/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/23/file2.html NN ----------------------------------------- : subscribe VV back JJ issues NNS search NN maps NNS November NP 2005 CD Contents NNS The DT spider NN in IN the DT web NN Iran NP needs VVZ nuclear JJ energy NN , , not RB weapons NNS The DT bomb NN proliferates VVZ Which WDT countries NNS will MD go VV nuclear JJ next JJ . SENT Further RBR nuclear JJ information NN US NP . SENT the DT court NN of IN first JJ resort NN Snapshots NNS from IN Russia NP now RB Bolivia NP . SENT an DT Amayra NP for IN president NN Mauritania NP after IN the DT coup NN Mauritania NP . SENT a DT chronology NN Mauritania NP statistics NNS Sierra NP Leone NP s PP court NN of IN reconciliation NN Own JJ or CC share NN . SENT Open JJ sources NNS Cultural JJ diversity NN belongs VVZ to TO us PP all DT China NP buys VVZ into IN Japan NP Goytisolo NP speaks VVZ Goytisolo NP s PP changed VVD perspective NN A DT permanent JJ rebel NN The DT dark JJ grey JJ cloud NN of IN Europe NP The DT internet NN and CC common JJ goods NNS Own JJ or CC share NN . SENT Enforcing VVG intellectual JJ property NN law NN in IN the DT digital JJ age NN means VVZ fighting VVG ever RB more RBR effective JJ and CC powerful JJ new JJ modes NNS of IN creation NN made VVN possible JJ in IN part NN by IN collaborative JJ development NN through IN the DT internet NN . SENT By IN Philippe NP Aigrain NP IS VBZ THERE RB any DT limit NN to TO property NN . SENT Current JJ developments NNS might MD suggest VV not RB , , as IN property NN rights NNS are VBP steadily RB extended VVN . SENT Property NN rights NNS , , in IN the DT form NN of IN patents NNS , , copyright NN and CC , , to TO a DT lesser JJR extent NN , , brands NNS , , apply VV to TO ever RB wider JJR fields NNS and CC are VBP protected VVN by IN ever RB stronger JJR laws NNS , , police NN powers NNS and CC technological JJ tools NNS . SENT Resistance NN to TO the DT patenting VVG of IN medicines NNS , , software NN , , plant NN varieties NNS and CC cell NN strains NNS has VHZ been VBN active JJ and CC determined VVN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ up RB against IN a DT concerted JJ offensive NN by IN multinational JJ companies NNS , , patent NN offices NNS , , specialised VVD legal JJ consultants NNS , , the DT United NP States NPS government NN and CC the DT European NP Union NP , , all DT working VVG together RB to TO reinforce VV and CC extend VV property NN rights NNS . SENT New JJ technologies NNS are VBP helping VVG to TO make VV copyright NN law NN more RBR strictly RB enforceable JJ , , preventing VVG the DT use NN of IN copyright NN material NN even RB for IN legitimate JJ ends NNS 1 CD . SENT When WRB it PP comes VVZ to TO violating VVG intellectual JJ property NN rights NNS , , everyone NN is VBZ guilty JJ until IN proven JJ innocent JJ , , from IN users NNS of IN peer NN to TO peer VV file VV sharing VVG networks NNS to TO farmers NNS whose WP$ crops NNS have VHP accidentally RB become VVN mixed JJ with IN genetically RB modified VVN varieties NNS for IN which WDT they PP do VVP not RB hold VV licences NNS 2 CD . SENT Jean NP Ren NP Fourtou NP , , the DT CEO NN of IN Vivendi NNS Universal NP and CC chairman NN of IN the DT International NP Chamber NP of IN Commerce NP , , addressed VVD directors NNS representing VVG pharmaceutical JJ , , media NNS and CC software NN multinationals NNS at IN the DT United NP Nations NPS in IN October NP 2004 CD . SENT He PP announced VVD a DT global JJ war NN on IN intellectual JJ property NN piracy NN , , calling VVG on IN business NN leaders NNS to TO unite VV and CC form VV a DT massive JJ lobby NN working VVG to TO influence VV governments NNS 3 CD . SENT This DT will MD be VB a DT pre NP emptive JJ war NN that WDT lumps VVZ independent JJ producers NNS and CC users NNS in IN with IN industrial JJ counterfeiters NNS and CC organised VVN crime NN , , imagining VVG a DT single JJ enemy NN that WDT will MD be VB defeated VVN via IN tightly