/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/22/file_94.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Jump NP to TO the DT text NN Jump NP to TO the DT menu NN . SENT About IN Stanton NP Peele NP On IN line NN Library NN Ask VV Stanton NP Coaching NN Lectures VVZ Bookstore NN Home NP Back NP In IN Mary NP I PP . SENT Bockover NP Ed NP . SENT , , Rules NPS , , Rituals NNS and CC Responsibility NN . SENT Essays NNS Dedicated VVN to TO Herbert NP Fingarette NP , , La NP Salle NP , , IL NP . SENT Open NP Court NP pp NP . SENT 37 CD 53 CD , , 1991 CD Herbert NP Fingarette NP , , Radical JJ Revisionist NN Why WRB Are VBP People NNS So RB Upset VVN With IN This DT Retiring VVG Philosopher NN . SENT Stanton NP Peele NP Morristown NP , , New NP Jersey NP One NP would MD not RB think VV of IN Herb NP Fingarette NP as IN a DT radical JJ revisionist NN . SENT A DT gentlemanly JJ , , soft JJ spoken VVN man NN , , he PP has VHZ spent VVN his PP$ years NNS in IN philosophy NN contemplating VVG questions NNS of IN behavior NN and CC responsibility NN , , writing VVG for IN legal JJ and CC behavioral JJ journals NNS , , and CC participating VVG in IN learned VVN councils NNS that IN deliberate JJ on IN these DT issues NNS . SENT This DT was VBD how WRB he PP became VVD engaged VVN in IN the DT most RBS contentious JJ topic NN in IN modern JJ social JJ science NN excluding VVG , , perhaps RB , , racial JJ differences NNS in IN intelligence NN . SENT the DT debate NN over IN whether IN alcoholism NN is VBZ best RBS regarded VVN as IN a DT disease NN . SENT As IN a DT legal JJ moral JJ philosopher NN , , Herb NP had VHD long RB been VBN concerned VVN with IN issues NNS of IN criminal JJ responsibility NN . SENT In IN his PP$ book NN , , Self NP Deception NP , , Herb NP argued VVD that DT explicit JJ consciousness NN required VVD a DT person NN to TO spell VV out RP the DT motivations NNS and CC consequences NNS of IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ actions NNS . SENT the DT refusal NN to TO do VV so RB comprised VVN a DT particular JJ variety NN of IN self NN deception NN . SENT 1 CD One CD noteworthy JJ consequence NN of IN the DT compromised VVN personal JJ agency NN brought VVD on IN by IN a DT person's NNS ignoring VVG , , and CC thereby RB disavowing VVG , , personal JJ engagement NN in IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ actions NNS is VBZ to TO undermine VV moral JJ and CC criminal JJ responsibility NN . SENT If IN a DT person NN is VBZ unconscious JJ of IN how WRB his PP$ or CC her PP$ actions NNS lead VVP to TO harm VV of IN others NNS or CC what WP brings VVZ on IN this DT misconduct NN , , then RB may MD he PP or CC she PP not RB be VB excused VVN for IN these DT actions NNS . SENT An DT opportunity NN to TO explore VV this DT model NN was VBD presented VVN for IN Herb NP when WRB the DT Supreme NP Court NP considered VVD the DT issue NN of IN whether IN alcoholism NN is VBZ a DT disease NN and CC whether IN being VBG alcoholic JJ excuses NNS one NN from IN criminal JJ responsibility NN . SENT 2 LS Although IN , , when WRB entering VVG this DT fray NN , , Herb's NP sense NN was VBD that DT alcoholism NN had VHD been VBN established VVN to TO be VB a DT disease NN , , his PP$ examination NN of IN the DT issues NNS thoroughly RB convinced VVN him PP otherwise RB . SENT There EX was VBD no DT genetic JJ or CC other JJ biological JJ explanation NN for IN why WRB a DT person NN drinks NNS too RB much RB either RB on IN a DT particular JJ occasion NN or CC habitually RB , , why WRB a DT person NN commits VVZ violent JJ or CC criminal JJ acts NNS when WRB drunk JJ , , why WRB a DT person NN decides VVZ that IN he PP or CC she PP is VBZ an DT alcoholic JJ and CC that WDT drinking NN is VBZ an DT excuse NN for IN misbehavior NN . SENT Instead RB , , Herb NP saw VVD , , drinking NN was VBD an DT all DT purpose NN excuse NN , , a DT special JJ case NN of IN self NN deception NN anointed VVN by IN science NN but CC actually RB steeped VVN in IN the DT lore NN of IN magical JJ loss NN of IN control NN I NN couldn't NN help VV myself PP as IN though IN this DT description NN of IN irresponsibility NN was VBD somehow RB an DT explanation NN and CC an DT excuse NN for IN it PP . SENT Herb's NP position NN achieved VVD its PP$ greatest JJS notoriety NN when WRB his PP$ work NN was VBD cited VVN by IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP in IN denying VVG two CD alcoholic JJ veterans NNS VA NP educational JJ benefits NNS they PP were VBD unable JJ to TO use VV within IN the DT period NN established VVN by IN VA NP regulations NNS because RB , , they PP claimed VVD , , they PP were VBD alcoholics NNS . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , they PP spent VVD so RB much RB of IN this DT time NN drinking NN that IN they PP didn't VVD feel VV like IN going VVG to TO school NN , , a DT situation NN they PP claim VVP was VBD brought VVN on IN by IN the DT disease NN of IN alcoholism NN from IN which WDT they PP suffered VVD . SENT One CD irony NN in IN this DT case NN was VBD that IN , , although IN the DT VA's NP position NN was VBD that IN these DT men NNS engaged VVN in IN willful JJ misconduct NN rather RB than IN manifesting VVG a DT disease NN , , the DT VA NP treatment NN creed NN is VBZ very RB much JJ one NN based VVN on IN the DT disease NN model NN . SENT The DT VA NP expressed VVD a DT different JJ , , sensible JJ position NN in IN this DT case NN because IN to TO do VV otherwise RB would MD simply RB overwhelm VV the DT federal JJ government NN with IN unimaginable JJ claims NNS it PP owed VVN people NNS who WP were VBD too RB drunk JJ to TO demand VV them PP at IN some DT time NN in IN the DT past NN . SENT As IN a DT psychologist NN , , I PP am VBP interested VVN primarily RB in IN the DT psychological JJ implications NNS of IN disease NN views NNS of IN human JJ behavior NN , , and CC of IN the DT excuse NN making NN and CC lack NN of IN self NN awareness NN they PP signify VV . SENT Herb NP Fingarette NP has VHZ addressed VVN these DT issues NNS as IN a DT philosopher NN . SENT In IN his PP$ book NN Heavy JJ Drinking NN . SENT The DT Myth NN of IN Alcoholism NN as IN a DT Disease NP , , Herb NP makes VVZ clear JJ that IN it PP is VBZ both DT more RBR accurate JJ and CC more RBR useful JJ to TO think VV of IN heavy JJ drinking NN as IN a DT way NN of IN life NN than IN as IN a DT disease NN . SENT Herb's NP great JJ achievement NN was VBD , , with IN the DT dispassion NN of IN a DT professional JJ philosopher NN and CC the DT compassion NN of IN a DT concerned JJ human JJ being NN , , to TO dispose VV of IN the DT fallacy NN that IN the DT only RB alternative JJ to TO treating VVG alcoholism NN medically RB as IN a DT disease NN is VBZ to TO treat VV it PP punitively RB as IN a DT sin NN or CC a DT crime NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT reason NN to TO see VV heavy JJ drinking NN as IN a DT symptom NN of IN illness NN , , a DT sign NN of IN persistent JJ evil NN , , or CC the DT mark NN of IN a DT conscienceless JJ will NN . SENT Rarely RB do VVP people NNS choose VVP a DT destructive JJ or CC self NN destructive JJ way NN of IN life NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , we PP shape VVP our PP$ lives NNS day NN to TO day NN , , crisis NN by IN crisis NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT We PP each DT share NN the DT propensity NN to TO choose VV opportunistically RB when WRB under IN stress NN . SENT So RB , , on IN a DT series NN of IN occasions NNS , , a DT drinker NN chooses VVZ what WP seems VVZ the DT lesser JJR evil NN , , the DT temporarily RB easier JJR compromise NN , , without IN a DT clear JJ appreciation NN of IN the DT long JJ run NN implications NNS . SENT If IN our PP$ righteous JJ condemnation NN is VBZ not RB in IN order NN , , neither CC is VBZ our PP$ cooperation NN in IN excusing VVG heavy JJ drinkers NNS or CC helping VVG them PP evade VV responsibility NN for IN change NN . SENT Compassion NN , , constructive JJ aid NN , , and CC the DT respect NN manifest JJ in IN expecting VVG a DT person NN to TO act VV responsibly RB these DT are VBP usually RB the DT reasonable JJ basic JJ attitudes NNS to TO take VV when WRB confronting VVG a DT particular JJ heavy JJ drinker NN who WP is VBZ in IN trouble NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT 3 CD Herb NP makes VVZ clear JJ that IN the DT disease NN model NN , , by IN dismissing VVG the DT heavy JJ drinker's NN responsibility NN for IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ excesses NNS , , also RB denies VVZ the DT drinker's NNS responsibility NN to TO change VV his PP$ or CC her PP$ way NN of IN life NN in IN ways NNS that IN matter NN . SENT Instead RB of IN encouraging VVG those DT concerned VVN to TO see VV the DT drinking NN in IN the DT context