VVG plan NN . SENT SCHOOL NN COMMUNITY NN CENTRES NNS . SENT A DT WINNING VVG FORMULA NN As IN its PP$ name NN suggests VVZ , , a DT school NN community NN centre NN houses NNS a DT school NN and CC community NN services NNS . SENT It PP provides VVZ access NN to TO specialized JJ facilities NNS that IN a DT school NN or CC community NN centre NN could MD not RB offer VV alone RB . SENT a DT bigger JJR gymnasium NN , , an DT auditorium NN , , a DT cafeteria NN , , audiovisual JJ equipment NN and CC meeting NN rooms NNS . SENT The DT goal NN is VBZ to TO maximize VV the DT resources NNS of IN both DT components NNS . SENT This DT co NP operative NN model NN is VBZ well RB established VVN in IN the DT Francophone JJ and CC Acadian JJ communities NNS . SENT The DT first JJ school NN community NN centre VV the DT Centre NP Sainte NP Anne NP in IN Fredericton NP was VBD established VVN more JJR than IN 25 CD years NNS ago RB . SENT Since IN this DT model NN met VVD several JJ needs NNS , , it PP was VBD replicated VVN first JJ in IN New NP Brunswick NP , , then RB in IN the DT other JJ Atlantic NP provinces NNS , , Ontario NP and CC the DT Prairies NNS . SENT Canada NP has VHZ approximately RB 20 CD school NN community NN centres VVZ there EX are VBP none NN in IN British NP Columbia NP , , Manitoba NP or CC the DT three CD territories NNS . SENT The DT model NN has VHZ proven VVN effective JJ in IN enhancing VVG community NN vitality NN , , and CC several JJ stakeholders NNS are VBP examining VVG ways NNS to TO make VV it PP even RB more RBR effective JJ . SENT The DT addition NN of IN early JJ childhood NN services NNS is VBZ one CD possibility NN . SENT Intergovernmental JJ co NP operation NN One NN of IN the DT key JJ factors NNS in IN the DT advancement NN of IN official JJ language NN teaching NN across IN Canada NP is VBZ intergovernmental JJ co NP operation NN . SENT The DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS created VVD the DT CMEC NP in IN 1967 CD as IN a DT collaborative JJ mechanism NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN a DT party NN to TO the DT Protocol NP for IN Agreements NNS for IN Official NP Language NP Education NP since IN 1970 CD , , along RB with IN Canadian NP Heritage NP . SENT It PP also RB administers VVZ programs NNS designed VVN to TO encourage VV young JJ people NNS to TO learn VV their PP$ second JJ official NN language NN , , through IN bursaries NNS , , monitors NNS , , and CC so RB on IN . SENT Over IN the DT past JJ few JJ years NNS , , the DT CMEC NP has VHZ been VBN examining VVG French JJ as IN first JJ language NN education NN through IN Canada NP wide JJ French JJ language NN training NN initiatives NNS . SENT 100 RB Its PP$ involvement NN has VHZ been VBN essential JJ in IN supporting VVG minority NN language NN and CC second JJ language NN instruction NN . SENT Several JJ approaches NNS contained VVN in IN the DT Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS strategy NN involve VVP the DT CMEC NP . SENT In IN general NN , , the DT CMEC NP should MD foster VV greater JJR co NP operation NN among IN its PP$ members NNS . SENT One CD of IN the DT challenges NNS that WDT remains VVZ to TO be VB met VVN is VBZ provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ accountability NN for IN their PP$ constitutional JJ obligations NNS in IN the DT area NN of IN official JJ minority NN language NN education NN . SENT As IN the DT Commissioner NP recommended VVD in IN her PP$ last JJ two CD annual JJ reports NNS , , Canadian NP Heritage NP could MD , , in IN this DT regard NN , , exhibit VV stronger JJR leadership NN among IN its PP$ provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ counterparts NNS , , in IN collaboration NN with IN the DT CMEC NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Second JJ language NN learning VVG One CD of IN the DT great JJ successes NNS of IN Canada NP s PP official JJ languages NNS policy NN over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS has VHZ been VBN second JJ language NN learning NN . SENT This DT success NN is VBZ primarily RB measured VVN in IN terms NNS of IN the DT approaches NNS and CC methods NNS developed VVD to TO teach VV and CC learn VV a DT second JJ language NN namely RB French JJ , , but CC also RB in IN terms NNS of IN the DT openness NN toward IN the DT other JJ culture NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN nurtured VVN among IN young JJ Canadians NNS . SENT Second JJ language NN learning NN must MD be VB viewed VVN as IN a DT lifelong JJ process NN , , with IN schools NNS giving VVG students NNS a DT useful JJ and CC necessary JJ foundation NN for IN this DT purpose NN . SENT Immersion NN . SENT Enthusiasm NN surrounds VVZ French JJ immersion NN . SENT Leading VVG specialists NNS in IN the DT field NN say VVP the DT results NNS are VBP encouraging VVG and CC that IN the DT Canadian JJ experience NN is VBZ viewed VVN with IN great JJ interest NN internationally RB , , where WRB Canada NP is VBZ seen VVN as IN a DT leader NN in IN this DT area NN . SENT 101 CD What WP research NN does VVZ show NN is VBZ that DT French JJ immersion NN works NNS . SENT Students NNS do VVP learn VV French JJ , , and CC the DT more JJR time NN they PP spend VVP in IN French NP , , the DT better JJR their PP$ skills NNS . SENT Students NNS also RB learn VVP English JJ . SENT In IN fact NN immersion NN might MD strengthen VV English JJ skills NNS , , though IN that WDT is VBZ not RB always RB the DT perception NN . SENT Creativity NN and CC divergent JJ thinking NN may MD be VB fostered VVN by IN bilingualism NN . SENT Thus RB decision NN makers NNS need VVP not RB fear VV that IN instituting VVG and CC continuing VVG immersion NN programs NNS in IN their PP$ district NN will MD harm VV students NNS . SENT N NP . SENT Halsall NP , , French JJ Immersion NN . SENT The DT Success NP Story NP Told VVD by IN Research NP . SENT Paper NN given VVN at IN French JJ Immersion NN in IN Alberta NP . SENT Building VVG the DT Future NP , , Edmonton NP , , November NP 1998 CD . SENT Quebec NP . SENT Second JJ language NN teaching NN of IN official JJ languages NNS is VBZ not RB yet RB compulsory JJ in IN all DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS see VVP table NN . SENT Quebec NP requires VVZ students NNS in IN the DT Francophone JJ majority NN to TO take VV regular JJ English JJ classes NNS from IN grade NN three CD 102 CD through IN to TO the DT end NN of IN secondary JJ school NN , , but CC English JJ immersion NN does VVZ not RB exist VV in IN the DT public JJ system NN . SENT For IN their PP$ part NN , , English JJ language NN schools NNS appear VVP to TO be VB playing VVG a DT significant JJ role NN in IN increasing VVG the DT level NN of IN bilingualism NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT Between IN 1991 CD and CC 2001 CD , , for IN example NN , , the DT rate NN of IN bilingualism NN among IN Quebec NP Anglophones NP increased VVD from IN 58 CD to TO 66 CD . SENT The DT rate NN of IN bilingualism NN among IN Francophones NP has VHZ also RB increased VVN , , from IN 31 CD to TO 37 CD during IN the DT same JJ period NN . SENT 103 RB MY PP$ VIEW NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Interview NN with IN Mike NP Long NP , , French JJ professor NN , , University NP of IN New NP Brunswick NP , , master VV s PP student NN at IN the DT Universit NP de NP Moncton NP I PP am VBP a DT product NN of IN Canada NP s PP second JJ language NN education NN system NN . SENT Enrolled VVN in IN late JJ immersion NN , , I PP learned VVD French JJ in IN New NP Brunswick NP s PP public JJ schools NNS . SENT When WRB I PP went VVD to TO Belgium NP for IN a DT two CD year NN stint NN , , I PP had VHD enough RB linguistic JJ tools NNS to TO function VV . SENT I PP teach VVP first JJ and CC second JJ year NN French JJ at IN the DT University NP of IN New NP Brunswick NP in IN Saint NP John NP . SENT My PP$ students NNS run VVP the DT gamut NN from IN complete JJ beginners NNS to TO those DT who WP are VBP very RB advanced JJ . SENT Progress NN depends VVZ on IN a DT person NN s PP desire VVP and CC level NN of IN motivation NN . SENT Students NNS of IN Chinese JJ origin NN are VBP very RB successful JJ . SENT I PP believe VVP this DT is VBZ because IN they PP already RB know VVP two CD languages NNS , , Chinese NP and CC English NP . SENT Young JJ people NNS are VBP very RB aware JJ of IN the DT economic JJ advantages NNS of IN bilingualism NN . SENT Over IN the DT past JJ 15 CD years NNS , , the DT face NN of IN Saint NP John NP has VHZ been VBN transformed VVN . SENT The DT Saint NP John NP that IN my PP$ parents NNS and CC grandparents NNS knew VVD was VBD essentially RB a DT unilingual JJ industrial JJ city NN . SENT Our PP$ call NN centres NNS have VHP now RB attracted VVN many JJ Francophones NNS , , including VVG Quebeckers NP who WP are VBP used JJ to TO being VBG served VVN in IN French NP . SENT Local JJ Francophones NNS tend VVP to TO avoid VV requesting VVG services NNS in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN . SENT French NP is VBZ now RB seen VVN as IN an DT economic JJ asset NN and CC not RB only RB an DT issue NN of IN identity NN and CC culture NN . SENT We PP are VBP feeling VVG the DT effects NNS of IN globalization NN here RB . SENT The DT organization NN Avantage NP Saint NP John NP Advantage NN works VVZ closely RB with IN businesses NNS . SENT It PP makes VVZ merchants NNS aware JJ of IN the DT importance NN of IN providing VVG bilingual JJ services NNS and CC seeks VVZ to TO promote VV networking NN and CC bring VV people NNS together RB . SENT Many JJ parents NNS are VBP intimidated VVN because IN they PP do VVP not RB know VV French JJ . SENT They PP must MD understand VV that IN they PP do VVP not RB need VV to TO be VB bilingual JJ to TO promote VV bilingualism NN . SENT Despite IN our PP$ progress NN , , much RB remains VVZ to TO be VB done VVN . SENT One CD of IN our PP$ major JJ challenges NNS is VBZ for IN bilingualism NN to TO become VV more JJR than IN a DT fa NN ade NP a DT bilingualism NN on IN paper NN but CC real JJ bilingualism NN . SENT A DT health NN centre NN may MD have VH bilingual JJ front JJ desk NN staff NN , , but CC the DT key NN is VBZ for IN its PP$ medical JJ services NNS to TO be VB accessible JJ in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT People NNS are VBP still RB too RB insecure JJ about IN language NN . SENT Too RB much JJ emphasis NN is VBZ placed VVN on IN technical JJ skills NNS , , which WDT tend VVP to TO be VB associated VVN with IN having VHG a DT pleasing JJ accent NN . SENT Interviewed VVN on IN January NP 27 CD , , 2005 CD FRENCH NNS AS IN A DT SECOND JJ LANGUAGE NN FSL NN PROGRAMS NNS IN IN THE DT PROVINCES NNS AND CC TERRITORIES NNS , , 2004 CD Y NN . SENT T NN . SENT B LS . SENT C LS . SENT N NP . SENT W NP . SENT T NN . SENT Nt NN . SENT Alta NP . SENT Sask NP . SENT Man UH . SENT Ont NNS . SENT Que NP . SENT N NP . SENT B SYM . SENT N NP . SENT S NP . SENT P NN . SENT E SYM . SENT I PP . SENT N NP . SENT L NP . SENT Compulsory JJ regular JJ FSL NP Optional JJ regular JJ FSL NP Immersion NN Source NN . SENT Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP , , The DT State NP of IN French NP Second NP Language NP Education NP in IN Canada NP 2004 CD , , Ottawa NP , , 2004 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cpf NP . SENT ca MD . SENT Elsewhere RB in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT regular JJ French JJ program NN is VBZ compulsory JJ in IN six CD provinces NNS , , but CC is VBZ an DT option NN everywhere RB else RB . SENT In IN some DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS , , French NP is VBZ an DT option NN alongside IN other JJ languages NNS . SENT The DT data NNS compiled VVN by IN Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP CPF NP indicate VVP that IN French NP is VBZ actually RB taught VVN everywhere RB in IN Canada NP . SENT French JJ immersion NN is VBZ offered VVN in IN varying VVG degrees NNS nationwide RB , , except IN in IN Nunavut NP . SENT Changes NNS in IN enrolment NN levels NNS . SENT The DT success NN of IN second JJ language NN learning NN is VBZ also RB gauged VVN by IN examining VVG increases NNS in IN enrolment NN levels NNS . SENT Figures NNS 21 CD and CC 22 CD on IN this DT page NN illustrate VVP Canadian JJ students NNS interest NN in IN their PP$ second JJ language NN . SENT Students NNS level NN of IN interest NN in IN regular JJ second JJ language NN programs NNS varies VVZ , , and CC enrolment NN in IN these DT programs NNS has VHZ been VBN dropping VVG for IN approximately RB 10 CD years NNS . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , immersion NN has VHZ been VBN growing VVG since IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , with IN a DT jump NN after IN the DT Charter NP was VBD adopted VVN , , and CC a DT slowdown NN since IN the DT mid JJ 1990 CD s PP . SENT However RB , , since IN 1984 CD 1985 CD , , the DT combined JJ immersion NN and CC regular JJ French JJ program NN participation NN rate NN has VHZ never RB dipped VVN below IN 50 CD . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT The DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS is VBZ based VVN to TO a DT large JJ extent NN on IN increasing VVG the DT number NN of IN bilingual JJ young JJ Canadians NNS . SENT This DT will MD require VV more JJR than IN reliance NN on IN immersion NN programs NNS alone RB . SENT As RB detailed JJ in IN the DT plan NN , , it PP will MD be VB necessary JJ to TO improve VV regular JJ French JJ programs NNS by IN , , for IN example NN , , inserting VVG intensive JJ learning VVG periods NNS , , enriching VVG course NN content NN , , emphasizing VVG conversation NN skills NNS and CC , , especially RB , , devising VVG ways NNS of IN evaluating VVG the DT extent NN to TO which WDT students NNS are VBP actually RB developing VVG their PP$ second JJ language NN skills NNS . SENT CPF NP is VBZ already RB considering VVG these DT challenges NNS in IN order NN to TO support VV attainment NN of IN the DT plan NN s PP objectives NNS see VVP box NN . SENT In IN the DT same JJ vein NN , , Canadian NP Heritage NP commissioned VVD a DT study NN by IN a DT group NN of IN experts NNS led VVN by IN Sally NP Rehorick NP . SENT 104 CD Based VVN on IN research NN and CC practice NN in IN learning VVG the DT official JJ languages NNS , , this DT report NN offers VVZ several JJ strategies NNS and CC promising JJ solutions NNS that WDT should MD be VB implemented VVN by IN all DT governments NNS , , in IN close JJ collaboration NN with IN stakeholders NNS in IN education NN . SENT CANADIAN JJ PARENTS NNS FOR IN FRENCH NP . SENT HOW WRB TO TO REACH VV THE DT FEDERAL JJ BILINGUALISM NN OBJECTIVE NN Participants NNS at IN the DT Visions NNS and CC Challenges NNS for IN the DT 21 CD st NP Century NP Symposium NN held VVN in IN Toronto NP in IN March NP 2004 CD discussed VVN ways NNS of IN reaching VVG the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP ambitious JJ objective NN to TO increase VV the DT proportion NN of IN young JJ Canadians NNS aged VVN 15 CD to TO 19 CD who WP know VVP their PP$ second JJ official NN language NN from IN 24 CD to TO 50 CD . SENT In IN the DT wake NN of IN this DT event NN , , CPF NP held VVD a DT series NN of IN provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ consultations NNS to TO identify VV strategies NNS for IN promoting VVG the DT social JJ , , cultural JJ and CC professional JJ benefits NNS of IN bilingualism NN . SENT The DT participants NNS were VBD unanimous JJ in IN their PP$ commitment NN to TO maintain VV the DT momentum NN and CC to TO work VV together RB on IN implementing VVG a DT series NN of IN recommendations NNS such JJ as IN promoting VVG the DT practical JJ career NN benefits NNS of IN bilingualism NN to TO young JJ people NNS , , encouraging VVG interaction NN between IN Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ communities NNS , , offering VVG a DT wider JJR choice NN of IN college NN and CC university NN programs NNS in IN French JJ , , and CC training VVG more JJR teachers NNS qualified VVN to TO teach VV French JJ as IN a DT second JJ language NN . SENT Source NN . SENT Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP , , The DT State NP of IN French NP Second NP Language NP Education NP in IN Canada NP , , 2004 CD . SENT The DT objective NN in IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP Action NP Plan NP s PP of IN increasing VVG the DT proportion NN of IN secondary JJ school NN graduates NNS with IN functional JJ knowledge NN of IN both DT official JJ languages NNS to TO 50 CD by IN 2013 CD is VBZ laudable JJ . SENT However RB , , significant JJ investments NNS and CC collective JJ action NN will MD be VB required VVN to TO achieve VV this DT . SENT Furthermore RB , , this DT represents VVZ only RB a DT preliminary JJ step NN that WDT will MD compensate VV for IN the DT decreases NNS in IN investment NN in IN the DT Official JJ Languages NNS in IN Education NP Program NP OLEP NP experienced VVD in IN the DT 1990 CD s PP . SENT Two CD years NNS have VHP passed VVN since IN the DT adoption NN of IN the DT federal JJ Action NP Plan NP , , but CC its PP$ implementation NN has VHZ yet RB to TO take VV off RP . SENT Canadian NP Heritage NP and CC the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS agreed VVD , , in IN early JJ spring NN 2005 CD , , on IN certain JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT next JJ Protocol NP Agreement NN on IN education NN for IN 2005 CD 2009 CD . SENT The DT delay NN in IN signing VVG the DT agreements NNS causes VVZ concern NN , , however RB . SENT The DT funds NNS allocated VVN to TO this DT program NN under IN the DT Action NP Plan NP were VBD not RB put VVN into IN use NN as RB quickly RB as IN they PP should MD have VH been VBN , , which WDT puts VVZ in IN doubt NN reaching VVG the DT Action NP Plan NP s PP objectives NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Post NP secondary JJ education NN Post NP secondary JJ education NN poses VVZ major JJ challenges NNS to TO official JJ language NN communities NNS , , given VVN their PP$ modest JJ size NN in IN each DT province NN or CC territory NN and CC especially RB because IN of IN their PP$ dispersion NN . SENT Not RB all DT provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ authorities NNS have VHP granted VVN special JJ status NN to TO official JJ language NN minority NN institutions NNS , , and CC many JJ have VHP hesitated VVN to TO support VV occupational JJ training NN . SENT Because IN of IN this DT , , federal JJ funding NN has VHZ been VBN key JJ to TO establishing VVG colleges NNS and CC supporting VVG the DT development NN of IN universities NNS . SENT Canadian NP Heritage NP has VHZ negotiated VVN special JJ funding NN agreements NNS with IN most JJS postsecondary JJ educational JJ institutions NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Colleges NNS Francophone JJ minority NN . SENT French JJ language NN colleges NNS have VHP a DT shorter JJR history NN than IN their PP$ university NN counterparts NNS . SENT The DT first JJ colleges NNS in IN New NP Brunswick NP date NN from IN the DT 1960 CD s PP , , but CC those DT in IN Ontario NP and CC Nova NP Scotia NP were VBD created VVN about IN 15 CD years NNS ago RB . SENT In IN Prince NP Edward NP Island NP , , Alberta NP , , British NP Columbia NP and CC Saskatchewan NP , , professional JJ training NN services NNS in IN French NP were VBD only RB developed VVN a DT few JJ years NNS ago RB . SENT Colleges NNS have VHP been VBN universally RB welcomed VVN as IN essential JJ tools NNS for IN community NN development NN . SENT In IN Ontario NP , , for IN example NN , , the DT Cit NP coll NP giale NP and CC the DT Coll NP ge NP Bor NP al NP have VHP met VVN urgent JJ needs NNS and CC played VVD an DT important JJ role NN in IN enhancing VVG human JJ resources NNS and CC communities NNS general JJ vitality NN . SENT The DT R NP seau NP des NP c SYM geps NN et FW des FW coll NP ges NN francophones NNS du NP Canada NP , , created VVN in IN 1995 CD , , is VBZ a DT valuable JJ initiative NN , , given VVN that IN Francophones NP in IN Quebec NP and CC the DT other JJ provinces NNS and CC territories NNS rarely RB work VVP together RB . SENT 105 CD This DT network NN currently RB includes VVZ 50 CD Francophone JJ CEGEPs NNS , , colleges NNS and CC post VV secondary JJ educational JJ associations NNS from IN across IN Canada NP . SENT The DT network NN promotes VVZ the DT resources NNS available JJ among IN the DT member NN institutions NNS , , and CC co NP ordinates NNS exchanges NNS and CC partnerships NNS designed VVN to TO deliver VV training NN both CC in IN Canada NP and CC as IN part NN of IN international JJ development NN projects NNS . SENT Given VVN the DT extensive JJ need NN to TO develop VV human JJ resources NNS in IN the DT Canadian NP Francophonie NP , , this DT network NN is VBZ destined VVN to TO play VV a DT larger JJR role NN in IN increasing VVG the DT accessibility NN of IN vocational JJ training NN , , especially RB for IN remote JJ communities NNS . SENT It PP should MD be VB noted VVN that IN most JJS provinces NNS and CC territories NNS still RB have VHP little JJ or CC no DT access NN to TO vocational JJ training NN services NNS in IN French NP . SENT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN has VHZ five CD English JJ language NN CEGEPs NNS and CC a DT few JJ private JJ colleges NNS . SENT The DT Anglophone JJ CEGEP NP system NN was VBD established VVN at IN the DT same JJ time NN as IN the DT Francophone JJ system NN . SENT The DT challenge NN facing VVG the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN is VBZ a DT downward JJ trend NN in IN enrolment NN in IN the DT Anglophone JJ CEGEPs NP , , a DT trend NN that WDT is VBZ also RB evident JJ in IN Quebec NP s PP Francophone JJ enrolment NN . SENT When WRB the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS was VBD being VBG developed VVN , , the DT Quebec NP Community NP Groups NNS Network NP recommended VVD that IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP provide VVP better JJR support NN for IN vocational JJ and CC technical JJ training NN initiatives NNS located VVN outside IN conventional JJ institutions NNS , , so RB as RB to TO provide VV remote JJ regions NNS with IN improved JJ coverage NN . SENT 106 CD Challenges NNS . SENT Like IN their PP$ university NN counterparts NNS , , official JJ language NN minority NN colleges NNS have VHP received VVN considerable JJ financial JJ support NN from IN Canadian NP Heritage NP under IN the DT Official JJ Languages NNS in IN Education NP Program NP . SENT New NP Brunswick NP and CC Ontario NP now RB have VHP strong JJ college NN networks NNS , , but CC similar JJ networks NNS must MD be VB extended VVN to TO the DT provinces NNS that WDT have VHP not RB benefited VVN to TO the DT same JJ extent NN . SENT Distance NN training NN and CC collaborative JJ initiatives NNS with IN other JJ types NNS of IN educational JJ institutions NNS schools NNS and CC universities NNS could MD support VV this DT development NN . SENT The DT Far RB Ouest JJS project NN , , begun VVN in IN January NP 2003 CD , , is VBZ a DT good JJ example NN . SENT This DT project NN helps VVZ to TO make VV French JJ college NN programs NNS available JJ to TO Canadians NNS in IN western JJ Canada NP . SENT The DT R NP seau NP des NP c SYM geps NN et FW des FW coll NP ges NN francophones NNS du NP Canada NP and CC its PP$ members NNS seek VVP to TO ensure VV that IN , , for IN example NN , , the DT work NN of IN Educacentre NP in IN British NP Columbia NP can MD benefit VV from IN the DT Cit NP coll NP giale VVZ s PP success NN and CC expertise NN . SENT Universities NNS In IN Quebec NP . SENT Some DT of IN Canada NP s VVZ most RBS prestigious JJ English JJ language NN university NN institutions NNS are VBP located VVN in IN Quebec NP . SENT McGill NP University NP , , founded VVN in IN 1821 CD , , enjoys VVZ an DT enviable JJ reputation NN around IN the DT world NN . SENT Concordia NP University NP , , a DT younger JJR institution NN , , is VBZ dedicated VVN to TO advancing VVG Canadian JJ bilingualism NN and CC multiculturalism NN . SENT Bishop NP s PP University NP , , a DT smaller JJR institution NN , , is VBZ devoted VVN to TO the DT liberal JJ arts NNS and CC is VBZ home NN to TO a DT varied JJ Canadian JJ and CC international JJ student NN body NN . SENT The DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP has VHZ access NN to TO three CD universities NNS . SENT In IN addition NN to TO Anglophones NP from IN Quebec NP and CC elsewhere RB , , these DT institutions NNS also RB attract VVP Francophones NNS and CC allophones NNS . SENT The DT latter JJ group NN represents VVZ an DT ever RB increasing VVG proportion NN of IN these DT universities NNS enrolments NNS , , while IN the DT Francophone JJ proportion NN appears VVZ to TO be VB stabilizing VVG . SENT The DT proportion NN of IN Anglophones NP decreased VVD from IN 60 CD to TO 55 CD between IN 1991 CD and CC 2000 CD . SENT 107 CD Given VVN the DT international JJ reputations NNS of IN these DT universities NNS and CC their PP$ deep JJ roots NNS in IN Quebec NP , , they PP build VVP bridges NNS between IN Canada NP s VVZ two CD official NN language NN communities NNS and CC between IN Canada NP and CC the DT rest NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT In IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN . SENT The DT university NN sector NN is VBZ one CD component NN of IN the DT French JJ language NN educational JJ system NN that WDT has VHZ undergone VVN enormous JJ changes NNS over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS . SENT The DT classical JJ colleges NNS that IN religious JJ communities NNS established VVN during IN the DT 20 CD th NN century NN were VBD the DT foundation NN on IN which WDT the DT Francophone JJ university NN system NN was VBD built VVN . SENT Secularized VVN in IN the DT 1950 CD s PP and CC 1960 CD s PP , , reorganized VVN or CC renamed VVN , , these DT institutions NNS are VBP now RB the DT Francophone JJ and CC bilingual JJ universities NNS operating VVG in IN Nova NP Scotia NP , , New NP Brunswick NP , , Ontario NP , , Manitoba NP and CC Alberta NP . SENT Since IN 1990 CD , , the DT Regroupement NP des FW universit VVN s PP de FW la FW francophonie NN hors NP Qu NP bec NN which WDT became VVD the DT Association NP des FW universit VVN s PP de FW la FW francophonie NN canadienne NN 108 CD in IN 2004 CD has VHZ been VBN made VVN up RP of IN 13 CD universities NNS working VVG together RB to TO improve VV accessibility NN to TO post VV secondary JJ studies NNS in IN French JJ , , to TO increase VV their PP$ research NN capacity NN , , and CC to TO promote VV existing VVG programs NNS nationally RB and CC internationally RB . SENT The DT growing VVG number NN of IN institutions NNS is VBZ not RB the DT only JJ indicator NN of IN progress NN . SENT a DT greater JJR variety NN of IN programs NNS is VBZ available JJ in IN diverse JJ disciplines NNS and CC at IN various JJ levels NNS bachelor NN s PP , , master VV s PP and CC doctoral JJ levels NNS . SENT Furthermore RB , , a DT growing VVG share NN of IN these DT programs NNS is VBZ delivered VVN through IN distance NN education NN in IN order NN to TO increase VV accessibility NN to TO education NN in IN provinces NNS or CC regions NNS that WDT do VVP not RB have VH university NN campuses NNS . SENT Progress NN has VHZ clearly RB been VBN made VVN . SENT 1961 CD . SENT The DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP reported VVD that IN , , in IN 1961 CD , , Canadians NNS of IN British JJ ethnic JJ origin NN male JJ non JJ agricultural JJ labour NN force NN were VBD twice RB as RB likely JJ to TO have VH a DT university NN education NN 12 CD as IN those DT of IN French JJ ethnic JJ origin NN 6 CD . SENT 109 CD 1971 CD 1996 CD . SENT The DT proportion NN of IN young JJ Francophones NNS outside IN Quebec NP between IN 15 CD and CC 34 CD years NNS of IN age NN completing VVG post IN secondary JJ studies NNS or CC obtaining VVG a DT university NN diploma NN more RBR than IN doubled VVN from IN 1971 CD to TO 1996 CD , , from IN 21 CD to TO 53 CD . SENT 110 CD 2001 CD . SENT The DT two CD youngest JJS generations NNS of IN minority NN Francophones NNS have VHP surpassed VVN their PP$ counterparts NNS in IN the DT Anglophone JJ majority NN in IN terms NNS of IN post NN secondary JJ education NN see VVP Figure NP 23 CD . SENT However RB , , the DT fact NN that IN Francophones NP over IN 45 CD years NNS of IN age NN have VHP a DT lower JJR level NN of IN postsecondary JJ training NN than IN their PP$ Anglophone JJ counterparts NNS reflects VVZ the DT inequality NN that WDT existed VVD until IN a DT few JJ decades NNS ago RB . SENT Research NN . SENT Valuable JJ bridges NNS have VHP been VBN built VVN in IN the DT field NN of IN university NN research NN . SENT Canadian JJ studies NNS centres NNS and CC programs NNS across IN the DT country NN and CC around IN the DT world NN play VV a DT role NN in IN improving VVG understanding NN of IN the DT nature NN of IN Canadian JJ duality NN and CC related JJ issues NNS . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ research NN institutions NNS studying VVG the DT issue NN of IN official JJ languages NNS across IN Canada NP . SENT These DT include VVP the DT Canadian JJ Opinion NP Research NP Archive NP at IN Queen's NP University NP , , the DT Modern NP Language NP Centre NP at IN the DT University NP of IN Toronto NP , , the DT Groupe NP de NP recherche NN en IN tudes NNS francophones NNS at IN Glendon NP College NP York NP University NP , , the DT Institut NP canadien NP de NP recherche NN sur NP les FW minorit NN s PP linguistiques VVZ at IN the DT Universit NP de NP Moncton NP , , the DT Centre NP acadien NP Universit NP Sainte NP Anne NP , , the DT Centre NP international JJ de NP recherche NN en IN am VBP nagement NN linguistique NN Universit NP Laval NP , , the DT Interdisciplinary JJ Research NP Centre NP on IN Citizenship NN and CC Minorities NNS University NP of IN Ottawa NP , , the DT Institut NP franco NP ontarien NP Laurentian JJ University NP , , the DT Centre NP d SYM tudes NNS franco NP canadiennes NP de NP l NN Ouest NP Coll NP ge NP universitaire NP de NP Saint NP Boniface NP , , the DT Institut NP fran NP ais NNS at IN the DT University NP of IN Regina NP , , the DT Ontario NP Institute NP for IN Studies NPS in IN Education NP , , the DT McGill NP Institute NP for IN the DT Study NN of IN Canada NP , , the DT Eastern NP Townships NNS Research NP Centre NP Bishop NP s PP University NP , , the DT Centre NP for IN Research NP and CC Information NP on IN Canada NP and CC many JJ others NNS . SENT Canadian NP Heritage NP and CC the DT Social NP Science NP and CC Humanities NNS Research NP Council NP have VHP recently RB established VVN a DT new JJ research NN and CC dissemination NN program NN related VVN to TO official JJ languages NNS . SENT This DT program NN is VBZ currently RB scheduled VVN to TO last VV only RB three CD years NNS . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT Advances NNS in IN post NN secondary JJ education NN over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS have VHP directly RB contributed VVN to TO enhancing VVG human JJ capital NN in IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT This DT , , in IN turn NN , , has VHZ enabled VVN these DT communities NNS to TO increase VV their PP$ economic JJ , , political JJ and CC social JJ resources NNS and CC thereby RB develop VV their PP$ communities NNS more RBR effectively RB . SENT The DT fact NN that IN Canadian NP Heritage NP has VHZ provided VVN considerable JJ funding NN support NN to TO post VV secondary JJ education NN through IN its PP$ Official JJ Languages NNS in IN Education NP Program NP must MD be VB emphasized VVN . SENT Since IN 1988 CD , , for IN example NN , , this DT department NN estimates VVZ that IN its PP$ special JJ support NN for IN the DT development NN of IN post NN secondary JJ education NN has VHZ exceeded VVN 175 CD million CD . SENT This DT estimate NN excludes VVZ the DT provincial JJ share NN , , which WDT generally RB doubles VVZ the DT amount NN . SENT 111 CD THE NP FONDATION NP ALMA NN BAXTER NP RICARD NP . SENT PHILANTHROPY NN IN IN THE DT SERVICE NN OF IN GRADUATE JJ EDUCATION NN The DT largest JJS foundation NN in IN the DT Canadian NP Francophonie NP outside IN Quebec NP was VBD created VVN by IN Mrs NN . SENT Alma NP Ricard NP of IN Sudbury NP . SENT As IN the DT wife NN of IN Baxter NP Ricard NP , , who WP made VVD a DT fortune NN in IN the DT communications NNS industry NN , , she PP bequeathed VVD 35 CD million CD to TO create VV a DT foundation NN devoted VVN to TO supporting VVG graduate JJ studies NNS . SENT Mrs NN . SENT Ricard NP died VVD in IN June NP 2003 CD at IN 97 CD years NNS of IN age NN . SENT The DT Fondation NP Alma NP Baxter NP Ricard NP offers VVZ Francophones NNS living VVG in IN minority NN language NN situations NNS the DT opportunity NN to TO obtain VV a DT higher JJR level NN of IN education NN , , in IN the DT best JJS institutions NNS in IN the DT world NN , , without IN becoming VVG indebted JJ . SENT Since IN 2000 CD , , the DT Ottawa NP based VVN foundation NN has VHZ granted VVN scholarships NNS to TO approximately RB 100 CD students NNS . SENT The DT scholarships NNS can MD reach VV 50 CD , , 000 CD per IN year NN over IN three CD years NNS . SENT Recipients NNS pursue VVP studies NNS for IN a DT second JJ bachelor NN s PP degree NN , , a DT master NN s PP degree NN or CC a DT doctorate NN in IN any DT university NN discipline NN . SENT The DT scholarship NN recipients NNS attend VVP some DT of IN the DT most RBS prestigious JJ universities NNS in IN the DT world NN . SENT The DT Fondation NP Ricard NP encourages VVZ scholarship NN recipients NNS to TO return VV to TO Francophone JJ and CC Acadian JJ communities NNS after IN completing VVG their PP$ studies NNS so RB that IN these DT communities NNS may MD benefit VV from IN their PP$ training NN . SENT Communities NNS , , especially RB Francophone JJ and CC Acadian JJ ones NNS , , continue VVP to TO have VH significant JJ postsecondary JJ needs NNS . SENT French JJ school NN boards NNS outside IN Quebec NP express VVP the DT belief NN that IN the DT problems NNS that WDT exist VVP in IN retaining VVG students NNS once IN they PP move VVP to TO secondary JJ school NN have VHP to TO deal VV with IN the DT fact NN that IN there EX are VBP few JJ opportunities NNS to TO continue VV their PP$ studies NNS in IN French JJ at IN the DT postsecondary JJ level NN . SENT 112 CD This DT lack NN of IN options NNS would MD make VV them PP turn VV towards IN secondary JJ and CC postsecondary JJ education NN in IN English NP . SENT Finally RB , , we PP note VVP that IN it PP is VBZ necessary JJ to TO pursue VV research NN , , in IN the DT spirit NN of IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP , , on IN official JJ language NN issues NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Distance NP learning VVG In IN an DT age NN of IN clicks NNS and CC mortar NN , , educators NNS may MD deliver VV training NN , , and CC students NNS may MD learn VV , , anywhere RB in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT revolution NN in IN communications NNS technologies NNS that WDT has VHZ occurred VVN is VBZ a DT major JJ asset NN for IN remote JJ official JJ language NN communities NNS . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , several JJ Anglophone JJ school NN boards NNS are VBP participating VVG in IN the DT Distance NP Education NP and CC Community NP Network NP and CC thus RB sharing VVG distance NN education NN resources NNS . SENT On IN the DT Francophone JJ side NN , , several JJ educational JJ organizations NNS colleges NNS , , universities NNS , , school NN boards NNS , , ministries NNS , , television NN channels NNS have VHP joined VVN forces NNS in IN the DT R NN seau NN d SYM enseignement NN francophone JJ distance NN du NP Canada NP REFAD NP , , which WDT is VBZ helping VVG to TO develop VV skills NNS and CC resources NNS in IN this DT sector NN . SENT 113 CD If IN increasing VVG the DT accessibility NN to TO education NN and CC training NN for IN the DT entire JJ Canadian JJ population NN is VBZ a DT priority NN , , investments NNS in IN distance NN learning NN will MD definitely RB be VB required VVN and CC resources NNS in IN this DT area NN will MD have VH to TO be VB shared VVN . SENT For IN its PP$ part NN , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP will MD have VH to TO ensure VV that DT official JJ language NN minorities NNS benefit VVP equitably RB from IN these DT new JJ resources NNS . SENT Did VVD you PP know VVP that IN . SENT . SENT . SENT Distance NN learning NN . SENT The DT new JJ Universit NP Sainte NP Anne NP in IN Nova NP Scotia NP , , which WDT emerged VVD from IN this DT university NN s PP amalgamation NN with IN the DT Coll NP ge NP de NP l NN Acadie NP in IN 2003 CD , , relies VVZ heavily RB on IN distance NN learning NN . SENT It PP has VHZ six CD campuses NNS in IN Nova NP Scotia NP and CC one CD in IN Prince NP Edward NP Island NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Language NP training VVG We PP close JJ with IN a DT discussion NN of IN another DT major JJ aspect NN of IN the DT development NN of IN Canadian JJ duality NN the DT delivery NN of IN language NN training NN to TO employees NNS in IN the DT federal JJ Public NP Service NP . SENT Since IN its PP$ launch NN in IN 1964 CD , , language NN training NN has VHZ experienced VVN its PP$ ups NNS and CC downs NNS , , but CC it PP is VBZ unquestionably RB relevant JJ to TO meeting VVG the DT objectives NNS of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT The DT first JJ federal JJ language NN school NN in IN 1964 CD had VHD 117 CD federal JJ public JJ servants NNS enrolled VVD . SENT 67 CD in IN French JJ and CC 50 CD in IN English NP . SENT 114 CD The DT program NN quickly RB expanded VVN as IN Canadian JJ language NN policy NN took VVD shape NN . SENT When WRB the DT Official JJ Languages NNS Act NP was VBD passed VVN in IN 1969 CD , , 6 CD , , 000 CD learners NNS were VBD enrolled VVN in IN the DT language NN training NN program NN 5 CD , , 000 CD in IN French JJ , , 1 CD , , 000 CD in IN English NP . SENT When WRB the DT new JJ act NN was VBD passed VVN in IN 1988 CD , , nearly RB 19 CD , , 000 CD learners NNS 16 CD , , 000 CD in IN French JJ , , 3 CD , , 000 CD in IN English NP were VBD enrolled VVN . SENT During IN the DT 1990 CD s PP , , the DT combined JJ effect NN of IN budget NN cuts NNS and CC a DT smaller JJR public JJ service NN caused VVD the DT language NN training NN program NN to TO shrink VV . SENT It PP is VBZ estimated VVN that IN some DT 5 CD , , 000 CD public JJ servants NNS are VBP currently RB taking VVG language NN courses NNS in IN the DT National NP Capital NP Region NN alone RB . SENT French NP is VBZ taught VVN in IN the DT vast JJ majority NN of IN these DT courses NNS , , with IN about RB 150 CD students NNS learning VVG English NP . SENT These DT data NNS include VVP the DT training NN provided VVN by IN the DT private JJ sector NN , , which WDT has VHZ been VBN handling VVG a DT portion NN of IN language NN training NN needs VVZ since IN the DT government NN allowed VVD access NN to TO this DT market NN at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT 1980 CD s PP . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT The DT results NNS of IN language NN training NN have VHP , , nonetheless RB , , proven JJ unsatisfactory JJ , , since IN learners NNS make VVP little RB use VV of IN their PP$ second JJ language NN at IN work NN . SENT The DT Commissioner NP has VHZ recommended VVN that IN the DT Centre NP for IN Language NP Training NP of IN the DT Canada NP School NP of IN the DT Public NP Service NP review VV its PP$ approach NN in IN order NN to TO more RBR closely RB align VV language NN learning VVG with IN workplace NN needs NNS . SENT 115 CD To TO accomplish VV this DT , , it PP would MD be VB useful JJ to TO combine VV theoretical JJ training NN with IN work NN placements NNS in IN contexts NNS where WRB the DT language NN being VBG learned VVN is VBZ used VVN . SENT Moreover RB , , each DT department NN must MD integrate VV language NN training NN needs VVZ into IN its PP$ training NN and CC retraining VVG plans NNS . SENT It PP should MD be VB mentioned VVN that IN the DT school NN , , in IN conjunction NN with IN the DT Public NP Service NP Human NP Resources NPS Management NP Agency NP of IN Canada NP and CC the DT Public NP Service NP Commission NP , , has VHZ currently RB launched VVN such PDT a DT review NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Conclusion NN Education NP is VBZ one CD of IN the DT sectors NNS that WDT have VHP made VVN solid JJ progress NN toward IN linguistic JJ duality NN over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS , , as RB shown VVN in IN the DT achievements NNS listed VVN at IN the DT beginning NN of IN this DT chapter NN . SENT Still RB , , official JJ language NN minorities NNS did VVD have VH enormous JJ expectations NNS for IN change NN , , and CC many JJ issues NNS remain VVP unresolved JJ . SENT The DT main JJ ones NNS include VVP . SENT Francophone JJ rights NNS holders NNS . SENT At IN present JJ , , the DT Francophone JJ minority NN recruits VVZ only RB about IN one CD half NN of IN the DT target NN school NN population NN defined VVN under IN section NN 23 CD . SENT Prompt JJ action NN is VBZ therefore RB required VVN to TO support VV initiatives NNS to TO identify VV , , recruit VV and CC retain VV this DT target NN school NN population NN , , to TO avoid VV seeing VVG education NN rights NNS gradually RB extinguished VVN . SENT Early JJ childhood NN . SENT Early JJ childhood NN services NNS receive VVP across IN the DT board NN support NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT Elsewhere RB , , federal JJ , , provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ governments NNS are VBP still RB in IN the DT process NN of IN negotiating VVG a DT strategy NN on IN childcare NN services NNS . SENT This DT will MD address VV only RB some DT of IN the DT needs NNS that WDT must MD be VB met VVN to TO give VV young JJ children NNS a DT fair JJ start NN in IN life NN . SENT The DT issue NN of IN early JJ childhood NN and CC family NN services NNS is VBZ especially RB crucial JJ to TO the DT Francophone JJ minority NN , , and CC any DT intergovernmental JJ strategy NN in IN this DT field NN must MD take VV this DT fact NN into IN account NN . SENT Comprehensive JJ Francophone JJ school NN system NN . SENT Francophone JJ minority NN communities NNS and CC their PP$ school NN boards NNS have VHP revived VVN the DT idea NN , , originally RB envisioned VVN by IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP , , of IN a DT comprehensive JJ school NN system NN serving VVG their PP$ minority NN . SENT It PP is VBZ important JJ for IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS , , under IN the DT leadership NN of IN the DT Council NP of IN the DT Ministers NPS of IN Education NP , , Canada NP CMEC NP and CC the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP , , to TO co NP operate VV actively RB on IN the DT strategy NN currently RB under IN development NN to TO meet VV this DT need NN . SENT Concerted JJ action NN by IN communities NNS and CC government NN is VBZ essential JJ to TO achieve VV the DT mission NN set VVD out RP in IN section NN 23 CD . SENT English JJ language NN schools NNS open JJ to TO diversity NN . SENT Although IN Quebec NP s PP English NP language NN schools NNS have VHP experienced VVN significant JJ enrolment NN decreases NNS , , their PP$ numbers NNS now RB appear VVP to TO be VB stabilizing VVG . SENT Their PP$ student NN body NN is VBZ culturally RB diverse JJ , , especially RB in IN the DT Montr NP al NP area NN . SENT Schools NNS must MD obtain VV the DT support NN needed VVN in IN order NN to TO accommodate VV this DT diversity NN , , which WDT at IN the DT same JJ time NN is VBZ redefining VVG the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN s PP collective JJ identity NN . SENT Post NP secondary JJ education NN . SENT An DT overview NN of IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS demonstrates VVZ the DT enormous JJ strides NNS taken VVN in IN establishing VVG college NN and CC university NN systems NNS in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT However RB , , more RBR remains VVZ to TO be VB done VVN to TO broaden VV access NN to TO education NN and CC technical JJ and CC professional JJ training NN by IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS . SENT In IN several JJ provinces NNS and CC territories NNS , , existing VVG institutions NNS continue VVP to TO receive VV insufficient JJ funding NN . SENT elsewhere RB , , there EX are VBP too RB few JJ institutions NNS , , and CC even RB remote JJ access NN remains VVZ inadequate JJ . SENT More RBR generally RB , , research NN capabilities NNS related VVN to TO official JJ language NN issues NNS must MD be VB expanded VVN . SENT In IN second JJ language NN teaching NN , , the DT experimental JJ French JJ immersion NN initiatives NNS conducted VVN in IN Saint NP Lambert NP , , Quebec NP , , in IN the DT 1960 CD s PP represented VVD giant JJ steps NNS forward RB . SENT Today NN , , more JJR than IN two CD million CD Canadian JJ students NNS are VBP learning VVG their PP$ second JJ language NN at IN school NN . SENT However RB , , second JJ language NN education NN issues NNS remain VVP to TO be VB addressed VVN . SENT These DT include VVP . SENT Official JJ languages NNS teaching NN . SENT Despite IN its PP$ popularity NN and CC effectiveness NN in IN second JJ language NN teaching NN , , immersion NN cannot NN meet VV all DT needs NNS . SENT Core JJ French JJ and CC English JJ teaching NN methods NNS and CC motivational JJ factors NNS must MD also RB be VB improved VVN . SENT In IN particular JJ , , a DT better JJR job NN must MD be VB done VVN explaining VVG and CC promoting VVG the DT benefits NNS of IN bilingualism NN to TO young JJ people NNS as RB well RB as IN their PP$ parents NNS . SENT Language NN training NN . SENT Language NN training NN in IN the DT federal JJ administration NN has VHZ a DT long JJ track NN record NN , , but CC ongoing JJ support NN must MD be VB provided VVN for IN its PP$ renewal NN . SENT It PP must MD meet VV the DT growing VVG need NN for IN bilingual JJ skills NNS and CC be VB more RBR effectively RB integrated VVN into IN the DT workplace NN and CC public JJ servants NNS career NN development NN . SENT In IN closing NN , , we PP must MD keep VV in IN mind NN that IN , , although IN the DT introduction NN of IN the DT 2003 CD Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS represented VVD a DT high JJ point NN in IN the DT development NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN , , this DT plan NN is VBZ still RB in IN its PP$ early JJ stages NNS . SENT Where WRB its PP$ objectives NNS are VBP laudable JJ , , the DT plan NN is VBZ not RB yet RB off IN the DT ground NN , , particularly RB with IN respect NN to TO education NN and CC teaching NN . SENT The DT promised JJ progress NN has VHZ yet RB to TO materialize VV . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP must MD be VB urged VVN to TO effectively RB support VV the DT provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ governments NNS in IN their PP$ educational JJ mission NN so RB that IN the DT plan NN s PP objectives NNS can MD be VB achieved VVN . SENT Although IN education NN is VBZ an DT area NN of IN provincial JJ jurisdiction NN , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP must MD fully RB assume VV its PP$ role NN as IN catalyst NN and CC leader NN , , taking VVG into IN account NN its PP$ constitutional JJ obligation NN to TO protect VV minorities NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS CHAPTER NN 5 CD COMMUNICATING VVG AND CC CREATING VVG The DT individual NN must MD therefore RB be VB able JJ to TO find VV , , at IN all DT levels NNS of IN human JJ activity NN , , a DT setting NN which WDT will MD permit VV him PP to TO develop VV , , to TO express VV himself PP , , and CC to TO create VV in IN accordance NN with IN his PP$ own JJ culture NN . SENT He PP should MD not RB be VB obliged VVN , , should MD he PP wish VVP to TO progress VV beyond IN a DT certain JJ stage NN , , to TO become VV so RB much RB a DT part NN of IN an DT alien JJ setting NN that IN he PP is VBZ absorbed VVN , , and CC thereby RB eventually RB ceases VVZ to TO contribute VV to TO the DT cultural JJ advancement NN of IN his PP$ own JJ group NN . SENT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP . SENT General JJ Introduction NN and CC Book NN I PP . SENT The DT Official JJ Languages NNS , , Ottawa NP , , 1967 CD , , p NN . SENT xii NNS . SENT Like IN other JJ modern JJ societies NNS , , Canadian JJ society NN is VBZ a DT hotbed NN of IN communication NN and CC creation NN . SENT The DT importance NN of IN communications NNS and CC cultural JJ creation NN cannot NN be VB ignored VVN when WRB seeking VVG to TO instil VV a DT common JJ sense NN of IN belonging VVG in IN a DT country NN with IN diverse JJ allegiances NNS . SENT Cultural JJ diversity NN and CC linguistic JJ duality NN are VBP factors NNS that WDT make VVP national JJ cohesion NN more RBR complex JJ and CC difficult JJ to TO achieve VV . SENT To TO what WP extent NN has VHZ linguistic JJ duality NN been VBN given VVN its PP$ rightful JJ place NN in IN Canada NP s PP communications NNS and CC cultural JJ development NN policies NNS and CC institutions NNS over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS . SENT The DT principal JJ achievements NNS in IN this DT area NN are VBP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Communications NP Institutional NP communications NNS have VHP always RB played VVN an DT important JJ role NN in IN nation NN building NN . SENT In IN today NN s PP world NN , , they PP appear VVP in IN a DT broad JJ range NN of IN media NNS that IN the DT government NN attempts VVZ to TO regulate VV and CC sometimes RB support VV . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP record JJ in IN meeting VVG its PP$ linguistic JJ responsibilities NNS is VBZ discussed VVN below RB . SENT PRINCIPAL JJ ACHIEVEMENTS NNS An DT authority NN and CC a DT set NN of IN regulations NNS to TO govern VV broadcasting NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS and CC take VV into IN account NN the DT specific JJ needs NNS of IN both DT official JJ language NN communities NNS . SENT National JJ public JJ radio NN and CC television NN networks NNS that WDT produce VVP and CC broadcast NN material NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Community NN radio NN and CC newspaper NN networks NNS providing VVG local JJ service NN to TO minority NN communities NNS . SENT A DT network NN of IN national JJ public JJ institutions NNS supporting VVG artistic JJ and CC cultural JJ creation NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS , , in IN particular JJ the DT Canadian JJ Broadcasting NP Corporation NP , , the DT National NP Film NP Board NP and CC the DT Canada NP Council NP for IN the DT Arts NPS . SENT A DT prolific JJ artistic JJ community NN in IN both DT English JJ and CC French JJ , , present JJ in IN all DT parts NNS of IN Canada NP , , that WDT showcases VVZ its PP$ work NN on IN the DT international JJ stage NN . SENT Cultural JJ industries NNS books NNS , , film NN , , music NN , , theatre NN , , television NN producing VVG in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT BROADCASTING NN REGULATIONS NNS IN IN A DT NUTSHELL NN 1936 CD Canadian NP Broadcasting NP Act NP CBC NP 1959 CD Regulation NN governing VVG the DT Canadian JJ content NN of IN Canadian JJ television NN programming VVG 1968 CD Canadian JJ Radio NP television NN and CC Telecommunications NP Commission NP Act NP CRTC NP 1968 CD The DT Broadcasting NP Act NP stipulates VVZ the DT criteria NNS governing VVG accessibility NN of IN public JJ services NNS to TO all DT Canadians NNS in IN their PP$ official JJ language NN 1970 CD CRTC NP regulation NN on IN Canadian JJ musical JJ content NN on IN AM NP radio NN 1973 CD Regulation NN of IN minimum JJ French JJ vocal JJ music NN content NN on IN Francophone JJ radio NN stations NNS 1975 CD CRTC NP regulation NN of IN Canadian JJ content NN on IN FM NP radio NN 1991 CD The DT Broadcasting NP Act NP takes VVZ into IN account NN the DT realities NNS in IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS 2001 CD Rather RB than IN defining VVG Francophone JJ markets NNS based VVN on IN the DT mother NN tongue NN criterion NN , , the DT CRTC NP uses VVZ the DT broader JJR criterion NN of IN French JJ speakers NNS 2003 CD The NP CRTC NP becomes VVZ an DT institution NN designated VVN under IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP to TO meet VV specific JJ reporting NN requirements NNS Table NN of IN Contents NNS Regulations NNS that WDT reflect VVP the DT Canadian JJ reality NN Several JJ acts NNS regulating VVG communications NNS were VBD adopted VVN during IN the DT 20 CD th NN century NN . SENT 116 CD The NP Canadian NP Broadcasting NP Corporation NP CBC NP and CC the DT Canadian JJ Radio NP television NN and CC Telecommunications NP Commission NP CRTC NP played VVD central JJ roles NNS in IN developing VVG and CC implementing VVG this DT regulatory JJ framework NN . SENT The DT Broadcasting NP Act NP of IN 1991 CD , , which WDT governs VVZ both CC the DT CRTC NP and CC CBC NP , , is VBZ very RB specific JJ with IN respect NN to TO official JJ languages NNS . SENT Its PP$ objective NN . SENT To TO safeguard VV , , enrich VV and CC strengthen VV the DT cultural JJ , , political JJ , , social JJ and CC economic JJ fabric NN of IN Canada NP , , which WDT requires VVZ it PP to TO support VV programming NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT A DT new JJ provision NN . SENT The DT Act NP requires VVZ that IN the DT policy NN meet VV the DT needs NNS and CC aspirations NNS of IN both DT official JJ language NN communities NNS and CC take VV into IN account NN the DT broadcasting NN conditions NNS specific JJ to TO these DT communities NNS . SENT Since IN 2001 CD , , the DT CRTC NP has VHZ no RB longer RB limited VVN its PP$ definition NN of IN Francophone JJ markets NNS to TO individuals NNS with IN French JJ as IN a DT mother NN tongue NN , , but CC also RB includes VVZ French JJ speakers NNS that WDT is VBZ , , people NNS who WP state VVP they PP understand VVP French NP , , which WDT measures VVZ markets NNS more RBR accurately RB . SENT Finally RB , , since IN 2003 CD , , the DT CRTC NP has VHZ been VBN designated VVN under IN section NN 41 CD of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP to TO meet VV specific JJ reporting NN requirements NNS . SENT CITIZENS NNS AS IN AGENTS NNS OF IN CHANGE NN Canadian JJ radio NN content NN . SENT In IN the DT early JJ 1970 CD s PP , , some DT complaints NNS about IN the DT overwhelming JJ proportion NN of IN English JJ songs NNS on IN French JJ stations NNS in IN Hull NP led VVD the DT Commissioner NP to TO invite VV the DT CRTC NP to TO get VV involved VVN . SENT The DT CRTC NP subsequently RB issued VVD a DT directive NN on IN minimum JJ French JJ or CC English JJ content NN . SENT This DT directive NN still RB exists VVZ and CC has VHZ greatly RB contributed VVN to TO encouraging VVG the DT production NN and CC broadcasting NN of IN songs NNS in IN French NP . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT The DT CRTC NP still RB faces VVZ challenges NNS related VVN to TO official JJ languages NNS . SENT These DT include VVP expanding VVG the DT broadcasting NN market NN categories NNS that IN it PP regulates VVZ to TO include VV bilingual JJ markets NNS as RB well RB as IN Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ ones NNS . SENT More RBR broadly RB , , it PP must MD develop VV an DT approach NN tailored VVN to TO the DT new JJ communications NNS environment NN that WDT has VHZ emerged VVN in IN the DT digital JJ era NN , , so RB as RB to TO continue VV conveying VVG fundamental JJ social JJ values NNS , , such JJ as IN linguistic JJ duality NN , , to TO Canadians NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT Canadian JJ Broadcasting NP Corporation NP CBC NP Soci NP t NN Radio NP Canada NP SRC NP The NP CBC NP has VHZ been VBN one CD of IN Canada NP s PP core JJ institutions NNS since IN its PP$ creation NN in IN 1936 CD . SENT With IN its PP$ dual JJ English JJ French JJ face NN , , it PP demonstrates VVZ that IN Canada NP operates VVZ in IN two CD languages NNS . SENT Francophone JJ communities NNS outside IN Quebec NP have VHP gradually RB obtained VVN access NN to TO the DT broadcaster NN s PP French JJ language NN network NN . SENT 1936 CD . SENT At IN the DT outset NN , , the DT CBC NP has VHZ one CD bilingual JJ radio NN station NN in IN Montr NP al NP , , one CD English JJ station NN in IN Toronto NP and CC some DT 30 CD English JJ stations NNS elsewhere RB in IN the DT country NN . SENT 1937 CD . SENT In IN its PP$ second JJ year NN of IN operation NN , , a DT French JJ station NN is VBZ created VVN in IN Montr NP al NP and CC the DT bilingual JJ station NN becomes VVZ English JJ . SENT 117 CD Duality NN develops VVZ very RB quickly RB . SENT 1965 CD . SENT Three CD decades NNS later RBR , , the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP notes VVZ that IN the DT media NNS , , especially RB radio NN and CC television NN , , communicate VV very RB little JJ common JJ content NN in IN English NP and CC in IN French JJ at IN the DT national JJ level NN . SENT Furthermore RB , , Francophone JJ minorities NNS are VBP almost RB entirely RB deprived VVN of IN access NN to TO Francophone JJ media NNS . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP is VBZ well RB served VVN by IN English JJ language NN media NNS . SENT In IN short JJ , , in IN Quebec NP and CC the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP , , the DT media NNS are VBP fostering VVG two CD solitudes NNS . SENT 118 CD 1970 CD s PP . SENT The DT CBC NP gradually RB deploys VVZ its PP$ French JJ network NN nationally RB and CC , , toward IN the DT end NN of IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , it PP implements VVZ an DT accelerated JJ development NN plan NN . SENT 1985 CD . SENT The DT French JJ network NN is VBZ still RB not RB available JJ everywhere RB , , and CC in IN 1985 CD , , Commissioner NP d SYM Iberville NP Fortier NP recommends VVZ that IN the DT CBC NP diversify VV its PP$ distribution NN methods NNS that WDT is VBZ , , relays VVZ via IN other JJ Francophone JJ broadcasters NNS , , satellites NNS or CC cable NN distribution NN in IN order NN to TO reach VV Francophonem NP communities NNS outside IN its PP$ network NN . SENT CITIZENS NNS AS IN AGENTS NNS OF IN CHANGE NN CBC NP SRC NP . SENT Toward IN the DT end NN of IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , complaints NNS to TO the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS led VVD the DT Canadian JJ Broadcasting NP Corporation NP to TO implement VV an DT accelerated JJ development NN plan NN designed VVN to TO make VV its PP$ basic JJ services NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS available JJ across IN Canada NP . SENT THE DT CANADIAN JJ BROADCASTING NN CORPORATION NN SOCI NP T NN RADIO NP CANADA NP The DT country NN s PP most RBS important JJ cultural JJ institution NN offers VVZ several JJ programming NN services NNS . SENT four CD radio NN stations NNS two CD English NNS and CC two CD French JJ , , French JJ and CC English JJ television NN , , two CD specialty NN news NN channels NNS RDI NP and CC Newsworld NP , , radio NN and CC television NN services NNS broadcasting VVG to TO the DT Far NP North NP in IN French NP , , English NP and CC eight CD Aboriginal JJ languages NNS , , Radio NP Canada NP International NP , , Musique NP Continue VVP a DT subscription NN digital JJ audio JJ service NN offering VVG 30 CD channels NNS of IN non JJ stop NN music NN and CC cbc NN . SENT ca MD and CC radiocanada NP . SENT ca MD , , the DT Corporation NP s PP English NP and CC French NP Web NP sites NNS . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , five CD radio NN stations NNS make VVP up RP the DT CBC NP Quebec NP Community NP Network NP , , offering VVG local JJ and CC regional JJ programming NN in IN English NP , , while IN the DT English JJ television NN channel NN CBMT NP broadcasts VVZ province NN wide JJ . SENT The DT CBC NP also RB sponsors VVZ numerous JJ community NN activities NNS . SENT The DT Soci NP t NN Radio NP Canada NP SRC NP has VHZ a DT network NN of IN regional JJ radio NN and CC television NN stations NNS across IN Canada NP . SENT Its PP$ RDI NP television NN channel NN produces VVZ more RBR than IN a DT third JJ of IN its PP$ programming NN regionally RB . SENT It PP also RB supports VVZ the DT Francophone JJ artistic JJ community NN s PP development NN , , trains VVZ producers NNS and CC encourages VVZ local JJ production NN . SENT Challenges VVZ The DT CBC NP is VBZ regularly RB subject JJ to TO budget NN cuts NNS and CC must MD constantly RB defend VV its PP$ achievements NNS . SENT The DT Commissioner NP reiterated VVD again RB recently RB , , during IN the DT review NN of IN the DT Broadcasting NP Act NP , , the DT need NN to TO ensure VV that IN the DT national JJ public JJ broadcaster NN receives VVZ adequate JJ funding NN . SENT In IN addition NN to TO broadcasting NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS , , the DT Corporation NP must MD continue VV to TO inform VV the DT official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS throughout IN the DT country NN , , produce VV and CC distribute VV their PP$ cultural JJ programming NN , , cover VV their PP$ special JJ events NNS and CC , , above IN all DT , , maintain VV a DT presence NN through IN its PP$ regional JJ stations NNS . SENT Finally RB , , we PP note VVP that IN since IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP submitted VVD its PP$ analysis NN , , the DT CBC NP s PP English NP and CC French JJ services NNS have VHP essentially RB evolved VVN in IN isolation NN , , without IN significant JJ co NP operation NN between IN them PP that WDT would MD better RBR reflect VV Canadian JJ duality NN . SENT However RB , , over IN the DT past JJ five CD years NNS , , greater JJR efforts NNS have VHP been VBN made VVN in IN this DT area NN . SENT Foreign JJ correspondents NNS for IN instance NN , , Patrick NP Brown NP , , Michel NP Cormier NP , , Don NP Murray NP , , Joyce NP Napier NP , , Jean NP Fran NP ois NN B NN langer JJR , , Azeb NP Wolde NP Giorghis NP have VHP contributed VVN to TO both DT services NNS more RBR frequently RB . SENT As IN well RB , , some DT programs NNS or CC series NN have VHP been VBN broadcast VVN on IN both DT services NNS for IN example NN , , Culture NP Shock NP , , Canada NP . SENT A DT People NNS s PP History NN . SENT in IN several JJ regions NNS , , both CC services NNS share NN equipment NN and CC staff NN . SENT The DT Corporation NP s PP President NP and CC Chief NP Executive NP Officer NP has VHZ reiterated VVD his PP$ personal JJ commitment NN in IN this DT regard NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT broadcasting NN industry NN The DT broadcasting NN industry NN is VBZ continually RB expanding VVG over IN a DT multitude NN of IN channels NNS airwaves NNS , , satellite NN , , cable NN and CC modes NNS analog JJ , , digital JJ , , but CC we PP must MD be VB vigilant JJ and CC ensure VV that IN both DT official JJ language NN communities NNS benefit VVP equally RB from IN this DT explosion NN of IN services NNS . SENT Private JJ networks NNS . SENT Today RB there EX is VBZ a DT full JJ range NN of IN radio NN and CC television NN services NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS that IN majority NN populations NNS can MD access VV fairly RB easily RB see VV box NN . SENT However RB , , the DT Francophone JJ minority NN in IN Canada NP does VVZ not RB enjoy VV an DT equally RB broad JJ selection NN . SENT The DT CRTC NN s PP review VVP of IN this DT issue NN in IN 2001 CD demonstrated VVN that IN only RB four CD cable NN television NN networks NNS , , including VVG TVA NP , , are VBP available JJ to TO this DT population NN nationally RB , , along IN with IN 24 CD radio NN services NNS . SENT 119 CD PRIVATE JJ BROADCASTING NN IN IN CANADA NP , , 2002 CD French JJ language NN radio NN stations NNS 199 CD English JJ language NN radio NN stations NNS 597 CD French JJ language NN television NN services NNS 109 CD English JJ language NN television NN services NNS 484 CD Source NN . SENT Canada NP , , Standing NP Committee NP on IN Canadian NP Heritage NP , , Our PP$ Cultural JJ Sovereignty NN . SENT The DT Second NP Century NP of IN Canadian NP Broadcasting NP , , 2003 CD , , pp NP . SENT 269 CD and CC 283 CD . SENT Educational JJ and CC not RB for IN profit NN networks NNS . SENT Public JJ educational JJ networks NNS exist VVP in IN some DT provinces NNS see VVP box NN , , but CC there EX is VBZ no DT national JJ educational JJ television NN network NN in IN either DT English NP or CC French NP . SENT Official JJ language NN minorities NNS are VBP especially RB disadvantaged JJ in IN this DT respect NN . SENT It PP must MD be VB noted VVN that IN TFO NP is VBZ already RB broadcasting VVG outside IN Ontario NP , , specifically RB in IN New NP Brunswick NP , , and CC elsewhere RB via IN satellite NN television NN . SENT The DT international JJ French JJ language NN television NN network NN , , TV NP 5 CD , , is VBZ available JJ in IN Canada NP and CC broadcasts VVZ Radio NP Canada NP and CC T NN l NN Qu NP bec NP programming NN in IN over IN 150 CD countries NNS . SENT Canada NP s PP contribution NN to TO TV NP 5 CD is VBZ managed VVN jointly RB by IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP , , the DT Quebec NP government NN and CC its PP$ organizations NNS TV NN 5 CD Quebec NP Canada NP . SENT This DT network NN contributes VVZ to TO the DT promotion NN of IN French JJ Canadian JJ culture NN around IN the DT world NN . SENT The DT Commissioner NP , , however RB , , would MD like VV other JJ provinces NNS to TO play VV a DT greater JJR role NN in IN creating VVG Canadian JJ programming NN and CC providing VVG financing NN for IN TV NP 5 CD Quebec NP Canada NP . SENT Generally RB , , the DT Commissioner NP would MD like VV to TO see VV educational JJ television NN networks NNS develop VVP programming NN and CC broadcast VV it PP nationally RB , , to TO encourage VV youth NN to TO watch VV Canadian JJ programs NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT 120 CD PROVINCIAL JJ PUBLIC JJ EDUCATIONAL JJ BROADCASTERS NNS In IN French NP . SENT T NN l NN Qu NP bec NP , , since IN 1968 CD TFO NP , , Ontario NP , , since IN 1987 CD In IN English NP . SENT TVO NP , , Ontario NP , , since IN 1970 CD Access NP , , Alberta NP , , since IN 1974 CD Knowledge NN Network NP , , British NP Columbia NP , , since IN 1981 CD Saskatchewan NP Communications NPS Network NP , , since IN 1991 CD CITIZENS NNS AS IN AGENTS NNS OF IN CHANGE NN CPAC NP . SENT A DT complaint NN and CC lawsuit NN filed VVN by IN a DT citizen NN from IN New NP Brunswick NP , , Mr NP . SENT Quigley NP , , forced VVD the DT House NP of IN Commons NPS to TO ensure VV that IN CPAC NP broadcast VVD parliamentary JJ debates NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Subsequently RB , , CRTC NP picked VVD up RP this DT approach NN , , and CC it PP now RB requires VVZ cable NN distributors NNS to TO broadcast VV the DT English JJ and CC French JJ versions NNS of IN the DT debates NNS . SENT CPAC NP . SENT Canadians NNS have VHP been VBN able JJ to TO watch VV televised JJ parliamentary JJ debates NNS since IN 1977 CD . SENT The DT Cable NP Public NP Affairs NPS Channel NP CPAC NP took VVD over IN broadcasting VVG these DT debates NNS from IN the DT CBC NP in IN 1993 CD . SENT It PP records VVZ the DT debates NNS and CC distributes VVZ them PP in IN English JJ and CC French JJ versions NNS to TO cable NN services NNS . SENT Since IN 2002 CD , , cable NN distributors NNS must MD broadcast VV the DT debates NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Achievements NNS and CC challenges NNS . SENT In IN 35 CD years NNS , , broadcasting NN services NNS have VHP made VVN remarkable JJ advances NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT However RB , , public JJ educational JJ television NN services NNS broadcast VVN in IN English JJ and CC French JJ across IN the DT country NN remain VVP to TO be VB developed VVN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Community NP media NNS Community NP media NNS in IN minority NN contexts NNS serve VVP as IN both DT information NN media NNS and CC community NN institutions NNS . SENT Thus RB , , as IN F NN . SENT Harvey NP suggests VVZ , , Beyond IN their PP$ traditional JJ role NN , , which WDT is VBZ to TO inform VV , , explain VV and CC criticize VV , , do VVP media NNS in IN minority NN contexts NNS not RB have VHP to TO frequently RB defend VV and CC support VV . SENT 121 CD This NP is VBZ in IN fact NN the DT special JJ role NN they PP play VVP . SENT We PP distinguish VV between IN three CD types NNS of IN community NN media NNS . SENT community NN cable NN television NN channels NNS , , community NN radio NN stations NNS and CC community NN newspapers NNS . SENT In IN all DT three CD cases NNS , , official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS make VVP increasing JJ and CC diversified JJ use NN of IN these DT media NNS . SENT Community NN television NN . SENT The DT deployment NN of IN cable NN networks NNS in IN the DT 1970 CD s PP led VVD to TO the DT birth NN of IN community NN television NN channels NNS . SENT The DT CRTC NP was VBD right JJ to TO require VV that IN cable NN companies NNS let VVP the DT voices NNS of IN citizens NNS be VB heard VVN on IN television NN . SENT In IN 2000 CD , , Canada NP had VHD some DT 850 CD community NN channels NNS . SENT 122 CD The DT majority NN of IN these DT channels NNS broadcast VVN in IN just RB one CD language NN , , but CC they PP may MD schedule VV programs NNS that WDT are VBP bilingual JJ or CC in IN the DT minority NN language NN . SENT Only RB Rogers NP Cable NP offers VVZ dual JJ cable NN channels NNS in IN English NP and CC French NP in IN Moncton NP and CC Ottawa NP . SENT Community NN radio NN . SENT Minority NN communities NNS have VHP sometimes RB set VVN up RP private JJ radio NN stations NNS to TO meet VV their PP$ needs NNS , , as RB in IN Saskatchewan NP with IN the DT establishment NN of IN Radio NP Ouest NP fran NP aise NN in IN 1941 CD . SENT However RB , , most JJS communities NNS were VBD not RB being VBG served VVN and CC , , starting VVG in IN the DT 1980 CD s PP , , community NN radio NN stations NNS started VVD filling VVG this DT void NN . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT true JJ passion NN for IN the DT community NN radio NN movement NN , , especially RB among IN Francophone JJ minorities NNS . SENT 1987 CD . SENT The DT first JJ Francophone JJ community NN radio NN station NN outside IN Quebec NP is VBZ established VVN in IN 1987 CD in IN New NP Brunswick NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT The DT Alliance NP des NP radios NNS communautaires VVZ du NP Canada NP is VBZ created VVN , , bringing VVG together RB 18 CD radio NN stations NNS already RB on IN the DT air NN and CC 15 CD being NN established VVN in IN nine CD provinces NNS and CC two CD territories NNS . SENT These DT stations NNS share NN a DT news NN service NN , , musical JJ programming NN and CC advertising NN production NN via IN a DT satellite NN link NN dubbed VVD the DT R NN seau NN Francophone JJ d NN Am VBP rique JJ . SENT 123 CD In IN Quebec NP , , community NN radio NN has VHZ not RB caught VVN on IN with IN the DT Anglophone JJ minority NN to TO the DT same JJ extent NN . SENT Two CD Anglophone JJ and CC two CD bilingual JJ stations NNS exist VVP , , but CC they PP are VBP not RB associated VVN . SENT The DT Commissioner NP recognizes VVZ the DT contribution NN of IN community NN radio NN stations NNS , , and CC recently RB recommended VVN that IN the DT revision NN of IN the DT Broadcasting NP Act NP take VV into IN account NN the DT need NN to TO provide VV them PP with IN adequate JJ financial JJ support NN . SENT 124 CD Community NP newspapers NNS . SENT It PP was VBD often RB through IN the DT local JJ or CC regional JJ press NN that IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS succeeded VVN in IN maintaining VVG a DT common JJ sense NN of IN belonging VVG over IN the DT past JJ century NN . SENT However RB , , newspaper NN consolidation NN and CC competition NN from IN other JJ types NNS of IN media NNS have VHP undermined VVN community NN newspapers NNS to TO a DT degree NN . SENT In IN minority NN communities NNS , , these DT papers NNS have VHP responded VVN by IN banding VVG together RB to TO resist VV the DT pressure NN . SENT L NP Association NP de FW la FW presse NP francophone JJ , , founded VVN in IN 1976 CD , , is VBZ currently RB composed VVN of IN 26 CD newspapers NNS publishing VVG in IN nine CD provinces NNS or CC territories NNS . SENT 125 CD The NP Quebec NP Community NP Newspapers NP Association NP , , founded VVN in IN 1980 CD , , represents VVZ 31 CD Anglophone JJ community NN newspapers NNS . SENT 126 CD It PP should MD be VB noted VVN that IN in IN addition NN to TO the DT weekly JJ community NN newspapers NNS , , the DT dailies NNS The DT Gazette NN , , L NP Acadie NP Nouvelle NP and CC Le NP Droit NN are VBP often RB spearheads NNS for IN their PP$ communities NNS respective JJ struggles NNS . SENT Achievements NNS and CC challenges NNS . SENT These DT community NN media NN networks NNS attest VV to TO the DT willingness NN of IN the DT minority NN press NN to TO maintain VV their PP$ presence NN by IN joining VVG forces NNS . SENT However RB , , these DT media NNS , , in IN particular JJ newspapers NNS , , have VHP difficulty NN convincing VVG federal JJ institutions NNS to TO advertise VV in IN their PP$ pages NNS on IN the DT same JJ basis NN as IN in IN the DT majority NN media NNS , , as IN the DT Act NP requires VVZ . SENT Commissioners NNS have VHP on IN several JJ occasions NNS encouraged VVD federal JJ institutions NNS to TO publish VV their PP$ notices NNS in IN the DT minority NN press NN as IN well RB . SENT Many JJ complaints NNS continue VVP to TO be VB lodged VVN in IN this DT area NN , , and CC every DT media NNS outlet NN s NN survival NN was VBD made VVN more RBR uncertain JJ by IN the DT temporary JJ advertising NN moratorium NN imposed VVN by IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP . SENT The DT Commissioner NP urges VVZ the DT government NN to TO take VV the DT situation NN of IN community NN media NNS into IN greater JJR account NN when WRB developing VVG and CC implementing VVG its PP$ communications NNS policies NNS . SENT 127 CD JACQUES NP BENSIMON NP . SENT SUPPORTING VVG THE DT DISSEMINATION NN OF IN BILINGUALISM NN Jacques NP Bensimon NP knows VVZ Canada NP intimately RB . SENT A DT Moroccan JJ immigrant NN who WP came VVD to TO Canada NP as IN a DT child NN , , he PP has VHZ practised VVN almost RB all DT film NN trades NNS as IN editor NN , , screenwriter NN , , director NN or CC producer NN of IN approximately RB 30 CD films NNS . SENT He PP has VHZ served VVN as IN chief JJ executive NN of IN TFO NP , , TVOntario NP s PP Francophone JJ network NN , , and CC for IN some DT years NNS now RB has VHZ been VBN the DT federal JJ Government NP Film NP Commissioner NP and CC Chair NN of IN the DT National NP Film NP Board NP . SENT Invited VVN to TO defend VV his PP$ vision NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN at IN the DT Symposium NN titled VVN Vision NP and CC Challenges NNS for IN the DT 21 CD st NP Century NP , , held VVN in IN March NP 2004 CD in IN Toronto NP , , Jacques NP Bensimon NP affirmed VVD that DT unilingualism NN will MD one NN day NN be VB considered VVN as IN serious JJ a DT handicap NN as IN illiteracy NN is VBZ today NN . SENT Unilingual JJ people NNS will MD become VV an DT endangered JJ species NN , , he PP said VVD . SENT Learning VVG a DT second JJ language NN is VBZ the DT first JJ step NN toward IN openness NN to TO others NNS , , because IN learning VVG a DT language NN also RB involves VVZ entering VVG a DT new JJ cultural JJ space NN inhabited VVN by IN millions NNS of IN people NNS and CC thousands NNS of IN creators NNS . SENT To TO ensure VV that DT bilingualism NN plays VVZ an DT expanded JJ role NN in IN the DT 21 CD st NP century NN , , he PP proposes VVZ the DT creation NN of IN a DT bilingual JJ television NN network NN that WDT would MD broadcast VV English JJ and CC French JJ versions NNS of IN films NNS and CC documentaries NNS that WDT may MD be VB unfamiliar JJ to TO the DT other JJ linguistic JJ community NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Culture NP Arts NPS and CC culture NN not RB only RB feed VV the DT soul NN , , but CC also RB shape VV the DT identity NN of IN both DT individuals NNS and CC their PP$ communities NNS . SENT Creators NNS , , producers NNS and CC distributors NNS of IN culture NN must MD produce VV and CC distribute VV cultural JJ products NNS to TO keep VV a DT nation NN s PP spirit NN alive JJ . SENT In IN Canada NP , , the DT people NNS creating VVG our PP$ arts NNS and CC culture NN must MD be VB seen VVN and CC heard VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS across IN the DT country NN . SENT they PP must MD therefore RB receive VV support NN from IN governments NNS and CC communities NNS . SENT the DT overall JJ point NN is VBZ that IN the DT image NN of IN Canada NP has VHZ managed VVN an DT astonishing JJ global JJ breakthrough NN over IN the DT last JJ 25 CD years NNS . SENT And CC that DT astonishing JJ breakthrough NN has VHZ come VVN through IN the DT cultural JJ community NN . SENT That DT is VBZ the DT community NN which WDT has VHZ most RBS enthusiastically RB embraced VVN globalisation NN as IN something NN which WDT is VBZ multi NNS linguistic JJ , , multicultural NN and CC complicated JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT community NN which WDT has VHZ least RB used VVN proximity NN as IN an DT economic JJ crutch NN . SENT It PP could MD be VB said VVN that IN Canada NP today NN is VBZ one CD of IN the DT most RBS successful JJ countries NNS in IN the DT world NN at IN exporting VVG its PP$ image NN of IN itself PP . SENT His PP$ Excellency NN John NP Ralston NP Saul NP . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT gg NN . SENT ca MD media NNS doc NN . SENT asp NN . SENT lang JJ e NN DocID NP 1372 CD . SENT Public JJ support NN Early RB on IN , , Canada NP acquired VVD first JJ class NN cultural JJ institutions NNS that WDT could MD help VV build VV the DT nation NN . SENT The DT calibre NN and CC achievements NNS of IN these DT institutions NNS reflect VVP the DT linguistic JJ duality NN that WDT has VHZ developed VVN progressively RB over IN the DT years NNS see VVP box NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , each DT of IN these DT institutions NNS works NNS with IN Canadian NP Heritage NP to TO promote VV arts NNS and CC culture NN in IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT Canadian NP Heritage NP and CC the DT cultural JJ agencies NNS in IN its PP$ portfolio NN support VV numerous JJ organizations NNS in IN the DT arts NNS and CC culture NN sector NN through IN various JJ programs NNS . SENT Nationally RB , , public JJ investment NN in IN arts NNS and CC culture NN reached VVD almost RB 7 CD . SENT 5 CD billion CD in IN 2002 CD 2003 CD . SENT 128 CD It PP should MD also RB be VB noted VVN that IN federal JJ cultural JJ institutions NNS have VHP made VVN an DT important JJ contribution NN to TO the DT development NN of IN French JJ culture NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT PUBLIC JJ CULTURAL JJ INSTITUTIONS NNS ACHIEVEMENTS NNS ACHIEVEMENTS NNS Canadian JJ Broadcasting NP Corporation NP CBC NP . SENT Created VVN in IN 1936 CD with IN a DT mandate NN that WDT includes VVZ a DT cultural JJ component NN . SENT Radio NP Two CD is VBZ available JJ to TO 75 CD of IN Anglophone JJ Canadians NNS La NP Cha NP ne RB culturelle NP Espace NP musique NN is VBZ available JJ to TO 83 CD of IN Francophone JJ Canadians NNS Produces VVZ Canadian JJ dramas NN Purchases NNS and CC distributes VVZ independent JJ television NN productions NNS National NP Film NP Board NP NFB NP . SENT Created VVN in IN 1939 CD to TO regulate VV Canadian JJ filmmaking VVG but CC moved VVN into IN producing VVG Canadian JJ films NNS . SENT Until IN the DT 1950 CD s PP , , the DT NFB NP was VBD primarily RB an DT Anglophone JJ environment NN . SENT In IN 1957 CD , , the DT first JJ Francophone JJ commissioner NN was VBD appointed VVN , , and CC in IN 1964 CD the DT NFB NN split VVD its PP$ production NN into IN English JJ and CC French JJ programs NNS . SENT Holds VVZ a DT collection NN of IN some DT 10 CD , , 000 CD Canadian JJ titles NNS representing VVG Canadians NNS to TO Canadians NNS French JJ production NN centres NNS were VBD opened VVN in IN Moncton NP and CC Winnipeg NP in IN 1974 CD and CC Toronto NP in IN 1975 CD Current JJ French JJ production NN centres NNS include VVP Studio NN Acadie NP , , Studio NN Ontario NP and CC Studio NN Ouest NP English NP production NN centres NNS include VVP the DT Atlantic NP , , Quebec NP , , Ontario NP , , West NP and CC Pacific NP production NN centres NNS Has VHZ built VVN an DT international JJ reputation NN for IN Canada NP in IN documentaries NNS and CC animation NN Operates VVZ a DT laboratory NN for IN new JJ media NNS creation NN Telefilm NP Canada NP . SENT Created VVN in IN 1967 CD to TO provide VV financial JJ support NN for IN the DT production NN of IN Canadian JJ films NNS and CC television NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT its PP$ mandate NN was VBD recently RB expanded VVN to TO include VV music NN . SENT Helped VVD create VV a DT film NN and CC television NN production NN industry NN prolific JJ in IN both DT English NP and CC French NP Supports VVZ the DT dissemination NN of IN Canadian JJ works NNS within IN the DT country NN and CC abroad RB Has VHZ developed VVN audiences NNS and CC captured VVN market NN share NN for IN Canadian NP works VVZ Canada NP Council NP for IN the DT Arts NP CCA NP . SENT Founded VVN in IN 1957 CD to TO support VV artistic JJ creation NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Has VHZ been VBN supporting VVG artists NNS and CC arts NNS companies NNS for IN 50 CD years NNS In IN 2002 CD 2003 CD , , provided VVN support NN to TO more JJR than IN 2 CD , , 000 CD arts NNS organizations NNS and CC over IN 2 CD , , 300 CD artists NNS Awards VVZ more JJR than IN one CD hundred CD prizes NNS each DT year NN , , administers VVZ the DT Governor NP General NP s PP Literary JJ Awards NNS and CC the DT Governor NP General NP s PP Awards VVZ in IN Visual NP and CC Media NP Arts NP Houses VVZ the DT Canadian JJ Commission NP for IN UNESCO NP Holds VVZ an DT art NN bank NN containing VVG 18 CD , , 000 CD works NNS by IN Canadian JJ artists NNS Has VHZ played VVN a DT pivotal JJ role NN in IN establishing VVG the DT new JJ International NP Federation NP of IN Arts NP Councils NNS and CC Culture NP Agencies NNS IFACCA NP National NP Arts NPS Centre NP NAC NP . SENT Created VVN by IN federal JJ legislation NN in IN 1966 CD as IN an DT Ottawabased JJ complex NN for IN performing VVG arts NNS . SENT Supports VVZ the DT development NN of IN performing VVG arts NNS elsewhere RB in IN Canada NP . SENT Has VHZ been VBN operating VVG a DT theatre NN program NN in IN each DT official JJ language NN since IN its PP$ creation NN Supports VVZ the DT development NN of IN regional JJ theatre NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS , , including VVG a DT program NN for IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN in IN the DT regions NNS Culture NP . SENT ca MD . SENT Culture NN . SENT ca MD is VBZ an DT initiative NN of IN the DT Department NP of IN Canadian NP Heritage NP under IN the DT Canadian JJ Culture NP Online JJ Strategy NN . SENT This DT Web NP portal NN , , under IN development NN , , includes VVZ over IN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD million CD fully RB accessible JJ Web NP resources NNS and CC provides VVZ direct JJ access NN to TO over IN 6 CD , , 000 CD sites NNS In IN the DT two CD official NN language NN communities NNS , , Canadian NP Heritage NP supports VVZ numerous JJ local JJ cultural JJ organizations NNS cultural JJ centres NNS and CC committees NNS , , various JJ festivals NNS , , regional JJ distribution NN networks NNS , , music NN galas NNS and CC advocacy NN organizations NNS . SENT It PP also RB supports VVZ a DT multitude NN of IN artistic JJ enterprises NNS theatres NNS , , publishing VVG houses NNS , , galleries NNS and CC artists NNS centres NNS , , music NN labels NNS , , Web NP sites NNS , , etc FW . SENT that DT are VBP a DT dynamic JJ presence NN on IN the DT Canadian JJ arts NNS scene NN , , as IN is VBZ the DT major JJ pool NN of IN active JJ professional JJ artists NNS in IN these DT communities NNS . SENT Canadian NP Heritage NP works VVZ with IN the DT major JJ national JJ cultural JJ institutions NNS under IN the DT Interdepartmental JJ Partnership NP with IN Official NP Language NP Communities NNS IPOLC NP , , a DT cost NN shared VVD initiative NN . SENT Francophone JJ minority NN . SENT In IN 1998 CD , , the DT CCA NP and CC NAC NP signed VVD a DT multiparty JJ agreement NN with IN Canadian NP Heritage NP and CC the DT F NN d SYM ration NN culturelle NN canadienne NP fran NP aise NN on IN cultural JJ development NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ Francophonie NP . SENT This DT agreement NN was VBD renewed VVN in IN 2002 CD with IN the DT addition NN of IN two CD other JJ partners NNS the DT CBC NP and CC the DT NFB NP . SENT Anglophone JJ minority NN . SENT Under IN IPOLC NP , , Canadian NP Heritage NP and CC the DT CCA NP worked VVD together RB to TO kick VV start VV co NP operation NN in IN the DT English JJ arts NNS community NN , , which WDT resulted VVD in IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT English NP Language NP Arts NPS Network NP ELAN NN . SENT MY PP$ VIEW NN Interview NN with IN Jean NP Malavoy NP , , National NP Director NP , , Canadian JJ Conference NN of IN the DT Arts NNS In IN the DT arts NNS domain NN , , Canada NP has VHZ in IN recent JJ decades NNS experienced VVD a DT remarkable JJ evolution NN . SENT An DT arts NNS infrastructure NN and CC ecology NN , , almost RB nonexistent JJ 50 CD years NNS ago RB , , have VHP been VBN built VVN from IN the DT ground NN up RB . SENT Arts NP organizations NNS number NN in IN the DT thousands NNS , , and CC Canada NP has VHZ approximately RB 130 CD , , 000 CD professional JJ artists NNS . SENT The DT public NN is VBZ keenly RB interested JJ in IN their PP$ work NN . SENT Artists NNS are VBP the DT country NN s PP best RBS ambassadors NNS . SENT One PP has VHZ only RB to TO think VV of IN Cirque NN du NP Soleil NP , , the DT Orchestre NP symphonique NN de NP Montr NP al NP and CC of IN our PP$ opera NN singers NNS , , dancers NNS and CC authors NNS who WP are VBP in IN demand NN around IN the DT world NN . SENT The DT calibre NN of IN our PP$ artists NNS and CC arts NNS companies NNS is VBZ internationally RB recognized VVN . SENT The DT French JJ language NN is VBZ a DT major JJ stimulant NN of IN Francophone JJ artistic JJ vitality NN . SENT Francophones NNS are VBP interested VVN in IN their PP$ stars NNS and CC French JJ language NN cultural JJ products NNS such JJ as IN movies NNS and CC theatre NN . SENT The DT show NN L NP cho NP d SYM un NP peuple NP , , staged VVD in IN Eastern NP Ontario NP , , is VBZ an DT example NN of IN this DT . SENT The DT Francophonie NP is VBZ somewhat RB marginalized VVN within IN the DT North JJ American JJ context NN , , but CC artists NNS give VVP it PP a DT face NN and CC create VV a DT sense NN of IN belonging VVG . SENT Some DT Francophone JJ artists NNS have VHP been VBN extremely RB successful JJ in IN English NP Canada NP . SENT Michel NP Tremblay NP , , Robert NP Lepage NP and CC Denys NP Arcand NP are VBP well RB known VVN and CC respected VVN outside IN Quebec NP . SENT Francophones NNS are VBP increasingly RB discovering VVG English NP Canada NP s PP great JJ authors NNS , , such JJ as IN Margaret NP Atwood NP and CC Alice NP Munro NP . SENT But CC the DT language NN barrier NN remains VVZ real JJ . SENT We PP are VBP unfamiliar JJ with IN the DT other JJ community NN s PP stars VVZ . SENT Anglophones NP are VBP largely RB unaware JJ of IN Daniel NP Lavoie NP and CC Luc NP Plamondon NP . SENT Francophones NNS do VVP not RB know VV Rick NP Mercer NP and CC This DT Hour NN Has VHZ Twenty CD Two CD Minutes NPS . SENT Unfortunately RB , , our PP$ two CD linguistic JJ solitudes NNS remain VVP largely RB intact JJ . SENT Interviewed VVN on IN February NP 17 CD , , 2005 CD Results NNS . SENT Canada NP has VHZ burgeoning VVG cultural JJ industries NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT some DT 611 CD , , 000 CD people NNS were VBD employed VVN in IN the DT arts NNS and CC culture NN sector NN in IN 2001 CD . SENT 129 RB their PP$ contribution NN to TO the DT gross JJ domestic JJ product NN was VBD around RB 38 CD . SENT 5 CD billion CD in IN 2001 CD . SENT 130 CD and CC exports NNS of IN Canadian JJ cultural JJ products NNS almost RB doubled VVD between IN 1996 CD and CC 2002 CD , , reaching VVG 2 CD . SENT 3 CD billion CD . SENT 131 CD Several JJ Canadian JJ artists NNS have VHP made VVN their PP$ mark NN nationally RB or CC internationally RB in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ interesting JJ to TO note VV that IN some DT artists NNS from IN majority NN communities NNS even RB excel VVP when WRB creating VVG in IN their PP$ second JJ official NN language NN . SENT For IN example NN . SENT author NN Yann NP Martel NP , , whose WP$ mother NN tongue NN is VBZ French JJ , , received VVD the DT prestigious JJ award NN in IN English JJ literature NN , , the DT 2002 CD Man NP Booker NP Prize NP for IN his PP$ book NN Life NN of IN Pi NP . SENT Nancy NP Huston NP , , whose WP$ mother NN tongue NN is VBZ English JJ , , won VVD the DT Governor NP General NP s PP Award NN for IN Cantique NP des NP plaines NP and CC is VBZ renowned VVN in IN France NP Goncourt NN des NP lyc NN ens NNS and CC Prix NP du NP Livre NN Inter NP . SENT and CC playwright NN actor NN director NN Robert NP Lepage NP creates VVZ in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Community NP support VV Canada NP s PP Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ communities NNS have VHP always RB been VBN involved VVN in IN artistic JJ endeavours NNS , , creating VVG theatre NN or CC dance NN troupes NNS , , musical JJ groups NNS , , publishing VVG houses NNS and CC much RB more RBR . SENT Governments NNS have VHP assisted VVN them PP in IN various JJ ways NNS . SENT Minority NN Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ communities NNS have VHP been VBN equally RB active JJ , , although IN with IN less JJR public JJ support NN for IN an DT extended JJ period NN . SENT This DT made VVD their PP$ community NN structures NNS all PDT the DT more RBR important JJ . SENT Francophone JJ minority NN networks NNS . SENT As IN the DT 1970 CD s PP drew VVD to TO a DT close NN , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP encouraged VVD the DT establishment NN of IN organizations NNS representing VVG official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT This DT led VVD to TO the DT creation NN of IN the DT Comit NP culturel NP des NP francophones NNS hors NP Qu NP bec NP in IN 1977 CD , , which WDT later RBR became VVD the DT F NN d SYM ration NN culturelle NN canadienne NP fran NP aise NP FCCF NP in IN 1990 CD . SENT 132 CD For IN more JJR than IN 25 CD years NNS , , this DT federation NN has VHZ brought VVN together RB cultural JJ associations NNS from IN every DT province NN and CC territory NN except IN Nunavut NP and CC major JJ arts NNS sector NN visual JJ arts NNS , , films NNS , , theatres NNS , , music NN , , publishing NN . SENT FCCF NP interacts VVZ with IN governments NNS and CC other JJ sectors NNS of IN Francophone JJ communities NNS to TO promote VV the DT interests NNS of IN arts NNS and CC culture NN . SENT It PP also RB provides VVZ artists NNS with IN training NN and CC promotional JJ services NNS . SENT The DT Zof NP initiative NN , , a DT Web NP portal NN and CC single JJ window NN for IN French JJ Canadian JJ cultural JJ industries NNS , , is VBZ one CD good JJ example NN . SENT 133 CD FRANCOPHONE JJ THEATRE NN . SENT A DT DYNAMIC JJ ARTS NNS SECTOR NN There EX are VBP 14 CD professional JJ theatre NN companies NNS operating VVG in IN Francophone JJ minority NN communities NNS across IN the DT country NN . SENT These DT theatres NNS . SENT are VBP located VVN in IN Vancouver NP , , Edmonton NP , , Saskatoon NP , , Saint NP Boniface NP , , Toronto NP , , Sudbury NP , , Ottawa NP , , Caraquet NP and CC Moncton NP . SENT stage NN around IN 40 CD original JJ productions NNS every DT year NN . SENT and CC give VV over IN 1 CD , , 000 CD performances NNS and CC reach VV more JJR than IN 100 CD , , 000 CD spectators NNS . SENT The DT dean NN of IN these DT companies NNS , , the DT Cercle NP Moli NP re IN de NP Saint NP Boniface NP in IN Manitoba NP , , celebrated VVD its PP$ 75 CD th NN anniversary NN in IN 2001 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT oldest JJS theatre NN company NN in IN operation NN in IN Canada NP . SENT In IN 1999 CD , , during IN the DT negotiations NNS between IN Francophone JJ cultural JJ organizations NNS and CC Canadian JJ Heritage NP to TO reach VV bipartite JJ funding NN agreements NNS , , the DT Table NN des NP organismes NP nationaux NP des NP arts NNS et NP de FW la FW culture NN TONAC NN was VBD created VVN . SENT Six CD sectoral JJ agencies NNS and CC the DT FCCF NP belong VVP to TO this DT group NN . SENT NATIONAL JJ ARTS NNS AND CC CULTURE NN ORGANIZATIONS NNS Association NP des NP groupes NNS en IN arts NNS visuels NNS francophones NNS Alliance NP nationale NP de NP l NN industrie NP musicale NN Alliance NP des NP producteurs NNS francophones NNS du NP Canada NP Association NP des NP th NN tres NNS francophones NNS du NP Canada NP F NP d SYM ration NN culturelle NN canadienne NP fran NP aise NP Regroupement NP des NP diteurs NNS canadiens NP fran NP ais NNS R NN seau NN national JJ des NP galas NNS de NP la NP chanson NP Quebec NP Anglophone JJ networks NNS . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , there EX was VBD less JJR of IN a DT pressing VVG need NN to TO create VV umbrella NN organizations NNS for IN English JJ arts NNS and CC culture NN stakeholders NNS . SENT It PP was VBD only RB in IN the DT wake NN of IN the DT November NP 2004 CD Quebec NP Arts NPS Summit NP that IN the DT English NP Language NP Arts NPS Network NP ELAN NN was VBD founded VVN . SENT 134 CD During IN this DT summit NN , , Anglo NP Quebec NP artists NNS identification NN with IN their PP$ minority NN reality NN was VBD the DT subject NN of IN vigorous JJ debate NN that WDT led VVD to TO a DT consensus NN on IN the DT need NN to TO consolidate VV the DT arts NNS sectors NNS under IN ELAN NN . SENT However RB , , ELAN NN is VBZ not RB made VVN up RP of IN sectoral JJ organizations NNS , , but CC rather RB of IN individuals NNS working VVG in IN different JJ artistic JJ disciplines NNS . SENT Collective JJ organizations NNS devoted VVN to TO culture NN do VVP however RB exist VV . SENT These DT include VVP the DT . SENT Quebec NP Drama NN Federation NP , , since IN 1989 CD and CC , , since IN 1972 CD , , under IN the DT Quebec NP Drama NN Festival NP . SENT Quebec NP Writers NPS Federation NP , , since IN 1998 CD . SENT Quebec NP Anglophone JJ Heritage NP Network NP , , since IN 2000 CD . SENT ENGLISH JJ LANGUAGE NN THEATRE NN IN IN QUEBEC NP . SENT A DT DYNAMIC JJ SCENE NN The DT Quebec NP Drama NN Federation NP brings VVZ together RB talent NN in IN Quebec NP s PP English NP language NN theatre NN scene NN . SENT The DT organization NN s PP membership NN gives VVZ an DT indication NN of IN the DT vitality NN of IN this DT arts NNS sector NN . SENT In IN addition NN to TO some DT 300 CD members NNS actors NNS , , authors NNS , , directors NNS , , set VVN designers NNS and CC technicians NNS , , it PP includes VVZ . SENT a DT dozen NN established VVD theatres NNS Black NP Theatre NP Workshop NN and CC Centaur NN Theatre NP Company NP being VBG among IN the DT best RBS known VVN . SENT four CD medium NN sized VVD companies NNS . SENT thirty CD five CD new JJ companies NNS and CC youth NN theatre NN companies NNS . SENT thirteen CD organizations NNS devoted VVN to TO theatre NN training NN . SENT eight CD community NN theatres NNS . SENT and CC five CD regional JJ theatres NNS . SENT Sources NNS . SENT mission NN Porte NN ouverte NN , , Soci NN t NN Radio NP Canada NP , , February NP 2 CD , , 2005 CD and CC on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT quebecdrama NN . SENT org NP regional JJ . SENT html NN . SENT GRAND JJ PRIX NP DU NP LIVRE NN DE NP SHERBROOKE NP The NP City NP of IN Sherbrooke NP included VVD an DT English JJ category NN for IN the DT first JJ time NN when WRB it PP awarded VVD its PP$ 2004 CD Grand NP Prix NP du NP Livre NN . SENT The DT first JJ winner NN of IN the DT English JJ book NN award NN was VBD Thomas NP Fletcher NP for IN his PP$ book NN From IN Love NP Canal NP to TO Environmental NP Justice NP , , published VVN by IN Broadview NP Press NP . SENT Results NNS . SENT One CD of IN the DT tangible JJ results NNS of IN the DT creation NN of IN this DT cultural JJ infrastructure NN has VHZ been VBN the DT national JJ and CC occasionally RB international JJ success NN that IN several JJ artists NNS from IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS have VHP achieved VVN see VV box NN . SENT But CC from IN a DT broader JJR perspective NN , , the DT role NN of IN these DT organizations NNS is VBZ to TO support VV unique JJ artistic JJ and CC cultural JJ expressions NNS that WDT contribute VVP to TO Canadian JJ cultural JJ diversity NN . SENT Unfortunately RB , , the DT arts NNS and CC culture NN sector NN is VBZ sometimes RB overlooked VVN when WRB strategic JJ development NN budgets NNS are VBP allocated VVN , , as RB when WRB the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS was VBD developed VVN . SENT If IN we PP truly RB care VVP for IN the DT vitality NN of IN official JJ languages NNS and CC related JJ cultural JJ diversity NN , , we PP must MD also RB invest VV equitably RB in IN the DT arts NNS and CC culture NN sector NN . SENT A DT FEW JJ MINORITY NN ARTISTS NNS WHO WP HAVE VHP DISTINGUISHED VVN THEMSELVES PP Francophone JJ communities NNS . SENT Jean NP Marc NP Dalp NP theatre NN , , Herm NP n NN gilde NN Chiasson NP poetry NN and CC Michel NP Ouellet NP playwriting NN . SENT Quebec NP English NP language NN community NN . SENT Melvin NP Charney NP visual JJ arts NNS , , Karen NP Young NP music NN and CC Kate NP and CC Anna NP McGarrigle NP music NN . SENT On IN the DT international JJ scene NN . SENT Mavis NP Gallant NP literature NN , , Leonard NP Cohen NP poetry NN and CC music NN , , Oscar NP Peterson NP jazz NN , , Antonine NP Maillet NP literature NN , , Daniel NP Lavoie NP music NN , , Rose NP Marie NP Landry NP opera NN and CC Mordecai NP Richler NP literature NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Conclusion NN Communications NPS and CC culture NN are VBP two CD sectors NNS at IN the DT heart NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN , , which WDT they PP foster VV and CC reflect VV . SENT As IN we PP have VHP seen VVN , , Canadian JJ society NN has VHZ , , over IN the DT past JJ century NN , , gradually RB acquired VVN infrastructure NN to TO support VV these DT sectors NNS . SENT Some DT important JJ issues NNS must MD still RB be VB addressed VVN to TO ensure VV that DT linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ fully RB reflected VVN in IN communications NNS and CC flourishes NNS in IN cultural JJ production NN . SENT The DT primary JJ issues NNS include VVP . SENT Linguistic JJ duality NN in IN the DT digital JJ age NN . SENT It PP is VBZ obvious JJ that IN the DT Internet NN has VHZ become VVN one CD of IN the DT tools NNS for IN socialization NN that WDT plays VVZ a DT major JJ role NN in IN redefining VVG cultural JJ identities NNS . SENT A DT review NN of IN communications NNS regulations NNS is VBZ necessary JJ to TO ensure VV that IN Canada NP s PP fundamental JJ values NNS , , especially RB linguistic JJ duality NN , , may MD continue VV to TO guide VV our PP$ society NN s PP development NN in IN the DT Internet NN age NN . SENT The DT government NN must MD also RB use VV its PP$ policies NNS to TO support VV equitable JJ participation NN by IN communities NNS . SENT Broadcasting NN that WDT reflects VVZ linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT The DT CRTC NP divides VVZ the DT broadcasting NN market NN into IN English JJ speaking NN and CC French JJ speaking VVG audiences NNS . SENT To TO better RBR reflect VV the DT Canadian JJ reality NN , , the DT CRTC NP should MD add VV bilingual JJ markets NNS , , where WRB a DT minimum NN of IN programming NN would MD be VB required VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Canada NP also RB lacks VVZ nationwide JJ public JJ educational JJ television NN services NNS delivered VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Fragility NN of IN the DT media NNS and CC cultural JJ industries NNS of IN minorities NNS . SENT Cultural JJ and CC artistic JJ activities NNS contribute VVP greatly RB to TO the DT Canadian JJ economy NN , , and CC are VBP undoubtedly RB the DT sector NN in IN which WDT linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ the DT most RBS highly RB developed VVN . SENT This DT sector NN has VHZ received VVN strong JJ government NN support NN in IN the DT past NN . SENT such JJ support NN must MD be VB stable JJ given VVN the DT sector NN s PP economic JJ vulnerability NN . SENT This DT applies VVZ to TO minority NN communities NNS to TO an DT even RB greater JJR extent NN , , since IN their PP$ audiences NNS are VBP smaller JJR than IN those DT of IN the DT majority NN . SENT Governmental JJ support NN is VBZ therefore RB still RB required VVN and CC should MD be VB included VVN in IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS , , from IN which WDT it PP was VBD almost RB removed VVN . SENT The DT government NN must MD also RB give VV greater JJR consideration NN to TO community NN media NNS when WRB drafting VVG communication NN policies NNS and CC in IN implementing VVG them PP . SENT Intercultural NP communication NN . SENT In IN many JJ ways NNS , , exchanges NNS between IN Canada NP s PP linguistic JJ , , Aboriginal JJ , , and CC ethnocultural JJ communities NNS are VBP still RB developing VVG . SENT Cultural JJ and CC artistic JJ activities NNS are VBP a DT privileged JJ means NN of IN creating VVG a DT common JJ sense NN of IN belonging VVG and CC of IN promoting VVG this DT communication NN . SENT To TO foster VV diversity NN and CC cross NN fertilization NN , , continued JJ support NN must MD be VB provided VVN , , not RB only RB for IN production NN and CC creation NN in IN each DT individual JJ community NN , , but CC also RB for IN interactions NNS between IN different JJ arts NNS and CC culture NN environments NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS CHAPTER NN 6 CD HEALTH NN , , WORK NN AND CC TRAVEL VV Not RB only RB must MD individual JJ Anglophones NP and CC Francophones NP feel VVP that IN there EX are VBP no RB linguistic JJ or CC cultural JJ barriers NNS to TO their PP$ progress NN in IN commerce NN and CC industry NN . SENT they PP must MD also RB feel VV that IN as IN a DT linguistic JJ and CC cultural JJ group NN they PP share NN in IN the DT direction NN of IN economic JJ life NN , , in IN making VVG those DT decisions NNS which WDT so RB largely RB determine VV everyone NN s PP future JJ living NN conditions NNS . SENT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP . SENT General JJ Introduction NN and CC Book NN I PP . SENT The DT Official JJ Languages NNS , , Ottawa NP , , 1967 CD , , p NN . SENT xxxv NP . SENT One CD sign NN that IN linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ increasingly RB accepted VVN and CC enhances VVZ linguistic JJ minorities NNS vitality NN is VBZ the DT emergence NN of IN new JJ issues NNS related VVN to TO official JJ languages NNS in IN recent JJ years NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ no DT longer RBR enough JJ to TO be VB educated VVN and CC served VVN in IN English JJ and CC French JJ nationwide JJ . SENT we PP must MD also RB be VB able JJ to TO live VV healthy JJ lives NNS and CC to TO work VV , , produce VV , , innovate VV and CC travel VV in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS throughout IN Canada NP . SENT Transportation NP has VHZ already RB been VBN on IN the DT table NN for IN some DT time NN , , while IN health NN and CC the DT economy NN are VBP more RBR recent JJ additions NNS . SENT In IN all PDT these DT fields NNS , , notable JJ progress NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS . SENT PRINCIPAL JJ ACHIEVEMENTS NNS The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP now RB views VVZ health NN from IN an DT official JJ languages NNS perspective NN , , and CC minorities NNS specific JJ needs NNS are VBP factored VVN into IN joint JJ governance NN mechanisms NNS . SENT The DT provinces NNS of IN New NP Brunswick NP , , Quebec NP , , Ontario NP and CC Manitoba NP recognize VVP the DT right NN to TO obtain VV health NN services NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Community NN health NN networks NNS have VHP been VBN established VVN in IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT Training NN in IN the DT health NN field NN is VBZ recognized VVN as IN a DT key JJ priority NN , , as RB evidenced VVN by IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS and CC the DT September NP 2004 CD federal JJ provincial JJ territorial JJ agreement NN on IN health NN . SENT The DT Games NPS of IN La NP Francophonie NP , , along RB with IN regional JJ games NNS , , have VHP turned VVN amateur JJ sports