RB and CC ingeniously RB enforced VVN property NN mechanisms NNS . SENT There EX has VHZ been VBN resistance NN to TO this DT offensive NN . SENT Campaigns NNS for IN access NN to TO medicines NNS in IN developing VVG countries NNS have VHP had VHN some DT success NN , , as RB have VHP those DT against IN the DT patenting VVG of IN software NN or CC living NN organisms NNS . SENT Increasingly RB , , patent NN applications NNS for IN GM NP crops NNS or CC biotechnology NN products NNS are VBP rejected VVN . SENT But CC resistance NN is VBZ fragmented VVN . SENT campaigns NNS only RB rarely RB succeed VV in IN pulling VVG together RB as IN parts NNS of IN a DT single JJ cause NN . SENT On IN the DT technological JJ side NN , , there EX is VBZ a DT strong JJ pull NN away RB from IN ownership NN of IN published VVN works NNS or CC recorded JJ media NNS . SENT New JJ forms NNS of IN collaborative JJ innovation NN , , whereby WRB ideas NNS and CC expertise NN are VBP freely RB shared VVN , , are VBP proving VVG more RBR productive JJ than IN traditional JJ ways NNS of IN working VVG . SENT Once RB dismissed VVN as IN the DT work NN of IN an DT eccentric JJ fringe NN of IN naive JJ scientists NNS who WP didn NN t NN understand VVP the DT harsh JJ reality NN of IN economics NNS , , these DT cooperative JJ approaches NNS are VBP now RB being VBG taken VVN more RBR seriously RB . SENT They PP have VHP the DT particular JJ advantage NN of IN orienting VVG innovation NN towards IN the DT general JJ interest NN and CC the DT preservation NN of IN cultural JJ diversity NN , , rather RB than IN being VBG tied VVN to TO profit NN incentives NNS . SENT Academic JJ research NN has VHZ convincingly RB established VVN the DT superiority NN of IN what WP Yochai NP Benkler NP calls VVZ commons NNS based VVN peer VVP production NN 4 CD in IN a DT wide JJ range NN of IN information NN technology NN development NN . SENT In IN this DT model NN , , every DT stage NN in IN the DT development NN of IN a DT product NN is VBZ freely RB accessible JJ to TO all DT , , and CC anyone NN who WP wants VVZ to TO use VV or CC modify VV it PP may MD do VV so RB as IN they PP see VVP fit NN . SENT The DT product NN is VBZ in IN this DT sense NN a DT common JJ good NN , , and CC is VBZ often RB protected VVN against IN patenting VVG by IN any DT individual NN or CC group NN . SENT The DT development NN of IN diametrically RB opposed VVN visions NNS vying VVG for IN pre NP eminence NN will MD have VH profound JJ implications NNS for IN the DT future NN not RB only RB of IN technology NN , , but CC also RB of IN the DT world NN s PP economies NNS and CC social JJ systems NNS . SENT Two CD scenarios NNS are VBP proposed VVN . SENT One CD vision NN s PP most RBS fervent JJ supporters NNS are VBP a DT small JJ group NN of IN large JJ multinationals NNS , , represented VVN by IN Fourtou NP s PP UN NP audience NN . SENT Their PP$ position NN was VBD summed VVD up RP by IN Bill NP Gates NP , , who WP dismissed VVD those DT wishing VVG to TO restrict VV intellectual JJ property NN rights NNS as IN modern JJ day NN communists NNS 5 CD . SENT More RBR moderately RB , , the DT defence NN of IN intellectual JJ property NN is VBZ based VVN on IN a DT conviction NN that IN it PP is VBZ the DT oil NN , , black JJ gold NN , , of IN the DT 21 CD st NP century NN . SENT Critics NNS such JJ as IN Jeremy NP Rifkin NP 6 CD regard NN that IN defensive JJ vision NN as IN a DT plausible JJ nightmare NN which WDT is VBZ to TO be VB avoided VVN . SENT And CC the DT defensive JJ vision NN has VHZ flaws NNS that IN cannot NN be VB ignored VVN . SENT IT PP networks NNS do VVP not RB lend VV themselves PP to TO requisitioning VVG or CC to TO restrictions NNS on IN access NN and CC usage NN . SENT such JJ restrictions NNS are VBP a DT hindrance NN to TO their PP$ development NN . SENT A DT number NN of IN important JJ projects NNS see VVP Open JJ sources NNS , , below RB have VHP shown VVN how WRB powerful JJ the DT alternative JJ vision