NN of IN the DT person's JJ way NN of IN life NN , , and CC thus RB to TO discern VV what WP role NN or CC roles NNS it PP may MD play VV for IN that DT person NN in IN coping VVG with IN life NN , , the DT logic NN of IN the DT disease NN concept NN does VVZ the DT contrary NN . SENT It PP leads VVZ all DT concerned JJ , , including VVG the DT drinker NN , , to TO deny VV , , to TO ignore VV , , to TO discount VV what WP meaning NN that IN way NN of IN life NN may MD have VH . SENT Seen VVN as IN an DT involuntary JJ symptom NN of IN a DT disease NN , , the DT drinking NN is VBZ isolated VVN from IN the DT rest NN of IN life NN , , and CC viewed VVN as IN the DT meaningless JJ but CC destructive JJ effect NN of IN a DT noxious JJ condition NN , , a DT disease NN . SENT 4 LS He PP then RB asks VVZ a DT key JJ question NN . SENT But CC what WP if IN this DT is VBZ totally RB wrong JJ . SENT What WP if IN that DT life NN reflects VVZ , , perhaps RB unwisely RB and CC obscurely RB , , the DT drinker's NN attempts VVZ to TO cope VV with IN feelings NNS , , emotions NNS , , attitudes NNS , , relationships NNS that WDT are VBP not RB acceptable JJ to TO others NNS perhaps RB not RB fully RB acceptable JJ even RB to TO the DT drinker NN but CC that WDT are VBP , , for IN better JJR or CC worse JJR , , those DT that IN surge NN up RP in IN the DT drinker's NNS soul NN . SENT 5 CD In IN other JJ words NNS , , what WP if IN you PP accept VVP the DT disease NN theory's NNS seductive JJ offer NN that IN of IN viewing VVG your PP$ desire NN to TO drink VV and CC your PP$ difficulty NN in IN controlling VVG your PP$ drinking NN as IN alien JJ to TO you PP , , as IN having VHG some DT mysterious JJ biological JJ , , perhaps RB genetic JJ cause NN . SENT With IN great JJ relief NN , , you PP find VVP yourself PP off IN the DT hook NN . SENT Meanwhile RB , , though RB , , you PP still RB can't JJ talk NN to TO your PP$ spouse NN , , or CC you PP still RB feel VVP inadequate JJ at IN your PP$ job NN . SENT What WP have VHP you PP accomplished VVN . SENT You PP haven't VVD dealt VVN with IN your PP$ drinking NN or CC your PP$ life NN . SENT This DT , , according VVG to TO Fingarette NP , , is VBZ the DT self NN deception NN engendered VVN by IN the DT disease NN notion NN of IN alcoholism NN , , which WDT only RB adds VVZ to TO the DT confusion NN and CC paralysis NN experienced VVN by IN the DT heavy JJ drinker NN . SENT This DT self NN deception NN is VBZ expressed VVN , , for IN example NN , , in IN the DT claim NN that IN the DT alcoholic JJ who WP is VBZ completely RB incapable JJ of IN control NN after IN taking VVG one CD sip NN can MD nonetheless RB be VB held VVN rigidly RB responsible JJ for IN controlling VVG the DT urge NN to TO take VV that DT sip NN . SENT As IN a DT description NN of IN human JJ motivation NN and CC behavior NN , , this DT quick JJ shift NN from IN complete JJ control NN to TO loss NN of IN control NN doesn't NN ring VVP true JJ and CC the DT drinker NN knows VVZ it PP . SENT Is VBZ it PP possible JJ that IN Herb NP might MD not RB have VH fully RB recognized VVN the DT kind NN of IN response NN that IN writing VVG an DT iconoclastic JJ if IN truthful JJ book NN on IN alcoholism NN would MD elicit VV . SENT For IN the DT reaction NN his PP$ book NN aroused VVN was VBD immediate JJ and CC brutal JJ . SENT In IN the DT same JJ year NN Heavy JJ Drinking NN was VBD published VVN , , a DT member NN of IN his PP$ own JJ faculty NN at IN the DT University NP of IN California NP at IN Santa NP Barbara NP William NP Madsen NP , , Department NP of IN Anthropology NN published VVD an DT entire JJ pamphlet NN whose WP$ sole JJ purpose NN was VBD attacking VVG Herb NP and CC his PP$ book NN . SENT 6 CD It PP was VBD as RB though RB , , out RB of IN the DT imminent JJ danger NN that IN some DT unsuspecting JJ lamb NN would MD be VB led VVN astray RB by IN Herb NP , , it PP was VBD necessary JJ to TO produce VV a DT concordance NN which WDT any DT reader NN of IN Heavy JJ Drinking NN must MD keep VV by IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ side NN for IN instant JJ refutation NN of IN Herb's NP heresies NNS , , even RB though IN thousands NNS of IN popular JJ works NNS already RB exist VVP to TO promote VV the DT disease NN position NN Herb NP refuted VVD . SENT There EX are VBP many JJ intriguing JJ aspects NNS to TO Madsen's NP broadside NN . SENT I PP select VVP one CD , , based VVN on IN Herb's NP mild JJ mannered JJ proposition NN or CC at IN least JJS what WP would MD appear VV to TO be VB such JJ in IN any DT other JJ than IN the DT alcoholism NN field NN that IN we PP view VVP alcoholism NN pluralistically RB and CC try VV a DT variety NN of IN approaches NNS to TO treating VVG alcoholism NN . SENT In IN particular JJ , , Herb NP proposed VVD since IN studies NNS of IN public JJ alcoholism NN facilities NNS consistently RB find VVP that IN fewer JJR than IN 10 CD of IN graduates NNS abstain VV for IN any DT period NN following VVG treatment NN that IN some DT goal NN of IN moderated VVN drinking NN be VB included VVN in IN the DT panoply NN of IN therapies NNS for IN and CC accepted VVN outcomes NNS of IN alcoholism NN treatment NN . SENT Madsen NP , , typical JJ of IN representatives NNS of IN the DT alcoholism NN field NN who WP find VVP this DT an DT intolerable JJ heresy NN , , responded VVD to TO Fingarette's NP summary NN of IN information NN indicating VVG that DT moderation NN training NN and CC treatment NN goals NNS can MD be VB useful JJ by IN referring VVG to TO the DT most RBS impressive JJ and CC precise JJ study NN ever RB conducted VVN on IN the DT subject NN of IN moderate JJ drinking NN . SENT This DT penultimate JJ study NN , , Madsen NP claimed VVD , , can MD once RB and CC forever RB lay VVD to TO rest VV the DT dangerous JJ idea NN that IN some DT alcoholics NNS reduce VV their PP$ drinking NN problems NNS without IN abstaining VVG . SENT The DT study NN , , which WDT appeared VVD in IN the DT New NP England NP Journal NP of IN Medicine NP and CC was VBD authored VVN by IN John NP Helzer NP and CC his PP$ colleagues NNS at IN Washington NP University's NP School NP of IN Medicine NP , , dealt VVN with IN outcomes NNS among IN a DT highly RB alcoholic JJ hospital NN population NN . SENT 7 CD Madsen NP summarized VVD the DT study NN as IN proving VVG that IN , , since IN only RB 1 CD . SENT 6 CD of IN hospitalized VVN alcoholics NNS resumed VVD moderate JJ drinking NN , , that IN to TO urge VV alcoholics NNS to TO try VV for IN a DT goal NN with IN a DT demonstrated VVN failure NN rate NN of IN 98 CD . SENT 4 CD is VBZ madness NN . SENT Philosophically RB minded VVD readers NNS may MD recognize VV in IN this DT statement NN the DT logical JJ fallacy NN of IN the DT excluded VVN middle NN , , where WRB , , since IN the DT researchers NNS defined VVD 1 CD . SENT 6 CD of IN patients NNS as IN moderate JJ drinkers NNS , , Madsen NP concluded VVD everyone NN else RB failed VVD at IN this DT goal NN . SENT One PP might MD deduce VV from IN Madsen's NP description NN of IN a DT 98 CD . SENT 4 CD failure NN rate NN for IN moderate JJ drinking NN that IN the DT hospitals NNS in IN this DT study NN pushed VVD controlled JJ drinking NN therapy NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , these DT hospitals NNS in IN all DT likelihood NN recommended VVD total JJ abstinence NN to TO alcoholic JJ patients NNS . SENT Actually RB , , not RB all RB of IN the DT hospital NN units NNS where WRB alcoholics NNS were VBD treated VVN offered VVN specific JJ therapies NNS for IN alcoholism NN . SENT only RB one CD of IN the DT four CD was VBD an DT inpatient NN alcoholism NN ward NN . SENT And CC the DT alcoholism NN unit NN had VHD the DT worst JJS outcomes NNS of IN any DT of IN those DT studied VVN , , showing VVG one CD half NN the DT remission NN rate NN among IN survivors NNS of IN a DT medical JJ surgical JJ ward NN . SENT Indeed RB , , from IN five CD to TO seven CD years NNS after IN treatment NN , , only RB 7 CD of IN those DT in IN this DT inner JJ city NN alcoholism NN ward NN survived VVD and CC were VBD in IN remission NN . SENT Based VVN on IN these DT data NNS , , one PP would MD think VV humility NN was VBD called VVN for IN in IN discussing VVG current JJ hospital NN treatments NNS for IN alcoholism NN , , rather RB than IN the DT cocksure JJ rejection NN by IN Helzer NP et CC at IN . SENT and CC Madsen NP of IN an DT alternative JJ approach NN one NN that WDT was VBD not RB actually RB tried VVN in IN the DT study NN under IN consideration NN . SENT Could MD not RB someone NN say VVP that IN this DT study NN demonstrated VVD primarily RB the DT failures NNS of IN standard JJ therapy NN and CC the DT need NN to TO consider VV alternative JJ approaches NNS . SENT In IN another DT piece NN of IN research NN on IN hospital