NNS into IN a DT priority NN while IN allowing VVG the DT inclusion NN of IN young JJ Francophiles NNS from IN across IN the DT country NN . SENT True JJ awareness NN of IN the DT essential JJ role NN the DT economy NN also RB plays VVZ in IN the DT development NN and CC vitality NN of IN minority NN communities NNS . SENT Joint JJ governance NN mechanisms NNS and CC community NN networks NNS have VHP been VBN implemented VVN in IN the DT economic JJ development NN and CC employability NN sector NN for IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS . SENT Canadian JJ expertise NN in IN language NN technology NN is VBZ growing VVG and CC is VBZ recognized VVN internationally RB . SENT It PP is VBZ established VVN that IN air NN traffic NN controllers NNS and CC pilots NNS can MD use VV either DT official JJ language NN without IN posing VVG any DT risk NN to TO air VV traffic NN safety NN . SENT Travellers NNS are VBP better RBR able JJ to TO receive VV service NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS on IN VIA IN Rail NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Health NP Health NP is VBZ a DT constitutional JJ responsibility NN of IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS , , although IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP plays VVZ an DT important JJ role NN primarily RB through IN its PP$ spending NN power NN and CC responsibilities NNS toward IN some DT categories NNS of IN citizens NNS . SENT During IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP s PP work VVP in IN the DT 1960 CD s PP , , health NN was VBD not RB at IN the DT heart NN of IN the DT Commission NP s PP concerns VVZ , , and CC the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP has VHZ only RB recently RB focussed VVN its PP$ attention NN on IN the DT issue NN of IN delivering VVG health NN services NNS to TO official JJ language NN minority NN groups NNS . SENT The DT crisis NN around IN the DT attempted JJ closure NN and CC later JJR downsizing NN of IN Montfort NP Hospital NP in IN Ottawa NP , , which WDT was VBD resolved VVN in IN 2002 CD , , brought VVD the DT issue NN of IN health NN and CC linguistic JJ duality NN to TO the DT forefront NN . SENT Provinces NNS and CC territories NNS . SENT In IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS , , however RB , , health NN has VHZ long RB been VBN a DT language NN issue NN . SENT In IN Francophone JJ settings NNS , , religious JJ communities NNS traditionally RB delivered VVN health NN services NNS . SENT When WRB provincial JJ governments NNS took VVD over RP to TO create VV public JJ health NN systems NNS , , the DT changing VVG framework NN often RB triggered VVD a DT loss NN of IN control NN over IN management NN of IN these DT facilities NNS and CC an DT erosion NN of IN services NNS in IN French NP . SENT The DT Anglophone JJ minority NN in IN Quebec NP experienced VVD a DT similar JJ situation NN during IN the DT recent JJ health NN system NN restructuring NN . SENT However RB , , the DT right NN of IN minorities NNS to TO receive VV services NNS in IN their PP$ language NN has VHZ been VBN enshrined VVN in IN legislation NN in IN five CD provinces NNS . SENT New NP Brunswick NP , , Quebec NP , , Ontario NP , , Manitoba NP and CC Nova NP Scotia NP . SENT This DT legislation NN allows VVZ the DT creation NN of IN bilingual JJ facilities NNS or CC health NN districts NNS , , or CC guarantees VVZ the DT provision NN of IN services NNS in IN the DT language NN of IN the DT minority NN where WRB demand NN warrants NNS . SENT Prince NP Edward NP Island NP also RB currently RB appears VVZ to TO be VB moving VVG in IN the DT same JJ direction NN . SENT MONTFORT NN HOSPITAL NN . SENT THE DT COURTS NNS TO TO THE DT RESCUE NN Between IN 1997 CD and CC 2001 CD , , the DT fight NN to TO prevent VV the DT closure NN of IN Montfort NP Hospital NP in IN Ottawa NP took VVD on IN national JJ dimensions NNS . SENT The DT battle NN pitted VVD two CD camps NNS against IN each DT other JJ . SENT the DT Ontario NP Health NP Services NPS Restructuring NN Commission NP and CC Ontario NP s PP Francophone JJ community NN . SENT The DT first JJ party NN defended VVD the DT need NN to TO streamline VV a DT massive JJ and CC expensive JJ health NN care NN system NN . SENT The DT second NN found VVD it PP unacceptable JJ to TO close VV or CC downsize VV the DT only JJ Francophone JJ teaching NN hospital NN in IN Ontario NP , , which WDT served VVD some DT 200 CD , , 000 CD people NNS . SENT SOS NP Montfort NP was VBD created VVN under IN the DT charismatic JJ leadership NN of IN Gis NP le FW Lalonde NP . SENT It PP succeeded VVD in IN mobilizing VVG the DT community NN , , Francophones NP and CC Francophiles NP across IN the DT country NN . SENT A DT huge JJ rally NN with IN 10 CD , , 000 CD people NNS in IN attendance NN was VBD held VVN at IN the DT Ottawa NP Civic NP Centre NP . SENT The DT case NN found VVD its PP$ way NN into IN the DT courts NNS . SENT In IN 1999 CD , , a DT first JJ ruling NN by IN the DT Superior NP Court NP of IN Justice NP supported VVD the DT protesters NNS . SENT The DT Harris NP government NN appealed VVD . SENT Many JJ stakeholders NNS , , including VVG the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , supported VVD the DT applicants NNS from IN Montfort NP Hospital NP . SENT In IN 2001 CD , , the DT three CD judges NNS on IN the DT Court NP of IN Appeal NN unanimously RB upheld VVD the DT Superior NP Court NP s PP ruling VVG . SENT The DT judges NNS affirmed VVD that IN if IN the DT directives NNS closing VVG the DT hospital NN were VBD implemented VVD , , . SENT . SENT . SENT they PP would MD greatly RB impair VV Montfort NP s PP role NN as IN an DT important JJ linguistic JJ , , cultural JJ and CC educational JJ institution NN , , vital JJ to TO the DT minority NN Francophone JJ population NN of IN Ontario NP . SENT This DT would MD be VB contrary JJ to TO the DT fundamental JJ constitutional JJ principle NN of IN respect NN for IN and CC protection NN of IN minorities NNS . SENT 135 CD FRANCOPHONE JJ COMMUNITY NN HEALTH NN CENTRES NNS IN IN ONTARIO NP Franco NP Ontarian NP users NNS control VVP their PP$ own JJ health NN services NNS in IN 14 CD locations NNS served VVN by IN community NN health NN centres NNS . SENT The DT concept NN of IN the DT community NN health NN centre NN involving VVG a DT medical JJ clinic NN and CC disease NN prevention NN and CC health NN promotion NN programs NNS took VVD root NN in IN Ontario NP in IN 1989 CD . SENT In IN Ontario NP s PP network NN of IN 65 CD centres NNS , , those DT in IN the DT Ottawa NP region NN are VBP bilingual JJ and CC five CD others NNS located VVN in IN Toronto NP , , Hamilton NP , , Sudbury NP , , New NP Liskeard NP and CC Cornwall NP are VBP French JJ language NN centres NNS . SENT All DT have VHP satellites NNS serving VVG the DT small JJ surrounding JJ communities NNS . SENT In IN Ontario NP , , community NN health NN centres NNS constitute VVP a DT giant JJ step NN forward RB in IN the DT delivery NN of IN French JJ language NN services NNS in IN the DT health NN field NN , , and CC contribute VVP to TO building VVG healthy JJ communities NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Health NP Canada NP . SENT listening VVG closely RB In IN 2000 CD , , Health NP Canada NP created VVD two CD consultative JJ committees NNS for IN the DT English JJ speaking NN and CC French JJ speaking VVG minority NN communities NNS . SENT These DT committees NNS are VBP made VVN up RP of IN community NN representatives NNS , , professionals NNS , , health NN educators NNS and CC managers NNS , , and CC federal JJ and CC provincial JJ public JJ servants NNS who WP advise VVP the DT Minister NP of IN Health NP on IN priorities NNS in IN their PP$ communities NNS . SENT The DT Francophone JJ committee NN submitted VVD its PP$ needs NNS analysis NN and CC recommendations NNS in IN 2001 CD . SENT 136 CD In IN this DT report NN , , the DT committee NN noted VVD that DT half NN of IN Francophones NP living VVG in IN minority NN communities NNS have VHP little RB or CC no DT access NN to TO health NN services NNS in IN French JJ , , and CC that IN the DT lack NN of IN services NNS in IN their PP$ language NN adversely RB affects VVZ their PP$ health NN . SENT Language NN barriers NNS have VHP been VBN demonstrated VVN to TO have VH adverse JJ effects NNS on IN access NN to TO health NN care NN , , quality NN of IN care NN , , rights NNS of IN patients NNS , , patient NN and CC provider NN satisfaction NN , , and CC more RBR importantly RB , , on IN patient JJ health NN outcomes NNS . SENT S NP . SENT Bowen NP , , Language NP Barriers NNS in IN Access NP to TO Health NP Care NP , , Ottawa NP , , Health NP Canada NP , , 2001 CD , , p NN . SENT x SYM . SENT The DT Anglophone JJ committee NN s PP report VVP , , submitted VVN in IN 2002 CD , , noted VVN that IN Anglophones NP in IN metropolitan JJ areas NNS are VBP well RB served VVN in IN English NP , , but CC that IN residents NNS of IN rural JJ areas NNS have VHP more JJR difficulty NN obtaining VVG health NN care NN in IN English NP , , even RB if IN Quebec NP s PP Act NP Respecting IN Health NP Services NPS and CC Social NP Services NP guarantees VVZ their PP$ right NN to TO receive VV such JJ services NNS . SENT 137 CD Budget NP cuts NNS in IN the DT health NN field NN have VHP reduced VVN and CC continue VVP to TO threaten VV services NNS in IN English NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Community NP governance NN of IN health NN One CD of IN the DT first JJ results NNS of IN these DT consultative JJ committees NNS work NN was VBD the DT establishment NN of IN regional JJ health NN networks NNS . SENT Quebec NP s PP Community NP Health NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Network NP was VBD created VVN in IN 2000 CD with IN funding NN from IN Canadian NP Heritage NP . SENT Thanks NNS to TO this DT network NN , , some DT 60 CD health NN institutions NNS , , facilities NNS and CC community NN agencies NNS can MD share VV their PP$ knowledge NN and CC join VV forces NNS to TO defend VV the DT Anglophone JJ community NN s PP interests VVZ . SENT Quebec NP s PP Anglophone JJ community NN has VHZ received VVN 27 CD million CD over IN four CD years NNS from IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP to TO provide VV professionals NNS with IN English JJ language NN training NN , , allow VV Anglophone JJ communities NNS to TO organize VV networks NNS , , and CC improve VV primary JJ care NN services NNS delivered VVN in IN English NP . SENT For IN its PP$ part NN , , the DT Government NN of IN Quebec NP is VBZ planning VVG to TO spend VV 800 CD million CD to TO build VV a DT hospital NN in IN Montr NP al NP offering VVG comprehensive JJ services NNS in IN English NP . SENT The DT Francophone JJ minority NN created VVD the DT Soci NN t NN Sant NP en FW Fran NP ais NNS in IN 2002 CD to TO bring VV together RB health NN professionals NNS , , community NN agencies NNS , , and CC health NN and CC educational JJ institutions NNS . SENT The DT agency NN s PP mandate VV is VBZ to TO establish VV networks NNS of IN health NN professionals NNS in IN the DT provinces NNS able JJ to TO deliver VV services NNS in IN French NP . SENT To TO date NN , , the DT agency NN has VHZ created VVN 17 CD regional JJ networks NNS , , and CC numerous JJ projects NNS submitted VVN by IN communities NNS are VBP awaiting VVG the DT green JJ light NN or CC are VBP now RB underway JJ . SENT The DT training NN component NN got VVD off RP the DT ground NN in IN 2003 CD with IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT Consortium NP national JJ de NP formation NN en IN sant NP , , 138 CD a DT network NN of IN 10 CD Francophone JJ post NN secondary JJ educational JJ institutions NNS . SENT Supported VVN by IN 63 CD million CD in IN funding NN announced VVN in IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS , , these DT institutions NNS have VHP expanded VVN their PP$ recruitment NN efforts NNS , , increased VVD their PP$ training NN capabilities NNS , , co NP ordinated VVD their PP$ program NN development NN efforts NNS , , and CC strengthened VVD existing VVG links NNS between IN health NN facilities NNS . SENT The DT Consortium NP s PP objective NN is VBZ to TO train VV 2 CD , , 500 CD new JJ health NN professionals NNS able JJ to TO offer VV services NNS in IN French JJ by IN 2008 CD . SENT We PP have VHP no DT illusions NNS about IN the DT fact NN that IN training NN and CC research NN require VVP a DT long JJ term NN outlook NN and CC commitment NN as RB well RB as IN determination NN and CC , , of IN course NN , , hard JJ work NN in IN the DT short JJ term NN . SENT Gilles NP Patry NP , , Rector NP of IN the DT University NP of IN Ottawa NP and CC Yvon NP Fontaine NP , , President NP of IN the DT Universit NP de NP Moncton NP Co NP Chairs VVZ of IN the DT Consortium NP national JJ de NP formation NN en IN sant NP , , June NP 2004 CD . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT In IN 2003 CD , , the DT Standing NP Committee NP on IN Official NP Languages NNS and CC the DT Commissioner NP asked VVD the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP to TO negotiate VV bilateral JJ agreements NNS with IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS for IN the DT delivery NN of IN health NN services NNS to TO linguistic JJ minorities NNS . SENT Although IN it PP did VVD not RB address VV these DT requests NNS directly RB , , the DT September NP 2004 CD Federal NP Provincial JJ Territorial JJ Health NP Accord NP nevertheless RB set VVD out RP the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP s PP commitment NN to TO deliver VV health NN care NN to TO official JJ language NN minorities NNS . SENT More JJR must MD be VB done VVN to TO recognize VV minorities NNS unequivocal JJ right NN to TO receive VV health NN care NN in IN their PP$ language NN . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ vehicles NNS the DT Official JJ Languages NNS Act NP , , the DT Canada NP Health NP Act NP , , and CC federal JJ provincial JJ territorial JJ agreements NNS that WDT could MD facilitate VV this DT access NN . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP has VHZ identified VVN the DT provision NN of IN health NN services NNS to TO linguistic JJ minorities NNS as IN an DT issue NN , , since IN a DT significant JJ proportion NN of IN the DT budget NN allocated VVN to TO the DT 2003 CD Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS is VBZ earmarked VVN for IN this DT purpose NN 119 CD million CD of IN the DT 750 CD million CD allocation NN . SENT However RB , , the DT battle NN is VBZ far RB from IN won NN , , since IN this DT is VBZ one CD time NN funding NN with IN no DT guarantee NN of IN renewal NN after IN the DT five CD year NN plan NN is VBZ completed VVN . SENT As IN well RB , , the DT progress NN made VVN in IN the DT provinces NNS is VBZ still RB in IN jeopardy NN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT case NN in IN Ontario NP and CC New NP Brunswick NP , , where WRB network NN reconfiguration NN and CC changes NNS to TO facilities NNS mandates NNS could MD trigger VV extensive JJ service NN reductions NNS for IN Francophones NP in IN these DT regions NNS . SENT In IN Quebec NP , , Anglophones NP were VBD also RB concerned VVN about IN the DT fate NN of IN some DT of IN their PP$ institutions NNS , , although IN the DT situation NN was VBD finally RB resolved VVN to TO the DT Anglophone JJ community NN s PP satisfaction NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Sport NP Sport NP is VBZ an DT aspect NN of IN healthy JJ living NN as IN well RB as IN an DT important JJ societal JJ activity NN by IN virtue NN of IN the DT fact NN that IN it PP fosters VVZ solidarity NN and CC enriches VVZ Canada NP s PP social JJ fabric NN . SENT Sports NNS practised VVD in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS and CC equal JJ access NN for IN Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ athletes NNS are VBP natural JJ outgrowths NNS of IN Canadian JJ linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT Through IN Sport NP Canada NP , , the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP funds NNS high JJ performance NN sports NNS and CC must MD fulfill VV the DT obligation NN set VVD out RP in IN the DT Act NP according VVG to TO which WDT funded JJ organizations NNS must MD provide VV their PP$ members NNS and CC the DT general JJ public NN with IN bilingual JJ services NNS of IN equal JJ quality NN . SENT Federal JJ support NN . SENT Language NN concerns NNS in IN sports NNS arose VVD in IN the DT wake NN of IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP , , and CC the DT government NN started VVD to TO provide VV additional JJ funding NN for IN national JJ sports NNS associations NNS to TO deliver VV services NNS in IN both DT languages NNS . SENT 1982 CD . SENT An DT audit NN by IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS finds VVZ that IN this DT obligation NN is VBZ not RB being VBG fully RB met VVN by IN the DT tax NN supported VVD agencies NNS or CC Sport NP Canada NP . SENT 1986 CD . SENT The DT Commissioner NP finally RB notes VVZ progress NN , , but CC in IN 1990 CD , , an DT investigation NN of IN Sport NP Canada NP once RB again RB identifies VVZ gaps NNS in IN the DT services NNS offered VVD and CC Francophones NP participation NN . SENT 1999 CD . SENT A DT review NN of IN federal JJ programs NNS reveals VVZ an DT even RB worse JJR situation NN , , and CC the DT Commissioner NP decides VVZ to TO conduct VV another DT special JJ study NN on IN the DT subject NN . SENT 139 CD National NP sports NNS centres NNS in IN Calgary NP and CC Winnipeg NP operate VVP in IN English NP while IN the DT one NN in IN Montr NP al NP operates VVZ in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Francophone JJ athletes NNS are VBP often RB assigned VVN to TO unilingual JJ English JJ trainers NNS , , and CC the DT services NNS provided VVN by IN the DT national JJ associations NNS are VBP often RB in IN English NP only RB . SENT CITIZENS NNS AS IN AGENTS NNS OF IN CHANGE NN Sport NP . SENT As IN a DT result NN of IN complaints NNS about IN the DT Canada NP Games NPS in IN Saint NP John NP , , New NP Brunswick NP in IN 1985 CD and CC of IN collaborative JJ work NN undertaken VVN by IN the DT Commissioner NP that IN year NN , , it PP is VBZ now RB recognized VVN that IN the DT Canada NP Games NPS , , largely RB funded VVN by IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP , , must MD take VV place NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT This DT change NN has VHZ had VHN a DT ripple JJ effect NN on IN other JJ international JJ games NNS such JJ as IN the DT Commonwealth NP Games NPS and CC the DT Pan NP American NP Games NPS . SENT A DT report NN by IN the DT Commissioner NP on IN international JJ events NNS held VVN in IN the DT 1990 CD s PP , , along RB with IN the DT steps NNS the DT Commissioner NP took VVD during IN the DT Olympic NP Games NPS in IN Calgary NP , , have VHP also RB helped VVN support NN duality NN in IN high JJ performance NN sport NN . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT Since IN 2002 CD , , the DT national JJ sports NNS policy NN has VHZ clearly RB laid VVN out IN the DT government NN s PP expectations NNS for IN bilingualism NN , , as RB did VVD the DT 2003 CD Physical NP Activity NP and CC Sport NP Act NP . SENT Although IN Sport NP Canada NP has VHZ had VHN considerable JJ influence NN in IN this DT regard NN since IN the DT 1980 CD s PP , , the DT Canadian JJ sports NNS system NN still RB faces VVZ special JJ issues NNS related VVN to TO Francophone JJ athletes NNS . SENT Several JJ national JJ sports NNS organizations NNS and CC their PP$ trainers NNS do VVP not RB have VH the DT required VVN capacity NN to TO communicate VV in IN French NP . SENT Sport NP Canada NP has VHZ ordered VVN a DT study NN to TO determine VV whether IN systemic JJ barriers NNS exist VVP that RB prevent VV Francophones NP from IN participating VVG fully RB in IN high JJ performance NN sport NN . SENT Sport NP Canada NP must MD nevertheless RB show VV stronger JJR leadership NN for IN official JJ languages NNS , , given VVN the DT important JJ role NN that IN sport NN plays NNS in IN Canadian JJ society NN by IN bringing VVG the DT two CD linguistic JJ groups NNS together RB and CC increasing VVG their PP$ mutual JJ understanding NN . SENT The DT 2010 CD Winter NP Olympic NP Games NPS in IN Vancouver NP will MD offer VV Canada NP an DT ideal JJ opportunity NN to TO showcase NN both CC its PP$ linguistic JJ duality NN and CC the DT excellence NN of IN its PP$ athletes NNS . SENT In IN the DT meantime NN , , amateur JJ sport NN has VHZ become VVN the DT focus NN of IN major JJ initiatives NNS within IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN . SENT In IN addition NN to TO being JJ sporting NN events NNS , , the DT Jeux NP de NP l NN Acadie NP , , the DT Jeux NP de NP l NN Ouest NP and CC the DT Jeux NP franco NP ontariens VVZ also RB have VH an DT artistic JJ component NN and CC help VV train NN leaders NNS . SENT The DT Jeux NP de FW la FW Francophonie NP canadienne NP , , which WDT serve VVP as IN an DT umbrella NN for IN these DT regional JJ games NNS , , accept VV more JJR than IN a DT hundred CD young JJ people NNS from IN each DT province NN and CC territory NN , , including VVG Quebec NP as RB well RB as IN Francophiles NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT economy NN Linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ economy NN and CC not RB a DT superimposed VVN element NN . SENT We PP will MD now RB illustrate VV how WRB the DT use NN of IN two CD or CC even RB several JJ languages NNS can MD benefit VV Canada NP economically RB . SENT Economic JJ profile NN of IN official JJ language NN communities NNS The DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP observed VVD that IN Canada NP s PP Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ components NNS did VVD not RB enjoy VV equivalent JJ socio NN economic JJ status NN . SENT The DT average JJ income NN of IN Canadians NNS of IN French JJ ethnic JJ origin NN , , in IN Quebec NP and CC the DT rest NN of IN Canada NP , , was VBD below RB that IN of IN Canadians NNS of IN British JJ ethnic JJ origin NN , , and CC educational JJ levels NNS reflected VVD the DT same JJ pattern NN see VVP table NN . SENT INCOME NN BY IN ETHNIC JJ ORIGIN NN , , CANADA NP AND CC QUEBEC NP , , 1961 CD Indicator NN Canada NP Quebec NP British JJ origin NN French JJ origin NN British JJ origin NN French JJ origin NN Average NP income NN 4 CD , , 852 CD 3 CD , , 872 CD 5 CD , , 918 CD 3 CD , , 880 CD Gap NP 20 CD 34 CD Source NN . SENT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP , , The DT Work NP World NP , , Book NP III NP , , 1969 CD . SENT INCOME NN BY IN FIRST CD LANGUAGE NN SPOKEN VVN , , CANADA NP AND CC QUEBEC NP , , 2001 CD Indicator NN Canada NP Quebec NP Anglophone JJ Francophone JJ Anglophone JJ Francophone JJ Average JJ income NN 30 CD , , 930 CD 27 CD , , 286 CD 30 CD , , 227 CD 26 CD , , 923 CD Gap NP 11 CD 11 CD Source NN . SENT Statistics NP Canada NP . SENT 2001 CD Census NP 97 CD F NN 0007 CD XCB NP 01043 CD . SENT The DT recent JJ data NNS drawn VVN from IN the DT 2001 CD Census NP show NN that IN the DT gaps NNS between IN Anglophones NP and CC Francophones NP in IN Canada NP and CC Quebec NP continue VVP to TO exist VV , , but CC have VHP narrowed VVN significantly RB . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Community NP governance NN in IN economic JJ development NN Despite IN the DT general JJ progress NN nationwide RB , , the DT economy NN only RB became VVD a DT genuine JJ issue NN for IN linguistic JJ minorities NNS as IN a DT result NN of IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT Prior RB to TO that DT , , minorities NNS relied VVD primarily RB on IN their PP$ own JJ resources NNS by IN setting VVG up RP co NP operatives NNS , , etc FW . SENT Part NP VII NP specified VVD that IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP and CC the DT institutions NNS subject JJ to TO the DT Act NP must MD enhance VV the DT vitality NN and CC development NN of IN linguistic JJ minority NN communities NNS . SENT Such JJ communities NNS can MD therefore RB expect VV federal JJ institutions NNS to TO grant VV them PP specific JJ support NN tailored VVN to TO their PP$ economic JJ development NN needs NNS , , on IN the DT same JJ basis NN as IN that DT provided VVN to TO majorities NNS . SENT Joint JJ Francophone JJ committee NN . SENT Official JJ language NN minorities NNS now RB have VHP an DT exemplary JJ national JJ joint JJ governance NN structure NN for IN economic JJ development NN . SENT This DT was VBD initially RB established VVN within IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN in IN the DT mid JJ 1990 CD s PP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT The DT Francophone JJ minority NN , , under IN the DT leadership NN of IN the DT F NN d SYM ration NN des FW communaut NN s PP francophones VVZ et NP acadiennes NP du NP Canada NP and CC the DT Conseil NP canadien NP de NP coop NN ration NN , , works VVZ to TO develop VV a DT national JJ economic JJ development NN strategy NN . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Human NP Resources NPS Development NP Canada NP supports VVZ the DT establishment NN of IN the DT National NP Committee NP for IN Canadian NP Francophonie NP Human NP Resources NPS Development NP , , a DT joint JJ committee NN made VVD up RP of IN representatives NNS from IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP and CC the DT community NN . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Partnerships NNS with IN federal JJ institutions NNS , , of IN which WDT there EX are VBP now RB 11 CD , , begin VVP to TO expand VV . SENT 1998 CD . SENT The DT first JJ co NP ordinating NN groups NNS on IN economic JJ development NN and CC employability NN RDEE NN are VBP set VVN up RP across IN Canada NP . SENT RDEE NP facilitate VVP strategic JJ planning NN at IN the DT regional JJ level NN and CC strengthen VV capacities NNS in IN four CD sectors NNS . SENT rural JJ development NN , , the DT knowledge NN economy NN , , the DT integration NN of IN youth NN , , and CC tourism NN . SENT Joint JJ Anglophone JJ committee NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT The DT Anglophone JJ community NN in IN Quebec NP and CC the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP used VVD the DT same JJ model NN in IN 1998 CD to TO create VV the DT National NP Human NP Resources NPS Development NP Committee NP for IN the DT English NP Language NP Minority NP . SENT This DT bipartite JJ committee NN supports VVZ a DT network NN of IN 11 CD regional JJ committees NNS on IN employability NN and CC community NN economic JJ development NN . SENT The DT network NN strives VVZ to TO improve VV communication NN and CC enhance VV cultural JJ identity NN and CC community NN skills NNS , , the DT integration NN of IN young JJ people NNS , , job NN creation NN and CC economic JJ diversification NN . SENT Achievements NNS . SENT The DT creation NN of IN these DT joint JJ committees NNS initiated VVD a DT new JJ form NN of IN co NP operation NN between IN the DT government NN and CC communities NNS that WDT augurs VVZ well RB for IN future JJ progress NN on IN Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Act NP . SENT The DT regional JJ networks NNS and CC committees NNS perform VVP valuable JJ work NN by IN improving VVG co NP operation NN among IN , , and CC strengthening VVG the DT capacities NNS of IN , , community NN stakeholders NNS . SENT These DT networks NNS and CC committees NNS have VHP launched VVN numerous JJ economic JJ development NN projects NNS and CC have VHP in IN some DT sense NN laid VVD the DT groundwork NN for IN greater JJR involvement NN by IN Industry NP Canada NP announced VVD in IN the DT Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS , , especially RB with IN respect NN to TO distance VV training NN , , the DT development NN of IN the DT information NN highway NN for IN minority NN communities NNS , , etc FW . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT In IN March NP 2005 CD , , Human NP Resources NPS and CC Skills NNS Development NP Canada NP announced VVD new JJ investments NNS and CC a DT new JJ governance NN structure NN for IN the DT economic JJ development NN of IN minority NN communities NNS . SENT We PP hope VVP that IN these DT changes NNS will MD bring VV new JJ life NN to TO the DT economy NN of IN these DT communities NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT economics NN of IN language NN One CD of IN the DT recurring VVG criticisms NNS levelled VVN at IN bilingualism NN since IN the DT 1960 CD s PP has VHZ been VBN its PP$ cost NN to TO taxpayers NNS . SENT In IN recent JJ years NNS , , experts NNS have VHP therefore RB been VBN asked VVN to TO study VV the DT economic JJ character NN of IN language NN . SENT 140 CD Language NP may MD in IN fact NN be VB considered VVN a DT form NN of IN human JJ capital NN and CC therefore RB a DT collective JJ good NN in IN which WDT investments NNS may MD be VB made VVN . SENT As IN a DT collective JJ good NN , , language NN is VBZ accessible JJ to TO everyone NN . SENT Also RB , , language NN has VHZ the DT unusual JJ property NN of IN not RB being VBG depleted VVN by IN consumption NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , the DT more RBR a DT language NN is VBZ consumed VVN , , or CC used VVN , , the DT greater JJR its PP$ value NN . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB an DT individual JJ s NN level NN of IN motivation NN to TO learn VV a DT second JJ language NN is VBZ related VVN to TO the DT perceived VVN benefit NN of IN being VBG able JJ to TO use VV it PP with IN a DT large JJ number NN of IN speakers NNS . SENT Did VVD you PP know VVP that IN Labelling VVG and CC packaging NN . SENT According VVG to TO a DT 1997 CD study NN , , linguistic JJ requirements NNS related VVN to TO labelling VVG and CC packaging VVG cost NN manufacturers NNS only RB 0 CD . SENT 002 CD per IN dollar NN of IN sales NNS . SENT 141 CD The DT value NN of IN language NN . SENT For IN language NN policy NN , , this DT means NN that IN learning VVG a DT second JJ language NN goes VVZ hand NN in IN hand NN with IN the DT vitality NN of IN the DT first JJ language NN . SENT If IN the DT Francophone JJ community NN is VBZ not RB present JJ and CC strong JJ in IN Canada NP , , in IN control NN of IN its PP$ language NN and CC its PP$ development NN , , the DT value NN of IN learning VVG French JJ as IN a DT second JJ language NN will MD be VB lower JJR . SENT Therefore RB , , investments NNS must MD be VB made VVN not RB only RB in IN second JJ language NN learning NN and CC language NN training NN in IN the DT Public NP Service NP , , but CC also RB to TO support VV training NN and CC means VVZ of IN creation NN and CC expression NN in IN the DT French JJ language NN . SENT However RB , , if IN learners NNS do VVP not RB use VV the DT second JJ language NN , , investments NNS in IN this DT collective JJ good NN are VBP less RBR productive JJ . SENT This DT should MD encourage VV federal JJ institutions NNS to TO take VV steps NNS to TO make VV the DT minority NN language NN commonplace NN in IN the DT work NN environment NN , , to TO guarantee VV a DT return NN on IN investment NN in IN language NN training NN . SENT More RBR broadly RB , , research NN 142 CD also RB demonstrates VVZ that DT second JJ language NN acquisition NN is VBZ beneficial JJ in IN several JJ areas NNS . SENT Physiologically RB . SENT Knowing VVG several JJ languages NNS appears VVZ to TO be VB linked VVN to TO longer JJR term NN maintenance NN of IN active JJ cognitive JJ capacities NNS . SENT Psychologically RB . SENT Individuals NNS who WP master VV more JJR than IN one CD language NN increase VV their PP$ self NN confidence NN and CC self NN esteem NN and CC are VBP more RBR at IN ease VV with IN others NNS . SENT Cognitively RB . SENT Knowing VVG a DT second JJ language NN can MD open VV new JJ doors NNS to TO understanding NN and CC provide VV access NN to TO heretofore RB unknown JJ cultural JJ and CC intellectual JJ realms NNS . SENT Politically RB . SENT Having VHG an DT additional JJ communication NN option NN in IN turn NN increases NNS the DT potential NN to TO share NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , to TO found VVN a DT community NN . SENT 143 CD The DT use NN of IN two CD languages NNS in IN Canada NP thus RB strengthens VVZ national JJ democratic JJ life NN . SENT Economically RB . SENT As IN noted VVN in IN the DT box NN below RB , , being VBG bilingual JJ increases NNS the DT potential NN for IN earning VVG a DT higher JJR income NN . SENT Unlike IN many JJ other JJ kinds NNS of IN competence NN , , the DT benefits NNS of IN knowing VVG a DT language NN to TO an DT individual JJ increase NN with IN the DT number NN of IN people NNS who WP speak VVP it PP . SENT S NP . SENT Dalmazzone NP , , The DT Economics NP of IN Language NP . SENT A DT Method NN Externalities NNS Approach NN , , in IN A DT . SENT Breton NP ed NP . SENT , , Exploring VVG the DT Economics NP of IN Language NP , , Ottawa NP , , Canadian NP Heritage NP , , 1999 CD , , p NN . SENT 63 CD . SENT The DT language NN industry NN . SENT Another DT response NN to TO concerns NNS about IN the DT cost NN of IN bilingualism NN is VBZ the DT trade NN that IN it PP generates VVZ . SENT One CD of IN the DT economic JJ spinoffs NNS of IN Canadian JJ linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ , , in IN fact NN , , the DT development NN of IN a DT world NN renowned JJ language NN industry NN . SENT Canada NP is VBZ a DT world NN leader NN in IN human JJ translation NN and CC language NN training NN . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB one CD of IN the DT world NN s VVZ largest JJS producers NNS of IN language NN technology NN and CC services NNS . SENT Thanks NNS to TO the DT Internet NN and CC the DT globalization NN of IN trade NN , , the DT world NN market NN for IN language NN technology NN and CC services NNS is VBZ growing VVG at IN an DT estimated JJ annual JJ rate NN of IN 20 CD , , and CC should MD surpass VV US NP 25 CD billion CD by IN 2007 CD . SENT In IN Canada NP , , the DT language NN industry NN generates VVZ more JJR than IN 900 CD million CD in IN goods NNS and CC services NNS annually RB . SENT The DT Canadian JJ industry NN is VBZ made VVN up RP of IN over IN 1 CD , , 300 CD companies NNS , , and CC their PP$ activity NN generates VVZ work NN for IN more JJR than IN 28 CD , , 000 CD people NNS . SENT 144 CD In IN 2003 CD , , the DT federal JJ Action NP Plan NP for IN Official NP Languages NNS supported VVD the DT creation NN of IN the DT Language NP Industry NP Association NP , , 145 CD which WDT aims VVZ to TO market VV Canadian JJ industry NN internationally RB and CC to TO promote VV research NN and CC development NN . SENT Under IN the DT Action NP Plan NP , , funding NN was VBD also RB announced VVN for IN a DT new JJ Language NP Technologies NPS Research NP Centre NP located VVN at IN the DT Universit NP du NP Qu NP bec NP en IN Outaouais NP . SENT This DT centre NN will MD house VV 150 CD researchers NNS and CC experts NNS and CC strive VV to TO position VV itself PP as IN a DT world NN leader NN in IN terminology NN standards NNS , , quality NN control NN and CC language NN database NN creation NN . SENT Challenges NNS . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP and CC industry NN leaders NNS understand VVP the DT economic JJ opportunity NN that IN linguistic JJ duality NN offers VVZ Canada NP through IN the DT development NN of IN expertise NN in IN language NN related JJ technology NN and CC services NNS . SENT The DT task NN now RB is VBZ to TO put VV this DT expertise NN to TO work VV around RP the DT world NN . SENT BUSINESS NN PEOPLE NNS BELIEVE VVP IN IN THE DT BENEFITS NNS OF IN BEING VBG BILINGUAL JJ A DT survey NN of IN heads NNS of IN businesses NNS and CC chambers NNS of IN commerce NN in IN Canada NP conducted VVN by IN COMPAS NP National NP Post NP in IN December NP 2003 CD indicated VVD that IN bilingualism NN benefits NNS individuals NNS . SENT Half NN of IN respondents NNS thought VVN that IN bilingual JJ individuals NNS find VVP work VV more RBR easily RB , , are VBP more RBR sensitive JJ to TO other JJ cultures NNS , , and CC have VH a DT better JJR chance NN of IN obtaining VVG well RB paid VVN employment NN . SENT Business NN people NNS prefer VVP to TO recruit VV people NNS who WP are VBP bilingual JJ in IN English JJ and CC French JJ rather RB than IN in IN English NP and CC another DT language NN . SENT Source NN . SENT COMPAS NP Inc NP . SENT Bilingualism NN . SENT CIBC NP Chamber NP Weekly NP CEO NP Business NP Leader NP Poll NP by IN COMPAS NP and CC the DT Financial NP Post NP for IN publication NN December NP 1 CD , , 2003 CD . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Transportation NP Transportation NP , , especially RB rail NN transportation NN , , was VBD a DT key JJ factor NN in IN Canadian NP Confederation NP . SENT Expanding VVG transportation NN corridors NNS went VVD hand NN in IN hand NN with IN nation NN building NN . SENT In IN recent JJ years NNS , , cutbacks NNS in IN public JJ infrastructure NN and CC rail NN and CC air NN transportation NN have VHP adversely RB affected VVN the DT cohesion NN of IN the DT regions NNS and CC undermined VVN linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT The DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP nevertheless RB continues VVZ to TO govern VV the DT Canadian JJ travellers NNS right JJ to TO receive VV services NNS in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN , , where WRB demand NN warrants NNS , , and CC to TO promote VV minority NN community NN development NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , more JJR than IN quarter NN of IN the DT complaints NNS lodged VVN with IN the DT Commissioner NP concern NN the DT transportation NN sector NN . SENT To TO illustrate VV the DT major JJ issues NNS in IN this DT sector NN over IN the DT past JJ 35 CD years NNS , , we PP have VHP selected VVN three CD sensitive JJ files NNS . SENT bilingualism NN in IN air NN traffic NN control NN , , at IN Air NP Canada NP and CC at IN VIA IN Rail NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS There EX is VBZ French JJ in IN the DT air NN One NN of IN the DT most RBS serious JJ crises NNS on IN the DT road NN to TO bilingualism NN in IN federal JJ institutions NNS involved VVD air NN traffic NN control NN in IN the DT 1970 CD s PP . SENT Due JJ to TO expansion NN of IN the DT air NN transportation NN industry NN at IN that DT time NN and CC the DT influx NN of IN Francophones NP into IN the DT industry NN , , the DT idea NN grew VVD that DT air NN traffic NN communication NN could MD take VV place NN in IN French NP , , although IN it PP was VBD then RB restricted VVN to TO English NP . SENT An DT attempt NN to TO facilitate VV the DT use NN of IN both DT languages NNS in IN 1975 CD degenerated VVN into IN a DT national JJ strike NN and CC court NN case NN . SENT 146 CD A NP coalition NN dubbed VVD les FW Gens NP de NP l NN air NN stepped VVD forward RB and CC gradually RB rallied VVD public JJ opinion NN . SENT A DT commission NN of IN inquiry NN was VBD finally RB tasked VVN with IN studying VVG the DT file NN , , and CC it PP determined VVD that DT air NN traffic NN controllers NNS could MD use VV French JJ without IN any DT risk NN to TO air VV safety NN . SENT The DT government NN implemented VVD the DT recommendations NNS in IN 1980 CD . SENT This DT conflict NN illustrates VVZ that DT acceptance NN of IN a DT new JJ but CC realistic JJ situation NN may MD require VV a DT demanding VVG cultural JJ shift NN . SENT The DT long JJ term NN lesson NN is VBZ that IN two CD languages NNS are VBP no RB more RBR dangerous JJ than IN one CD when WRB the DT parties NNS act VVP in IN good JJ faith NN , , attempt VVP to TO communicate VV , , and CC continue VVP to TO respect VV the DT standards NNS of IN their PP$ profession NN . SENT CITIZENS NNS AS IN AGENTS NNS OF IN CHANGE NN Air NP traffic NN control NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN of IN several JJ complaints NNS in IN the DT 1980 CD s PP and CC 1990 CD s PP on IN the DT training NN of IN air NN traffic NN controllers NNS and CC the DT use NN of IN French JJ in IN the DT control NN tower NN , , French NP was VBD integrated VVN into IN the DT air NN traffic NN controllers NNS training VVG programs NNS and CC made VVD its PP$ way NN into IN the DT control NN tower NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Inertia NN at IN Air NP Canada NP Air NP Canada NP s PP history NN is VBZ that IN of IN a DT Crown NP corporation NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN transformed VVN into IN a DT private JJ sector NN enterprise NN . SENT 1937 CD . SENT Air NP Canada NP is VBZ born VVN as IN an DT air NN carrier NN operating NN under IN a DT government NN monopoly NN . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT public JJ asset NN in IN which WDT Canada NP invests VVZ , , and CC people NNS have VHP high JJ expectations NNS of IN the DT company NN . SENT As IN of IN 1969 CD , , it PP is VBZ subject JJ to TO the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT 1988 CD . SENT In IN the DT wake NN of IN deregulation NN , , Air NP Canada NP becomes VVZ a DT private JJ sector NN company NN in IN competition NN with IN private JJ carriers NNS . SENT The DT government NN orders VVZ it PP to TO continue VV complying VVG with IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT 2004 CD . SENT Air NP Canada NP restructures VVZ its PP$ operations NNS , , some DT of IN which WDT are VBP conducted VVN by IN separate JJ companies NNS within IN a DT new JJ corporate JJ structure NN . SENT Year NN after IN year NN for IN over IN 30 CD years NNS , , successive JJ Commissioners NNS of IN Official JJ Languages NNS report VVP the DT company NN s PP failure NN to TO meet VV its PP$ obligations NNS and CC its PP$ lack NN of IN co NP operation NN in IN processing NN complaints NNS . SENT 147 CD Challenges NNS . SENT Air NP Canada NP is VBZ a DT private JJ company NN , , but CC it PP was VBD built VVN with IN public JJ funds NNS , , and CC citizens NNS continue VVP to TO have VH high JJ expectations NNS of IN it PP . SENT These DT same JJ factors NNS make VVP it PP a DT symbol NN of IN Canada NP . SENT Air NP Canada NP must MD therefore RB be VB a DT reflection NN of IN its PP$ clientele NNS , , especially RB in IN linguistic JJ duality NN , , which WDT is VBZ an DT important JJ feature NN of IN Canadian JJ identity NN . SENT In IN 2002 CD , , Air NP Canada NP s PP management NN reacted VVD to TO criticism NN by IN submitting VVG an DT action NN plan NN on IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT Unfortunately RB , , this DT plan NN projected VVD the DT expected VVN results NNS over IN a DT 10 CD year NN period NN and CC was VBD conditional JJ upon IN receiving VVG federal JJ funding NN for IN language NN training NN . SENT The DT company NN was VBD subsequently RB under IN the DT Companies NNS Creditors NNS Arrangement NN Act NN for IN close NN to TO a DT year NN , , and CC was VBD then RB acquired VVN by IN private JJ investors NNS . SENT Bilingualism NN at IN Air NP Canada NP therefore RB remains VVZ a DT work NN in IN progress NN . SENT The DT government NN must MD legislate VV to TO ensure VV that IN the DT linguistic JJ rights NNS of IN the DT travelling VVG public NN and CC Air NP Canada NP s PP employees NNS are VBP respected VVN . SENT In IN particular JJ , , the DT government NN must MD modify VV the DT Air NP Canada NP Public NP Participation NN Act NP to TO adapt VV the DT official JJ languages NNS plan VVP to TO the DT new JJ corporate JJ structure NN so IN that DT Air NP Canada NP and CC its PP$ former JJ divisions NNS such JJ as IN Ground NN handling VVG Services NPS and CC Technical NP Services NPS can MD continue VV to TO subject VV to TO the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT We PP expect VVP Air NP Canada NP not RB only RB to TO meet VV its PP$ obligations NNS under IN the DT new JJ legislation NN but CC also RB to TO show VV greater JJR leadership NN in IN implementing VVG them PP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS VIA IN Rail NP VIA IN Rail NP is VBZ a DT Crown NP corporation NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN transporting VVG travellers NNS since IN its PP$ creation NN in IN 1978 CD , , when WRB it PP took VVD over RP from IN Canadian NP National NP . SENT The DT corporation NN is VBZ thus RB subject JJ to TO the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT Like IN Air NP Canada NP , , VIA IN Rail NP has VHZ been VBN the DT subject NN of IN numerous JJ complaints NNS over IN the DT years NNS , , especially RB at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT 1980 CD s PP and CC in IN the DT Montr NP al NP Ottawa NP Toronto NP corridor NN . SENT Faced VVN with IN VIA IN Rail NP s PP lack VVP of IN action NN in IN implementing VVG better JJR services NNS in IN French NP , , the DT Commissioner NP of IN the DT day NN decided VVD to TO take VV legal JJ action NN against IN it PP . SENT At IN the DT start NN of IN her PP$ mandate NN , , the DT current JJ Commissioner NP observed VVD that IN the DT corporation NN was VBD finally RB taking VVG action NN to TO correct VV the DT situation NN by IN creating VVG bilingual JJ positions NNS and CC adopting VVG a DT package NN of IN measures NNS designed VVN to TO deliver VV better JJR services NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT The DT Commissioner NP therefore RB abandoned VVD the DT legal JJ action NN and CC has VHZ subsequently RB received VVN few JJ complaints NNS on IN this DT matter NN . SENT It PP must MD be VB recognized VVN that IN , , over IN the DT long JJ term NN , , VIA IN Rail NP has VHZ clearly RB expanded VVN the DT services NNS it PP provides VVZ to TO its PP$ clients NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT ENVIRONMENT NN CANADA NP WEATHER NN REPORTS NNS AVAILABLE JJ IN IN BOTH DT LANGUAGES NNS RIGHT NN ACROSS IN CANADA NP 24 CD HOURS NNS A DT DAY NN , , 7 CD DAYS NNS A DT WEEK NN Our PP$ climate NN , , our PP$ means NNS of IN travel NN and CC our PP$ activities NNS make VVP us PP take VV a DT daily JJ interest NN in IN weather NN conditions NNS across IN our PP$ country NN . SENT Over IN the DT years NNS , , we PP have VHP received VVN complaints NNS that WDT have VHP ultimately RB contributed VVN to TO the DT gradual JJ improvement NN of IN Environment NP Canada NP s PP weather VVP broadcasting NN program NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Weather NN reports NNS pre NP recorded VVD on IN dedicated JJ phone NN lines NNS , , transmitted VVN on IN VHF NN radio NN and CC posted VVD on IN the DT agency NN s PP Web NP site NN are VBP now RB available JJ in IN English JJ and CC French JJ to TO all DT Canadians NNS 24 CD hours NNS a DT day NN , , seven CD days NNS a DT week NN . SENT The DT agency NN can MD be VB proud JJ of IN the DT progress NN it PP has VHZ made VVN in IN this DT area NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Transportation NP issues NNS The DT transportation NN field NN has VHZ undergone VVN profound JJ changes NNS over IN the DT past JJ decade NN , , such JJ as RB . SENT the DT privatization NN of IN Canadian NP National NP . SENT Air NP Canada NP s PP takeover NN of IN Canadian NP Airlines NPS International NP . SENT the DT emergence NN of IN new JJ regional JJ air NN carriers NNS such JJ as IN WestJet NP and CC Canjet NP that WDT have VHP substantially RB modified VVN the DT business NN environment NN by IN breaking VVG Air NP Canada NP s PP monopoly NN . SENT the DT transfer NN and CC privatization NN of IN airports NNS . SENT the DT decreasing VVG number NN of IN ferries NNS in IN the DT Maritimes NP and CC on IN the DT West NP Coast NP . SENT and CC radical JJ changes NNS in IN recent JJ years NNS in IN our PP$ basic JJ notions NNS of IN security NN . SENT Transport NP Canada NP has VHZ for IN some DT time NN been VBN looking VVG to TO develop VV a DT new JJ comprehensive JJ transportation NN policy NN . SENT From IN a DT policy NN development NN perspective NN , , however RB , , respecting VVG official JJ languages NNS must MD not RB only RB be VB seen VVN as IN an DT obligation NN under IN the DT Act NP . SENT The DT overall JJ issue NN is VBZ to TO ensure VV that IN the DT safety NN of IN all DT Canadians NNS is VBZ never RB compromised VVN through IN a DT lack NN of IN language NN capacities NNS . SENT This DT also RB means VVZ respecting IN all DT citizens NNS who WP expect VVP to TO receive VV services NNS in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Conclusion NN Today NN , , Canadians NNS are VBP more RBR able JJ to TO live VV healthy JJ lives NNS , , to TO work VV , , and CC to TO travel VV across IN the DT country NN in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN than IN they PP were VBD 35 CD years NNS ago RB . SENT The DT progress NN we PP have VHP detailed VVN in IN this DT report NN is VBZ undeniable JJ , , but CC despite IN these DT achievements NNS , , several JJ issues NNS continue VVP to TO block VV the DT path NN to TO comprehensive JJ linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT The DT main JJ issues NNS are VBP . SENT The DT right NN to TO receive VV health NN services NNS in IN one CD s PP own JJ language NN . SENT Several JJ provinces NNS have VHP recognized VVN official JJ language NN minorities NNS right RB to TO receive VV health NN services NNS in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN , , but CC this DT right NN , , far RB from IN being VBG a DT panacea NN , , has VHZ not RB been VBN more JJR broadly RB guaranteed VVN across IN Canada NP . SENT This DT issue NN is VBZ worthy JJ of IN consideration NN by IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP , , which WDT has VHZ particular JJ responsibilities NNS towards IN communities NNS . SENT It PP must MD take VV an DT incentive NN approach NN towards IN the DT provinces NNS and CC territories NNS in IN order NN to TO determine VV how WRB to TO better RBR meet VV the DT obligations NNS under IN Part NP VII NP , , whether IN through IN legislative JJ measures NNS , , federal JJ provincial JJ territorial JJ agreements NNS , , the DT provision NN of IN funding NN to TO support VV community NN health NN networks NNS , , or CC some DT other JJ means NNS . SENT Sport NN reflecting VVG duality NN . SENT Even RB if IN progress NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN under IN the DT aegis NN of IN Sport NP Canada NP , , Anglophone JJ and CC Francophone JJ athletes NNS still RB need VVP to TO be VB fully RB and CC equitably RB integrated VVN within IN national JJ sports NNS associations NNS and CC the DT national JJ sport NN centres NNS . SENT This DT will MD be VB an DT essential JJ step NN in IN preparation NN for IN the DT 2010 CD Olympic NP Games NPS in IN Vancouver NP , , where WRB Canada NP will MD want VV to TO demonstrate VV how WRB its PP$ athletes NNS excel VVP within IN an DT environment NN that WDT is VBZ respectful JJ of IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Sustainable JJ joint JJ governance NN . SENT It PP is VBZ in IN the DT economic JJ development NN field NN that IN the DT joint JJ governance NN model NN has VHZ given VVN full JJ meaning NN to TO Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Act NP . SENT Given VVN the DT current JJ threats NNS to TO economic JJ infrastructure NN , , it PP is VBZ important JJ for IN federal JJ institutions NNS to TO guarantee VV that IN this DT infrastructure NN receives VVZ more RBR stable JJ funding NN . SENT Sharing VVG Canadian JJ know VVP how WRB around RB the DT world NN . SENT Canada NP s PP experience VVP in IN bilingualism NN is VBZ well RB established VVN , , but CC it PP must MD be VB more RBR fully RB promoted VVN in IN world NN markets NNS . SENT Language NN technology NN initiatives NNS announced VVD in IN the DT federal JJ Action NP Plan NP are VBP a DT step NN in IN the DT right JJ direction NN . SENT However RB , , the DT agencies NNS involved VVN must MD promote VV Canada NP s PP expertise NN on IN linguistic JJ duality NN governance NN , , bilingual JJ education NN , , bijuralism NN , , participation NN in IN international JJ French JJ and CC English JJ cultural JJ events NNS , , multiculturalism NN in IN their PP$ export NN efforts NNS and CC in IN their PP$ endeavours NNS to TO promote VV Canada NP . SENT Transportation NN policy NN . SENT In IN light NN of IN the DT significant JJ changes NNS that IN the DT transportation NN sector NN has VHZ undergone VVN in IN recent JJ years NNS , , it PP is VBZ becoming VVG urgent JJ to TO place VV the DT safety NN needs VVZ of IN the DT travelling VVG public NN and CC the DT linguistic JJ obligations NNS around IN service NN delivery NN at IN the DT heart NN of IN regulations NNS . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP will MD have VH to TO re NN examine VV its PP$ transportation NN policy NN in IN light NN of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS CONCLUSION NN The DT Official JJ Languages NNS Act NP is VBZ 35 CD years NNS old JJ . SENT When WRB the DT Parliament NP of IN Canada NP passed VVD the DT Act NP in IN 1969 CD , , it PP was VBD acting VVG upon IN the DT findings NNS of IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP , , which WDT had VHD documented VVN the DT pitiful JJ state NN into IN which WDT linguistic JJ duality NN had VHD fallen VVN . SENT The DT Act NP reaffirmed VVD duality NN as IN a DT fundamental JJ principle NN of IN Canada NP . SENT The DT linguistic JJ framework NN established VVN at IN that DT time NN committed VVN Canada NP to TO a DT major JJ social JJ transformation NN that WDT could MD not RB be VB accomplished VVN overnight RB . SENT Today NN , , we PP can MD measure VV all PDT the DT progress NN made VVN for IN official JJ languages NNS against IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP s PP analysis NN . SENT It PP shows VVZ us PP an DT uninterrupted JJ series NN of IN changes NNS , , both CC large JJ and CC small JJ , , that WDT have VHP enriched VVN the DT Canadian JJ personality NN . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS The DT new JJ Canadian JJ personality NN Linguistic JJ duality NN was VBD established VVN on IN sound JJ legal JJ foundations NNS . SENT Canada NP s PP first JJ Official JJ Languages NNS Act NP in IN 1969 CD , , followed VVN by IN the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS in IN 1982 CD and CC the DT second JJ Act NN in IN 1988 CD . SENT The DT courts NNS , , especially RB the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP , , subsequently RB clarified VVN these DT laws NNS and CC forced VVN governments NNS to TO take VV the DT responsibilities NNS they PP established VVD , , especially RB for IN education NN . SENT In IN turn NN , , most JJS provinces NNS and CC territories NNS adopted VVD linguistic JJ frameworks NNS that WDT took VVD both DT official JJ languages NNS into IN account NN . SENT Several JJ other JJ pieces NNS of IN federal JJ legislation NN related VVN to TO broadcasting NN , , product NN labelling VVG , , the DT Criminal NP Code NP , , and CC immigration NN , , among IN others NNS , , consolidated JJ citizens NNS language NN rights NNS . SENT On IN these DT foundations NNS , , communities NNS and CC governments NNS progressively RB developed VVN governance NN models NNS to TO promote VV , , and CC ensure VV full JJ expression NN of IN , , these DT rights NNS . SENT The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP developed VVD a DT number NN of IN programs NNS and CC tasked VVN several JJ of IN its PP$ institutions NNS with IN implementing VVG them PP Canadian JJ Heritage NP , , Treasury NP Board NP Secretariat NN , , the DT Department NP of IN Justice NP , , the DT Public NP Service NP Commission NP , , the DT Privy JJ Council NP Office NP , , etc FW . SENT . SENT The DT provinces NNS established VVD collaborative JJ structures NNS in IN education NN and CC Francophone JJ affairs NNS . SENT Minority NN communities NNS created VVD advocacy NN groups NNS in IN each DT province NN and CC territory NN and CC organized VVD their PP$ efforts NNS in IN various JJ sectors NNS arts NNS and CC culture NN , , education NN , , employment NN , , the DT professions NNS , , the DT media NNS , , etc FW . SENT . SENT School NN boards NNS drawn VVN from IN the DT communities NNS themselves PP now RB govern VVP minority NN schools NNS . SENT More RBR recently RB , , joint JJ governance NN models NNS have VHP brought VVN together RB stakeholders NNS from IN communities NNS and CC different JJ levels NNS of IN government NN . SENT Duality NN blossomed VVD in IN the DT government NN s PP highest RBS institutions NNS , , in IN civil JJ society NN , , in IN the DT private JJ sector NN , , and CC among IN citizens NNS . SENT The DT two CD official NN language NN communities NNS now RB have VHP education NN rates NNS that WDT reflect VVP greater JJR equality NN . SENT French NP became VVD stronger JJR in IN Quebec NP and CC generally RB held VVD its PP$ own JJ elsewhere NN in IN Canada NP . SENT English NP remained VVD overall JJ stable NN in IN Quebec NP . SENT Canadians NNS in IN all DT regions NNS are VBP more RBR bilingual JJ . SENT Federal JJ services NNS are VBP increasingly RB available JJ in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Anglophones NP and CC Francophones NP are VBP more RBR equitably RB represented VVN within IN the DT federal JJ administration NN , , where WRB they PP can MD work VV more RBR frequently RB in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN . SENT The DT nation NN s PP major JJ cultural JJ institutions NNS the DT CBC NP , , the DT Canada NP Council NP for IN the DT Arts NPS , , the DT NFB NP , , etc FW . SENT exemplify VV duality NN and CC actively RB support VV it PP . SENT At IN mealtimes NNS , , Canadians NNS across IN the DT country NN generally RB see VVP labels NNS on IN consumer NN products NNS written VVN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS . SENT Canadians NNS in IN both DT major JJ linguistic JJ communities NNS are VBP earning VVG their PP$ living NN more RBR equitably RB than IN 35 CD years NNS ago RB , , since IN income NN gaps NNS have VHP narrowed VVN considerably RB . SENT Awareness NN of IN the DT importance NN of IN delivering VVG health NN care NN in IN a DT citizen NN s PP own VVP language NN is VBZ a DT recent JJ development NN , , but CC is VBZ now RB well RB entrenched VVN . SENT National JJ sports NNS are VBP played VVN to TO a DT greater JJR extent NN in IN both DT languages NNS and CC they PP involve VVP athletes NNS from IN both DT communities NNS . SENT If IN linguistic JJ duality NN were VBD a DT person NN , , today NN it PP would MD be VB an DT adult NN who WP communicates VVZ with IN others NNS , , participates VVZ in IN the DT democratic JJ process NN , , and CC cherishes VVZ tolerance NN and CC diversity NN . SENT who WP travels VVZ , , having VHG acquired VVN experience NN that WDT is VBZ , , in IN many JJ respects NNS , , recognized VVN and CC sought VVN out RP around IN the DT world NN . SENT who WP embodies VVZ one CD of IN Canada NP s VVZ strongest JJS values NNS and CC works NNS with IN determination NN in IN a DT changing VVG world NN . SENT This DT person NN still RB faces VVZ many JJ challenges NNS in IN preserving VVG past JJ achievements NNS and CC obtaining VVG justice NN on IN as RB yet RB unexplored JJ fronts NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS Issues NNS for IN the DT future NN As IN it PP matures VVZ , , Canadian JJ linguistic JJ duality NN will MD need VV to TO rise VV to TO several JJ challenges NNS . SENT Despite IN the DT progress NN accomplished VVN to TO date NN , , the DT promises NNS contained VVN in IN the DT Constitution NP and CC the DT Official JJ Languages NNS Act NN have VHP not RB yet RB been VBN completely RB fulfilled VVN . SENT Several JJ issues NNS in IN the DT field NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN will MD therefore RB require VV careful JJ monitoring NN in IN years NNS to TO come VV . SENT Government NN leadership NN . SENT The DT major JJ accomplishments NNS dating VVG from IN 1963 CD , , 1969 CD , , 1982 CD , , 1988 CD and CC 2003 CD came VVD to TO fruition NN through IN strong JJ political JJ leadership NN at IN the DT federal JJ level NN . SENT Conversely RB , , achievements NNS are VBP eroded VVN when WRB the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP fails VVZ to TO remain VV committed JJ and CC vigilant JJ in IN promoting VVG duality NN , , especially RB in IN supporting VVG linguistic JJ minorities NNS . SENT In IN addressing VVG the DT issues NNS we PP have VHP identified VVN here RB , , Government NP of IN Canada NP accountability NN and CC co NP operation NN between IN all DT levels NNS of IN government NN and CC civil JJ society NN will MD remain VV the DT key JJ determinants NNS of IN success NN . SENT Diversity NN and CC duality NN . SENT Canada NP was VBD built VVN through IN the DT efforts NNS of IN a DT population NN with IN diverse JJ histories NNS , , ethnic JJ origins NNS , , cultures NNS and CC languages NNS . SENT The DT country NN is VBZ firmly RB committed VVN to TO recognizing VVG and CC promoting VVG this DT diversity NN nationally RB as RB well RB as IN internationally RB . SENT Much RB is VBZ at IN stake NN in IN this DT process NN , , given VVN the DT impact NN of IN globalization NN . SENT Despite IN the DT complex JJ governance NN that IN results NNS from IN this DT openness NN , , it PP is VBZ important JJ for IN Canadian JJ policies NNS in IN areas NNS such JJ as IN immigration NN , , multiculturalism NN , , cultural JJ and CC artistic JJ development NN , , and CC trade NN and CC international JJ affairs NNS to TO more RBR fully RB reflect VV the DT linguistic JJ duality NN inscribed VVN in IN the DT foundations NNS of IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT Comprehensive JJ education NN . SENT The DT curtailing VVG of IN French JJ language NN education NN in IN minority NN communities NNS stands VVZ as IN a DT dark JJ chapter NN in IN Canadian JJ history NN . SENT Despite IN the DT turnaround NN over IN the DT past JJ 15 CD years NNS , , much RB remains VVZ to TO be VB done VVN to TO ensure VV that IN the DT Francophone JJ minority NN has VHZ access NN to TO a DT comprehensive JJ education NN system NN . SENT In IN general JJ , , minority NN schools NNS must MD be VB given VVN the DT means VVZ to TO recruit VV and CC keep VV the DT target NN school NN population NN defined VVN under IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS . SENT By IN failing VVG to TO enrol VV in IN minority NN schools NNS , , the DT members NNS of IN this DT target NN school NN population NN will MD lose VV the DT ability NN to TO pass VV along RP their PP$ education NN rights NNS . SENT Learning VVG of IN official JJ languages NNS . SENT Progress NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN in IN terms NNS of IN individual JJ bilingualism NN , , but CC Canadian JJ society NN is VBZ not RB yet RB fully RB equipped VVN to TO tap VV the DT potential NN of IN Canadian JJ bilingualism NN and CC world NN multilingualism NN . SENT Canada NP has VHZ developed VVN expertise NN in IN second JJ language NN learning NN , , especially RB through IN immersion NN programs NNS and CC bilingual JJ school NN environments NNS . SENT This DT expertise NN should MD have VH a DT much RB greater JJR presence NN in IN provincial JJ and CC territorial JJ educational JJ institutions NNS . SENT More JJR resources NNS should MD be VB devoted VVN to TO second JJ languages NNS and CC partnerships NNS created VVN between IN the DT government NN and CC communities NNS to TO achieve VV better JJR outcomes NNS in IN the DT future NN , , particularly RB in IN education NN , , but CC also RB on IN a DT lifelong JJ basis NN . SENT Bilingual JJ government NN . SENT The DT federal JJ administration NN has VHZ made VVN considerable JJ efforts NNS to TO serve VV the DT Canadian JJ public NN in IN both DT official JJ languages NNS , , to TO ensure VV equitable JJ participation NN by IN Anglophones NP and CC Francophones NP in IN its PP$ workforce NN , , and CC to TO allow VV them PP to TO work VV in IN their PP$ own JJ language NN . SENT The DT results NNS over IN 35 CD years NNS show VVP that IN the DT government NN can MD make VV progress NN on IN this DT front NN , , but CC we PP have VHP also RB noted VVN stagnation NN on IN several JJ levels NNS over IN the DT past JJ 10 CD years NNS or CC so RB . SENT In IN addition NN , , government NN transformations NNS will MD generate VV new JJ ways NNS of IN serving VVG the DT public NN in IN which WDT the DT government NN must MD respect VV official JJ language NN provisions NNS . SENT Joint JJ governance NN . SENT Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP identifies VVZ the DT responsibilities NNS of IN federal JJ institutions NNS for IN the DT vitality NN and CC development NN of IN official JJ language NN minorities NNS . SENT One CD of IN the DT positive JJ outcomes NNS of IN these DT provisions NNS has VHZ been VBN the DT implementation NN of IN joint JJ governance NN mechanisms NNS that WDT bring VVP together RB representatives NNS from IN government NN institutions NNS and CC communities NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT very RB valuable JJ innovation NN that WDT should MD be VB extended VVN to TO many JJ other JJ fields NNS of IN activity NN . SENT Review NN of IN the DT federal JJ linguistic JJ framework NN . SENT It PP will MD be VB possible JJ to TO meet VV the DT challenges NNS we PP have VHP identified VVN only RB if IN the DT government NN undertakes VVZ a DT serious JJ examination NN of IN the DT state NN of IN its PP$ linguistic JJ framework NN . SENT The DT government NN must MD review VV its PP$ focus NN on IN the DT Act NP . SENT It PP should MD no RB longer RBR be VB seen VVN as IN a DT collection NN of IN parts NNS communication NN with IN the DT public NN , , language NN of IN work NN , , promotion NN , , etc FW . SENT but CC as IN a DT coherent JJ and CC logical JJ whole NN with IN a DT single JJ goal NN . SENT This DT will MD not RB only RB assure VV the DT equality NN of IN status NN of IN English JJ and CC French JJ in IN federal JJ institutions NNS , , but CC also RB support VV the DT development NN of IN minority NN communities NNS and CC lead VV to TO equality NN of IN status NN of IN the DT two CD official JJ languages NNS in IN Canadian JJ society NN . SENT Such PDT an DT approach NN follows VVZ the DT jurisprudence NN of IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP , , which WDT states VVZ that IN language NN rights NNS should MD be VB interpreted VVN broadly RB and CC in IN the DT spirit NN of IN the DT law NN . SENT In IN the DT short JJ term NN , , some DT changes NNS are VBP imperative JJ . SENT The DT scope NN of IN section NN 41 CD of IN the DT Act NP must MD be VB clarified VVN through IN legislation NN . SENT The DT government NN must MD also RB adopt VV a DT regulatory JJ framework NN specifying VVG the DT means VVZ federal JJ institutions NNS shall MD use VV to TO fulfill VV their PP$ obligations NNS with IN respect NN to TO the DT development NN of IN communities NNS and CC the DT promotion NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN . SENT As IN well RB , , since IN the DT government NN must MD now RB modify VV the DT regulations NNS governing VVG the DT RCMP NN s PP linguistic JJ obligations NNS , , as IN a DT result NN of IN a DT recent JJ decision NN , , we PP strongly RB encourage VVP the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP to TO show VV leadership NN and CC review VV the DT entire JJ Official JJ Languages NNS Communications NPS with IN and CC Services NPS to TO the DT Public NP Regulation NP . SENT More RBR than IN ever RB , , linguistic JJ duality NN is VBZ an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ social JJ fabric NN . SENT It PP is VBZ rooted VVN in IN a DT history NN from IN which WDT many JJ lessons NNS can MD be VB learned VVN . SENT The DT future NN of IN linguistic JJ duality NN will MD depend VV on IN the DT commitment NN of IN citizens NNS and CC the DT leadership NN of IN governments NNS . SENT Table NN of IN Contents NNS NOTES VVZ 1 CD Henceforth RB referred VVN to TO as IN the DT B NP and CC B NP Commission NP . SENT 2 CD See NP judgments NNS A NP . SENT G NP . SENT Quebec NP v NN . SENT Quebec NP Association NP of IN Protestant JJ School NP Boards NNS , , 1984 CD 2 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 66 CD . SENT Ford NP v NN . SENT A DT . SENT G NP . SENT Quebec NP 1988 CD 2 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 712 CD . SENT Devine NP v NN . SENT Quebec NP A NP . SENT G NN . SENT , , 1988 CD 2 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 790 CD . SENT Entreprises NP W NP . SENT F SYM . SENT H NP . SENT Lt NP e NN v NN . SENT Quebec NP A NP . SENT G NN . SENT , , 2001 CD R NN . SENT J NP . SENT Q NP . SENT 2557 CD C NP . SENT A DT . SENT . SENT 3 CD R NN . SENT Y NP . SENT Bourhis NP and CC D NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Marshall NP , , The DT United NP States NPS and CC Canada NP in IN Handbook NN of IN Language NP and CC Ethnic JJ Identity NN , , edited VVN by IN J NP . SENT A DT . SENT Fishman NP , , New NP York NP , , Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 1999 CD , , p NN . SENT 261 CD . SENT 4 CD United NP Nations NPS Development NP Programme NN , , Human NP Development NP Report NP 2004 CD , , Cultural NP Liberty NP in IN Today NP s PP Diverse JJ World NP , , New NP York NP , , 2004 CD . SENT 5 LS The DT Web NP site NN for IN the DT Court NP Challenges NNS Program NN is VBZ www JJ . SENT ccppcj NP . SENT ca MD e NN ccp NN . SENT shtml NN . SENT 6 CD R NN . SENT v NN . SENT Forest NP , , 1988 CD 2 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 712 CD . SENT 7 CD R NN . SENT v NN . SENT Mercure NP , , 1988 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 234 CD . SENT 8 CD Mah NP v NN . SENT Alberta NP , , 1990 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 342 CD . SENT 9 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Government NN Transformations NNS . SENT The DT Impact NN on IN Canada NP s PP Official NP Languages NNS Program NN , , Ottawa NP , , 1998 CD . SENT 10 CD R NN . SENT v NN . SENT Beaulac NP , , 1999 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 768 CD . SENT 11 CD Arsenault NP Cameron NP v NN . SENT Prince NP Edward NP Island NP , , 2000 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 3 LS . SENT 12 CD Mah NP v NN . SENT Alberta NP , , 1990 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 342 CD . SENT 13 CD Doucet NP Boudreau NP v NN . SENT Nova NP Scotia NP Minister NP of IN Education NP , , 2003 CD 3 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 3 LS . SENT 14 CD L NP . SENT Marmen NP and CC J NP . SENT P NN . SENT Corbeil NP , , Languages NNS in IN Canada NP , , 2001 CD Census NP , , Ottawa NP , , Canadian NP Heritage NP New NP Canadian JJ Perspectives NNS and CC Statistics NPS Canada NP , , 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 47 CD . SENT 15 CD L NP . SENT Marmen NP and CC J NP . SENT P NN . SENT Corbeil NP , , Languages NNS in IN Canada NP , , 2001 CD Census NP 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT 16 CD L NP . SENT Marmen NP and CC J NP . SENT P NN . SENT Corbeil NP , , Languages NNS in IN Canada NP , , 2001 CD Census NP 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 140 CD . SENT 17 CD R NN . SENT Lachapelle NP and CC J NP . SENT Henripin NP , , The DT Demolinguistic JJ Situation NN in IN Canada NP . SENT Past JJ Trends NNS and CC Future JJ Prospects NNS , , Montr NP al NP , , Institute NP for IN Research NP on IN Public NP Policy NP , , 1980 CD , , p NN . SENT 333 CD . SENT 18 CD L NP . SENT Marmen NP and CC J NP . SENT P NN . SENT Corbeil NP , , Languages NNS in IN Canada NP , , 2001 CD Census NP 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 55 CD . SENT 19 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN Canadian JJ Parents NNS for IN French NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT cpf NP . SENT ca MD . SENT 20 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN Katimavik NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT katimavik NN . SENT org NP . SENT 21 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN Exchanges NNS Canada NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT exchanges NNS . SENT gc NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 22 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN Young NP Canada NP Works NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT pch NN . SENT gc NN . SENT ca MD special JJ ycw JJ jct NN html NN welcome JJ e NN . SENT htm NN . SENT 23 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT CMEC NP s PP official JJ language NN programs NNS for IN youth NN is VBZ www JJ . SENT cmec NP . SENT ca MD olp NP . SENT 24 CD Mountain NP Equipment NP Co NP op NN , , Le NP petit JJ MEC NP . SENT Montr NP al NP , , ditions NNS Carte NP blanche NN , , 2004 CD . SENT 25 CD Address NN to TO the DT Vision NP and CC Challenges NNS for IN the DT 21 CD st NP Century NP . SENT Symposium NN on IN Official JJ Languages NNS , , Toronto NP , , March NP 2004 CD . SENT 26 CD A NP . SENT Parkin NP and CC A NP . SENT Turcotte NP , , Bilingualism NN . SENT Part NN of IN our PP$ Past JJ or CC Part NN of IN our PP$ Future JJ . SENT The DT CRIC NP Papers NP , , No UH . SENT 13 CD , , Ottawa NP , , Centre NP for IN Research NP and CC Information NP on IN Canada NP , , March NP 2004 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cric JJ . SENT ca MD pdf NN cahiers NNS cricpapers NNS march VVP 2004 CD . SENT pdf NN . SENT 27 CD S NP . SENT Moscovici NP , , Social NP Influence NN and CC Social NP Change NP , , London NP New NP York NP , , Academic NP Press NP , , 1976 CD . SENT 28 CD W NP . SENT Kymlicka NP , , Politics NN in IN the DT Vernacular NN . SENT Nationalism NN , , Multiculturalism NN and CC Citizenship NN , , Oxford NP , , Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 2001 CD , , p NN . SENT 275 CD . SENT 29 CD J NP . SENT Y NP . SENT Th NN riault NN ed NP . SENT , , Francophones NP minoritaires NP au NP Canada NP . SENT l NN tat NN des NP lieux NP , , Moncton NP , , ditions NNS d SYM Acadie NP , , 1999 CD . SENT 30 CD F NN d SYM ration NN des FW francophones NNS hors NP Qu NP bec NP , , The DT Heirs NNS of IN Lord NP Durham NP , , Ottawa NP , , 1977 CD . SENT 31 CD F NN d SYM ration NN des FW francophones NNS hors NP Qu NP bec NP , , Face NP to TO Face NP with IN a DT Failing NP Country NP . SENT New NP Association NP for IN the DT Two CD Founding JJ Peoples NPS , , Ottawa NP , , 1979 CD . SENT 32 CD G NP . SENT Stevenson NP , , Community NP Besieged VVN . SENT the DT Anglophone JJ Minority NN and CC the DT Politics NN of IN Quebec NP , , Montr NP al NP , , McGill NP Queen's NP University NP Press NP , , 1999 CD . SENT 33 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Going VVG Forward NP . SENT The DT Evolution NN of IN Quebec NP s PP English NP Speaking NP Community NP , , Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Ottawa NP , , 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 45 CD . SENT 34 CD M NP . SENT J NP . SENT Norris NP and CC L NP . SENT Jantzen NP , , From IN Generation NP to TO Generation NP . SENT Survival NN and CC Maintenance NN of IN Canada NP s PP Aboriginal JJ Languages NNS Within IN Families NNS , , Communities NNS and CC Cities NNS , , 1996 CD , , Ottawa NP , , Indian NP and CC Northern NP Affairs NPS Canada NP and CC Canadian NP Heritage NP , , January NP 2004 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ainc NN inac NN . SENT gc NN . SENT ca MD pr NP ra NP fgg NN index NN e NN . SENT html NN . SENT 35 CD Canada NP . SENT A DT Preliminary JJ Report NN of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NN , , Ottawa NP , , 1965 CD , , p NN . SENT 119 CD . SENT 36 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Going VVG Forward NP . SENT the DT Evolution NN of IN Quebec NP s PP English NP Speaking NP Community NP , , 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 19 CD . SENT 37 CD Citizenship NN and CC Immigration NN Canada NP , , Annual NP Report NP to TO Parliament NP on IN Immigration NN 2004 CD , , Ottawa NP , , 2004 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cic JJ . SENT gc NN . SENT ca MD english JJ pub NN immigration NN 2004 CD . SENT html NN . SENT 38 CD Idea NN and CC argument NN put VVD forward RB by IN C NP . SENT Bernier NP , , Mon NP pays VVZ ce NN n NN est NP pas NN un NP pays VVZ , , c LS est NP une NN id NN e SYM Canadian JJ Diversity NN Diversit NP canadienne NP , , 3 CD . SENT 2 CD , , spring NN 2004 CD . SENT 39 CD The DT Reference NN re IN Secession NN of IN Quebec NP , , 1998 CD 2 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 217 CD specifically RB mentions VVZ four CD fundamental JJ and CC organizing VVG principles NNS of IN the DT Canadian JJ Constitution NP . SENT democracy NN , , rule NN of IN law NN , , federalism NN , , and CC respect NN for IN minorities NNS . SENT 40 CD Canada NP , , Report NP of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NN . SENT Book NP III NP . SENT The DT Work NP World NP . SENT Ottawa NP , , Queen NP s PP Printer NN , , 1969 CD , , p NN . SENT 374 CD . SENT 41 CD See NP overview NN by IN J NP . SENT Robichaud NP , , Le NP bilinguisme NN dans NNS l NN administration NN f SYM d NN rale NN du NP Canada NP 1969 CD 1982 CD , , Les NP Cahiers NNS du NP droit NN , , 24 CD . SENT 1 CD , , March NP 1983 CD . SENT 42 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Government NN Transformations NNS . SENT The DT Impact NN on IN Canada NP s PP Official NP Languages NNS Program NN , , Ottawa NP , , 1998 CD . SENT 43 CD Chartier NP , , Richard NP Judge NP , , Above NP All NP , , Common JJ Sense NN . SENT Report NN and CC Recommendations NNS on IN French JJ Language NP Services NPS Within IN the DT Government NN of IN Manitoba NP , , Winnipeg NP , , Government NN of IN Manitoba NP , , May NP 1998 CD . SENT 44 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , The DT Single NP Window NN Networks NNS of IN the DT Government NN of IN Canada NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2003 CD . SENT 45 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , National NP Report NP on IN Service NP to TO the DT Public NP in IN English NP and CC French NP . SENT Time NN for IN a DT Change NP in IN Culture NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2001 CD . SENT 46 CD Doucet NP v NN . SENT Canada NP , , 2004 CD F NN . SENT C LS . SENT 1444 CD . SENT 47 CD Canada NP , , Report NP of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NN . SENT Book NP III NP . SENT The DT Work NP World NP , , 1969 CD , , pp NP . SENT 101 CD 102 CD , , 118 CD . SENT 48 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Walking VVG the DT Talk NN . SENT Language NN of IN Work NN in IN the DT Federal NP Public NP Service NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2004 CD . SENT 49 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Making VVG It PP Real JJ . SENT Promoting VVG Respectful JJ Co NP existence NN of IN the DT Two CD Official JJ Languages NNS at IN Work NN . SENT Ottawa NP , , 2005 CD . SENT 50 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Walking VVG the DT Talk NN . SENT Language NN of IN Work NN in IN the DT Federal NP Public NP Service NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2004 CD . SENT 51 CD Federal NP administration NN includes VVZ the DT Public NP Service NP and CC all DT federal JJ agencies NNS for IN which WDT the DT Treasury NP Board NP is VBZ not RB the DT employer NN for IN example NN , , the DT Royal NP Canadian NP Mounted VVD Police NNS . SENT 52 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Going VVG Forward NP . SENT The DT Evolution NN of IN Quebec NP s PP English NP Speaking NP Community NP , , 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 51 CD . SENT 53 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Annual JJ Report NP 2003 CD 2004 CD , , Ottawa NP , , 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 84 CD . SENT 54 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , A DT Blueprint NN or CC Action NP . SENT Implementing VVG Part NP VII NP of IN the DT Official NP Languages NNS Act NP , , 1988 CD , , Ottawa NP , , 1996 CD . SENT Commissioner NN of IN Official JJ Languages NNS , , Government NN Transformations NNS . SENT The DT Impact NN on IN Canada NP s PP Official NP Languages NNS Program NN , , Ottawa NP , , 1998 CD . SENT 55 CD See NP the DT judgment NN Forum NP des NP maires VVZ de FW la FW P NN ninsule NN acadienne NN v NN . SENT Canada NP Canadian NP Food NP Inspection NP Agency NP 2004 CD FCA NN 263 CD . SENT 56 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN Intergovernmental NP Francophone JJ Affairs NPS is VBZ www JJ . SENT afi NP ifa NP . SENT ca MD . SENT 57 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Cost NN Impact NN of IN Two CD Language NP Packaging NN and CC Labelling VVG on IN Small JJ and CC Medium NN Sized VVD Businesses NNS in IN Canada NP , , Special JJ Study NN , , Ottawa NP , , February NP 1997 CD . SENT 58 CD Canada NP , , Report NP of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NN . SENT General JJ Introduction NN and CC Book NN I PP . SENT The DT Official JJ Languages NNS , , Ottawa NP , , 1967 CD , , p NN . SENT 118 CD . SENT 59 CD National NP Capital NP Act NP , , 1985 CD , , 10 CD 1 CD b SYM . SENT 60 CD Accenture NP , , 2004 CD News NP Releases NNS . SENT Governments NNS Must NP Find VVP New NP Ways NP to TO Encourage VV Citizen NP Take VV Up RP of IN eGovernment NN . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT accenture NN . SENT com NN xd NN xd NN . SENT asp NN . SENT it PP enweb VVZ xd JJ dyn NN dynamicpressrelease NN 718 CD . SENT xml NN . SENT 61 CD The NP Strategis NP Web NP site NN is VBZ www JJ . SENT strategis NNS . SENT gc NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 62 CD The NP Culture NP . SENT ca MD Web NP site NN is VBZ www JJ . SENT culture NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 63 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , The DT Government NN of IN Canada NP and CC French NP on IN the DT Internet NN , , Special JJ Study NN , , Ottawa NP , , August NP 1999 CD . SENT French JJ on IN the DT Internet NN . SENT Key JJ to TO the DT Canadian JJ Identity NN and CC the DT Knowledge NN Economy NN , , Ottawa NP , , 2002 CD . SENT Official JJ Language NP Requirements NNS and CC Government NN On IN Line NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2002 CD . SENT 64 CD L NP . SENT Sabourin NP , , La NP dualit NP culturelle VV dans NNS les FW activit JJ s PP internationales NNS du NP Canada NP , , Documents NNS of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NN , , Ottawa NP , , 1970 CD . SENT 65 CD Speech NN from IN the DT Throne NP of IN October NP 5 CD , , 2004 CD , , and CC Response NP by IN the DT Prime NP Minister NP on IN October NP 6 CD , , 2004 CD . SENT Speech NN by IN Prime NP Minister NP Paul NP Martin NP to TO the DT United NP Nations NPS on IN September NP 24 CD , , 2004 CD . SENT 66 CD Speech NN by IN the DT Minister NP of IN Foreign NP Affairs NPS , , Pierre NP Pettigrew NP , , on IN October NP 24 CD , , 2004 CD , , in IN Gatineau NP . SENT 67 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Doorway NN to TO the DT World NP . SENT Linguistic JJ Duality NN in IN Canada NP s PP International NP Relations NP , , 2004 CD . SENT 68 CD Speech NN by IN the DT Minister NP of IN Foreign NP Affairs NPS , , Pierre NP Pettigrew NP , , on IN October NP 24 CD , , 2004 CD , , in IN Gatineau NP . SENT 69 CD M NP . SENT Bastarache NP , , Quelques NP r NN flexions NNS sur NP le FW bijuridisme NN et CC son NN rapport NN avec NP le FW bilinguisme NN et FW le FW biculturalisme NN , , address VV to TO the DT Canadian JJ Bar NP Association NP , , Quebec NP Section NP , , in IN Montr NP al NP on IN April NP 22 CD , , 1998 CD . SENT 70 CD V NN . SENT Gruben NP , , Bilingualism NN and CC the DT Judicial NP System NP , , in IN M NP . SENT Bastarache NP , , ed NP . SENT , , Language NP Rights NP in IN Canada NP 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 195 CD . SENT 71 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , The DT Equitable NP Use NP of IN French NP and CC English NP Before IN the DT Courts NNS in IN Canada NP , , Study NP , , Ottawa NP , , November NP 1995 CD . SENT 72 CD R NN . SENT v NN . SENT Beaulac NP , , 1999 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 768 CD , , para NN . SENT 22 CD . SENT 73 CD PGF NP GTA NP Consultants NP , , Environmental JJ Scan NN . SENT Access NN to TO Justice NP in IN Both DT Official JJ Languages NNS . SENT Report NN submitted VVD to TO the DT Department NP of IN Justice NP , , Ottawa NP , , July NP 2002 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT justice NN . SENT gc NN . SENT ca MD en IN ps JJ franc NN enviro NN toc NN . SENT html NN . SENT 74 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , The DT Equitable NP Use NP of IN French NP and CC English NP Before IN the DT Courts NNS in IN Canada NP , , Study NP , , 1995 CD . SENT Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , The DT Equitable NP Use NP of IN French NP and CC English NP Before IN Federal NP Courts NPS and CC Administrative NP Tribunals NNS Exercising VVG Quasi NP Judicial NP Powers NP , , Special JJ Study NN , , Ottawa NP , , 1999 CD . SENT 75 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Going VVG Forward NP . SENT The DT Evolution NN of IN Quebec NP s PP English NP Speaking NP Community NP , , 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 46 CD . SENT 76 CD J NP . SENT Pariseau NP and CC S NP . SENT Bernier NP , , French JJ Canadians NNS and CC Bilingualism NN in IN the DT Canadian JJ Armed NP Forces NP , , Volume NN 1 CD , , Ottawa NP , , Supply NP and CC Services NP Canada NP , , 1987 CD , , p NN . SENT 16 CD . SENT 77 CD J NP . SENT Pariseau NP and CC S NP . SENT Bernier NP , , French JJ Canadians NNS and CC Bilingualism NN in IN the DT Canadian JJ Armed NP Forces NP , , Volume NN 2 CD , , Ottawa NP , , Supply NP and CC Services NP Canada NP , , 1991 CD , , pp NP . SENT 116 CD 117 CD . SENT 78 CD Doucet NP v NN . SENT Canada NP , , 2004 CD F NN . SENT C LS . SENT 1444 CD . SENT 79 CD Canada NP , , Report NP of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NN . SENT Book NP II NP . SENT Education NP , , Ottawa NP , , 1968 CD , , Chapter NP III NP . SENT 80 CD M NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Behiels NP , , Canada NP s PP Francophone JJ Minority NN Communities NNS . SENT Constitutional JJ Renewal NN and CC the DT Winning NN of IN School NP Governance NN , , Montr NP al NP Kingston NP , , McGill NP Queen NP s PP University NP Press NP , , 2004 CD . SENT 81 CD A NP . SENT G NP . SENT Que NP . SENT v NN . SENT Quebec NP Protestant JJ School NP Boards NNS , , 1984 CD 2 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 66 CD . SENT 82 CD Mah NP v NN . SENT Alberta NP , , 1990 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 342 CD . SENT Reference NN on IN the DT Public NP Schools NP Act NP Man NN . SENT , , 1993 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 839 CD . SENT Arsenault NP Cameron NP v NN . SENT Prince NP Edward NP Island NP , , 2000 CD 1 CD S NP . SENT C SYM . SENT R SYM . SENT 3 LS . SENT 83 CD This DT condition NN does VVZ not RB apply VV to TO Quebec NP . SENT 84 CD A NP . SENT Martel NP , , Rights NP , , Schools NP and CC Communities NNS in IN Minority NN Contexts NNS . SENT 1986 CD 2002 CD , , Ottawa NP , , Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , 2002 CD . SENT 85 CD R NN . SENT Landry NP , , Lib NP rer VVD le DT potentiel NN cach NN de NP l NN exogamie NN . SENT Profil NN d SYM molinguistique NN des FW enfants FW ayants NNS des NP droits NNS francophones NNS selon JJ la NP structure NN familiale NP . SENT Study NN conducted VVN for IN the DT Commission NP nationale NP des NP parents NNS francophones NNS , , Moncton NP , , Canadian NP Institute NP for IN Research NP on IN Linguistic JJ Minorities NNS , , October NP 2003 CD . SENT 86 CD R NN . SENT Landry NP , , Lib NP rer VVD le DT potentiel NN cach NN de NP l NN exogamie NP 2003 CD . SENT 87 CD The DT guide NN I NN m NN with IN you PP is VBZ available JJ on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT fpfa NN . SENT ab NP . SENT ca MD ressources NNS g NN withyou NN . SENT html NN . SENT 88 CD Government NN of IN Quebec NP , , Task NP Force NP on IN English NP Language NP Education NP in IN Quebec NP Chambers NPS Report NP , , February NP 5 CD , , 1992 CD . SENT 89 CD J NP . SENT Jedwab NP , , The DT Chambers NPS Report NP , , Ten CD Years NNS After IN . SENT The DT State NP of IN English NP Language NP Education NP in IN Quebec NP , , 1992 CD 2002 CD , , Montr NP al NP , , The DT Missisquoi NP Institute NP , , January NP 2002 CD . SENT 90 CD See NP Solski NP tutor NN of IN v NN . SENT Quebec NP Attorney NP General NP , , 2005 CD , , SCC NP 14 CD also RB known VVN as IN Casimir NP . SENT Also RB , , in IN the DT case NN of IN Gosselin NP tutor NN of IN v NN . SENT Quebec NP Attorney NP General NP , , 2005 CD , , SCC NP 15 CD , , the DT Supreme NP Court NP found VVD that IN the DT position NN of IN the DT appellants NNS who WP demanded VVD unrestricted JJ access NN to TO Anglophone JJ minority NN schools NNS would MD in RB practice VV transform VV these DT schools NNS into IN immersion NN institutions NNS , , thus RB jeopardizing VVG the DT attainment NN of IN the DT objectives NNS under IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Canadian NP Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS , , intended VVN to TO enhance VV the DT vitality NN of IN official JJ language NN minority NN communities NNS . SENT 91 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Going VVG Forward NP . SENT The DT Evolution NN of IN Quebec NP s PP English NP Speaking NP Community NP , , 2004 CD , , pp NP . SENT 29 CD 31 CD . SENT 92 CD The NP Distance NP Education NP and CC Community NP Network NP Web NP site NN is VBZ www JJ . SENT decn NN . SENT qc NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 93 CD For IN background NN on IN Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS by IN province NN , , visit VV the DT Web NP site NN of IN the DT F NN d SYM ration NN nationale NP des NP conseils VVZ scolaires NNS francophones NNS . SENT www JJ . SENT fncsf NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 94 CD The NP Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS has VHZ published VVN two CD studies NNS by IN A DT . SENT Martel NP . SENT Official NP Language NP Minority NP Education NP Rights NPS in IN Canada NP . SENT From IN Instruction NN to TO Management NP , , Ottawa NP , , 1991 CD , , and CC Rights NP , , School NP and CC Communities NNS in IN Minority NN Contexts NNS . SENT 1986 CD 2002 CD . SENT Toward IN the DT Development NP of IN French NP Through IN Education NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2001 CD . SENT 95 CD R NN . SENT Landry NP . SENT Lib NP rer VVZ le DT potentiel NN cach NN de NP l NN exogamie NP 2003 CD , , p NN . SENT 17 CD . SENT 96 CD Commission NP nationale NP des NP parents NNS francophones NNS . SENT Position NN des NP parents NNS francophones NNS en IN situation NN minoritaire NN relative JJ au NP projet NN de NP syst NP me PP national JJ de NP garde NN d SYM enfants FW , , November NP 25 CD , , 2004 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT cnpf NP . SENT ca MD documents NNS POSITION NN DPE NP 2 CD . SENT pdf NN . SENT 97 CD Commission NP nationale NP des NP parents NNS francophones NNS , , Partir NP en FW fran NP ais NNS . SENT Plan NN national NN d SYM appui NN la FW petite JJ enfance NN francophone JJ , , Ottawa NP , , June NP 2003 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT cnpf NP . SENT ca MD documents NNS Plan NP Partir NP en IN francais NP . SENT pdf NN . SENT 98 CD F NN d SYM ration NN nationale NP des NP conseils VVZ scolaires NNS francophones NNS , , Strat NP gie VV pour VV compl NN ter NN le DT syst VV me PP d SYM ducation NN en IN fran NP ais NNS langue NN premi NN re IN au NP Canada NP . SENT Report NN by IN the DT Steering VVG Committee NP on IN the DT inventory NN of IN needs NNS in IN Francophone JJ school NN boards NNS in IN Canada NP , , Ottawa NP , , October NP 2004 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT fncsf NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 99 CD A NP process NN that WDT served VVD to TO expand VV on IN the DT brainstorming NN around IN full JJ implementation NN of IN section NN 23 CD of IN the DT Charter NP that WDT was VBD initiated VVN by IN the DT Commissioner NP in IN September NP 2002 CD . SENT 100 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT CMEC NP s PP official JJ language NN programs NNS is VBZ www JJ . SENT cmec NP . SENT ca MD olp NP . SENT 101 CD T NN . SENT Skutnabb NP Kangas NP , , Education NN of IN Minorities NNS , , Handbook NN of IN Language NP and CC Ethnic JJ Identity NN , , edited VVN by IN J NP . SENT A DT . SENT Fishman NP , , New NP York NP , , Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 1999 CD . SENT 102 CD The NP Quebec NP government NN plans VVZ to TO begin VV English JJ as IN a DT second JJ language NN courses NNS in IN grade NN one NN as IN of IN 2006 CD . SENT 103 CD Statistics NP Canada NP , , Profile NN of IN Languages NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT English NP , , French JJ and CC Many JJ Others NNS . SENT 2001 CD Census NP . SENT Analysis NN series NN , , Ottawa NP , , Catalogue NN . SENT 96 CD F NN 0030 CD XIF NP 2001005 CD , , p NN . SENT 33 CD . SENT The DT Society NP for IN the DT Promotion NP of IN the DT Teaching NN of IN English NP as IN a DT Second NP Language NP in IN Quebec NP has VHZ made VVN a DT considerable JJ contribution NN . SENT On IN line NN . SENT speaq NP . SENT qc NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 104 CD Canadian JJ Heritage NP . SENT Plan NN 2013 CD . SENT Strategies NNS for IN a DT National NP Approach NN in IN Second NP Language NP Education NP . SENT Ottawa NP , , April NP 30 CD , , 2004 CD . SENT 105 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT R NP seau NP des NP c SYM geps NN et FW des FW coll NP ges NN francophones NNS du NP Canada NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT rccfc NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 106 CD Quebec NP Community NP Groups NNS Network NP , , Suggesting VVG Change NP . SENT The DT Situation NN of IN the DT English NP Speaking NP Minority NP of IN Quebec NP and CC Proposals NNS for IN Change NP . SENT Report NN to TO Minister NP St NP phane NP Dion NP , , President NP of IN the DT Privy JJ Council NP and CC Minister NP for IN Intergovernmental NP Affairs NPS , , June NP 12 CD , , 2002 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT westquebecers NNS . SENT com NN docs NNS nov NP 26 CD 2002 CD press NN . SENT shtml NN . SENT 107 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Going VVG Forward NP . SENT The DT Evolution NN of IN Quebec NP s PP English NP Speaking NP Community NP 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 40 CD . SENT J NP . SENT Jedwab NP , , Diversity NN of IN the DT University NP . SENT the DT Changing VVG Composition NN of IN Quebec NP s PP Institutions NNS of IN Higher JJR Education NP , , 1999 CD 2003 CD , , Montr NP al NP , , Association NP for IN Canadian NP Studies NPS , , 2004 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT acs NP aec NP . SENT ca MD Polls NNS 14 CD 10 CD 2004 CD . SENT pdf NN . SENT 108 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT Association NP des FW universit VVN s PP de FW la FW francophonie NN canadienne NN is VBZ www JJ . SENT aufc NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 109 CD Canada NP , , Report NP of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NN . SENT Book NP III NP . SENT The DT Work NP World NP , , 1969 CD , , p NN . SENT 26 CD . SENT 110 CD M NP . SENT O NP Keefe NP , , Francophone JJ Minorities NNS . SENT Assimilation NN and CC Community NN Vitality NN , , Ottawa NP , , Canadian NP Heritage NP New NP Canadian JJ Perspectives NNS , , 2001 CD 2 CD nd NN edition NN . SENT 111 CD Data NP obtained VVN from IN the DT Department NP of IN Canadian NP Heritage NP February NP 23 CD , , 2005 CD . SENT 112 CD Bourgeois NP , , Daniel NP . SENT Vers NP la NP pleine NN gestion NN scolaire NN francophone JJ en IN milieu NN minoritaire NN . SENT Report NN based VVN on IN a DT study NN by IN the DT F NN d SYM ration NN nationale NP des NP conseils VVZ scolaires NNS francophones NNS . SENT Moncton NP , , Institut NP canadien NP de NP recherche NN sur NP les FW minorit NN s PP linguistiques VVZ , , October NP 2004 CD . SENT 113 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT R NN seau NN d SYM enseignement NN francophone JJ distance NN du NP Canada NP is VBZ . SENT www JJ . SENT refad NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 114 CD Public NP Service NP Commission NP of IN Canada NP , , 25 CD Years NNS of IN Innovation NN in IN Language NP Training NP , , Ottawa NP , , 1990 CD . SENT 115 CD Letter NN from IN the DT Commissioner NP to TO Lucienne NP Robillard NP , , Treasury NP Board NP President NP , , on IN the DT modernization NN of IN human JJ resources NNS management NN and CC official NN languages NNS , , September NP 12 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT 116 CD Canada NP , , Standing NP Committee NP on IN Canadian NP Heritage NP , , Our PP$ Cultural JJ Sovereignty NN . SENT The DT Second NP Century NP of IN Canadian NP Broadcasting NP , , Ottawa NP , , House NP of IN Commons NP , , June NP 2003 CD . SENT 117 CD M NP . SENT Filion NP , , Radiodiffusion NP et CC soci NP t NN distincte NN . SENT Des NP origines VVZ de FW la FW radio NN jusqu NN la NP R NP volution NN tranquille NP au FW Qu NP bec NP , , Laval NP , , M NP ridien NP , , 1994 CD , , p NN . SENT 141 CD . SENT 118 CD Canada NP , , A DT Preliminary JJ Report NN of IN the DT Royal NP Commission NP on IN Bilingualism NN and CC Biculturalism NP 1965 CD , , pp NP . SENT 71 CD 73 CD . SENT 119 CD Reported VVD in IN . SENT Canada NP , , Standing NP Committee NP on IN Canadian NP Heritage NP , , Our PP$ Cultural JJ Sovereignty NN . SENT The DT Second JJ Century NN of IN Canadian JJ Broadcasting NP 2003 CD , , pp NP . SENT 771 CD 773 CD . SENT 120 CD Testimony NN by IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official JJ Languages NNS before IN the DT Standing NP Committee NP on IN Canadian NP Heritage NP on IN April NP 9 CD , , 2002 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT parl NN . SENT gc NN . SENT ca MD committee NN CommitteePublication NN . SENT aspx NN . SENT SourceId NP 15666 CD . SENT 121 CD F NN . SENT Harvey NP ed NP . SENT , , M NP dias NP francophones NNS hors NP Qu NP bec NP et NP identit NN . SENT analyses NNS , , essais NNS et CC t NN moignages NNS , , Quebec NP , , Institut NP qu NP b SYM cois NP de NP recherche NP sur NP la NP culture NN , , 1992 CD , , p NN . SENT 18 CD . SENT 122 CD Canada NP , , Standing NP Committee NP on IN Canadian NP Heritage NP , , Our PP$ Cultural JJ Sovereignty NN . SENT The DT Second JJ Century NN of IN Canadian JJ Broadcasting NP 2003 CD , , p NN . SENT 332 CD . SENT 123 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT Alliance NP des NP radios NNS communautaires VVZ du NP Canada NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT radiorfa NN . SENT com NN . SENT 124 CD Testimony NN by IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official JJ Languages NNS before IN the DT Standing NP Committee NP on IN Canadian NP Heritage NP on IN April NP 9 CD , , 2002 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT parl NN . SENT gc NN . SENT ca MD committee NN CommitteePublication NN . SENT aspx NN . SENT SourceId NP 15666 CD . SENT 125 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT Alliance NP de NP la NP presse NP francophone JJ is VBZ www JJ . SENT apf NP . SENT ca MD . SENT 126 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT Quebec NP Community NP Newspapers NP Association NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT qcna NN . SENT org NP . SENT 127 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Use NN of IN the DT Official NP Language NP Minority NP Press NP by IN Federal NP Institutions NPS . SENT Follow VV Up IN Study NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2005 CD . SENT 128 CD Statistics NP Canada NP , , Government NP Expenditures NNS on IN Culture NP . SENT Data NP Tables NP , , Ottawa NP , , January NP 2005 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT statcan NN . SENT ca MD english NP freepub NN 87 CD F NN 0001 CD XIE NP 87 CD F NN 0001 CD XIE NP 2005001 CD . SENT htm NN . SENT 129 CD V NN . SENT Singh NP , , Economic NP Contribution NN of IN Culture NP in IN Canada NP , , Ottawa NP , , Statistics NP Canada NP , , 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 15 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT statcan NN . SENT ca MD english NP research NN 81 CD 595 CD MIE NP 81 CD 595 CD MIE NP 2004023 CD . SENT pdf NN . SENT 130 CD V NN . SENT Singh NP , , Economic NP Contribution NN of IN Culture NP in IN Canada NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2004 CD , , p NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT 131 CD Statistics NP Canada NP , , Culture NP Trade NP and CC Investment NP Project NP 2002 CD , , Ottawa NP , , November NP 2003 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT statcan NN . SENT ca MD english NP freepub NN 87 CD 007 CD XIE NP culture NN . SENT htm NN . SENT 132 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT F NN d SYM ration NN culturelle NN canadienne NP fran NP aise NN is VBZ www JJ . SENT fccf NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 133 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN Zof NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT zof JJ . SENT ca MD . SENT 134 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT English NP Language NP Arts NPS Network NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT quebec NP elan NN . SENT org NP . SENT 135 CD Lalonde NP v NN . SENT Ontario NP Health NP Services NPS Restructuring NN Commission NP 2001 CD 56 CD O NN . SENT R SYM . SENT 3 CD d SYM 577 CD , , par NN . SENT 181 CD . SENT 136 CD Consultative JJ Committee NP for IN French NP Speaking NP Minority NP Communities NNS , , Report VV to TO the DT Federal NP Minister NP of IN Health NP , , Ottawa NP , , September NP 2001 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT forumsante NN . SENT ca MD documents NNS report VV CCCFSM NN F NN . SENT pdf NN . SENT 137 CD Consultative JJ Committee NP for IN English NP Speaking NP Minority NP Communities NNS , , Report VV to TO the DT Federal NP Minister NP of IN Health NP , , Ottawa NP , , July NP 2002 CD . SENT On IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT chssn NN . SENT org NP sante NP canada NP CCESMC NP 20 CD report NN 20 CD LR NP . SENT pdf NN . SENT 138 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT Consortium NP national JJ de NP formation NN en IN sant NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT cnfs NNS . SENT ca MD . SENT 139 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Official JJ Languages NNS in IN the DT Canadian NP Sports NPS System NP , , 2 CD volumes NNS , , Ottawa NP , , 2000 CD . SENT and CC Follow VV Up RP . SENT Official JJ Languages NNS in IN the DT Canadian NP Sports NPS System NP , , Ottawa NP , , 2003 CD . SENT 140 CD A NP . SENT Breton NP ed NP . SENT , , Economic NP Approaches NNS to TO Language NP and CC Bilingualism NN , , Ottawa NP , , Canadian NP Heritage NP , , New NP Canadian NP Perspectives NNS , , 1998 CD . SENT A DT . SENT Breton NP ed NP . SENT , , Exploring VVG the DT Economics NP of IN Language NP , , Ottawa NP , , Canadian NP Heritage NP , , New NP Canadian NP Perspectives NNS , , 1999 CD . SENT 141 CD Office NN of IN the DT Commissioner NP of IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Cost NN Impact NN of IN Two CD Language NP Packaging NN and CC Labelling VVG on IN Small JJ and CC Medium NN Sized VVD Businesses NNS in IN Canada NP , , Special JJ Study NN , , Ottawa NP , , February NP 1997 CD . SENT 142 CD J NP . SENT F SYM . SENT Hamers NP and CC M NP . SENT H NP . SENT A DT . SENT Blanc NP , , Bilinguality NN and CC Bilingualism NN , , 2 CD nd NN , , Cambridge NP University NP Press NP , , United NP Kingdom NP , , 2000 CD . SENT C SYM . SENT Baker NP , , Foundations NNS of IN Bilingual JJ Education NN and CC Bilingualism NN , , 3 CD rd NN Edition NN , , Multilingual JJ Matters NNS Ltd NP . SENT , , Clevedon NP , , England NP , , 2001 CD . SENT E SYM . SENT Bialystok NP , , F NP . SENT I PP . SENT M NP . SENT Craik NP , , R NP . SENT Klein NP , , M NP . SENT Viswanathan NP , , Bilingualism NN , , Aging VVG , , and CC Cognitive JJ Control NP . SENT Evidence NN From IN the DT Simon NP Task NP , , Psychology NP and CC Aging VVG , , 2004 CD , , Vol NP . SENT 19 CD , , No RB . SENT 2 LS , , pp NP . SENT 290 CD 303 CD . SENT 143 CD D NP . SENT Wolton NP , , Penser NP la NP communication NN , , Paris NP , , Flammarion NP , , 1997 CD , , p NN . SENT 36 CD . SENT 144 CD Industry NP Canada NP , , The DT Language NP Industry NN brochure NN , , Ottawa NP , , May NP 2004 CD . SENT 145 CD The NP Web NP site NN for IN the DT Language NP Industry NP Association NP is VBZ www JJ . SENT ailia NN . SENT ca MD . SENT 146 CD Association NP des NP gens NN de NP l NN air NN du NP Qu NP bec NP v NN . SENT Lang NP , , 1978 CD 2 CD F NN . SENT C LS . SENT 371 CD C NP . SENT A DT . SENT . SENT 147 CD See NP the DT overview NN prepared VVN by IN the DT Standing NP Joint NP Committee NP on IN Official NP Languages NNS . SENT Canada NP , , Air NP Canada NP . SENT Good JJ Intentions NNS Are VBP Not RB Enough JJ . SENT Report NN by IN the DT Standing NP Joint NP Committee NP on IN Official NP Languages NNS , , Ottawa NP , , February NP 2002 CD . SENT Home NP Fran NP ais NNS Contact NP Us NP Help NN Search NP Canada NP Site NN 1 CD 800 CD O NP Canada NP Site NN Map NN FAQ NP Links NP What's NP New NP . SENT Last JJ update NN . SENT 2005 CD 05 CD 31 CD Important JJ Notices NNS