NN of IN cooperative JJ development NN can MD be VB when WRB freed VVN of IN the DT constraints NNS imposed VVN by IN property NN and CC contracts NNS . SENT But CC there EX are VBP difficulties NNS . SENT attempts NNS to TO expand VV free JJ cooperation NN models NNS and CC apply VV them PP to TO new JJ areas NNS meet VVP internal JJ obstacles NNS . SENT One CD problem NN is VBZ the DT complexity NN and CC perceived VVN impenetrability NN of IN technology NN , , whose WP$ future NN we PP have VHP been VBN too RB willing JJ to TO abandon VV to TO specialists NNS . SENT Another DT is VBZ fear NN about IN what WP reappropriation NN by IN the DT public NN might MD mean VV . SENT Society NP s PP inventiveness NN is VBZ gradually RB finding VVG ways NNS around IN these DT problems NNS . SENT The DT preservationists NNS , , with IN their PP$ artificial JJ engineering NN of IN scarcity NN to TO maintain VV monopoly NN prices NNS , , are VBP encountering VVG serious JJ difficulties NNS . SENT information NN capitalism NN is VBZ proving VVG as RB fragile JJ as IN it PP is VBZ powerful JJ . SENT A DT serious JJ illustration NN of IN this DT fragility NN is VBZ the DT total JJ divorce NN between IN pharmaceutical JJ companies NNS profits NNS and CC share NN values NNS , , and CC their PP$ strategies NNS real JJ effects NNS on IN public JJ health NN . SENT Financial JJ concerns NNS lead VVP them PP to TO prioritise VV research NN objectives NNS that WDT are VBP not RB those DT which WDT society NN needs VVZ 7 CD . SENT Coalitions NNS are VBP now RB emerging VVG to TO challenge VV the DT arrogance NN of IN big JJ pharma NP proposing VVG an DT alternative NN that WDT will MD re IN establish VV the DT common JJ good NN alongside IN the DT principle NN of IN property NN , , complementing VVG the DT more RBR general JJ effort NN to TO rein VV in IN the DT financial JJ sphere NN s PP unrestrained JJ power NN over IN the DT economy NN and CC society NN . SENT Is VBZ this DT hoped VVN for IN coalition NN of IN the DT common JJ good JJ possible JJ . SENT Or CC is VBZ the DT fight NN against IN restrictions NNS on IN the DT circulation NN of IN information NN goods NNS including VVG data NNS , , software NN , , expertise NN , , genetic JJ information NN and CC the DT organisms NNS that WDT contain VVP it PP a DT utopian JJ dream NN . SENT The DT movement NN has VHZ had VHN a DT few JJ successes NNS . SENT resistance NN to TO software NN patents NNS in IN Europe NP . SENT the DT emergence NN , , at IN the DT World NP Intellectual JJ Property NP Organisation NP . SENT and CC at IN Unesco NP , , of IN coalitions NNS that WDT bring VVP diverse JJ NGOs NNS together RB with IN developing VVG countries NNS governments NNS . SENT Officially RB , , documents NNS such JJ as IN the DT 2004 CD EU NP directive NN on IN the DT enforcement NN of IN intellectual JJ property NN rights NNS 8 CD are NN intended VVN to TO fight VV organised VVN crime NN and CC its PP$ links NNS with IN industrial JJ counterfeiting VVG . SENT In IN practice NN , , they PP facilitate VVP attacks NNS on IN generic JJ medicines NNS , , freeware NN and CC voluntary JJ sharing NN of IN products NNS . SENT Do VVP charities NNS and CC campaign NN groups NNS working VVG with IN impoverished JJ countries NNS , , plus CC a DT few JJ lawyers NNS and CC political JJ figures NNS , , have VHP a DT chance NN against IN highly RB organised VVN business NN lobbies NNS defending VVG IP NP with IN armies NNS of IN lawyers NNS and CC connections NNS at IN the DT highest JJS level NN in IN governments NNS and CC political JJ parties NNS . SENT There EX are VBP reasons NNS for IN optimism NN . SENT Though IN the DT international JJ legal JJ system NN seems VVZ biased VVN towards IN the DT interests NNS of IN multinational JJ companies NNS , , it PP does VVZ not RB know VV how WRB information NN is VBZ exchanged VVN and CC innovation NN achieved VVN in IN reality NN . SENT Despite IN redoubled VVN efforts NNS , , tighter JJR rules NNS and CC