NN treatment NN of IN alcoholism NN , , Edward NP Gottheil NP of IN Jefferson NP Medical NP College NP reported VVD that IN from IN 33 CD to TO 59 CD of IN patients NNS engaged VVN in IN some DT moderate JJ drinking NN during IN a DT two CD year NN follow VVP up RP of IN alcoholics NNS treated VVN at IN a DT VA NP hospital NN . SENT only RB 8 CD of IN this DT hospitalized VVN group NN abstained VVD throughout IN the DT two CD years NNS . SENT Gottheil NP commented VVD . SENT If IN the DT definition NN of IN successful JJ remission NN is VBZ restricted VVN to TO abstinence NN , , these DT treatment NN centers VVZ cannot NN be VB considered VVN especially RB effective JJ and CC would MD be VB difficult JJ to TO justify VV from IN cost NN benefit NN analyses NNS . SENT If IN the DT remission NN criteria NNS are VBP relaxed VVN to TO include VV . SENT . SENT . SENT moderate JJ levels NNS of IN drinking NN , , success NN rates NNS increase VV to TO a DT more RBR respectable JJ range NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Moreover RB when WRB the DT moderate JJ drinking NN groups NNS were VBD included VVN in IN the DT remission NN category NN , , remitters NNS did VVD significantly RB and CC consistently RB better RBR than IN nonrermitters NNS at IN subsequent JJ follow VV up RP assessments NNS . SENT 8 CD What WP actually RB did VVD occur VV for IN the DT remaining JJ 98 CD . SENT 4 CD of IN the DT surviving VVG Helzer NP et FW al NP . SENT subjects VVZ a DT question NN that IN the DT actual JJ research NN answers NNS in IN some DT detail NN , , although IN the DT authors NNS of IN the DT New NP England NP Journal NP article NN do VVP not RB emphasize VV these DT results NNS . SENT Fifteen CD percent NN of IN them PP were VBD abstaining VVG at IN the DT point NN when WRB they PP were VBD assessed VVN from IN five CD to TO seven CD years NNS later RBR . SENT We PP don't VVD know VV to TO what WP extent NN they PP did VVD or CC did VVD not RB try VV moderate JJ drinking NN previously RB . SENT Another DT group NN , , consisting VVG of IN 4 CD . SENT 6 CD of IN treated VVN patients NNS , , did VVD drink VV exclusively RB in IN a DT moderate JJ manner NN , , but CC in IN fewer JJR than IN thirty CD months NNS during IN the DT three CD year NN assessment NN period NN . SENT While IN Helzer NP et CC al NP . SENT did VVD not RB define VV these DT as RB moderate JJ drinkers NNS , , many RB would MD say VV they PP were VBD . SENT They PP certainly RB were VBD not RB failures NNS at IN attempts NNS at IN moderate JJ drinking NN . SENT Finally RB , , another DT 12 CD of IN these DT patients NNS admitted VVD that IN they PP had VHD more JJR than IN six CD drinks NNS on IN three CD occasions NNS during IN at IN least JJS one CD month NN in IN the DT previous JJ three CD years NNS , , but CC claimed VVD they PP had VHD had VHN no DT drinking NN problems NNS over IN these DT three CD years NNS . SENT These DT patients NNS , , Helzer NP et CC al NP . SENT believed VVN , , were VBD denying VVG their PP$ continued JJ alcoholism NN . SENT And CC to TO prove VV it PP , , the DT researchers NNS checked VVN with IN relatives NNS of IN these DT patients NNS and CC hospital NN and CC other JJ records NNS to TO see VV if IN they PP could MD find VV proof NN of IN continued JJ alcoholic JJ problems NNS . SENT The DT investigation NN turned VVD up RP none NN , , so RB that IN Helzer NP et NP al's NNS decision NN to TO say VV these DT patients NNS were VBD in IN denial NN was VBD based VVN on IN an DT a DT priori NN conclusion NN about IN the DT nature NN of IN alcoholic JJ patients NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , that IN they PP can't VVD drink VV again RB without IN problems NNS . SENT Overall RB , , then RB , , the DT Helzer NP study NN found VVD among IN alcoholic JJ survivors NNS of IN hospital NN treatment NN that IN 6 CD had VHD been VBN drinking VVG moderately RB or CC lightly RB for IN three CD years NNS and CC that DT 12 NP had VHD had VHN at IN least JJS one CD intermittently RB heavy JJ drinking NN period NN lasting VVG for IN as RB little JJ as IN a DT month NN over IN three CD years NNS but CC said VVD they PP had VHD no DT more JJR drinking NN problems NNS , , while IN no DT evidence NN or CC collateral NN reports NNS could MD be VB found VVN to TO gainsay VV them PP . SENT It PP might MD seem VV that DT Madsen's NP statement NN that IN Helzer NP et CC al NP . SENT demonstrated VVN a DT failure NN rate NN of IN 98 CD . SENT 4 CD for IN controlled VVN drinking NN clearly RB misstates VVZ the DT actual JJ situation NN . SENT Madsen NP himself PP claims VVZ not RB to TO be VB against IN controlled VVN drinking NN therapy NN , , and CC he PP doesn't VVD even RB think VV it PP is VBZ that RB hard JJ to TO practice VV successfully RB . SENT Any DT third JJ rate NN counselor NN should MD be VB able JJ to TO help VV a DT non JJ addicted JJ drinker NN moderate VV his PP$ or CC her PP$ drinking NN , , he PP wrote VVD in IN his PP$ pamphlet NN p NN . SENT 25 CD . SENT The DT trick NN , , then RB , , according VVG to TO Madsen NP , , is VBZ to TO decide VV who WP is VBZ the DT non JJ addicted JJ alcohol NN abuser NN and CC who WP is VBZ the DT addicted JJ one CD . SENT In IN alcoholism NN treatment NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS , , no DT one NN takes VVZ the DT trouble NN to TO differentiate VV between IN the DT two CD . SENT For IN example NN , , Kitty NP Dukakis NP , , who WP began VVD getting VVG drunk JJ following VVG her PP$ husband's NNS 1988 CD presidential JJ election NN loss NN , , after IN a DT lifetime NN of IN social JJ drinking NN , , was VBD taught VVN at IN the DT Edgehill NP Newport NP Hospital NP that IN she PP was VBD a DT lifelong JJ alcoholic JJ who WP must MD abstain VV forever RB . SENT We PP might MD ask VV whether IN any DT alcohol NN abusers NNS screened VVD at IN Edgehill NP Newport NP are VBP referred VVN to TO appropriate JJ outpatient NN or CC controlled JJ drinking NN counseling NN based VVN on IN their PP$ being NN , , in IN Madsen's NP words NNS , , non JJ addicted JJ . SENT As RB for IN real JJ alcoholics NNS , , Madsen NP declares VVZ , , Not RB a DT single JJ validated VVN case NN of IN a DT competently RB diagnosed VVN alcoholic JJ returning VVG to TO normal JJ drinking NN has VHZ ever RB been VBN demonstrated VVN . SENT What WP , , then RB , , about IN the DT 1 CD . SENT 6 CD of IN alcoholics NNS who WP returned VVD to TO moderate VV drinking NN and CC the DT additional JJ 4 CD . SENT 6 CD who WP drank VVD moderately RB but CC too RB occasionally RB for IN Helzer NP et CC al NP . SENT to TO accept VV them PP as IN genuine JJ moderate JJ drinkers NNS in IN the DT Helzer NP et NP al NP . SENT study NN that IN Madsen NP cites VVZ so RB enthusiastically RB . SENT Was VBD this DT research NN incompetently RB administered VVN , , and CC do VVP we PP need VVP therefore RB to TO ignore VV it PP . SENT If IN the DT Helzer NP et NP al NP . SENT study NN provides VVZ the DT bottom JJ figure NN for IN alcoholics NNS resuming VVG moderate JJ drinking NN , , the DT upper JJ figure NN might MD be VB from IN a DT study NN published VVN in IN 1987 CD in IN the DT Journal NP of IN Studies NPS on IN Alcohol NP by IN two CD Swedish JJ physicians NNS who WP followed VVD socially RB stable JJ alcoholics NNS two CD decades NNS after IN their PP$ hospitalization NN for IN alcoholism NN . SENT Social JJ drinking NN was VBD twice RB as RB common JJ as IN abstinence NN among IN the DT former JJ alcohol NN dependent JJ addicted VVN subjects NNS in IN this DT group NN . SENT This DT research NN would MD represent VV a DT considerable JJ failure NN at IN diagnosis NN and CC accurate JJ follow VVP up RP , , according VVG to TO Madsen NP , , and CC one PP can MD only RB marvel VV that IN it PP was VBD accepted VVN for IN publication NN at IN this DT late JJ date NN in IN the DT most RBS prestigious JJ American JJ journal NN devoted VVN to TO alcohol NN studies NNS . SENT 9 CD When WRB Herb NP summarized VVD the DT material NN in IN Heavy JJ Drinking NN in IN an DT article NN in IN the DT journal NN Public NP Interest NP , , 10 CD Madsen NP once RB again RB attacked VVN Herb NP , , in IN a DT response NN published VVN in IN the DT same JJ journal NN . SENT 11 CD Again RB , , Madsen NP spent VVD quite PDT a DT bit NN of IN space NN half NN of IN his PP$ response NN on IN the DT issue NN of IN controlled JJ drinking NN , , about IN which WDT Herb NP had VHD relatively RB little JJ to TO say VV in IN his PP$ book NN or CC article NN , , beyond IN that IN it PP be VB considered VVN in IN the DT context NN of IN the DT failures NNS of IN standard JJ treatments NNS , , such JJ as IN that DT which WDT produced VVD a DT remission NN rate NN like IN the DT 7 CD Helzer NP et NP al NP . SENT found VVN for IN inpatient NN alcoholism NN treatment NN . SENT Meanwhile RB , , private JJ treatment NN centers NNS charge VVP exorbitant JJ rates NNS for IN group NN therapy NN and CC individual JJ counseling NN that WDT consist VVP primarily RB of IN exhortations NNS to TO alcoholics NNS to TO quit VV drinking NN , , and CC that WDT have VHP been VBN shown VVN to TO have VH no DT greater JJR effect NN than IN receiving VVG a DT lecture NN about IN the DT dangers NNS of IN alcohol NN , , being VBG prosecuted VVN for IN a DT drunk JJ driving NN arrest NN , , or CC the DT simple JJ passage NN of IN time NN . SENT 12 CD Madsen's NP Public NP Interest NP response NN contained VVD a DT prolonged JJ discussion NN of IN the DT case NN of IN Mark NP and CC Linda NP Sobell NP a DT husband NN and CC wife NN research NN team NN who WP taught VVD alcoholics NNS moderate JJ drinking NN techniques NNS before IN it PP became VVD essentially RB verboten JJ in IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT to TO do VV so RB and CC who WP subsequently RB were VBD attacked VVN in IN a DT 1982 CD article NN in IN Science NP which WDT claimed VVD that IN few JJ if IN any DT of IN these DT treated VVN alcoholics NNS achieved VVD moderation NN . SENT 13 CD Actually RB , , the DT Science NP investigators NNS noted VVD , , at IN least JJS one CD alcoholic JJ did VVD become VV a DT moderate JJ drinker NN , , but CC in IN Madsen's NP paraphrase VV this DT person NN may MD not RB have VH been VBN a DT genuine JJ gamma NN alcoholic JJ . SENT Gamma NN alcoholics NNS are VBP the DT same JJ genuinely RB addicted VVN alcoholics NNS not RB one CD of IN whom WP Madsen NP has VHZ said VVD has VHZ ever RB been VBN found VVN to TO return VV to TO moderate JJ drinking NN . SENT Madsen NP attacked VVD Fingarette NP in IN the DT pages NNS of IN Public NP Interest NP for IN lacking VVG all DT scientific JJ credentials NNS . SENT He PP then RB proceeded VVD to TO review VV the DT Sobell NP controversy NN by IN referring VVG to TO the DT television NN program NN 60 CD Minutes NP , , which WDT ran VVD a DT segment NN on IN the DT Sobells NNS experiment NN . SENT Sixty CD Minutes NPS interviewed VVD a DT number NN but CC not RB allof VVZ the DT surviving VVG controlled VVN drinking NN subjects NNS in IN the DT Sobells NNS study NN . SENT It PP did VVD not RB interview VV any DT of IN the DT subjects NNS in IN a DT hospital NN abstinence NN group NN that IN the DT original JJ experiment NN compared VVN with IN the DT controlled VVN drinking NN subjects NNS . SENT Thus RB , , 60 CD Minutes NP filmed VVD Harry NP Reasoner NP walking VVG near IN the DT grave NN of IN a DT subject NN in IN the DT controlled VVN drinking NN group NN in IN the DT Sobells NNS experiment NN the DT first JJ such JJ death NN occurred VVD eight CD years NNS after IN treatment NN . SENT However RB , , Reasoner NP could MD also RB have VH walked VVD near IN the DT graves NNS of IN many JJ of IN the DT hospital NN abstinence NN group NN as RB well RB since IN more JJR of IN them PP died VVD in IN the DT period NN the DT Science NP article NN studied VVD and CC since IN than IN did VVD those DT in IN the DT controlled VVN drinking NN group NN . SENT The DT discovery NN of IN the DT deaths NNS of IN patients NNS who WP received VVD standard JJ hospital NN abstinence NN treatment NN appeared VVD as IN a DT result NN of IN an DT investigation NN of IN the DT Sobells NNS experiment NN conducted VVN by IN a DT committee NN appointed VVN by IN the DT Toronto NP Addiction NN Research NP Foundation NP brought VVD on IN by IN allegations NNS of IN fraud NN against IN the DT Sobells NNS by IN one CD of IN the DT authors NNS of IN the DT Science NP article NN , , Irving NP Maltzman NP . SENT This DT blue JJ ribbon NN committee NN published VVD an DT exhaustive JJ document NN , , in IN which WDT it PP noted VVD . SENT The DT charges NNS made VVN and CC implied VVN with IN respect NN to TO the DT Sobells NNS involve VVP the DT most RBS serious JJ kinds NNS of IN allegations NNS it PP is VBZ possible JJ to TO make VV against IN . SENT . SENT scientist NN s PP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT By IN choosing VVG not RB to TO compare VV the DT controlled VVN drinking NN subjects NNS outcome NN with IN data NNS from IN an DT appropriate JJ control NN group NN , , Pendery NP et CC al NP . SENT implied VVN that IN the DT long JJ term NN prognosis NN of IN the DT subjects NNS was VBD worse JJR than IN would MD have VH occurred VVN with IN routine JJ treatment NN . SENT No DT form NN of IN treatment NN of IN alcoholism NN known VVN to TO the DT Committee NP is VBZ clearly RB perfect JJ for IN any DT group NN . SENT hence RB comparisons NNS must MD be VB made VVN of IN treatment NN groups NNS in IN order NN to TO evaluate VV any DT particular JJ treatment NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Science NP , , the DT activity NN , , would MD have VH demanded VVN such PDT a DT comparison NN , , even RB though IN Science NP , , the DT magazine NN , , did VVD not RB . SENT Ultimately RB , , the DT goal NN of IN the DT scientific JJ study NN of IN alcoholism NN is VBZ not RB well RB served VVN by IN disputes NNS such JJ as IN this DT one NN . SENT 14 CD Other JJ investigations NNS have VHP been VBN conducted VVN of IN this DT research NN , , including VVG one CD by IN the DT United NP States NPS Alcohol NP , , Drug NP Abuse NN , , and CC Mental JJ Health NP Administration NP ADAMHA NP . SENT After IN taking VVG testimony NN from IN all DT concerned JJ patients NNS and CC the DT authors NNS of IN the DT Science NP article NN and CC examining VVG the DT Sobells NNS data NNS without IN restrictions NNS on IN two CD occasions NNS , , the DT ADAMHA NP committee NN declared VVD it PP did VVD not RB find VV evidence NN to TO demonstrate VV fabrication NN or CC falsification NN of IN data NNS reported VVN by IN the DT Sobells NNS . SENT 15 CD That IN Madsen NP repeated VVD in IN a DT national JJ magazine NN Maltzman's NP claims VVZ of IN fraud NN without IN citing VVG the DT Addiction NN Research NP Foundation NP and CC other JJ investigations NNS that WDT have VHP exonerated VVN the DT Sobells NNS is VBZ character NN assassination NN and CC it PP is VBZ reprehensible JJ . SENT A DT television NN crew NN could MD also RB walk VV near IN the DT graves NNS of IN the DT subjects NNS in IN the DT Helzer NP et NP al NP . SENT study NN who WP were VBD taught VVN to TO abstain VV in IN the DT hospital NN but CC who WP died VVD . SENT That IN many JJ alcoholics NNS whom WP people NNS try VVP to TO help VV don't JJ stop NN drinking NN alcoholically RB and CC may MD eventually RB die VV of IN alcohol NN related VVN causes NNS is VBZ indeed RB tragic JJ but CC who WP should MD be VB blamed VVN for IN this DT . SENT And CC who WP should MD be VB praised VVN for IN their PP$ great JJ success NN in IN treating VVG alcoholics NNS . SENT Madsen NP knows VVZ Treatment NP programs NNS based VVN on IN AA NN principles NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT Betty NP Ford NP Center NP , , the DT Navy NP Alcohol NP Program NP , , and CC the DT Employment NP Assistance NP Programs NP , , have VHP recovery NN rates NNS up RB to TO 85 CD percent NN . SENT 16 CD Indeed RB , , since IN nearly RB every DT program NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS is VBZ based VVN on IN AA NN principles NNS , , America NP must MD have VH one CD of IN the DT most RBS effective JJ treatment NN systems NNS for IN this DT disorder NN ever RB conceived VVN . SENT For IN the DT 85 CD figure NN to TO be VB accurate JJ , , almost RB nine CD of IN ten CD people NNS who WP enter VVP treatment NN must MD stop VV drinking VVG alcoholically RB , , which WDT according JJ to TO Madsen NP means VVZ they PP stop VV drinking VVG altogether RB . SENT Surely RB , , these DT are VBP tremendous JJ claims NNS . SENT And CC one PP can MD wonder VV how WRB Madsen NP makes VVZ them PP so RB confidently RB , , since IN he PP referred VVD to TO no DT published VVN treatment NN outcome NN research NN either CC in IN his PP$ article NN in IN The DT Public NP Interest NN or CC in IN his PP$ pamphlet NN . SENT If IN Madsen NP has VHZ evidence NN of IN such JJ sure JJ fire NN treatment NN for IN alcoholism NN , , he PP should MD perhaps RB take VV some DT greater JJR trouble NN to TO make VV these DT facts NNS clearer JJR to TO others NNS in IN the DT alcoholism NN field NN . SENT For IN example NN , , in IN an DT editorial NN in IN the DT Journal NP of IN the DT American NP Medical NP Association NP , , Forest NP Tennant NP , , a DT medical JJ researcher NN , , remarked VVD . SENT The DT serious JJ problem NN of IN alcoholism NN has VHZ been VBN lost VVN in IN the DT competitive JJ hype NN among IN alcoholism NN treatment NN centers NNS . SENT Any DT sophisticated JJ critic NN using VVG statistical JJ analysis NN to TO measure VV treatment NN effectiveness NN is VBZ appalled VVN by IN the DT display NN of IN a DT media NNS or CC sports NNS star NN claiming VVG cure NN thanks NNS to TO a DT specific JJ treatment NN center's NNS help NN which WDT proclaims VVZ 80 CD to TO 90 CD cure NN rates NNS . SENT 17 RB Another DT poorly RB informed VVN person NN Madsen NP will MD clearly RB want VV to TO educate VV is VBZ the DT current JJ Director NN of IN the DT National NP Institute NP on IN Alcohol NP Abuse NN and CC Alcoholism NN , , Enoch NP Gordis NP , , an DT alcoholism NN researcher NN , , who WP believes VVZ . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN alcoholism NN , , our PP$ whole JJ treatment NN system NN , , with IN its PP$ innumerable JJ therapies NNS , , armies NNS of IN therapists NNS , , large JJ and CC expensive JJ programs NNS , , endless JJ conferences NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT and CC public JJ relations NNS activities NNS is VBZ founded VVN on IN hunch NN , , not RB evidence NN , , and CC not RB on IN science NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Yet RB the DT history NN of IN medicine NN demonstrates VVZ repeatedly RB that IN unevaluated JJ treatment NN , , no DT matter NN how WRB compassionately RB administered VVN , , is VBZ frequently RB useless JJ and CC wasteful JJ and CC sometimes RB dangerous JJ or CC harmful JJ . SENT The DT lesson NN we PP have VHP learned VVN is VBZ that IN what WP is VBZ plausible JJ may MD be VB false JJ , , and CC what WP is VBZ done VVN sincerely RB may MD be VB useless JJ or CC worse JJR . SENT 18 CD One CD survey NN of IN therapies NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN tested VVN in IN comparison NN with IN alternative JJ treatment NN in IN controlled VVN research NN studies NNS found VVD a DT number NN of IN therapies NNS that WDT had VHD been VBN shown VVN to TO work VV better RBR than IN not RB doing VVG anything NN and CC better JJR than IN standard JJ treatments NNS that WDT attempt VVP to TO educate VV alcoholics NNS by IN explaining VVG to TO them PP they PP can't VVD drink VV normally RB because IN they PP have VHP a DT disease NN . SENT These DT useful JJ therapies NNS are VBP stress NN management NN , , aversion NN therapies NNS , , social JJ skills NNS training NN , , family NN therapy NN , , a DT comprehensive JJ job NN and CC family NN oriented JJ treatment NN called VVD the DT community NN reinforcement NN approach NN , , and CC controlled VVN drinking NN treatments NNS . SENT The DT authors NNS of IN this DT survey NN who WP had VHD investigated VVN every DT single JJ comparative JJ study NN of IN alcoholism NN treatment NN ever RB published VVN in IN English NP noted VVD one CD strange JJ thing NN about IN alcoholism NN treatment NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT As IN we PP constructed VVN a DT list NN of IN treatment NN approaches NNS most RBS clearly RB supported VVN as IN effective JJ , , based VVN on IN current JJ research NN , , it PP was VBD apparent JJ they PP all RB had VHD one CD thing NN in IN common JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT they PP were VBD very RB rarely RB used VVN in IN American JJ treatment NN programs NNS . SENT The DT list NN of IN elements NNS that WDT are VBP typically RB included VVN in IN alcoholism NN treatment NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS likewise RB evidenced VVN a DT commonality NN . SENT virtually RB all RB of IN them PP lacked VVD adequate JJ scientific JJ evidence NN of IN effectiveness NN . SENT 19 CD Madsen NP through IN his PP$ abstinence NN monomania NN . SENT through IN his PP$ self NN certain JJ claims NNS that IN he PP knows VVZ which WDT treatments NNS work VVP and CC which WDT don't NN while IN failing VVG to TO support VV his PP$ personal JJ knowledge NN with IN concrete JJ evidence NN . SENT through IN his PP$ cut NN and CC burn VV attacks NNS on IN any DT alternatives NNS to TO standard JJ American JJ disease NN concepts NNS and CC medical JJ practices NNS in IN the DT alcoholism NN field NN . SENT through IN his PP$ totemic JJ reference NN to TO science NN when WRB he PP means VVZ only RB to TO air VV his PP$ own JJ prejudices NNS and CC those DT of IN the DT people NNS with IN whom WP he PP agrees VVZ actually RB makes VVZ the DT strongest JJS case NN possible JJ for IN Herb's NP claim VVP that DT alcoholism NN treatment NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS is VBZ controlled VVN by IN a DT group NN of IN individuals NNS who WP , , for IN emotional JJ and CC economic JJ reasons NNS , , have VHP made VVN what WP should MD be VB a DT scientific JJ field NN into IN a DT personal JJ preserve VV of IN pride NN and CC prejudice NN . SENT If IN as IN many JJ people NNS like IN Madsen NP believe VVP conventional JJ treatments NNS for IN alcoholism NN work NN so RB well RB , , we PP might MD wonder VV why WRB so RB many JJ people NNS refuse VVP to TO go VV to TO them PP and CC why WRB there RB continue VV to TO be VB so RB many JJ active JJ alcoholics NNS . SENT The DT true JJ believers NNS have VHP an DT answer NN denial NN . SENT These DT alcoholics NNS deny VVP that IN they PP are VBP alcoholics NNS or CC that IN they PP need VVP the DT help NN of IN AA NN and CC similar JJ treatments NNS . SENT And CC Fingarette's NN worst JJS crime NN , , shared VVN by IN others NNS of IN his PP$ ilk NN who WP won't VVD jump NN on IN the DT disease NN bandwagon NN , , is VBZ in IN facilitating VVG this DT denial NN . SENT Madsen NP and CC others NNS , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , know VVP through IN personal JJ experience NN and CC or CC revealed VVN knowledge NN what WP is VBZ true JJ , , what WP is VBZ right JJ , , and CC what WP people NNS must MD accept VV for IN themselves PP before IN they PP can MD be VB cured VVN or CC saved VVN . SENT What WP Herb NP had VHD run VVN up RP against IN is VBZ a DT religious JJ zealotry NN and CC bigotry NN , , and CC the DT attacks NNS on IN him PP resemble VVP nothing NN so RB much RB as IN a DT modern JJ Inquisition NN . SENT Madsen NP wrote VVD . SENT Fingarette NP has VHZ no DT trouble NN demanding VVG responsibility NN of IN others NNS , , alcoholic JJ or CC non JJ alcoholic JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Do VVP crusades NNS like IN his PP$ which WDT urge NN the DT alcoholic JJ to TO drink VV and CC even RB accept VV drunkenness NN show VV any DT responsibility NN at IN all DT . SENT Does VVZ he PP not RB also RB have VH moral JJ and CC legal JJ responsibilities NNS . SENT He PP states VVZ that IN it PP is VBZ too RB bad JJ statistics NNS don't NN show VVP the DT actual JJ blood NN , , suffering NN and CC cadavers NNS produced VVN by IN alcohol NN . SENT Yet RB , , I PP am VBP convinced VVN his PP$ crusade NN will MD increase VV this DT carnage NN . SENT I PP worry VVP about IN the DT responsibility NN of IN a DT reputable JJ academic JJ press NN Publishing NN the DT Fingarette NP book NN which WDT would MD seem VV to TO authenticate VV its PP$ contents NNS to TO the DT public NN . SENT When WRB others NNS worry VVP about IN the DT state NN of IN the DT nation NN , , I PP , , in IN particular JJ , , worry VV about RB how WRB the DT Supreme NP Court NP could MD soberly RB consider VV Fingarette's NP research NN as IN possibly RB valid JJ . SENT 20 CD People NNS need VVP to TO be VB protected VVN from IN Herb's NP ideas NNS . SENT publishers NNS need VVP to TO be VB warned VVN of IN their PP$ complicity NN in IN publishing VVG what WP Herb NP writes VVZ . SENT the DT Supreme NP Court NP has VHZ to TO be VB persuaded VVN that IN what WP Herb NP says VVZ is VBZ dangerous JJ although IN presumably RB able JJ lawyers NNS on IN the DT other JJ side NN did VVD their PP$ best JJS to TO make VV this DT clear JJ to TO the DT justices NNS . SENT Madsen NP calls VVZ , , simply RB and CC straightforwardly RB , , for IN suppressing VVG Herb's NP point NN of IN view NN , , one CD which WDT Madsen NP rightly RB indicates VVZ runs NNS counter VV to TO orthodox JJ thought NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT The DT whole JJ debate NN is VBZ one CD Madsen NP clearly RB feels VVZ should MD never RB have VH taken VVN place NN . SENT Even RB to TO publish VV a DT book NN questioning VVG the DT disease NN theory NN is VBZ so RB dangerous JJ a DT proposition NN , , one NN that WDT leads VVZ to TO more JJR deaths NNS of IN alcoholics NNS , , as RB to TO be VB reprehensible JJ and CC possibly RB to TO create VV a DT legal JJ liability NN for IN the DT writer NN and CC publisher NN . SENT Here RB , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , is VBZ the DT writing NN of IN a DT distinguished JJ disease NN theorist NN of IN alcoholism NN , , psychiatrist NN George NP Vaillant NP , , in IN his PP$ 1983 CD book NN , , The DT Natural JJ History NN of IN