harsher JJR enforcement NN practices NNS , , stopping VVG free JJ information NN exchange NN is VBZ about RB as RB easy JJ as IN pushing VVG water NN uphill RB . SENT The DT popularity NN of IN freeware NN is VBZ helping VVG to TO establish VV the DT principles NNS on IN which WDT it PP is VBZ based VVN . SENT Goods NNS developed VVN through IN free JJ exchange NN and CC cooperative JJ innovation NN present JJ such JJ advantages NNS , , in IN independence NN from IN suppliers NNS , , that WDT they PP are VBP finding VVG their PP$ way NN into IN more JJR homes NNS and CC offices NNS , , including VVG those DT of IN major JJ administrations NNS and CC companies NNS . SENT This DT kind NN of IN creeping VVG , , underground JJ spread NN among IN users NNS is VBZ not RB enough JJ . SENT It PP keeps VVZ commons NNS based VVN peer VVP production NN at IN a DT distance NN from IN the DT mainstream JJ economy NN , , instead RB of IN developing VVG new JJ forms NNS of IN integration NN . SENT It PP cannot NN provide VV funding NN to TO enable VV all DT citizens NNS to TO participate VV in IN the DT development NN of IN common JJ goods NNS and CC of IN a DT large JJ , , vibrant JJ sphere NN of IN activity NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ to TO be VB credible JJ , , any DT coalition NN in IN defence NN of IN common JJ goods NNS must MD articulate VV its PP$ proposals NNS around IN the DT general JJ aim NN of IN bringing VVG capitalism NN back RB under IN control NN . SENT To TO do VV that IN , , we PP need VVP to TO reject VV the DT defeatist JJ mentality NN that WDT treats VVZ technological JJ change NN as IN an DT external JJ factor NN independent JJ of IN human JJ choices NNS and CC actions NNS . SENT See VVP also RB Open VV sources NNS Translated VVN by IN Gulliver NP Cragg NP Philippe NP Aigrain NP is VBZ a DT campaigner NN for IN common JJ goods NNS and CC author NN of IN Cause NP Commune NN Fayard NP , , Paris NP , , 2005 CD , , www NP . SENT causecommune NN . SENT org NP 1 CD EU NP Directive NN 2001 NP 09 CD frees VVZ the DT providers NNS of IN protection NN technology NN from IN any DT obligation NN to TO allow VV for IN legitimate JJ uses NNS of IN the DT material NN they PP protect VVP , , even RB where WRB the DT law NN recognises VVZ these DT legitimate JJ uses NNS . SENT If IN the DT protection NN is VBZ bypassed VVN , , it PP is VBZ so RB hard JJ to TO prove VV that IN this DT was VBD for IN a DT legitimate JJ end NN that IN in IN practice NN the DT technology NN makes VVZ the DT law NN instead RB of IN the DT judge NN . SENT 2 LS See VV the DT case NN of IN Canadian JJ farmer NN Percy NP Schmeiser NP s PP battle VVP with IN the DT chemical NN giant NN Monsanto NP . SENT Schmeiser NP was VBD found VVN guilty JJ of IN violating VVG its PP$ patent NN even RB though IN the DT Monsanto NP patented JJ crops NNS he PP was VBD accused VVN of IN exploiting VVG had VHD grown VVN on IN his PP$ land NN because IN of IN natural JJ accidents NNS . SENT See VV www JJ . SENT percyschmeiser NN . SENT com NN 3 CD Financial NP Times NP , , London NP , , 12 CD October NP 2004 CD . SENT 4 CD Yochai NP Benkler NP , , Coase NP s PP Penguin NN , , or CC Linux NP and CC the DT Nature NN of IN the DT Firm NN in IN Yale NP Law NP Journal NP , , New NP Haven NP , , 4 CD June NP 2002 CD . SENT 5 CD Michael NP Kanellos NP , , Gates NP , , Restricting VVG IP NP is VBZ Tantamount JJ to TO Communism NN , , CNET NP News NP . SENT com NN . SENT 6 CD Jeremy NP Rifkin NP , , The DT Age NP of IN Access NP , , Putnam NP Publishing NP Group NP , , Itasca NP , , 2000 CD . SENT 7 CD See NP Frederic NP M NP Scherer NP , , Global JJ welfare NN and CC pharmaceutical JJ patenting VVG , , The DT World NP Economy NP , , Oxford NP , , July NP 2004 CD . SENT 8 CD Directive NN 2004 CD 48 CD CE NP , , 29 CD April NP 2004 CD . SENT English JJ language NN editorial NN director NN . SENT Wendy NP Kristianasen NP all DT rights NNS reserved VVD 1997 CD 2005 CD Le NP Monde NP diplomatique NN . SENT