Alcoholism NN . SENT It PP seemed VVD perfectly RB clear VV that IN . SENT . SENT . SENT by IN inexorably RB moving VVG patients NNS from IN dependence NN upon IN the DT general JJ hospital NN into IN the DT treatment NN system NN of IN AA NN , , I PP was VBD working VVG for IN the DT most RBS exciting JJ alcohol NN program NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT But CC then RB came VVD the DT rub NN . SENT Fueled VVN by IN our PP$ enthusiasm NN , , I PP and CC the DT director NN . SENT . SENT . SENT tried VVN to TO prove VV our PP$ efficacy NN . SENT Our PP$ clinic NN followed VVD up RP our PP$ first JJ 100 CD detoxification NN patients NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT and CC found VVD compelling JJ evidence NN that IN the DT results NNS of IN our PP$ treatment NN were VBD no RB better JJR than IN the DT natural JJ history NN of IN the DT disease NN . SENT 21 CD Should NP Vaillant NP be VB penalized VVN for IN not RB using VVG the DT correct JJ treatments NNS that IN Madsen NP knows VVZ to TO be VB successful JJ in IN treating VVG alcoholism NN , , since IN Vaillant's NP patients NNS did VVD no RB better JJR than IN alcoholics NNS who WP received VVD no DT treatment NN . SENT Or CC should MD Vaillant NP and CC Harvard NP University NP be VB punished VVN for IN publishing VVG the DT finding NN that IN the DT results NNS of IN standard JJ hospital NN and CC AA NN treatment NN were VBD no RB better JJR than IN the DT natural JJ history NN of IN the DT disease NN . SENT Actually RB , , Vaillant NP escapes VVZ the DT wrath NN of IN Madsen NP and CC people NNS like VVP him PP by IN simply RB affirming VVG the DT verities NNS of IN the DT field NN which WDT say VVP that DT alcoholism NN is VBZ a DT disease NN and CC AA NN is VBZ the DT treatment NN of IN choice NN , , no DT matter NN how WRB futile JJ Vaillant's NP own JJ data NNS indicate VVP this DT approach NN to TO be VB . SENT In IN this DT environment NN of IN intimidation NN and CC double JJ talk NN , , we PP must MD be VB thankful JJ that IN someone NN like IN Herb NP Fingarette NP , , a DT calm JJ and CC dignified JJ figure NN who WP values VVZ dispassionate JJ reasoning NN and CC evidence NN , , has VHZ the DT courage NN to TO put VV the DT brake NN to TO this DT runaway JJ train NN of IN disease NN imagery NN and CC treatment NN for IN alcoholism NN . SENT Consider VV that IN compulsive JJ gamblers NNS now RB have VHP their PP$ own JJ national JJ organizations NNS and CC support NN groups NNS to TO argue VV that DT gambling NN is VBZ an DT uncontrollable JJ disease NN and CC that IN the DT former JJ scientific JJ director NN of IN the DT National NP Council NP on IN Alcoholism NN , , Dr NP . SENT Sheila NP Blume NP , , calls VVZ for IN treatment NN of IN gamblers NNS in IN hospital NN wards NNS . SENT that IN there EX are VBP similar JJ groups NNS and CC treatments NNS for IN sexaholics NNS , , compulsive JJ shoppers NNS and CC spenders NNS . SENT that IN the DT standard JJ defense NN when WRB mothers NNS kill VVP their PP$ infant JJ children NNS is VBZ postpartum JJ depression NN . SENT or CC that DT jurors NNS refused VVD to TO convict VV Joel NP Steinberg NP of IN murder NN because IN they PP felt VVD his PP$ judgment NN was VBD impaired VVN by IN cocaine NN , , while IN many JJ people NNS feel VVP his PP$ partner NN Hedda NP Nussbaum NP was VBD suffering VVG from IN battered JJ wife NN syndrome NN , , so RB that DT nobody NN was VBD fully RB responsible JJ in IN this DT case NN as IN a DT little JJ girl's NN life NN ebbed VVD away RB on IN the DT bathroom NN floor NN while IN two CD adults NNS smoked VVD cocaine NN nearby RB . SENT We PP need VVP people NNS like IN Herb NP Fingarette NP to TO question VV this DT madness NN . SENT This DT volume NN marks VVZ the DT end NN of IN Herb's NP struggle NN with IN the DT alcoholism NN establishment NN , , unless IN he PP plans VVZ any DT post NN retirement NN work NN in IN the DT field NN . SENT He PP might MD be VB forgiven VVN if IN he PP decided VVD after IN his PP$ exposure NN to TO Madsen NP and CC others NNS that IN he PP deserves VVZ a DT rest NN from IN ill JJ treatment NN and CC irrationality NN and CC from IN the DT attacks NNS of IN people NNS whose WP$ methods NNS contrast VVP so RB starkly RB with IN the DT reasoned VVN exchanges NNS of IN the DT philosophical JJ discourse NN Herb NP Fingarette NP embodies VVZ . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT shame NN of IN the DT alcoholism NN field NN that IN sooner RBR or CC later RBR this DT is VBZ the DT fate NN of IN most RBS good JJ , , intelligent JJ souls NNS who WP contemplate VVP our PP$ alcoholism NN mess NN . SENT To TO research VV a DT question NN only RB to TO be VB accused VVN of IN being VBG an DT unscientific JJ parvenu NN or CC , , worse JJR , , of IN being VBG a DT dissembler NN and CC murderer NN is VBZ really RB too RB much JJ . SENT One CD of IN Madsen's NP central JJ criticisms NNS of IN Herb's NP work NN is VBZ that IN Herb NP is VBZ not RB an DT alcoholism NN researcher NN or CC scientist NN , , only RB a DT philosopher NN . SENT But CC those DT who WP actually RB work VVP in IN the DT alcoholism NN field NN let VVD themselves PP in IN for IN far RB more JJR serious JJ attacks NNS if IN that WDT can MD be VB believed VVN than IN Madsen's NP on IN Fingarette NP . SENT Consider VV the DT following NN , , very RB ominous JJ warning NN issued VVN by IN John NP Wallace NP clinical JJ director NN of IN the DT Edgehill NP Newport NP Hospital NP that WDT treated VVD Kitty NP Dukakis NP for IN psychologists NNS who WP consider VVP controlled JJ drinking NN a DT possible JJ outcome NN of IN alcoholism NN treatment NN . SENT With IN regard NN to TO the DT controlled JJ drinking NN issue NN , , I PP feel VVP that IN the DT alcoholism NN field NN has VHZ too RB long RB suffered VVD these DT outrageous JJ attacks NNS by IN certain JJ members NNS of IN the DT Anti JJ Traditionalist NN crowd NN . SENT In IN the DT interests NNS of IN our PP$ patients NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS , , and CC in IN the DT interests NNS of IN alcoholics NNS who WP still RB suffer VVP , , we PP must MD begin VV to TO scrutinize VV more RBR closely RB the DT activities NNS of IN this DT group NN and CC to TO take VV steps NNS to TO ensure VV they PP do VV no DT harm NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT When WRB thousands NNS of IN lives NNS and CC so RB much RB human JJ tragedy NN is VBZ sic JJ at IN stake NN , , as IN they PP are VBP in IN alcoholism NN and CC chemical NN dependence NN , , then RB we PP must MD demand VV that IN the DT right NN to TO freely RB express VV our PP$ opinions NNS be VB tempered VVN by IN reasonable JJ caution NN , , healthy JJ skepticism NN , , fairness NN , , and CC attention NN to TO scientific JJ method NN and CC data NNS . SENT We PP must MD not RB forget VV that IN it PP is VBZ the DT duty NN of IN members NNS of IN the DT various JJ professions NNS to TO defend VV the DT public NN against IN quackery NN . SENT 22 CD This DT article NN was VBD entitled VVN Waging VVG the DT War NN for IN Wellness NN . SENT II NP . SENT The DT Attack NP upon IN the DT Disease NP Model NP . SENT Note VV the DT war NN imagery NN . SENT this DT imagery NN is VBZ maintained VVN in IN an DT editorial NN by IN the DT managing VVG editor NN of IN the DT journal NN in IN which WDT the DT Wallace NP article NN appeared VVD . SENT This DT editor NN entered VVD the DT field NN as IN an DT alcohol NN drug NN counselor NN and CC program NN administrator NN soon RB after IN embarking VVG on IN his PP$ own JJ recovery NN . SENT I PP would MD find VV a DT way NN to TO take VV up RP the DT banner NN against IN the DT forces NNS of IN wealth NN and CC cunning JJ who WP promote VVP behavioral JJ retraining VVG as IN a DT means VVZ to TO avoid VV the DT penalty NN of IN abstinence NN borne VVN by IN those DT of IN us PP who WP have VHP chosen VVN the DT traditionalist NN route NN to TO recovery NN the DT only RB known VVN route NN , , by IN the DT way NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT most RBS effective JJ means NNS of IN spreading VVG truth NN and CC enlisting VVG soldiers NNS to TO fight VV the DT wars NNS against IN incompetence NN and CC deception NN is VBZ the DT mass JJ media NNS . SENT 23 CD Incidentally RB , , the DT author NN of IN this DT call NN to TO arms NNS received VVD a DT degree NN in IN alcohol NN drug NN studies NNS and CC counseling NN skills NNS from IN the DT University NP of IN California NP at IN Los NP Angeles NP . SENT He PP will MD , , in IN turn NN , , teach VV others NNS in IN university NN programs NNS . SENT What WP kind NN of IN reasoned VVN consideration NN of IN the DT issues NNS can MD we PP expect VVP to TO find VV in IN the DT many JJ programs NNS run VVN by IN people NNS like IN this DT man NN in IN major JJ universities NNS around IN the DT country NN . SENT In IN the DT long JJ run NN , , unless IN more JJR of IN those DT outside IN the DT alcoholism NN field NN become VV involved VVN in IN this DT debate NN , , Madsen NP and CC his PP$ ilk NN will MD prevail VV with IN their PP$ slanders NNS and CC assaults NNS , , their PP$ crusades NNS against IN apostasy NN . SENT The DT alcoholism NN field NN actually RB resembles VVZ a DT dysfunctional JJ home NN dominated VVN by IN alcoholic JJ parents NNS where WRB irrationality NN becomes VVZ the DT norm NN , , where WRB those DT inside IN the DT home NN even RB those DT who WP don't VVD behave VV this DT way NN themselves PP accept VVP the DT crazy JJ way NN things NNS are VBP done VVN as IN normal JJ , , and CC where WRB those DT who WP blunder VV in IN from IN outside JJ get VVP out RP as RB quickly RB as IN they PP can MD . SENT Those DT who WP step VVP outside IN the DT home NN , , as RB by IN traveling VVG to TO another DT country NN , , confront VVP another DT reality NN . SENT The DT ten CD men NNS and CC women NNS who WP live VVP at IN the DT Thornybauk NP recovery NN home NN in IN Edinburgh NP have VHP all RB had VHN trouble NN with IN alcohol NN , , but CC don't NN call VVP them PP alcoholics NNS or CC suggest VVP that IN they PP have VHP a DT disease NN . SENT They're NP problem NN drinkers NNS . SENT They PP developed VVD a DT dependence NN on IN alcohol NN . SENT They PP aren't VVD being VBG treated VVN for IN alcoholism NN but CC are VBP trying VVG to TO learn VV to TO deal VV with IN personal JJ problems NNS in IN a DT way NN that WDT avoids VVZ getting VVG drunk NN . SENT If IN they PP want VVP to TO try VV to TO drink VV again RB and CC control VV it PP , , their PP$ counselors NNS at IN Thornybauk NP wouldn't NN object NN . SENT Thornybauk NP would MD be VB considered VVN a DT novel NN , , if IN not RB dangerous JJ , , course NN of IN treatment NN for IN alcoholism NN in IN the DT United NP States NP , , where WRB the DT traditional JJ disease NN concept NN of IN alcoholism NN makes VVZ total JJ abstinence NN the DT widely RB accepted VVN goal NN of IN treatment NN . SENT In IN England NP and CC Scotland NP , , and CC much RB of IN the DT rest NN of IN the DT world NN , , it's NN the DT other JJ way NN around RB . SENT The DT majority NN of IN medical JJ and CC psychiatric JJ practitioners NNS frown NN on IN the DT idea NN that IN persons NNS who WP have VHP once RB lost VVN control NN of IN their PP$ drinking NN must MD , , above IN all DT , , avoid VV a DT first JJ drink NN if IN they PP expect VVP to TO sustain VV their PP$ recovery NN . SENT In IN the DT eyes NNS of IN these DT doctors NNS , , it PP is VBZ insisting VVG on IN abstinence NN that WDT may MD jeopardize VV alcoholic JJ recovery NN . SENT They PP prefer VVP to TO work VV with IN a DT concept NN of IN alcohol NN dependence NN which WDT has VHZ varying VVG degrees NNS of IN severity NN and CC may MD leave VV the DT door NN open JJ for IN a DT return NN to TO social JJ drinking NN by IN some DT patients NNS . SENT 24 CD Of IN course NN , , it PP is VBZ hard JJ to TO escape VV your PP$ culture NN to TO put VV on IN the DT perspective NN of IN another DT nation NN or CC , , for IN that DT matter NN , , of IN the DT rest NN of IN the DT civilized JJ world NN . SENT It PP is VBZ particularly RB interesting JJ that IN Madsen NP , , a DT cultural JJ anthropologist NN , , should MD show VV the DT prejudice NN and CC narrow JJ mindedness NN that WDT provoked VVD George NP Bernard NP Shaw NP to TO define VV a DT barbarian NN as IN one CD who WP thinks VVZ that IN the DT customs NNS of IN his PP$ tribe NN and CC island NN are VBP the DT laws NNS of IN nature NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , it PP is VBZ an DT act NN of IN courage NN and CC defiance NN to TO shed VV one's NNS cultural JJ blinders NN through IN the DT sheer JJ power NN of IN one's JJ own JJ thought NN . SENT That DT Herb NP has VHZ accomplished VVN this DT and CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN exposed VVD the DT peculiarity NN of IN the DT American JJ system NN to TO a DT broad JJ readership NN at IN the DT cost NN of IN attacks NNS on IN his PP$ person NN and CC his PP$ professional JJ competence NN may MD be VB the DT most RBS commendable JJ of IN the DT many JJ good JJ things NNS he PP has VHZ accomplished VVN in IN his PP$ long JJ and CC distinguished JJ career NN . SENT Afterword NN Among IN other JJ of IN his PP$ character NN assassinations NNS , , Madsen NP took VVD Fingarette NP into IN the DT wood NN shed VVN for IN mischaracterizing VVG Jellinek's NP academic JJ specialty NN both CC in IN Heavy JJ Drinking NN and CC in IN an DT earlier JJR piece NN in IN The DT Center NP Magazine NP . SENT Fingarette NP , , as IN I PP have VHP said VVD , , has VHZ a DT terrible JJ time NN with IN facts NNS . SENT I PP was VBD asked VVN to TO reply VV to TO the DT Center NP article NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Among IN other JJ errors NNS , , I PP pointed VVD out RP that IN E NP . SENT M NP . SENT Jellinek NP was VBD not RB a DT distinguished JJ sociologist NN . SENT In IN his PP$ new JJ book NN , , therefore RB , , Fingarette NP changed VVD this DT and CC identifies VVZ Jellinek NP as IN a DT distinguished JJ biostatistician NN . SENT He PP was VBD not RB a DT biostatistician NN . SENT I PP DO VVP NOT RB INTEND VV TO TO IDENTIFY VV JELLINEK'S NP ACADEMIC JJ AND CC SCIENTIFIC JJ CREDENTIALS NNS FOR IN FINGARETTE NP . SENT I PP am VBP sure JJ that IN with IN his PP$ vast JJ experience NN in IN library NN research NN this DT is VBZ a DT put NN down RB of IN Fingarette's NP lack NN of IN experience NN with IN actual JJ alcoholics NNS he PP may MD in IN time NN discover VVP the DT reality NN for IN himself PP . SENT Madsen NP , , 1988 CD , , p NN . SENT 16 CD In IN general NN , , Madsen's NP point NN is VBZ that IN a DT long JJ line NN of IN distinguished JJ scientists NNS have VHP found VVN the DT biological JJ genetic JJ basis NN for IN alcoholism NN , , beginning VVG with IN Jellinek NP , , who WP is VBZ thus RB important JJ for IN establishing VVG the DT scientific JJ pedigree NN for IN this DT idea NN . SENT Although IN others NNS had VHD postulated VVN a DT biological JJ basis NN for IN alcoholism NN long RB before IN Jellinek NP , , he PP gave VVD this DT hypothesis NN strong JJ support NN by IN those DT who WP interpreted VVD his PP$ X NN factor NN as IN being VBG physiological JJ . SENT Madsen's NP cocksure JJ challenge NN to TO Fingarette NP to TO locate VV Jellinek's NP credentials NNS was VBD actually RB taken VVN up RP by IN another DT researcher NN with IN stunning JJ results NNS sociologist NN Ron NP Roizen NP discovered VVD that IN Jellinek NP manufactured VVD his PP$ education NN and CC degrees NNS . SENT Although IN Jellinek NP was VBD born VVN in IN America NP in IN Brooklyn NP , , he PP claimed VVD that IN his PP$ university NN degrees NNS were VBD acquired VVN overseas RB . SENT In IN the DT prestigious JJ journal NN Addiction NN , , head NN Rutgers NP Alcohol NP Center NP librarian NN Penny NP Page NP reported VVD that IN Jellinek NP studied VVD in IN Germany NP and CC France NP , , receiving VVG a DT master's JJ degree NN in IN education NN and CC later RBR an DT honorary JJ Sc NN . SENT D SYM . SENT Doctor NN of IN Science NP from IN the DT University NP of IN Leipzig NP . SENT Meanwhile RB , , Jellinek's NP own JJ CV NP listed JJ attendance NN at IN the DT University NP of IN Leipzig NP from IN 1911 CD 1914 CD , , accompanied VVN by IN the DT notations NNS M NP . SENT Ed NP . SENT , , 1913 CD and CC Sc NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , 1936 CD . SENT Roizen NP noted VVD that IN Jellinek NP , , who WP was VBD Jewish JJ by IN birth NN , , claimed VVN to TO have VH received VVN a DT Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT from IN a DT German JJ University NP after IN the DT Nazis NPS had VHD solidified VVN power NN which WDT seems VVZ highly RB unlikely JJ . SENT In IN addition NN , , Jellinek NP claimed VVD in IN his PP$ CV NP to TO have VH been VBN director NN of IN the DT Biometric JJ Laboratory NN at IN the DT Memorial NP Foundation NP for IN Neuro NP endocrine JJ Research NP at IN Worcester NP , , Massachusetts NP from IN 1931 CD 1939 CD . SENT Roizen NP wrote VVD to TO Leipzig NP and CC obtained VVD Jellinek's NP transcript NN , , which WDT showed VVD that IN Elvin NP Morton NP Jellinek NP had VHD studied VVN philosophy NN at IN Leipzig NP from IN November NP 1911 CD to TO July NP 1913 CD and CC from IN November NP 1913 CD to TO December NP 1914 CD . SENT Jellinek NP , , however RB , , received VVD no DT degrees NNS at IN Leipzig NP . SENT Moreover RB , , Jellinek NP appears VVZ to TO have VH been VBN dropped VVN from IN the DT University's NP rolls NNS in IN both DT 1913 CD and CC 1914 CD , , for IN failure NN to TO attend VV lectures VVZ or CC take VV classes NNS . SENT E SYM . SENT M NP . SENT Jellinek NP , , Madsen's NP and CC many JJ other JJ disease NN theory NN adherents NNS hero NN , , after IN whom WP the DT most RBS prestigious JJ international JJ award NN for IN alcoholism NN research NN is VBZ named VVN , , is VBZ a DT liar NN and CC a DT fraud NN . SENT References NNS H NP . SENT Fingarette NP , , Self NP Deception NP Atlantic NP Highlands NP , , NJ NP . SENT . SENT Humanities NNS Press NP , , 1969 CD . SENT H NP . SENT Fingarette NP , , The DT Perils NNS of IN Powell NP . SENT In IN Search NP of IN a DT Factual JJ Foundation NP for IN the DT Disease NP Concept NN of IN Alcoholism NN , , Harvard NP Law NP Review NP 83 CD 1970 CD . SENT 793 CD 812 CD . SENT H NP . SENT Fingarette NP and CC A NP . SENT F SYM . SENT Hasse NP , , Mental JJ Disabilities NPS and CC Criminal NP Responsibility NN Berkeley NP . SENT University NP of IN California NP Press NP , , 1979 CD . SENT H NP . SENT Fingarette NP , , Heavy JJ Drinking NN . SENT The DT Myth NN of IN Alcoholism NN as IN a DT Disease NP Berkeley NP . SENT University NP of IN California NP Press NP , , 1988 CD , , pp NP . SENT 111 CD 12 CD . SENT H NP . SENT Fingarette NP , , Alcoholism NN and CC Self NP Deception NP , , in IN Self NP Deception NP and CC Self NP Understanding NN . SENT New JJ Essays NNS in IN Philosophy NN and CC Psychology NP , , ed NP . SENT M NP . SENT W NP . SENT Martin NP Lawrence NP , , Kans NP . SENT . SENT University NP Press NP of IN Kansas NP , , 1985 CD , , pp NP . SENT 60 CD 61 CD . SENT Fingarette NP , , Alcoholism NN and CC Self NP Deception NP , , p NN . SENT 61 CD . SENT W NP . SENT Madsen NP , , Defending VVG the DT Disease NN . SENT From IN Facts NNS to TO Fingarette NP Akron NP , , Oh UH . SENT . SENT Wilson NP , , Brown NP Co NP . SENT , , 1988 CD . SENT J NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Helzer NP , , L NP . SENT N NP . SENT Robins NP , , J NP . SENT R SYM . SENT Taylor NP , , et NP al NP . SENT The DT Extent NN of IN Long NP Term NP Moderate JJ Drinking NN among IN Alcoholics NNS Discharged VVN from IN Medical NP and CC Psychiatric JJ Treatment NP Facilities NPS , , New NP England NP Journal NP of IN Medicine NP 312 CD 1985 CD . SENT 1678 CD 82 CD . SENT E SYM . SENT Gottheil NP , , C NP . SENT C SYM . SENT Thornton NP , , T NN . SENT E SYM . SENT Skoloda NP , , and CC A NP . SENT L NP . SENT Alterman NP , , Follow VVP Up RP of IN Abstinent JJ and CC Nonabstinent JJ Alcoholics NNS , , American NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP 139 CD 1982 CD . SENT 564 CD . SENT G NP . SENT Nordstr NP m NN and CC M NP . SENT Berglund NP , , A DT Prospective JJ Study NN of IN Successful JJ Long JJ Term NN Adjustment NN in IN Alcohol NN Dependence NN . SENT Social JJ Drinking NN versus IN Abstinence NN , , Journal NP of IN Studies NPS on IN Alcohol NP 48 CD 1987 CD . SENT 95 CD 103 CD . SENT H NP . SENT Fingarette NP , , Alcoholism NN . SENT The DT Mythical JJ Disease NN , , The DT Public NP Interest NN Spring NP 1988 CD . SENT 3 CD 22 CD . SENT W NP . SENT Madsen NP , , Thin JJ Thinking NN about IN Heavy JJ Drinking NN , , The DT Public NP Interest NN Spring NP 1989 CD . SENT 112 CD 18 CD . SENT S NP . SENT Peele NP , , Diseasing NP of IN America NP . SENT Addiction NN Treatment NP Out NP of IN Control NP Lexington NP , , Mass NP . SENT . SENT Lexington NP Books NPS , , 1989 CD . SENT M NP . SENT Pendery NP , , 1 CD . SENT M NP . SENT Maltzman NP , , and CC L NP . SENT J NP . SENT West NP , , Controlled VVN Drinking NN by IN Alcoholics NNS . SENT New JJ Findings NNS and CC a DT Reevaluation NN of IN a DT Major JJ Affirmative JJ Study NN , , Science NP 17 CD 1982 CD . SENT 169 CD 75 CD . SENT B SYM . SENT M NP . SENT Dickens NP et NP al NP . SENT , , Report NP of IN the DT Committee NP of IN Enquiry NN into IN Allegations NNS Concerning VVG Drs NNS . SENT Linda NP and CC Mark NP Sobell NP Addiction NN Research NP Foundation NP of IN Toronto NP , , 1982 CD , , pp NP . SENT 14 CD 16 CD . SENT R SYM . SENT L NP . SENT Trachtenberg NP , , Report NP of IN the DT Steering VVG Group NP to TO the DT Administrator NP Of IN the DT Alcohol NP , , Drug NP Abuse NN , , and CC Mental JJ Health NP Administration NP Regarding VVG Its PP$ Attempts NNS to TO investigate VV Allegations NNS of IN Scientific JJ Misconduct NN Concerning VVG Drs NNS . SENT Mark NP and CC Linda NP Sobell NP Alcohol NP , , Drug NP Abuse NN , , and CC Mental JJ Health NP Administration NP , , 1984 CD . SENT Madsen NP , , Thin JJ Thinking NN about IN Heavy JJ Drinking NN , , p NN . SENT 117 CD . SENT F SYM . SENT S NP . SENT Tennant NP , , Disulfiram NN Will MD Reduce VV Medical JJ Complications NNS but CC Not RB Cure NP Alcoholism NN , , Journal NP of IN the DT American NP Medical NP Association NP 256 CD 1986 CD . SENT 1489 CD . SENT E SYM . SENT Gordis NP , , Accessible JJ and CC Affordable JJ Health NP Care NP for IN Alcoholism NN and CC Related NP Problems NP . SENT Strategy NN for IN Cost NN Containment NN , , Journal NP of IN Studies NPS on IN Alcohol NP 48 CD 1987 CD . SENT 579 CD 85 CD . SENT W NP . SENT R SYM . SENT Miller NP and CC R NP . SENT K NP . SENT Hester NP , , The DT Effectiveness NN of IN Alcoholism NN Treatment NP . SENT What WP Research NP Reveals VVZ , , in IN Treating VVG Addictive JJ Behaviors NNS . SENT Processes NNS of IN Change NP , , ed NP . SENT W NP . SENT R SYM . SENT Miller NP and CC N NP . SENT K NP . SENT Heather NP New NP York NP . SENT Plenum NN , , 1986 CD , , p NN . SENT 123 CD . SENT Madsen NP , , Defending VVG the DT Disease NP , , p NN . SENT 32 CD 33 CD . SENT G NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Vaillant NP , , The DT Natural JJ History NN Of IN Alcoholism NN , , Harvard NP University NP Press NP , , 1983 CD , , pp NP . SENT 283 CD 84 CD . SENT J NP . SENT Wallace NP , , Waging VVG the DT War NN for IN Wellness NN . SENT II NP . SENT The DT Attack NP upon IN the DT Disease NP Model NP , , Professional NP Counselor NN , , March NP April NP 1987 CD , , pp NP . SENT 25 CD 26 CD . SENT C SYM . SENT Creager NP , , Calling VVG All DT Counselors NNS . SENT Special JJ People NNS , , Special JJ Causes NNS , , Professional JJ Counselor NN , , January NP February NP 1987 CD , , p NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT R SYM . SENT Zimmerman NP , , Britons NNS Balk NP at IN U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Treatment NN Methods NNS , , U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Journal NP of IN Drug NP and CC Alcohol NP Dependence NN , , January NP 1988 CD , , pp NP . SENT 7 CD , , 18 CD . SENT Search NN the DT web NN Search NP peele NP . SENT net JJ Workshops NNS Stanton NP Peele NP presents VVZ workshops NNS on IN the DT nature NN and CC treatment NN of IN substance NN abuse NN and CC other JJ addictions NNS . SENT He PP covers VVZ cultural JJ and CC social JJ determinants NNS of IN addiction NN , , a DT general JJ model NN of IN addiction NN , , natural JJ recovery NN in IN addiction NN , , harm NN reduction NN treatment NN , , motivational JJ interviewing VVG , , brief JJ interventions NNS , , skills NNS training NN , , returning VVG clients NNS to TO the DT community NN , , and CC related JJ topics NNS . SENT Contact NP Stanton NP See NP schedule NN Copyright NP 1996 CD 2004 CD Stanton NP Peele NP . SENT All DT rights NNS reserved VVD . SENT No DT data NNS on IN this DT website NN may MD be VB reproduced VVN , , stored VVN in IN another DT retrieval NN system NN , , or CC transmitted VVD in IN any DT form NN or CC by IN any DT means NNS , , electronic JJ , , mechanical JJ , , photocopying VVG , , microfilm NN or CC otherwise RB , , without IN the DT prior RB written VVN permission NN of IN Stanton NP Peele NP . SENT The DT opinions NNS contained VVN on IN this DT website NN are VBP Stanton NP Peele's NP and CC in IN no DT way NN reflect VVP those DT of IN the DT financial JJ supporters NNS of IN the DT website NN . SENT All DT material NN provided VVN on IN the DT Stanton NP Peele NP Addiction NN Website NN is VBZ provided VVN for IN informational JJ or CC educational JJ purposes NNS only RB . SENT Stanton NP Peele NP cannot NN provide VVP individual JJ clinical JJ or CC therapy NN recommendations NNS for IN persons NNS consulting VVG this DT site NN unless IN they PP have VHP specifically RB retained VVN Stanton NP for IN this DT purpose NN and CC he PP addresses VVZ them PP individually RB . SENT Consult VV a DT licensed JJ therapist NN or CC physician NN regarding VVG the DT applicability NN of IN any DT opinions NNS or CC recommendations NNS with IN respect NN to TO your PP$ problems NNS or CC medical JJ condition NN . SENT Webmaster NP . SENT Arjan NP Sas NP . SENT Last RB updated VVN February NP 24 CD , , 2004 CD . SENT